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Pastora LE, Namburu NS, Arora K, Christov PP, Wilson JT. STING-Pathway Inhibiting Nanoparticles (SPINs) as a Platform for Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:4867-4878. [PMID: 38563162 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway has been implicated in the development and progression of a myriad of inflammatory diseases including colitis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and age-related macular degeneration. Thus, STING pathway inhibitors could have therapeutic application in many of these inflammatory conditions. The cGAS inhibitor RU.521 and the STING inhibitor H-151 have shown promise as therapeutics in mouse models of colitis, ALS, and more. However, these agents require frequent high-dose intraperitoneal injections, which may limit translatability. Furthermore, long-term use of systemically administered cGAS/STING inhibitors may leave patients vulnerable to viral infections and cancer. Thus, localized or targeted inhibition of the cGAS/STING pathway may be an attractive, broadly applicable treatment for a variety of STING pathway-driven ailments. Here we describe STING-Pathway Inhibiting Nanoparticles (SPINS)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with RU.521 and H-151-as a platform for enhanced and sustained inhibition of cGAS/STING signaling. We demonstrate that SPINs are equally or more effective at inhibiting type-I interferon responses induced by cytosolic DNA than free H-151 or RU.521. Additionally, we describe a SPIN formulation in which PLGA is coemulsified with poly(benzoyloxypropyl methacrylamide) (P(HPMA-Bz)), which significantly improves drug loading and allows for tunable release of H-151 over a period of days to over a week by varying P(HPMA-Bz) content. Finally, we find that all SPIN formulations were as potent or more potent in inhibiting cGAS/STING signaling in primary murine macrophages, resulting in decreased expression of inflammatory M1-like macrophage markers. Therefore, our study provides an in vitro proof-of-concept for nanoparticle delivery of STING pathway inhibitors and positions SPINs as a potential platform for slowing or reversing the onset or progression of cGAS/STING-driven inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda E Pastora
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Neeraj S Namburu
- School for Science and Math at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Karan Arora
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Plamen P Christov
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville Tennessee 37232, United States
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Zhou Q, Yi G, Chang M, Li N, Bai Y, Li H, Yao S. Activation of Sirtuin3 by honokiol ameliorates alveolar epithelial cell senescence in experimental silicosis via the cGAS-STING pathway. Redox Biol 2024; 74:103224. [PMID: 38865904 PMCID: PMC11215422 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicosis, characterized by interstitial lung inflammation and fibrosis, poses a significant health threat. ATII cells play a crucial role in alveolar epithelial repair and structural integrity maintenance. Inhibiting ATII cell senescence has shown promise in silicosis treatment. However, the mechanism behind silica-induced senescence remains elusive. METHODS The study employed male C57BL/6 N mice and A549 human alveolar epithelial cells to investigate silicosis and its potential treatment. Silicosis was induced in mice via intratracheal instillation of crystalline silica particles, with honokiol administered intraperitoneally for 14 days. Silica-induced senescence in A549 cells was confirmed, and SIRT3 knockout and overexpression cell lines were generated. Various analyses were conducted, including immunoblotting, qRT-PCR, histology, and transmission electron microscopy. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test. RESULTS This study elucidates how silica induces ATII cell senescence, emphasizing mtDNA damage. Notably, honokiol (HKL) emerges as a promising anti-senescence and anti-fibrosis agent, acting through sirt3. honokiol effectively attenuated senescence in ATII cells, dependent on sirt3 expression, while mitigating mtDNA damage. Sirt3, a class III histone deacetylase, regulates senescence and mitochondrial stress. HKL activates sirt3, protecting against pulmonary fibrosis and mitochondrial damage. Additionally, HKL downregulated cGAS expression in senescent ATII cells induced by silica, suggesting sirt3's role as an upstream regulator of the cGAS/STING signaling pathway. Moreover, honokiol treatment inhibited the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, associated with reduced oxidative stress and mtDNA damage. Notably, HKL enhanced the activity of SOD2, crucial for mitochondrial function, through sirt3-mediated deacetylation. Additionally, HKL promoted the deacetylation activity of sirt3, further safeguarding mtDNA integrity. CONCLUSIONS This study uncovers a natural compound, HKL, with significant anti-fibrotic properties through activating sirt3, shedding light on silicosis pathogenesis and treatment avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhou
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China; School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Guan Yi
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China.
| | - Meiyu Chang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China.
| | - Ning Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China.
