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Pei J, Palanisamy CP, Srinivasan GP, Panagal M, Kumar SSD, Mironescu M. A comprehensive review on starch-based sustainable edible films loaded with bioactive components for food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133332. [PMID: 38914408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Biopolymers like starch, a renewable and widely available resource, are increasingly being used to fabricate the films for eco-friendly packaging solutions. Starch-based edible films offer significant advantages for food packaging, including biodegradability and the ability to extend shelf life. However, they also present challenges such as moisture sensitivity and limited barrier properties compared to synthetic materials. These limitations can be mitigated by incorporating bioactive components, such as antimicrobial agents or antioxidants, which enhance the film's resistance to moisture and improve its barrier properties, making it a more viable option for food packaging. This review explores the emerging field of starch-based sustainable edible films enhanced with bioactive components for food packaging applications. It delves into fabrication techniques, structural properties, and functional attributes, highlighting the potential of these innovative films to reduce environmental impact and preserve food quality. Key topics discussed include sustainability issues, processing methods, performance characteristics, and potential applications in the food industry. The review provides a comprehensive overview of current research and developments in starch-based edible films, presenting them as promising alternatives to conventional food packaging that can help reduce plastic waste and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Pei
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, 2011 QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Chella Perumal Palanisamy
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Guru Prasad Srinivasan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Mani Panagal
- Department of Biotechnology, Annai College of Arts and Science, Kovilacheri, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu 612503, India
| | | | - Monica Mironescu
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Food Industry and Environmental Protection, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Bv. Victoriei 10, 550024 Sibiu, Romania.
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2
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Ramli NA, Adam F, Ries ME, Ibrahim SF. DES-ultrasonication treatment of cellulose nanocrystals and the reinforcement in carrageenan biocomposite. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132385. [PMID: 38754668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
CNCs are intensively studied to reinforce biocomposites. However, it remains a challenge to homogeneously disperse the CNC in biocomposites for a smooth film surface. Mechanochemical treatment via ultrasonication in deep eutectic solvent (DES) generated a stable dispersion of CNC before incorporation into carrageenan biocomposite. Shifted peaks of choline chloride (ChCl) methylene groups to 3.95-3.98 ppm in 1H NMR indicated a formation of eutectic mixture between the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) at the functional group of CH3···OH. The swelling of CNC in the DES was proven by the formation of intermolecular H-bond at a length of 2.46 Å. The use of DES contributed to a good dispersion of CNC in the solution which increased zeta potential by 43.2 % compared to CNC in deionized water. The ultrasonication amplitude and feed concentration were varied for the best parameters of a stable dispersion of CNC. The crystallinity of 1 wt% of CNC at 20 % sonication amplitude improved from 76 to 81 %. The high crystallinity of CNCDES resulted in an increase in film tensile and capsule loop strength of Carra-CNCDES by 20.7 and 19.4 %, respectively. Improved dispersion of CNCDES reduced the surface roughness of the biocomposite by 21.8 %. H-bond network in CNCDES improved the biocomposite properties for an ingenious reinforcement material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Amalina Ramli
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Fatmawati Adam
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid and Processes, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Michael E Ries
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - S Fatimah Ibrahim
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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3
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Krümmel A, Pagno CH, Malheiros PDS. Active Films of Cassava Starch Incorporated with Carvacrol Nanocapsules. Foods 2024; 13:1141. [PMID: 38672814 PMCID: PMC11049105 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of active films with natural antimicrobials from renewable sources offers an alternative to conventional non-biodegradable packaging and synthetic additives. This study aimed to develop cassava starch films with antimicrobial activity by incorporating either free carvacrol or chia mucilage nanocapsules loaded with carvacrol (CMNC) and assess their impact on the physical, mechanical, and barrier properties of the films, as well as their efficacy against foodborne pathogens. The addition of free carvacrol led to a reduction in mechanical properties due to its hydrophobic nature and limited interaction with the polymeric matrix. Conversely, CMNC enhanced elongation at break and reduced light transmission, with a more uniform distribution in the polymeric matrix. Films containing 8% carvacrol exhibited inhibitory effects against Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes, further potentiated when encapsulated in chia mucilage nanocapsules. These findings suggest that such films hold promise as active packaging materials to inhibit bacterial growth, ensuring food safety and extending shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Krümmel
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Henrique Pagno
- Laboratory of Phenolic Compounds, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil;
| | - Patrícia da Silva Malheiros
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil;
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4
