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Macedo MB, Cunha EO, Reis AD, Machado MS, de Campos D, Malysz T, Dallegrave E. Morphometric Evaluation of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve of Wistar Rats Exposed to Pesticides. J Voice 2024; 38:264-272. [PMID: 34782225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The literature has been shown that exposition by inhalation to chemical compounds can cause vocal disorders and dysphagia in humans, in addition to other symptoms that are manifested according to the type, concentration and duration of exposure to the substance. Cypermethrin and dichlorvos are pesticides widely used in agriculture, public health, veterinary, and home environments. Despite the scientific evidence that cypermethrin and dichlorvos can cause neurodegenerative damage and motor alterations, there are no studies evaluating the toxic effects of these pesticides on the morphology of structures responsible for vocal mobility, especially to the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN). Considering the association between vocal disorders in humans and variations in RLN and morphometry, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible alterations in the microstructure of RLN secondary to subchronic exposure to cypermethrin (pyrethroid) and dichlorvos (organophosphate) in Wistar rats. The experimental protocol (approved by CEUA-UFCSPA: 321/15 and 323/15) consisted of 15 male Wistar rats, allocated in 3 groups: Control (n = 5, exposed to water), Cypermethrin (n = 5, exposed to cypermethrin - 1/10 of the inhalation median lethal concentration [LC50] - 0.25 mg/L) and dichlorvos (n = 5, exposed to dichlorvos - 1/10 of the LC50 - 1.5 mg/L). Inhalation exposure was performed for 4 hours, 5 times per week, for 6 weeks. The nerves were collected, histologically processed and analyzed using morphometric parameters measured using ZEN 2.6 (Zeiss - Germany). The cypermethrin and dichlorvos groups showed significant changes (P < 0.001, ANOVA) in the g-ratio and in the thickness of the myelin sheath of the RLN when compared to the control animals, however, none of the other parameters evaluated showed statistically significant differences. These findings indicate that repeated inhalation exposure to commercial products of cypermethrin and dichlorvos is able to modify the structure of the RLN and possibly generating vocal changes and / or dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Belmonte Macedo
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Research in Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Oliveira Cunha
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Research in Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aléxia Dos Reis
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Research in Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia Salgado Machado
- Department of Speech Therapy and Audiology, University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Research in Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Deivis de Campos
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Life Sciences, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Taís Malysz
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Research in Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Kaffe D, Kaplanis SI, Karagogeos D. The Roles of Caloric Restriction Mimetics in Central Nervous System Demyelination and Remyelination. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9526-9548. [PMID: 38132442 PMCID: PMC10742427 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of myelinating glial cells, the oligodendrocytes, within the central nervous system (CNS) can result in the disruption of myelin, the lipid-rich multi-layered membrane structure that surrounds most vertebrate axons. This leads to axonal degeneration and motor/cognitive impairments. In response to demyelination in the CNS, the formation of new myelin sheaths occurs through the homeostatic process of remyelination, facilitated by the differentiation of newly formed oligodendrocytes. Apart from oligodendrocytes, the two other main glial cell types of the CNS, microglia and astrocytes, play a pivotal role in remyelination. Following a demyelination insult, microglia can phagocytose myelin debris, thus permitting remyelination, while the developing neuroinflammation in the demyelinated region triggers the activation of astrocytes. Modulating the profile of glial cells can enhance the likelihood of successful remyelination. In this context, recent studies have implicated autophagy as a pivotal pathway in glial cells, playing a significant role in both their maturation and the maintenance of myelin. In this Review, we examine the role of substances capable of modulating the autophagic machinery within the myelinating glial cells of the CNS. Such substances, called caloric restriction mimetics, have been shown to decelerate the aging process by mitigating age-related ailments, with their mechanisms of action intricately linked to the induction of autophagic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Kaffe
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Stefanos Ioannis Kaplanis
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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Wang W, Chen DS, Guo ZD, Yu D, Cao Q, Zhu XW. Artificial dermis combined with skin grafting for the treatment of hand skin and soft tissue defects and exposure of bone and tendon. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:8003-8012. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i33.8003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recovery time of hand wounds is long, which can easily result in chronic and refractory wounds, making the wounds unable to be properly repaired. The treatment cycle is long, the cost is high, and it is prone to recurrence and disability. Double layer artificial dermis combined with autologous skin transplantation has been used to repair hypertrophic scars, deep burn wounds, exposed bone and tendon wounds, and post tumor wounds.