| | - Yichun Bai
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Haibin Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China; School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China; School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Zhang Q, Shen L, Ruan H, Huang Z. cGAS-STING signaling in cardiovascular diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1402817. [PMID: 38803502 PMCID: PMC11128581 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1402817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammation, characterized by a persistent chronic inflammatory state, significantly contributes to the progression of various diseases such as autoimmune, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular disorders. Recent evidence has increasingly highlighted the intricate connection between inflammatory responses and cardiovascular diseases, underscoring the pivotal role of the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING). STING is crucial for the secretion of type I interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines in response to cytosolic nucleic acids, playing a vital role in the innate immune system. Specifically, research has underscored the STING pathway involvement in unregulated inflammations, where its aberrant activation leads to a surge in inflammatory events, enhanced IFN I responses, and cell death. The primary pathway triggering STING activation is the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) pathway. This review delves into recent findings on STING and the cGAS-STING pathways, focusing on their regulatory mechanisms and impact on cardiovascular diseases. It also discusses the latest advancements in identifying antagonists targeting cGAS and STING, and concludes by assessing the potential of cGAS or STING inhibitors as treatments for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The People’s Hospital of Yuhuan, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The People’s Hospital of Yuhuan, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongbiao Ruan
- Department of Cardiology, The People’s Hospital of Yuhuan, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhouqing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Wenzhou, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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An C, Li Z, Chen Y, Huang S, Yang F, Hu Y, Xu T, Zhang C, Ge S. The cGAS-STING pathway in cardiovascular diseases: from basic research to clinical perspectives. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:58. [PMID: 38720328 PMCID: PMC11080250 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling pathway, an important component of the innate immune system, is involved in the development of several diseases. Ectopic DNA-induced inflammatory responses are involved in several pathological processes. Repeated damage to tissues and metabolic organelles releases a large number of damage-associated molecular patterns (mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, and exogenous DNA). The DNA fragments released into the cytoplasm are sensed by the sensor cGAS to initiate immune responses through the bridging protein STING. Many recent studies have revealed a regulatory role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, atherosclerosis, and aortic dissection/aneurysm. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that inhibiting the cGAS-STING signaling pathway can significantly inhibit myocardial hypertrophy and inflammatory cell infiltration. Therefore, this review is intended to identify risk factors for activating the cGAS-STING pathway to reduce risks and to simultaneously further elucidate the biological function of this pathway in the cardiovascular field, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng An
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shaojun Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chengxin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Shenglin Ge
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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Luo X, Zhao Y, Luo Y, Lai J, Ji J, Huang J, Chen Y, Liu Z, Liu J. Cytosolic mtDNA-cGAS-STING axis contributes to sepsis-induced acute kidney injury via activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Clin Exp Nephrol 2024; 28:375-390. [PMID: 38238499 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-023-02448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NLRP3 inflammasome activation is significantly associated with sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (S-AKI). Cytosolic DNA derived from damaged mitochondria has been reported to activate NLRP3 inflammasome via upregulating the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) axis in nucleus pulposus cell and cardiomyocytes. However, the regulatory effect of mitochondria DNA (mtDNA)-cGAS-STING axis on the NLRP3 inflammasome in S-AKI remains unclear. METHODS In the current study, we established an in vivo model of S-AKI by intraperitoneally injecting male C57BL/6 J mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Next, selective cGAS inhibitor RU.521, and STING agonist DMXAA were intraperitoneally injected in the mice; then, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (CRE), urinary kidney injury molecular-1 (KIM-1), pathological changes, and infiltrated neutrophils were detected to assess kidney injury. We also performed western blot and immunofluorescence assays to evaluate STING, cGAS, TBK-1, p-TBK-1, IRF3, p-IRF3, NF-kB, p-NF-kB, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, caspase-1, GSDMD-N, and GSDMD expression levels in kidney tissues. IL-18 and IL-1β in renal tissue were identified by ELISA. In vitro, we treated HK-2 cells with LPS to establish a cell model of S-AKI. Furthermore, ethidium bromide (EtBr) was administered to deplete mitochondria DNA (mtDNA). LPS-induced cytotoxicity was evaluated by LDH release assay. Protein expression of cGAS, STING, and NLRP3 in was quantified by western blot. Cytosolic mtDNA was detected by immunofluorescence and q-PCR. Released IL-1β and IL-18 in HK-2 supernatants were detected by ELISA. RESULTS LPS injection induced S-AKI in mice, as evidenced by neutrophil infiltration, tubular vacuolation, and increased levels of serum creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urinary KIM-1. In addition, LPS activated the cGAS-STING axis and NLRP3 inflammasome in vivo, illustrated by increased phosphorylation levels of TBK-1, IRF3, and NF-kB protein, increased ratio of cleaved caspase-1 to caspase-1 and GSDMD-N to GSDMD, and increased IL-1β and IL-18 levels. Moreover, the cGAS inhibitor RU.521 effectively attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome and S-AKI; however, these effects were abolished by treatment with the STING agonist DMXAA. Furthermore, cytosolic release of mtDNA and activation of the cGAS-STING-NLRP3 axis were observed in LPS-treated HK-2 cells. Inhibiting mtDNA replication by Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) treatment reduced cytosolic mtDNA accumulation and downregulated the cGAS-STING-NLRP3 axis, ameliorating the cytotoxicity induced by LPS. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the cGAS-STING axis was triggered by cytosolic mtDNA and participated in the development of S-AKI by activating NLRP3 inflammasome. Reducing cytosolic mtDNA accumulation or inhibiting the cGAS-STING axis may be potential therapeutic targets for S-AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, No.1 Maoyuan South Road, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunpeng Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Jian Lai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiemei Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiao Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ziru Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jingchen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Wei J, Liu Z, Sun H, Xu L. Perillaldehyde ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via suppressing the cGAS/STING signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111641. [PMID: 38368770 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common life-threatening illness characterized by a lung inflammatory response and oxidative stress, and effective agent therapies are currently lacking. mtDNA can be recognized by cGAS/STING, the dysregulation of which leads to inflammatory diseases, such as ALI. Perillaldehyde(PAH), one of the major active components of traditional Chinese medicine made from Perilla frutescens, has antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to explore whether PAH can protect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI and whether its protective effect is exerted through the regulation of cGAS/STING signaling. We found that PAH significantly inhibited lung histological changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS. Moreover, PAH inhibited LPS-induced oxidative stress, as shown by the deceases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione(GSH) levels and increased in malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. In addition, PAH markedly downregulated the expression of cGAS, STING, p-TBK, p-IRF3, p-P65, and p-IκB, and pharmacological inhibition of cGAS/STING inhibited ALI- induced by LPS. Furthermore, the levels of mitochondrial ROS (mROS) and mtDNA were increased, and cGAS/STING-mediated IRF3/NF-κB signaling was activated during the inflammatory response- induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, pretreatment with the STING activator partially abolished the inhibitory effect of PAH on the inflammation and activation of STING-mediated IRF3/NF-κB signaling induced by LPS. Overall, the results revealed that PAH can effectively alleviate ALI by inhibiting cGAS/STING-mediated IRF3/NF-κB signaling, and that PAH may be a potential candidate agent for the treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wei
- Department of Respiratory, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Erdao District, 126 Sendai Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Zhengjia Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Erdao District, 126 Sendai Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Erdao District, 126 Sendai Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China.
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Erdao District, 126 Sendai Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China.
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Liu M, Liu C, Shi J, Wang P, Chang J, Xu X, Wang L, Jin S, Li X, Yin Q, Zhu Q, Dang X, Lu F. Corn straw-saccharification fiber improved the reproductive performance of sows in the late gestation and lactation via lipid metabolism. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1370975. [PMID: 38606017 PMCID: PMC11007230 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1370975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
With the development of animal husbandry, the shortage of animal feedstuffs has become serious. Dietary fiber plays a crucial role in regulating animal health and production performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three kinds of corn straw-saccharification fibers (CSSF) such as high-fiber and low-saccharification (HFLS), medium-fiber and medium-saccharification (MFMS), low-fiber and high-saccharification (LFHS) CSSF on the reproductive performance of sows. Thirty-two primiparous Yorkshire sows were randomly assigned to 4 groups, 8 sows for each group. Group A was the basal diet as the control group; groups B - D were added with 6% HFLSCSSF, 6% MFMSCSSF and 6% LFHSCSSF to replace some parts of corn meal and wheat bran in the basal diet, respectively. The experimental period was from day 85 of gestation to the end of lactation (day 25 post-farrowing). The results showed that 6% LFHSCSSF addition significantly increased number of total born (alive) piglets, litter weight at birth (p < 0.05), whereas three kinds of CSSF significantly decreased backfat thickness of sows during gestation (p < 0.001), compared with the control group. Furthermore, CSSF improved the digestibility of crude protein, ether extract and fiber for sows. In addition, the levels of total cholesterol, total triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum of sows were decreased by different kinds of CSSF. Further analysis revealed that CSSF regulated lipid metabolism through adjusting the serum metabolites such as 4-pyridoxic acid, phosphatidyl cholines and L-tyrosine. In summary, CSSF addition to the diets of sows during late gestation and lactation regulated lipid metabolism and improved reproductive performance of sows. This study provided a theoretical basis for the application of corn straw in sow diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Chang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Xu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sanjun Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingqiang Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qun Zhu
- Henan Delin Biological Product Co. Ltd., Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaowei Dang
- Henan Delin Biological Product Co. Ltd., Xinxiang, China
| | - Fushan Lu
- Henan Puai Feed Co. Ltd., Zhoukou, China