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Kim M, Kang JH. Effects of benzalkonium chloride as a cationic surfactant on the physicochemical properties of adlay millet starch films. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:355-362. [PMID: 38222905 PMCID: PMC10786757 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of benzalkonium chloride (BC) as a cationic surfactant on the mechanical, water barrier, microstructural, and thermal properties of adlay millet starch (AS) films were investigated in this study. With increasing BC concentration, tensile strength (from 5.93 to 6.15 MPa) and elongation at break (from 41.39 to 45.48%) of AS-BC films significantly increased, whereas their moisture content, water solubility, and water vapor permeability were reduced, indicating water resistance improvement. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that BC at concentrations below 1% did not cause noticeable changes in the microstructure of AS-BC films. In addition, the thermal stability of AS-BC films was not affected by BC, indicating good miscibility between AS and BC. Therefore, BC could improve the physicochemical properties of starch films, and AS-BC films developed in this study can be applied as novel biodegradable packaging materials in the food packaging industry. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01383-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Global K-Food Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, 17579 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Global K-Food Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong-si, 17579 Republic of Korea
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5
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Mao S, Li F, Zhou X, Lu C, Zhang T. Characterization and sustained release study of starch-based films loaded with carvacrol: A promising UV-shielding and bioactive nanocomposite film. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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6
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Recent Advances in Natural Polyphenol Research. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248777. [PMID: 36557912 PMCID: PMC9787743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites produced by plants, which contribute to the plant's defense against abiotic stress conditions (e.g., UV radiation and precipitation), the aggression of herbivores, and plant pathogens. Epidemiological studies suggest that long-term consumption of plant polyphenols protects against cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Their structural diversity has fascinated and confronted analytical chemists on how to carry out unambiguous identification, exhaustive recovery from plants and organic waste, and define their nutritional and biological potential. The food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries employ polyphenols from fruits and vegetables to produce additives, additional foods, and supplements. In some cases, nanocarriers have been used to protect polyphenols during food processing, to solve the issues related to low water solubility, to transport them to the site of action, and improve their bioavailability. This review summarizes the structure-bioactivity relationships, processing parameters that impact polyphenol stability and bioavailability, the research progress in nanocarrier delivery, and the most innovative methodologies for the exhaustive recovery of polyphenols from plant and agri-waste materials.
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7
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Ramli NA, Adam F, Mohd Amin KN, M. Nor A, Ries ME. Evaluation of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Carrageenan/Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Hard Capsule. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Amalina Ramli
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Fatmawati Adam
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid and Processes, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Khairatun Najwa Mohd Amin
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Adibi M. Nor
- Institute for Advanced Studies University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Michael E. Ries
- School of Physics & Astronomy University of Leeds Leeds United Kingdom
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8
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Niu L, Li Z, Fan W, Zhong X, Peng M, Liu Z. Nano-Strategies for Enhancing the Bioavailability of Tea Polyphenols: Preparation, Applications, and Challenges. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030387. [PMID: 35159537 PMCID: PMC8834201 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea polyphenols (TPs) are among the most abundant functional compounds in tea. They exhibit strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. However, their instability and low bioavailability limits their applications. Nanotechnology, which involves the use of nanoscale substances (sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm) to improve the properties of substances, provides a solution for enhancing the stability and bioavailability of TPs. We reviewed the preparation, performance, effects, and applications of different types of TPs nanocarriers. First, we introduced the preparation of different nanocarriers, including nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanomicelles, and nanolipids. Then, we discussed various applications of tea polyphenol-loaded nanocarriers in functional ingredient delivery, food quality improvement, and active food packaging. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of TPs nanocarriers were elucidated. In conclusion, a nano-strategy may be the “key” to break the application barriers of TPs. Therefore, the use of nano-strategies for the safe, stable, and efficient release of TPs is the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Niu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ziqiang Li
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Wei Fan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Xiaohong Zhong
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Miao Peng
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.L.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (Z.L.)
