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He W, Wang H, Yang G, Zhu L, Liu X. The Role of Chemokines in Obesity and Exercise-Induced Weight Loss. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1121. [PMID: 39334887 PMCID: PMC11430256 DOI: 10.3390/biom14091121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health crisis that is closely interrelated to many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This review provides an in-depth analysis of specific chemokines involved in the development of obesity, including C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL14, and XCL1 (lymphotactin). These chemokines exacerbate the symptoms of obesity by either promoting the inflammatory response or by influencing metabolic pathways and recruiting immune cells. Additionally, the research highlights the positive effect of exercise on modulating chemokine expression in the obese state. Notably, it explores the potential effects of both aerobic exercises and combined aerobic and resistance training in lowering levels of inflammatory mediators, reducing insulin resistance, and improving metabolic health. These findings suggest new strategies for obesity intervention through the modulation of chemokine levels by exercise, providing fresh perspectives and directions for the treatment of obesity and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbi He
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (W.H.); (H.W.); (G.Y.)
| | - Huan Wang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (W.H.); (H.W.); (G.Y.)
| | - Gaoyuan Yang
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (W.H.); (H.W.); (G.Y.)
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
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2
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Santos JDM, Silva JFT, Alves EDS, Cruz AG, Santos ARM, Camargo FN, Talarico CHZ, Silva CAA, Camporez JP. Strength Training Protects High-Fat-Fed Ovariectomized Mice against Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5066. [PMID: 38791103 PMCID: PMC11120807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Menopause is characterized by a reduction in sex hormones in women and is associated with metabolic changes, including fatty liver and insulin resistance. Lifestyle changes, including a balanced diet and physical exercise, are necessary to prevent these undesirable changes. Strength training (ST) has been widely used because of the muscle and metabolic benefits it provides. Our study aims to evaluate the effects of ST on hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in ovariectomized mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) divided into four groups as follows: simulated sedentary surgery (SHAM-SED), trained simulated surgery (SHAM-EXE), sedentary ovariectomy (OVX-SED), and trained ovariectomy (OVX-EXE). They were fed an HFD for 9 weeks. ST was performed thrice a week. ST efficiently reduced body weight and fat percentage and increased lean mass in OVX mice. Furthermore, ST reduced the accumulation of ectopic hepatic lipids, increased AMPK phosphorylation, and inhibited the de novo lipogenesis pathway. OVX-EXE mice also showed a better glycemic profile, associated with greater insulin sensitivity identified by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, and reduced markers of hepatic oxidative stress compared with sedentary animals. Our data support the idea that ST can be indicated as a non-pharmacological treatment approach to mitigate metabolic changes resulting from menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - João Paulo Camporez
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil (J.F.T.S.); (E.d.S.A.); (A.G.C.); (A.R.M.S.); (F.N.C.); (C.H.Z.T.); (C.A.A.S.)
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3
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Moreno LG, César NR, Melo DS, Figueiró MTO, Dos Santos EC, Evangelista-Silva PH, de Sousa Santos C, Costa KB, Rocha-Vieira E, Dias-Peixoto MF, Castro Magalhães FD, Esteves EA. A MUFA/carotenoid-rich oil ameliorated insulin resistance by improving inflammation and oxidative stress in obese rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 581:112110. [PMID: 37981187 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to insulin resistance and type II diabetes. Caryocar brasiliense pulp oil (pequi oil - PO) is rich in oleic acid and carotenoids and positively implicated in regulating inflammation and oxidative stress. This study investigated PO's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a diet-induced obesity model. Male Wistar rats were allocated into three experimental groups: Control (CD), Western Diet (WD), and Western Diet, with 27% of lard switched by PO (WDP). Metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated after 12 weeks of diet protocols in liver and adipose tissue. WDP rats gained less body mass and epididymal fat, had less hepatic fat infiltration, and were more glucose-tolerant and insulin-sensitive than WD (p < 0.05). In the liver, the WDP group had the highest non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity, SOD and GPx activities, CAT, SOD II, and HSP72 expression compared to WD (p < 0.05). Adipose tissue IL-6 and TNF were reduced, and IL-10 was increased in WDP compared to WD (p < 0.05). Our data suggest that the partial replacement of lard by PO in a Western diet prevented visceral fat accumulation and contributed to reducing inflammation in adipose tissue and liver oxidative stress, improving obesity-related insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauane Gomes Moreno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583. N. 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil.