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Muire PJ, Lofgren AL, Shiels SM, Wenke JC. Fracture healing in a polytrauma rat model is influenced by mtDNA:cGAS complex mediated pro-inflammation. J Exp Orthop 2023; 10:90. [PMID: 37656236 PMCID: PMC10473996 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-023-00637-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) activated cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling pathway is a key player in mediating immune responses in autoimmune disorders and cancer. However, its role in severe trauma associated fracture healing is unknown. This study investigated if the cGAS-STING signaling pathway contributes to delayed bone healing in polytrauma (PT) fractures. METHODS For preliminary analyses, therapeutic dosage of RU.521 (cGAS inhibitor) (n = 2) was determined in C57BL/6 J mice by mass spectrometry, and IFNβ expression levels in serum and bronchioalveolar fluid (BALF) at 6 and 24 h (h) in RU.521/vehicle + mtDNA injected mice (n = 3/treatment and time point) was measured by ELISA. In the main study, plasma mtDNA was quantified by qPCR in a clinically relevant delayed fracture healing PT rat model with burn injury, blunt trauma, and a femoral fracture at 3 h post-trauma (hpt). Next, PT rats received either RU.521 (12 mg/kg in povidone; n = 8) or vehicle (povidone only; n = 5) immediately after injury and were followed up for 5 weeks post-trauma to assess bone regeneration by radiography and histology. RESULTS IFNβ levels were significantly decreased only at 24 h in BALF of RU.521 treated mice. At 3hpt mtDNA was significantly elevated in PT rats compared to rats without injury. When treated with RU.521, PT rats showed improvement in bone healing compared to vehicle control PT rats. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway influences trauma-induced delayed bone healing. However, further evaluation of this pathway at the cellular and molecular levels to augment PT associated detrimental effects is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti J Muire
- Combat Wound Care, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - Alicia L Lofgren
- Combat Wound Care, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Stefanie M Shiels
- Combat Wound Care, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Joseph C Wenke
- Combat Wound Care, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Ft Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Shriners Children's Texas, Galveston, TX, USA
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Jin X, Wang W, Zhao X, Jiang W, Shao Q, Chen Z, Huang C. The battle between the innate immune cGAS-STING signaling pathway and human herpesvirus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1235590. [PMID: 37600809 PMCID: PMC10433641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1235590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human herpesvirus (HHVs) is gradually increasing and has affected a wide range of population. HHVs can result in serious consequences such as tumors, neonatal malformations, sexually transmitted diseases, as well as pose an immense threat to the human health. The cGAS-STING pathway is one of the innate immune pattern-recognition receptors discovered recently. This article discusses the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in human diseases, especially in human herpesvirus infections, as well as highlights how these viruses act on this pathway to evade the host immunity. Moreover, the author provides a comprehensive overview of modulators of the cGAS-STING pathway. By focusing on the small molecule compounds based on the cGAS-STING pathway, novel targets and concepts have been proposed for the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines, while also providing a reference for the investigation of disease models related to the cGAS-STING pathway. HHV is a double-stranded DNA virus that can trigger the activation of intracellular DNA sensor cGAS, after which the host cells initiate a cascade of reactions that culminate in the secretion of type I interferon to restrict the viral replication. Meanwhile, the viral protein can interact with various molecules in the cGAS-STING pathway. Viruses can evade immune surveillance and maintain their replication by inhibiting the enzyme activity of cGAS and reducing the phosphorylation levels of STING, TBK1 and IRF3 and suppressing the interferon gene activation. Activators and inhibitors of the cGAS-STING pathway have yielded numerous promising research findings in vitro and in vivo pertaining to cGAS/STING-related disease models. However, there remains a dearth of small molecule modulators that have been successfully translated into clinical applications, which serves as a hurdle to be overcome in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Jin
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinwei Zhao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhua Jiang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingqing Shao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Pan J, Fei CJ, Hu Y, Wu XY, Nie L, Chen J. Current understanding of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway: Structure, regulatory mechanisms, and related diseases. Zool Res 2023; 44:183-218. [PMID: 36579404 PMCID: PMC9841179 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system protects the host from external pathogens and internal damage in various ways. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway, comprised of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), and downstream signaling adaptors, plays an essential role in protective immune defense against microbial DNA and internal damaged-associated DNA and is responsible for various immune-related diseases. After binding with DNA, cytosolic cGAS undergoes conformational change and DNA-linked liquid-liquid phase separation to produce 2'3'-cGAMP for the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized STING. However, further studies revealed that cGAS is predominantly expressed in the nucleus and strictly tethered to chromatin to prevent binding with nuclear DNA, and functions differently from cytosolic-localized cGAS. Detailed delineation of this pathway, including its structure, signaling, and regulatory mechanisms, is of great significance to fully understand the diversity of cGAS-STING activation and signaling and will be of benefit for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here, we review recent progress on the above-mentioned perspectives of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and discuss new avenues for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Chen-Jie Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Li Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China. E-mail:
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China. E-mail:
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Li B, Wang W, Li Y, Wang S, Liu H, Xia Z, Gao W, Zhao B. cGAS-STING pathway aggravates early cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by activating NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114269. [PMID: 36343680 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Stroke patients are often complicated by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) after the restoration of cerebral perfusion, and how to prevent CIRI at an early stage has received close attention. The imbalance of iron metabolism is one of the essential factors in the aggravation of CIRI, and NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, as a critical pathway to regulate iron metabolism, is expected to be an effective intervention target. We established a mouse model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) with NCOA4 silencing. We found that activation of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy atthe early stage of CIR mediated the onset of oxidative stress and contributed to autophagy and apoptosis, and eventually resulted in