AIM To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of autologous skin graft transplantation in conjunction with double-layer artificial dermis in treating finger skin wounds that are chronically refractory and soft tissue defects that expose bone and tendon.
METHODS Sixty-eight chronic refractory patients with finger skin and soft tissue defects accompanied by bone and tendon exposure who were admitted from July 2021 to June 2022 were included in this study. The observation group was treated with double layer artificial dermis combined with autologous skin graft transplantation (n = 49), while the control group was treated with pedicle skin flap transplantation (n = 17). The treatment status of the two groups of patients was compared, including the time between surgeries and hospital stay. The survival rate of skin grafts/flaps and postoperative wound infections were evaluated using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) for scar scoring at 6 mo after surgery, as well as the sensory injury grading method and two-point resolution test to assess the recovery of skin sensation at 6 mo. The satisfaction of the two groups of patients was also compared.
RESULTS Wound healing time in the observation group was significantly longer than that in the control group (P < 0.05, 27.92 ± 3.25 d vs 19.68 ± 6.91 d); there was no significant difference in the survival rate of skin grafts/flaps between the two patient groups (P > 0.05, 95.1 ± 5.0 vs 96.3 ± 5.6). The interval between two surgeries (20.0 ± 4.3 d) and hospital stay (21.0 ± 10.1 d) in the observation group were both significantly shorter than those in the control group (27.5 ± 9.3 d) and (28.4 ± 17.7 d), respectively (P < 0.05). In comparison to postoperative infection (23.5%) and subcutaneous hematoma (11.8%) in the control group, these were considerably lower at (10.2%) and (6.1%) in the observation group. When comparing the two patient groups at six months post-surgery, the excellent and good rate of sensory recovery (91.8%) was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group (76.5%) (P < 0.05). There was also no statistically significant difference in two point resolution (P > 0.05). The VSS score in the observation group (2.91 ± 1.36) was significantly lower than that in the control group (5.96 ± 1.51), and group satisfaction was significantly higher (P < 0.05, 90.1 ± 6.3 vs 76.3 ± 5.2).
CONCLUSION The combination of artificial dermis and autologous skin grafting for the treatment of hand tendon exposure wounds has a satisfactory therapeutic effect. It is a safe, effective, and easy to operate treatment method, which is worthy of clinical promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Operating Room, The First People Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430200, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Chen
- Department of Operating Room, The First People Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430200, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhao-Di Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First People Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430200, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Operating Room, The First People Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430200, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qin Cao
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First People Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430200, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhu
- Department of Operating Room, The First People Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan 430200, Hubei Province, China
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Yon DK, Kim YJ, Park DC, Jung SY, Kim SS, Yeo JH, Lee J, Lee JM, Yeo SG. Induction of Autophagy and Its Role in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration after Peripheral Nerve Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16219. [PMID: 38003409 PMCID: PMC10671617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
No matter what treatment is used after nerve transection, a complete cure is impossible, so basic and clinical research is underway to find a cure. As part of this research, autophagy is being investigated for its role in nerve regeneration. Here, we review the existing literature regarding the involvement and significance of autophagy in peripheral nerve injury and regeneration. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to assess the induction and role of autophagy in peripheral nerve injury and subsequent regeneration. Studies were included if they were prospective or retrospective investigations of autophagy and facial or peripheral nerves. Articles not mentioning autophagy or the facial or peripheral nerves, review articles, off-topic articles, and those not written in English were excluded. A total of 14 peripheral nerve studies that met these criteria, including 11 involving sciatic nerves, 2 involving facial nerves, and 1 involving the inferior alveolar nerve, were included in this review. Studies conducted on rats and mice have demonstrated activation of autophagy and expression of related factors in peripheral nerves with or without stimulation of autophagy-inducing factors such as rapamycin, curcumin, three-dimensional melatonin nerve scaffolds, CXCL12, resveratrol, nerve growth factor, lentinan, adipose-derived stem cells and melatonin, basic fibroblast growth factor, and epothilone B. Among the most studied of these factors in relation to degeneration and regeneration of facial and sciatic nerves are LC3II/I, PI3K, mTOR, Beclin-1, ATG3, ATG5, ATG7, ATG9, and ATG12. This analysis indicates that autophagy is involved in the process of nerve regeneration following facial and sciatic nerve damage. Inadequate autophagy induction or failure of autophagy responses can result in regeneration issues after peripheral nerve damage. Animal studies suggest that autophagy plays an important role in peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Keon Yon