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9
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Cao J, Zhang H, Wang L, Zhang H, Chi Y, Xia N, Ma Y, Li H, Bai S, Zhang X. Effect of carvacrol on properties and release behavior of gelatin‐egg white protein/polyethylene bilayer film. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Cao
- College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Lechuan Wang
- College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Huajiang Zhang
- College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Yujie Chi
- College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Ning Xia
- College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Yanqiu Ma
- College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Hanyu Li
- College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Songyuan Bai
- College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- College of Food Science Northeast Agricultural University Harbin China
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10
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Development of Ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba) Nut Starch Films Containing Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Essential Oil. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206114. [PMID: 34684693 PMCID: PMC8537083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many studies on the development biodegradable films using starch isolated from various food sources as a substitute for synthetic plastic packaging films. In this study, starch was extracted from ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) nuts, which were mainly discarded and considered an environment hazard. The prepared starch (GBS) was then used for the preparation of antioxidant films by incorporating various amounts of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) essential oil (CZEO), which provides antioxidant activity. The prepared GBS films with CZEO were characterized by measuring physical, optical, and thermal properties, along with antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP) measurements. With the increasing amount of CZEO, the flexibility and antioxidant activities of the GBS films increased proportionally, whereas the tensile strength of the films decreased. The added CZEO also increased the water vapor permeability of the GBS films, and the microstructure of the GBS films was homogeneous overall. Therefore, the obtained results indicate that the developed GBS films containing CZEO are applicable as antioxidant food packaging.
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11
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Fonseca LM, Radünz M, Crizel RL, Camargo TM, Gandra EA, Dias ARG. Effect of carvacrol encapsulation in starch‐based nanofibers: Thermal resistance and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martins Fonseca
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
| | - Marjana Radünz
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
| | - Rosane Lopes Crizel
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
| | - Taiane Mota Camargo
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
| | - Eliezer Avila Gandra
- Center of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
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12
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Fonseca LM, Silva FTD, Bruni GP, Borges CD, Zavareze EDR, Dias ARG. Aerogels based on corn starch as carriers for pinhão coat extract (Araucaria angustifolia) rich in phenolic compounds for active packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:362-370. [PMID: 33340627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to produce renewable aerogels from native and anionic corn starches loaded with pinhão coat extract (PCE) with water absorbent capacity, antioxidant activity and controlled release of phenolic compounds in a hydrophilic food simulant media. Starch aerogels were produced with different concentrations of PCE, 5 and 10%, and evaluated for FT-IR spectra, relative crystallinity, thermal properties, water absorption capacity (WAC), density, antioxidant activity and in vitro release. Thermal stability of the compounds was improved by the incorporation of PCE. The aerogels presented high WAC of 541 to 731% and low-density values of 0.03 g.cm-1. The highest inhibition of DPPH and ABTS radicals was presented to anionic starch aerogels with 10% PCE rendering 26% of inhibition of ABTS and 24% of DPPH. The maximum in vitro releases for native and anionic starch aerogels with 5% of PCE were 28.70 and 29.44%, respectively, and for aerogels with 10% of PCE they were 34.27 and 35.94%, respectively. The anionic starch aerogels had the highest amount of phenolic compounds released when compared to the native starch aerogels. The starch-based bioactive aerogels showed potential to be applied in food packaging as water absorbent and as a carrier of phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martins Fonseca
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil.