increased brain injury. This suggests that NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy plays a vital role in early CIR and can be an effective target to prevent and treat CIRI. We next explored the upstream regulatory targets of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy. The previous evidence for the cGAS-STING pathway's importance during CIR and its strong relationship with autophagy attracted our attention. To investigate whether the cGAS-STING pathway regulates NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy, we further administered a cGAS inhibitor to mice with CIR and overexpressed NCOA4. Along with the inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway, ferritinophagy, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis were inhibited, and CIRI was ameliorated, which was attenuated by NCOA4 overexpression. In conclusion, our results suggest that activation of the cGAS-STING pathway exacerbates CIRI at the early stage of CIR, which may be achieved by mediating NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hengjuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Wenwei Gao
- Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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Inhibition of cGAS ameliorates acute lung injury triggered by zinc oxide nanoparticles. Toxicol Lett 2022; 373:62-75. [PMID: 36368621 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have been widely used in various industrial and biomedical fields. Occupational or accidental inhalation exposure to ZnONPs might lead to acute lung injury (ALI). Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) are critical for the initiation and expansion of inflammation and contribute to tissue injury; however, the role and mechanism of the cGAS-STING pathway in ALI-induced by ZnONPs are unclear. METHODS Male C57BL/6 J mice were intratracheally injected with ZnONPs (0.6 mg/kg) or mock. The mice were euthanized and the degree of lung injury was determined 3 days after the instillation of ZnONPs. The BEAS-2B cell line was used as a cell model to investigate the cytotoxicity of ZnONPs in vitro. RESULTS We found that ZnONPs inhalation induced ALI in mice, manifested by exacerbated lung pathological changes, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and inflammation. Interestingly, cGAS and STING were activated in the lung tissues of the mice and BEAS-2B lung epithelial cells treated with ZnONPs. More importantly, we illustrated that the cGAS inhibitor RU.521 inhibited the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, further decreased oxidative stress and inflammation, and led to ameliorated lung injury in mice treated with ZnONPs. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that ZnONPs trigger the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, which plays an important role in ZnONPs-induced ALI. Inhibition of cGAS with RU.521 mitigates the oxidative stress induced by ZnONPs, suggesting that targeting the cGAS-STING pathway may be a feasible strategy to ameliorate the pulmonary injury caused by nanoparticles.
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Huang R, Shi Q, Zhang S, Lin H, Han C, Qian X, Huang Y, Ren X, Sun J, Feng N, Xia C, Shi M. Inhibition of the cGAS-STING Pathway Attenuates Lung Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells of Rats. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5103-5119. [PMID: 36091334 PMCID: PMC9462969 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s365970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of lung ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosol dsDNA sensor, coupling with downstream stimulator of interferon genes (STING) located in the ER, which involves innate immune responses. The aim of our present study was to investigate the effects of cGAS on lung I/R injury via regulating ERS. Methods We used Sprague-Dawley rats to make the lung I/R model by performing left hilum occlusion-reperfusion surgery. cGAS-specific inhibitor RU.521, STING agonist SR-717, and 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), the ERS inhibitor, were intraperitoneally administered in rats. Double immunofluorescent staining was applied to detect the colocalization of cGAS or BiP, an ERS protein, with alveolar epithelial type II cells (AECIIs) marker. We used transmission electron microscopy to examine the ultrastructure of ER and mitochondria. Apoptosis and oxidative stress in the lungs were assessed, respectively. The profiles of pulmonary edema and lung tissue injury were evaluated. And the pulmonary ventilation function was measured using a spirometer system. Results In lung I/R rats, the cGAS-STING pathway was upregulated, which implied they were activated. After cGAS-STING pathway was inhibited or activated in lung I/R rats, the ERS was alleviated after cGAS was inhibited, while when STING was activated after lung I/R, ERS was aggravated in the AECIIs, these results suggested that cGAS-STING pathway might trigger ERS responses. Furthermore, activation of cGAS-STING pathway induced increased apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress via regulating ERS and therefore resulted in pulmonary edema and pathological injury in the lungs of I/R rats. Inhibition of cGAS-STING pathway attenuated ERS, therefore attenuated lung injury and promoted pulmonary ventilation function in I/R rats. Conclusion Inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway attenuates lung ischemia/reperfusion injury via alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress in alveolar epithelial type II cells of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhui Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhi Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Qian
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Ren
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayuan Sun
- Department of Respiratory Endoscopy, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Nana Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Shi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Affiliated with Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
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Du Y, Zhang H, Nie X, Qi Y, Shi S, Han Y, Zhou W, He C, Wang L. Link between sterile inflammation and cardiovascular diseases: Focus on cGAS-STING pathway in the pathogenesis and therapeutic prospect. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:965726. [PMID: 36072862 PMCID: PMC9441773 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.965726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammation characterized by unresolved chronic inflammation is well established to promote the progression of multiple autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, collectively termed as sterile inflammatory diseases. In recent years, substantial evidence has revealed that the inflammatory response is closely related to cardiovascular diseases. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway which is activated by cytoplasmic DNA promotes the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) or nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), thus leading to upregulation of the levels of inflammatory factors and interferons (IFNs). Therefore, studying the role of inflammation caused by cGAS-STING pathway in cardiovascular diseases could provide a new therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on that cGAS-STING-mediated inflammatory response in the progression of cardiovascular diseases and the prospects of cGAS or STING inhibitors for treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Nie