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jun Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Choon Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 16247, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hyung Yeo
- Public Health Center, Danyang-gun, Seoul 27010, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea
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Ao L, Chen Z, Yin J, Leng Y, Luo Y, Fu X, Liu H, Liu X, Gao H, Xie C. Chinese herbal medicine and active ingredients for diabetic cardiomyopathy: molecular mechanisms regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1290023. [PMID: 38027018 PMCID: PMC10661377 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1290023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the serious microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. It is often associated with clinical manifestations such as arrhythmias and heart failure, and significantly reduces the quality of life and years of survival of patients. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is the removal of unfolded and misfolded proteins and is an important mechanism for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. ERS plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DCM by causing cardiomyocyte apoptosis, insulin resistance, calcium imbalance, myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. Targeting ERS is a new direction in the treatment of DCM. A large number of studies have shown that Chinese herbal medicine and active ingredients can significantly improve the clinical outcome of DCM patients through intervention in ERS and effects on myocardial structure and function, which has become one of the hot research directions. Purpose: The aim of this review is to elucidate and summarize the roles and mechanisms of Chinese herbal medicine and active ingredients that have the potential to modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby contributing to better management of DCM. Methods: Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Internet, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform were used to search, analyze, and collect literature, in order to review the mechanisms by which phytochemicals inhibit the progression of DCM by targeting the ERS and its key signaling pathways. Keywords used included "diabetic cardiomyopathy" and "endoplasmic reticulum stress." Results: This review found that Chinese herbs and their active ingredients can regulate ERS through IRE1, ATF6, and PERK pathways to reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis, ameliorate myocardial fibrosis, and attenuate myocardial hypertrophy for the treatment of DCM. Conclusion: A comprehensive source of information on potential ERS inhibitors is provided in this review. The analysis of the literature suggests that Chinese herbal medicine and its active ingredients can be used as potential drug candidates for the treatment of DCM. In short, we cannot ignore the role of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating ERS and treating DCM, and look forward to more research and new drugs to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianjun Ao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengtao Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiacheng Yin
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yulin Leng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoxu Fu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanyu Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoke Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunguang Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Onger ME, Altun G, Yildiran A. Pigment epithelium-derived factor enhances peripheral nerve regeneration through modulating oxidative stress and stem cells: An experimental study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2621-2635. [PMID: 36787348 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is common and negatively affects an individual's quality of life. Drugs used for peripheral nerve regeneration should aim to eliminate symptoms such as neuropathic pain and have therapeutic effects. In recent studies, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has been considered an essential therapeutic agent because of its potential neuroprotective properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of locally applied PEDF for peripheral nerve regeneration. Twenty-four Wistar albino male rats were used. The study groups included Injury (n = 12) and Injury+PEDF (n = 12). An injury model was created by applying 50 N pressure to the right sciatic nerves in groups, and 10 μg/kg local PEDF was injected into the Injury+PEDF group. After 28 days of recovery, functional tests and stereological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses were performed. A significant difference was found between the Injury and Injury+PEDF groups in amplitude, whereas no difference was found in latency. The number of myelinated axons and the myelinated axon area increased significantly in the Injury+PEDF group, while no statistically significant difference was found in myelin sheath thickness. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were increased by PEDF, whereas they were suppressed in mesenchymal stem cells. PEDF exerts functional, quantitative, and antioxidative effects on sciatic nerve injury during neuroregeneration. In addition, when oxidative stress parameters were examined, it was seen that PEDF reduced oxidative stress following sciatic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emin Onger