| | - Francine Tavares da Silva
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Graziella Pinheiro Bruni
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | | | - Elessandra da Rosa Zavareze
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Renato Guerra Dias
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
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13
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Encapsulation of carvacrol into ultrafine fibrous zein films via electrospinning for active packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Medeiros Silva VD, Coutinho Macedo MC, Rodrigues CG, Neris dos Santos A, de Freitas e Loyola AC, Fante CA. Biodegradable edible films of ripe banana peel and starch enriched with extract of Eriobotrya japonica leaves. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Siahbalaei R, Kavoosi G, Shakeri R. In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of essential oils encapsulated in gelatin-pectin particles against sugar, lipid and protein oxidation and amylase and glucosidase activity. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:6457-6466. [PMID: 33312531 PMCID: PMC7723207 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Oliveria decumbens, Thymus kotschyanus, Trachyspermum ammi, and Zataria multiflora essential oils incorporated into gelatin-pectin composite were investigated. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry characterization revealed that thymol (1.2%-86.4%), carvacrol (3.2%-52.4%), gamma-terpinene (0.0%-12.7%), para-cymene (3.2%-5.2%), geraniol (0.0%-14.5%), and spathulenol (0.0%-13.6%) are the major constituents of the essential oils. Gelatin-pectin composite incorporated with the essential oils exhibited acidic pH (2.40-3.04), low conductivity (265-278 µS/cm), low surface tension (19.0-23.5 mN/m), low Newtonian viscosity (23.7-28.5 mPa.s), negative zeta-potential (14.2-16.9 mV), and nanoscale particle size (313-336 nm). These rheological properties result in the production of globular gelatin-pectin nanoparticles with a size range of 500-700 nm. The FTIR spectra of gelatin-pectin and gelatin-pectin-essential oils to some extent were similar, suggesting the noncovalent interactions between them. Gelatin-pectin composite incorporated with the essential oils displayed antiglucose oxidation (130-150 µg/ml) antilipid peroxidation (120-130 µg/ml), antiprotein oxidation (150-168 µg/ml), and antiprotein glycation (145-170 µg/ml) as well as antiamylase (216-230 µg/ml), and antiglucosidase (212-238 µg/ml) activity. The essential oils strongly improved the antioxidant capacity of the gelatin-pectin composite so strongly which can be recommended as a natural compound for oxidative stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Siahbalaei
- Institute of Biotechnology, School of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIslamic Republic of Iran
| | - Gholamreza Kavoosi
- Institute of Biotechnology, School of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShirazIslamic Republic of Iran
| | - Raheleh Shakeri
- Department of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyFaculty of SciencesUniversity of KurdistanSanandajIran
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17
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Development of Hypericum perforatum oil incorporated antimicrobial and antioxidant chitosan cryogel as a wound dressing material. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1581-1590. [PMID: 32777412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a herbal infused oil (Hypericum perforatum, HP) incorporated chitosan (CS) cryogel as a wound dressing material was produced in order to be used in wound healing process. The main strategy is to combine the traditional perspective of using medicinal oils with polymeric scaffolds manufactured by an engineering approach to fabricate a potential tissue engineering product that provides both new tissue formation and wound healing. The scaffolds manufactured by cryogelation were soft, spongy, highly porous, physically stable, elastic and could be easily cut in any desired shape. Physicochemical, mechanical and morphological analyzes were used to characterize the produced cryogels. Young modulus of the plain chitosan cryogel was about 21 kPa whereas it increased with increasing HP oil content and became 61 kPa for 20% HP oil ratio. Further, the antimicrobial studies, antioxidant and DNA cleavage effects were investigated. Samples including the highest ratio of oil (CS4) showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity as 69.9%. In addition, 20% HP oil loaded chitosan cryogel demonstrated single strain DNA cleavage activitiy at 500 μg/mL concentration. Antimicrobial studies were applied against seven strains. The lowest activities were obtained against E. hirae and B. cereus, the highest against E. coli and L. pneumophila. This study concluded that the newly developed HP oil loaded chitosan cryogel scaffolds with unique antimicrobial and antioxidant properties are promising candidates to be used in tissue engineering applications as wound dressing for exudative and long-term healing wounds.