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajun Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi Shi
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Han
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenchen Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoyong He
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Chaoyong He
| | - Lintao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Lintao Wang
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Zhao J, Xiao R, Zeng R, He E, Zhang A. Small molecules targeting cGAS-STING pathway for autoimmune disease. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ding R, Li H, Liu Y, Ou W, Zhang X, Chai H, Huang X, Yang W, Wang Q. Activating cGAS-STING axis contributes to neuroinflammation in CVST mouse model and induces inflammasome activation and microglia pyroptosis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:137. [PMID: 35689216 PMCID: PMC9188164 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation-induced injury is intimately associated with poor prognosis in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase–stimulator of interferon gene (cGAS–STING) axis is a cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensing pathway has recently emerged as a crucial mediator of neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke. However, the role of the cGAS–STING pathway in modulating post-CVST inflammation and the underlying mechanisms involved remain unclear. Methods A CVST model was induced by ferric chloride in male C57BL/6J mice. The selective cGAS inhibitor RU.521, STING agonist 2′3′-cGAMP, and STING siRNA were delivered by intranasal administration or intraventricular injection. Post-CVST assessments included rotarod test, TUNEL staining, Fluoro-Jade C staining, dihydroethidium staining, western blotting, qPCR, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and flow cytometry. Results cGAS, STING, NLRP3 and GSDMD were significantly upregulated after CVST and mostly in the microglia of the mouse brain. CVST triggered the release of dsDNA into the cytoplasm and elicited an inflammatory response via activating the cGAS–STING axis. RU.521 decreased the levels of 2′3′-cGAMP, STING and downstream inflammatory cytokines, and suppressed the expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis-pertinent components containing cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-C, pro- and cleaved IL-1β, and cleaved IL-1β/pro-IL-1β. Besides, RU.521 treatment also reduced oxidative stress, lessened the numbers of microglia and neutrophils, and ameliorated neuronal apoptosis, degeneration along with neurological deficits post-CVST. 2′3'-cGAMP delivery enhanced the expressions of STING and related inflammatory mediators, NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis-relevant proteins, whereas these alterations were significantly abrogated by the silencing of STING by siRNA. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that repression of the cGAS–STING pathway diminishes the neuroinflammatory burden of CVST and highlight this approach as a potential therapeutic tactic in CVST-mediated pathologies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02511-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ding
- Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqi Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiyang Ou
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Xifang Zhang
- Dongguan Kanghua Hospital, 1000# Dongguan Avenue, Dongguan, 523000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huihui Chai
- Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofei Huang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Weijie Yang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiujing Wang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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Mitochondrial damage and activation of the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS-STING pathway lead to cardiac pyroptosis and hypertrophy in diabetic cardiomyopathy mice. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:258. [PMID: 35538059 PMCID: PMC9091247 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01046-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious cardiac complication of diabetes that currently lacks specific treatment. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. However, whether cGAS-STING is involved in the development of DCM has not been established. Our study aimed to determine the role of cGAS-STING in the initiation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-induced cardiac pyroptosis and chronic inflammation during the pathogenesis of DCM. C57BL/6J mice were preinjected with adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) intravenously via the tail vein to specifically knock down myocardial STING. After four weeks, mice with myocardium-specific knockdown of STING received injections of streptozotocin (STZ; 50 mg/kg) and a high-fat diet to induce diabetes. Measurements included echocardiography, immunohistochemical analyses, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining, and western blotting. Here, we showed that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway was activated in diabetic hearts, which was indicated by the increased phosphorylation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), leading to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the hearts of diabetic mice and proinflammatory cytokine release into serum. Moreover, STING knockdown via adeno-associated virus-9 (AAV9) in diabetic mouse heart alleviated cardiac pyroptosis and the inflammatory response, prevented diabetes-induced hypertrophy, and restored cardiac function. Mechanistically, we showed that palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipotoxicity impairs mitochondrial homeostasis, producing excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), which results in oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its release into the cytoplasm while switching on cGAS-STING-mediated pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes, thereby worsening the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Our study demonstrated that activation of the cGAS-STING pathway caused by mitochondrial oxidative damage and mtDNA escape induced by free fatty acids promoted pyroptosis and proinflammatory responses in cardiomyocytes in a NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent manner, thus promoting myocardial hypertrophy during the progression of DCM.