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gamze Altun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Alisan Yildiran
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Xiao H, Wei C, Liu H, Li Z, Zheng C, Luo J. Lentinan alleviates sciatic nerve injury by promoting autophagy to remove myelin fragments. Phytother Res 2023; 37:4042-4058. [PMID: 37165703 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lentinan, a natural drug with wide-ranging pharmacological activities, can regulate autophagy-the process through which Schwann cells (SCs) eliminate myelin fragments after peripheral nerve injury (PNI). However, the effect of lentinan after PNI and the role of accelerated myelin debris removal via autophagy in this process are unclear. This study examined the effect of lentinan on rat sciatic nerve repair following crush injury and the underlying mechanisms. After the successful establishment of the sciatic nerve compression injury model, group-specific treatments were performed. The treatment group received 20 mg/kg lentinan via intraperitoneal injection, while the model group was treated with normal saline. The recovery in each group was then evaluated. Further, a rat SC line (RSC96) was cultured in medium with/without lentinan after supplementation with homogenous myelin fractions to evaluate the removal of myelin particles. Our results showed that lentinan promotes autophagic flux in vivo via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, accelerates the clearance of myelin debris by SCs, and inhibits neuronal apoptosis, thereby promoting neurological recovery. Similarly, in vitro experiments showed that lentinan promotes the phagocytosis of myelin debris by SCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that lentinan primarily promotes nerve regeneration by accelerating the autophagic clearance of myelin debris in SCs, and this process is likely regulated by the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, this study provides compelling evidence that lentinan may be a cost-effective and natural treatment agent for PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chao Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Cihua Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Foudah AI, Devi S, Alam A, Salkini MA, Ross SA. Anticholinergic effect of resveratrol with vitamin E on scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's disease in rats: Mechanistic approach to prevent inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1115721. [PMID: 36817151 PMCID: PMC9932024 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1115721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common form of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is characterized by gradual declines in cognitive abilities and behavior. It is caused by a combination of factors, including amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, acetylcholine (ACh) loss, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Phenolic compounds have a variety of health benefits, including antioxidant activities. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate how resveratrol (RES) alone and in combination with vitamin E affected rats with AD using scopolamine (SCO). Animals are categorized into groups; (i) control, (ii) SCO (1 mg/kg i.p.), (iii) SCO + donepezil, (iv) SCO + RES (50 mg/kg, p.o.), (v) SCO + RES (75 mg/kg, p.o.), (vi) SCO + RES (50 mg/kg + vitamin E 1 mg/kg, p.o.) for 17 days. In rats, studied behavioural (NOR and EPM) and biochemical characteristics. In addition, brain histopathology was examined to investigate any damage to the hippocampus and neuroprotection. SCO-induced changes in acetylcholinesterase, protein carbonyl, and TNF-α improved after resveratrol treatment. RES increased antioxidant levels, decreased SCO-induced lipid peroxidation, and reversed SCO-mediated changes compared with the drug donepezil. The results indicated that RES and vitamin E had nootropic action in the NOR and EPM tests, measured by the recognition index and the inflection ratio. This study supports the efficacy of RES as a preventive and treatment agent for AD. Vitamin E showed a synergistic effect on RES, which helps in managing cognitive impairment AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I. Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Ahmed I. Foudah, ,
| | - Sushma Devi
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ayman Salkini
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir A. Ross
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States,Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