| | - Nayara Rayane César
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583. N. 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil.
| | - Dirceu Sousa Melo
- Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Aquenta Sol, Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Thereza Otoni Figueiró
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583. N. 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil.
| | - Edivânia Cordeiro Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583. N. 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Carina de Sousa Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Grande Dourados - UFGD, Dourados, Brazil.
| | - Karine Beatriz Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde - PPgCAS, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - UFJF, Governador Valadares, MG, 35010-180, Brazil.
| | - Etel Rocha-Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583. N. 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583. N. 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil.
| | - Marco Fabrício Dias-Peixoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583. N. 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583. N. 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil.
| | - Flávio de Castro Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583. N. 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583. N. 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil.
| | - Elizabethe Adriana Esteves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583. N. 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal Dos Vales Do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583. N. 5000, Alto da Jacuba, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil.
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Ferreira PPR, Silva LFR, Dias-Peixoto MF, Cassilhas RC, Gripp F, Amorim FT, Mang ZA, Esteves EA, Tricoli VA, Ferraresi C, Magalhães FDC. Effects of the association of different volumes of strength training with photobiomodulation therapy on insulin resistance: A protocol for a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2022; 29:100984. [PMID: 36052175 PMCID: PMC9424937 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin resistance (IR) is the main risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. Both strength training (ST) and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMt) reduce IR, but the effect of combining different volumes of ST with PBMt is unknown. Methods Overweight/obese individuals will be assigned to 4 groups (n = 12/group): ST with volume following international guidelines (3 sets per exercise - high volume) or one-third of this volume (1 set per exercise - low volume), combined with PBMt or placebo. ST will be performed for 20 sessions over 10 weeks and will consist of 7 exercises. The PBMt will be applied after training sessions using blankets with light emitters (LEDs) placed over the skin on the frontal and the posterior region of the body, following the parameters recommended by the literature. The placebo group will undergo an identical procedure, but blankets will emit insignificant light. To measure plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) will be performed before and after the training period. Thereafter, IR, the area under the curve of glucose and insulin, and OGTT-derived indices of insulin sensitivity/resistance will be calculated. Expected impact on the field This study will determine the effects of different ST volumes on IR and whether the addition of PBMt potentiates the effects of ST. Because previously sedentary, obese, insulin-resistant individuals might not comply with recommended volumes of exercise, the possibility that adding PBMt to low-volume ST enhances ST effects on IR bears practical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Paulo Ribeiro Ferreira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Luís Filipe Rocha Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Fabrício Dias-Peixoto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gripp
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Trigueiro Amorim
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zachary A. Mang
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Elizabethe Adriana Esteves
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Valmor A. Tricoli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleber Ferraresi
- Deparment of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio de Castro Magalhães
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Campus JK, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
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Magalhães FDC, Ferraresi C. Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Treatment of Insulin Resistance: A Narrative Review. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg 2022; 40:597-603. [DOI: 10.1089/photob.2022.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Flávio de Castro Magalhães
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Cleber Ferraresi
- Departament of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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Protective role of intergenerational paternal resistance training on fibrosis, inflammatory profile, and redox status in the adipose tissue of rat offspring fed with a high-fat diet. Life Sci 2022; 295:120377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Verdú E, Homs J, Boadas-Vaello P. Physiological Changes and Pathological Pain Associated with Sedentary Lifestyle-Induced Body Systems Fat Accumulation and Their Modulation by Physical Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13333. [PMID: 34948944 PMCID: PMC8705491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is associated with overweight/obesity, which involves excessive fat body accumulation, triggering structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems. Research shows that this fat accumulation is responsible for several