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Yang Y, Huang Y, Zeng Z. Advances in cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway and Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:800393. [PMID: 35186921 PMCID: PMC8851069 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.800393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens can produce conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) after invading the body, which can be specifically recognized by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). In recent years, it has been found that cytoplasmic DNA receptors recognize exogenous DNA inducing activation of interferon 1 (IFN1), which is a rapid advance in various research areas. The cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) stimulator of interferon gene (STING) signaling pathway is a critical natural immune pathway in cells. Early studies revealed that it plays a crucial regulatory role in pathogen infection and tumor, and it is associated with various human autoimmune diseases. Recently studies have found that activation of cGAS-STING signaling pathway is related to different organ injuries. The present review elaborates on the regulation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and its role in various diseases, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for immunotherapy targeting this pathway.
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余 蕙, 刘 谦, 郭 永, 夏 勇, 罗 素. [Palmitic acid suppresses autophagy in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes via the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:36-44. [PMID: 35249868 PMCID: PMC8901406 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of palmitic acid (PA) on autophagy in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS NRCMs were isolated and cultured for 24 h before exposure to 10% BSA and 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, or 0.7 mmol/L PA for 24 h. After the treatments, the expressions of Parkin, PINK1, p62, LC3Ⅱ/ LC3Ⅰ, cGAS, STING and p-IRF3/IRF3 were detected using Western blotting and the cell viability was assessed with CCK8 assay, based on which 0.7 mmol/L was selected as the optimal concentration in subsequent experiments. The effects of cGAS knockdown mediated by cGAS siRNA in the presence of PA on autophagy-related proteins in the NRCMs were determined using Western blotting, and the expressions of P62 and LC3 in the treated cells were examined using immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS PA at different concentrations significantly lowered the expressions of Parkin, PINK1, LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ and LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ+Ⅱ (P < 0.05), increased the expression of p62 (P < 0.05), and inhibited the viability of NRCMs (P < 0.05). Knockdown of cGAS obviously blocked the autophagy-suppressing effect of PA and improved the viability of NRCMs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION PA inhibits autophagy by activating the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway to reduce the viability of NRCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- 蕙麟 余
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,重庆 400016Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 谦 刘
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,重庆 400016Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 永正 郭
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,重庆 400016Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 勇 夏
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,重庆 400016Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - 素新 罗
- />重庆医科大学附属第一医院心血管内科,重庆 400016Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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20
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Bao T, Liu J, Leng J, Cai L. The cGAS-STING pathway: more than fighting against viruses and cancer. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:209. [PMID: 34906241 PMCID: PMC8670263 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the classic Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, downstream signals can control the production of type I interferon and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells to promote the activation of pro-inflammatory molecules, which are mainly induced during antiviral responses. However, with progress in this area of research, studies focused on autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions that may be relevant to cGAS–STING pathways have been conducted. This review mainly highlights the functions of the cGAS–STING pathway in chronic inflammatory diseases. Importantly, the cGAS–STING pathway has a major impact on lipid metabolism. Different research groups have confirmed that the cGAS–STING pathway plays an important role in the chronic inflammatory status in various organs. However, this pathway has not been studied in depth in diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Current research on the cGAS–STING pathway has shown that the targeted therapy of diseases that may be caused by inflammation via the cGAS–STING pathway has promising outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terigen Bao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jiyan Leng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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21
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Rech L, Rainer PP. The Innate Immune cGAS-STING-Pathway in Cardiovascular Diseases - A Mini Review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:715903. [PMID: 34381828 PMCID: PMC8349977 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.715903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a central role in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). One pathway under investigation is the innate immune DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream receptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING). cGAS-STING upregulates type I interferons in response to pathogens. Recent studies show that also self-DNA may activate cGAS-STING, for instance, DNA released from nuclei or mitochondria during obesity or myocardial infarction. Here, we focus on emerging evidence describing the interaction of cGAS-STING with cardiovascular risk factors and disease. We also touch on translational therapeutic opportunities and potential further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Rech
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter P Rainer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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22
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Tan J, Wu B, Chen T, Fan C, Zhao J, Xiong C, Feng C, Xiao R, Ding C, Tang W, Zhang A. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Tetrahydro-γ-carboline Derivatives as Potent Anti-inflammatory Agents Targeting Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7667-7690. [PMID: 34044539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) by double-stranded DNA is implicated in the pathogenesis of many hyperinflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and the cGAS-targeting small molecule has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating these diseases. However, the currently reported cGAS inhibitors are far beyond maturity, barely demonstrating in vivo efficacy. Inspired by the structural novelty of compound 5 (G140), we conducted a structural optimization on both its side chain and the central tricyclic core, leading to several subseries of compounds, including those unexpectedly cyclized complex ones. Compound 25 bearing an N-glycylglycinoyl side chain was identified as the most potent one with cellular IC50 values of 1.38 and 11.4 μM for h- and m-cGAS, respectively. Mechanistic studies confirmed its direct targeting of cGAS. Further, compound 25 showed superior in vivo anti-inflammatory effects in the lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse model. The encouraging result of compound 25 provides solid evidence for further pursuit of cGAS-targeting inhibitors as a new anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chen Fan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiannan Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chaodong Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunlan Feng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruoxuan Xiao