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Effect and Mechanism of Dragon's Blood on Wound Healing of Patients with Stress Hand Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:6122331. [PMID: 36718408 PMCID: PMC9884159 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6122331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of Dragon's Blood on wound healing in patients with a pressure hand injury. A total of 120 patients with pressure hand injury treated in our hospital were randomly divided into two groups. Sixty patients in the control group were dressed with sterile gauze, and 60 patients in the observation group were smeared with blood exhaustion. The clinical effects and serological indexes of the two groups were compared, and the mechanism of wound healing was analyzed. The results showed that the treatment effective rate of the control group was 80% and that of the observation group was 93.33%. The treatment effective rate of the observation group was dramatically higher (P < 0.05). The number of patients with good granulation tissue in the observation group was 53, which was dramatically greater than that in the control group. The number of patients with a small amount of wound exudation was 51, which was dramatically greater than that in the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-3), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor B1 (TGF-B1) in the observation group increased more dramatically (P < 0.05). The level of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) decreased to 617.23 ng/L in the observation group, and the degree of reduction was more obvious (P < 0.05). Notably, Dragon's Blood promoted wound healing at the injury site by increasing the levels of MMP-3, VEGF, and TGF-B1and decreasing TIMP-1. The area of wound reduction in the observation group was 0.27 cm2, and the reduction was more obvious (P < 0.05). The healing time of pressure hand injury in the observation group was 15.27 days, which was dramatically shorter (P < 0.05). In summary, Dragon's Blood had a good effect on the healing of the injured site in patients with pressure hand injury, which is worthy of promotion.
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10
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Yuan Y, Wang Y, Wu S, Zhao MY. Review: Myelin clearance is critical for regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Front Neurol 2022; 13:908148. [PMID: 36588879 PMCID: PMC9801717 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.908148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic peripheral nerve injury occurs frequently and is a major clinical and public health problem that can lead to functional impairment and permanent disability. Despite the availability of modern diagnostic procedures and advanced microsurgical techniques, active recovery after peripheral nerve repair is often unsatisfactory. Peripheral nerve regeneration involves several critical events, including the recreation of the microenvironment and remyelination. Results from previous studies suggest that the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has a greater capacity for repair than the central nervous system. Thus, it will be important to understand myelin and myelination specifically in the PNS. This review provides an update on myelin biology and myelination in the PNS and discusses the mechanisms that promote myelin clearance after injury. The roles of Schwann cells and macrophages are considered at length, together with the possibility of exogenous intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiMing Yuan
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,*Correspondence: Yan Wang
| | - ShanHong Wu
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Yue Zhao
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Neurorehabilitation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China,Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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11
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Functional Nutrients to Ameliorate Neurogenic Muscle Atrophy. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111149. [DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenic muscle atrophy is a debilitating condition that occurs from nerve trauma in association with diseases or during aging, leading to reduced interaction between motoneurons and skeletal fibers. Current therapeutic approaches aiming at preserving muscle mass in a scenario of decreased nervous input include physical activity and employment of drugs that slow down the progression of the condition yet provide no concrete resolution. Nutritional support appears as a precious tool, adding to the success of personalized medicine, and could thus play a relevant part in mitigating neurogenic muscle atrophy. We herein summarize the molecular pathways triggered by denervation of the skeletal muscle that could be affected by functional nutrients. In this narrative review, we examine and discuss studies pertaining to the use of functional ingredients to counteract neurogenic muscle atrophy, focusing on their preventive or curative means of action within the skeletal muscle. We reviewed experimental models of denervation in rodents and in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as that caused by aging, considering the knowledge generated with use of animal experimental models and, also, from human studies.