comorbidities, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic dysfunctions, as well as pathological pain behaviors. These health concerns are related to the crosstalk between adipose tissue and body systems, leading to pathophysiological changes to the latter. To deal with these health issues, it has been suggested that physical exercise may reverse part of these obesity-related pathologies by modulating the cross talk between the adipose tissue and body systems. In this context, this review was carried out to provide knowledge about (i) the structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems from accumulation of fat in obesity, emphasizing the crosstalk between fat and body tissues; (ii) the crosstalk between fat and body tissues triggering pain; and (iii) the effects of physical exercise on body tissues and organs in obese and non-obese subjects, and their impact on pathological pain. This information may help one to better understand this crosstalk and the factors involved, and it could be useful in designing more specific training interventions (according to the nature of the comorbidity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Judit Homs
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Department of Physical Therapy, EUSES-University of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain
| | - Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
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Magalhães FDC, Fernandes T, Bassaneze V, Mattos KC, Schettert I, Marques FLN, Krieger JE, Nava R, Barauna VG, Menezes de Oliveira E. High-volume endurance exercise training stimulates hematopoiesis by increasing ACE NH2-terminal activity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2377-2391. [PMID: 34608942 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the health benefits of endurance exercise training (ET) is the stimulation of hematopoiesis. However, the mechanisms underlying ET-induced hematopoietic adaptations are understudied. N-Acetyl-Seryl-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Proline (Ac-SDKP) inhibits proliferation of early hematopoietic progenitor cells. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) NH2-terminal promotes hematopoiesis by inhibiting the anti-hematopoietic effect of Ac-SDKP. Here we demonstrate for the first time the role of ACE NH2-terminal in ET-induced hematopoietic adaptations. Wistar rats were subjected to 10 weeks of moderate-(T1) and high-(T2) volume swimming-training. Although both protocols induced classical ET-associated adaptations, only T2 increased plasma ACE NH2-domain activity (by 40%, P=0.0003) and reduced Ac-SDKP levels (by 50%, P<0.0001). T2 increased the number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs; ∼200%, P=0.0008), early erythroid progenitor colonies (∼300%, P<0.0001) and reticulocytes (∼500%, P=0.0007), and reduced erythrocyte lifespan (∼50%, P=0.022). Following, Wistar rats were subjected to T2 or T2 combined with ACE NH2-terminal inhibition (captopril (Cap) treatment: 10 mg.kg-1.day-1). T2 combined with ACE NH2-terminal inhibition prevented Ac-SDKP decrease and attenuated ET-induced hematopoietic adaptations. Altogether, our findings show that ET-induced hematopoiesis was at least partially associated with increased ACE NH2-terminal activity and reduction in the hematopoietic inhibitor Ac-SDKP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio de Castro Magalhães
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of the Motor Activity, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Integrated Center of Health Research, Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas-Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, 5000 MGT 367 Road-km 583-Alto da Jacuba, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of the Motor Activity, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Bassaneze
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katt Coelho Mattos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of the Motor Activity, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isolmar Schettert
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Luiz Navarro Marques
- Radiopharmacy Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine Center, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Nava
- Department of Health, Exercise, and Sports Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, U.S.A
| | - Valério Garrone Barauna
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of the Motor Activity, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Bajes HR, Hakooz NM, Dardeer KT, Al-Dujaili EAS. The effect of endurance, resistance training, and supplements on mitochondria and bioenergetics of muscle cells. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 33:673-681. [PMID: 34687594 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioenergetics is the study of energy flow between biological systems and the surroundings and is measured quantitatively. Energy flow can be affected by many variables, including lifestyle and exercise, where exercise comes in different types; endurance and resistance training play significant roles in enhancing bioenergetics and promoting health. In addition, a supplementary diet supports recovery and energy production. This review aims to study the effect of endurance training, resistance training, and supplement intake on the muscle cell's bioenergetics. As a conclusion of the information presented in this mini-review, it was found that resistance, endurance training, and supplements can increase mitochondrial biogenesis, fat oxidation, myofibril synthesis, and increase VO2 max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana R Bajes
- Department of Science, Atlantic Cape Community College, Mays Landing, NJ, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nancy M Hakooz
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Emad A S Al-Dujaili
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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