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunyong Ding
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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23
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Liu L, Yan M, Yang R, Qin X, Chen L, Li L, Si J, Li X, Ma K. Adiponectin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Apoptosis by Regulating the Cx43/PI3K/AKT Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:644225. [PMID: 34084134 PMCID: PMC8167433 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.644225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is a crucial factor leading to myocardial dysfunction. Adiponectin (APN) has a cardiomyocyte-protective impact. Studies have shown that the connexin43 (Cx43) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways play an important role in the heart, but whether APN plays a protective role by regulating these pathways is unclear. Our study aimed to confirm whether APN protects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and to explore whether it plays an important role through regulating the Cx43 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. In addition, our research aimed to explore the relationship between the Cx43 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. In vitro experiments: Before H9c2 cells were treated with LPS for 24 h, they were pre-treated with APN for 2 h. The cytotoxic effect of APN on H9c2 cells was evaluated by a CCK-8 assay. The protein levels of Bax, Bcl2, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, Cx43, PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT and p-AKT were evaluated by Western blot analysis, and the apoptosis rate was evaluated by flow cytometry. APN attenuated the cytotoxicity induced by LPS. LPS upregulated Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9 and downregulated Bcl2 in H9c2 cells; however, these effects were attenuated by APN. In addition, LPS upregulated Cx43 expression, and APN downregulated Cx43 expression and activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. LPS induced apoptosis and inhibited PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in H9c2 cells, and these effects were attenuated by Gap26 (a Cx43 inhibitor). Moreover, the preservation of APN expression was reversed by LY294002 (a PI3K/AKT signaling pathway inhibitor). In vivo experiments: In C57BL/6J mice, a sepsis model was established by intraperitoneal injection of LPS, and APN was injected into enterocoelia. The protein levels of Bax, Bcl2, cleaved caspase-3, and Cx43 were evaluated by Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect Cx43 expression and localization in myocardial tissue. LPS upregulated Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and downregulated Bcl2 in sepsis; however, these effects were attenuated by APN. In addition, the expression of Cx43 was upregulated in septic myocardial tissue, and APN downregulated Cx43 expression in septic myocardial tissue. In conclusion, both in vitro and in vivo, the data demonstrated that APN can protect against LPS-induced apoptosis during sepsis by modifying the Cx43 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Meijuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Xuqing Qin
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Junqiang Si
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Xinzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Ketao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China.,Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
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24
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Tsuji N, Agbor-Enoh S. Cell-free DNA beyond a biomarker for rejection: Biological trigger of tissue injury and potential therapeutics. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021; 40:405-413. [PMID: 33926787 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free DNA, measured as donor-derived cell-free DNA is developed as a non-specific biomarker for allograft injury and transplant rejection. However, cell-free DNA characteristics are more specific, its fragment length, nucleotide content, and composition, as well as the tissue source of origin, are intrinsically linked to the underlying disease pathogenesis, showing distinct features in acute cellular rejection and antibody-mediated rejection for example. Further, cell-free DNA and cell-free mitochondrial DNA can directly trigger tissue injury as damage-associated molecular patterns through three major intracellular receptors, toll-like receptor 9 , cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase, and inflammasomes (i.e., absent in melanoma 2: AIM2). Therefore, in addition to its role as a non-specific marker for allograft injury, cell-free DNA analysis may be used to phenotype transplant rejection, and to non-invasively point the underlying molecular mechanisms with allograft injury. Novel treatment approaches targeting these cell-free DNA pathways may be useful to treat transplant rejection and prevent end-organ dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the link between cell-free DNA characteristics and disease, the role of cell-free DNA as a damage-associated molecular pattern, and novel therapeutics targeting these cell-free DNA molecular pathways and their potential utility to treat transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Tsuji
- Renal Diagnostics and Therapeutics Unit, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sean Agbor-Enoh
- Lasker Clinical Research Tenure Track Investigator and Laboratory Chief, Laboratory of Applied Precision Omics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; Lung Transplantation Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, M.
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25
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Han F, Guo H, Wang L, Zhang Y, Sun L, Dai C, Wu X. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway contributes to the inflammatory response and autophagy in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108366. [PMID: 33227296 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a serious corneal infection, which can lead to significant visual impairment and blindness. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway has emerged as a key player in innate immunity by sensing of invading pathogens. However, the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis is still unknown. In this study, we showed that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway was activated in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and in mouse corneas infected with A. fumigatus. Knockdown of cGAS reduced A. fumigatus-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-β. However, reconstruction of cGAS activity restored the inflammatory response in HCECs infected with A. fumigatus. A specific cGAS inhibitor, RU.521, could also significantly inhibit A. fumigatus-induced inflammatory cytokine expression. In addition, we found that cGAS was indispensable for the autophagy flux evoked by A. fumigatus infection. Moreover, inhibition of cGAS using siRNA or RU.521 alleviated the severity of A. fumigatus keratitis in the mouse cornea. Therefore, the cGAS-STING signaling pathway contributes to the progression of A. fumigatus keratitis and targeting this pathway may provide therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chenyang Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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