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12
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Muratori L, Fregnan F, Maurina M, Haastert-Talini K, Ronchi G. The Potential Benefits of Dietary Polyphenols for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095177. [PMID: 35563568 PMCID: PMC9102183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are frequently affected by lesions caused by trauma (work accidents, car incidents, combat injuries) and following surgical procedures (for instance cancer resection), resulting in loss of motor and sensory function with lifelong impairments. Irrespective of the intrinsic capability of the peripheral nervous system for regeneration, spontaneous or surgically supported regeneration is often unsatisfactory with the limited functional success of nerve repair. For this reason, many efforts have been made to improve the regeneration process. Beyond innovative microsurgical methods that, in certain cases, are necessary to repair nerve injuries, different nonsurgical treatment approaches and adjunctive therapies have been investigated to enhance nerve regeneration. One possibility could be taking advantage of a healthy diet or lifestyle and their relation with proper body functions. Over the years, scientific evidence has been obtained on the benefits of the intake of polyphenols or polyphenol-rich foods in humans, highlighting the neuroprotective effects of these compounds in many neurodegenerative diseases. In order to improve the available knowledge about the potential beneficial role of polyphenols in the process of peripheral nerve regeneration, this review assessed the biological effects of polyphenol administration in supporting and promoting the regenerative process after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Muratori
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, (Torino), Italy; (L.M.); (F.F.); (M.M.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, (Torino), Italy
| | - Federica Fregnan
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, (Torino), Italy; (L.M.); (F.F.); (M.M.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, (Torino), Italy
| | - Monica Maurina
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, (Torino), Italy; (L.M.); (F.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, (Torino), Italy; (L.M.); (F.F.); (M.M.)
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, (Torino), Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-6705-433; Fax: +39-011-9038-639
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13
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Yafuso T, Kosaka Y, Shimizu-Okabe C, Okura N, Kobayashi S, Kim J, Matsuda K, Kinjo D, Okabe A, Takayama C. Slow progression of sciatic nerve degeneration and regeneration after loose ligation through microglial activation and decreased KCC2 levels in the mouse spinal cord ventral horn. Neurosci Res 2022; 177:52-63. [PMID: 34757085 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury affects motor functions. To reveal the mechanisms underlying motor dysfunction and recovery after nerve compression, which have not been precisely examined, we investigated the temporal relationship among changes in motor function, nerve histopathology, and marker molecule expression in the spinal cord after loose ligation of the mouse sciatic nerve. After ligation, sciatic motor function suddenly declined, and axons gradually degenerated. During degeneration, galanin was localized in motor neuron cell bodies. Then, in the ventral horn, microglia were activated, and expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), a synthetic enzyme of acetylcholine, and potassium chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2), which shifts the action of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) and glycine to inhibitory, decreased. Motor function recovery was insufficient although axonal regeneration was complete. ChAT levels gradually recovered during axonal regeneration. When regeneration was nearly complete, microglial activation declined, and KCC2 expression started to increase. The KCC2 level sufficiently recovered when axonal regeneration was complete, suggesting that the excitatory action of GABA/glycine may participate in axonal regeneration. Furthermore, these changes proceeded slower than those after severance, suggesting that loose ligation, compression, may mediate slower progression of degeneration and regeneration than severance, and these changes may cause the motor dysfunction and its recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Yafuso
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kosaka
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Chigusa Shimizu-Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okura
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Shiori Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Koyata Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Daichi Kinjo
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan
| | - Akihito Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan; Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Seinan Jo Gakuin University, Fukuoka, 803-0835, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Takayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Uehara 207, Nishihara, Okinawa, 9030215, Japan.
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14
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Agcayazi SB, Ugurlu A, Ucak T, Tasli NG, Karakurt Y, Icel E, Keskin Cimen F, Süleyman H. Protection against experimental cisplatin-induced optic nerve toxicity using resveratrol: A rat model study. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2021; 40:263-267. [PMID: 34114905 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2021.1940195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of resveratrol on oxidative stress and inflammation parameters and histological alterations in cisplatin-induced optic nerve damage in a mouse model. MATERIAL AND METHOD Thirty-six albino Wistar male rats were divided into three groups as control, 5 mg/kg cisplatin-administered (Cis) and 5 mg/kg cisplatin + 25 mg/kg resveratrol-administered (Cis + Res) animals. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were sacrificed with high-dose (50 mg/kg) thiopental sodium, and their optic nerves were dissected. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (tGSH), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-KB) levels, and histopathological findings were assessed using the optic nerve tissues. RESULTS In the Cis + Res group, the MDA, TOS, OSI, TNF-a and NFK-B levels were significantly lower and the tGSH and TAS levels were significantly higher compared with the Cis group (P = 0.001). In histological evaluations, there were dilated and congested blood vessels, destruction, oedema, degeneration, haemorrhage, and proliferating capillaries indicating the presence of inflammation and damage only in the Cis-administered group. However, in the Cis + Res group, the histological findings were very similar to the healthy controls. CONCLUSION Resveratrol is a promising neuroprotective agent for cisplatin-induced optic nerve toxicity with its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the possible therapeutic effects on other optic nerve toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sümeyye Burcu Agcayazi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Adem Ugurlu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Turgay Ucak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Gamze Tasli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Yucel Karakurt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Erel Icel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Ferda Keskin Cimen
- Department of Pathology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Halis Süleyman
- Erzincan Binali, Yildirim University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Erzincan, Turkey
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15
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Wang S, Shi K, Lu J, Sun W, Han Q, Che L, Zhang D. Microsphere-Embedded Hydrogel Sustained-Release System to Inhibit Postoperative Epidural Fibrosis. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5122-5131. [PMID: 35007060 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a common complication of spine surgery, postoperative epidural fibrosis is an important cause of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), yet there is no effective clinical intervention to tackle it. Herein, for the first time, we develop a strategy of combining a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel matrix with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere-encapsulated resveratrol (RSV), which aims to synergistically promote the inhibition effect on epidural fibrosis. The resultant RSV@PLGA-GelMA (8% w/v) hydrogels possess optimal mechanical properties and prompt the matrix sustainably and stably to release RSV for several weeks. It is further shown that the hybrid hydrogels without the drug exhibit good biosafety without distinct cytotoxicity, while RSV@PLGA-GelMA could prevent fibroblast proliferation and migration. Further rat laminectomy model indicates that the RSV@PLGA-GelMA hydrogels reduce epidural fibrosis by inhibiting fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix overexpression and deposition via a TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Consequently, we believe that such a creative structural combination will be a promising strategy for preventing postoperative epidural fibrosis of spine surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Kun Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Jiawei Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Weilian Sun
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Qinghui Han
- Department of Orthopedics, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Lingbin Che
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, College of Engineering and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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16
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Nazareth L, St John J, Murtaza M, Ekberg J. Phagocytosis by Peripheral Glia: Importance for Nervous System Functions and Implications in Injury and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660259. [PMID: 33898462 PMCID: PMC8060502 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has very limited capacity to regenerate after traumatic injury or disease. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has far greater capacity for regeneration. This difference can be partly attributed to variances in glial-mediated functions, such as axon guidance, structural support, secretion of growth factors and phagocytic activity. Due to their growth-promoting characteristic, transplantation of PNS glia has been trialed for neural repair. After peripheral nerve injuries, Schwann cells (SCs, the main PNS glia) phagocytose myelin debris and attract macrophages to the injury site to aid in debris clearance. One peripheral nerve, the olfactory nerve, is unique in that it continuously regenerates throughout life. The olfactory nerve glia, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), are the primary phagocytes within this nerve, continuously clearing axonal debris arising from the normal regeneration of the nerve and after injury. In contrast to SCs, OECs do not appear to attract macrophages. SCs and OECs also respond to and phagocytose bacteria, a function likely critical for tackling microbial invasion of the CNS via peripheral nerves. However, phagocytosis is not always effective; inflammation, aging and/or genetic factors may contribute to compromised phagocytic activity. Here, we highlight the diverse roles of SCs and OECs with the focus on their phagocytic activity under physiological and pathological conditions. We also explore why understanding the contribution of peripheral glia phagocytosis may provide us with translational strategies for achieving axonal regeneration of the injured nervous system and potentially for the treatment of certain neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Nazareth
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - James St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariyam Murtaza
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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