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18
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Kong R, Wang J, Cheng M, Lu W, Chen M, Zhang R, Wang X. Development and characterization of corn starch/PVA active films incorporated with carvacrol nanoemulsions. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1631-1639. [PMID: 32763393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An active film was prepared by corn starch (CS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carvacrol nanoemulsions (CNE). The microstructure and properties of CNE/corn starch/PVA (CNE/CSP) films were characterized and investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the uniform distribution of CNE and discontinuity of the film matrix. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and rheological analysis indicated that CNE could weaken molecular interaction of the film matrix. X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that the films are amorphous and CNE has no effect on crystal structure of the films. Incorporation of CNE significantly increased the tensile strength, Young's modulus, elongation at break, barrier (water vapor and ultraviolet), antioxidant and antifungal activity. With the CNE incorporated, the optimal tensile strength, Young's modulus, elongation at break and antioxidant activity of the films can reach 12 MPa, 11 MPa, 133%, 81%, respectively. Minimum water vapor permeability was 3.1 × 10-12 gd-1m-1Pa-1. Notably, films incorporated with CNE (≥20%) had good DPPH free radical scavenging ability (>50%) when stored up to 6 days. Films with 25% CNE exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp. and its inhibitory zone was 47 mm. Overall, the CSP films loaded with CNE (>15%) could be used as food packing materials with good antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Kong
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Meng Cheng
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Wenqian Lu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Menglin Chen
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Rongfei Zhang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Xiangyou Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
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Suhag R, Kumar N, Petkoska AT, Upadhyay A. Film formation and deposition methods of edible coating on food products: A review. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109582. [PMID: 32846613 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The greatest challenge encountered by the food manufacturer is the loss of quality of food products during storage, which eventually adds to the waste. Edible packaging is known as a potential alternative to protecting food quality and improving shelf life by delaying microbial spoilage and providing moisture and gas barrier properties. Developments in edible packaging and technology have shown promising results in enhancing the shelf life of food products. In 2016, the edible packaging market was valued at $697 million and by 2023 is expected to hit $1097 million growing at a compound annual growth rate (CGAR) of 6.81% from 2017 to 2023 at global level. In global edible packaging markets specific industries including MonoSol LLC, Tate & Lyle Plc, WikiCell Designs Inc., JRF Technology LLC, Safetraces, Inc., BluWrap, Skipping Rocks Lab, Tipa Corp., Watson Inc., and Devro plc have played a key role. Edible packaging can be applied in two forms: (i) edible coating applied directly on the food product or (ii) preformed film wrapped around the food product. The aim of this study is to review different methods of film formation and edible coating depositions. Edible films can be produced using two methods, wet (casting) and dry (extrusion) processes; and methods such as dipping, spraying, fluidized-bed, and panning are used for deposition of edible coatings on the surface of food product. Casting and dipping methods for film formation and coating deposition, respectively, are easy to use and are preferred methods on a lab scale; whereas extrusion and spraying are preferred methods for film formation and coating deposition, respectively, on a commercial scale. This work can help researchers and industries to select an efficient and cost-effective method for the development of edible film/coating for specific application. Further study and evaluation of practical applications of methods of edible packaging should be carried out within the main purpose of keeping food safe with acceptable quality for extended period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Suhag
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India
| | - Nishant Kumar
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India.
| | - Anka Trajkovska Petkoska
- St. Kliment Ohridski University - Bitola, Faculty of Technology and Technical Sciences, Dimitar Vlahov, 4000 Veles, The Former Yugolav Republic of Macedonia, Macedonia
| | - Ashutosh Upadhyay
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India
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Kim S, Kang JH, Song KB. Development of a Sword Bean (Canavalia gladiata) Starch Film Containing Goji Berry Extract. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-020-02447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Díaz-Galindo EP, Nesic A, Cabrera-Barjas G, Mardones C, von Baer D, Bautista-Baños S, Dublan Garcia O. Physical-Chemical Evaluation of Active Food Packaging Material Based on Thermoplastic Starch Loaded with Grape cane Extract. Molecules 2020; 25:E1306. [PMID: 32182987 PMCID: PMC7144104 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological properties of active thermoplastic starch-based materials. The extract obtained from grape cane waste was used as a source of stilbene bioactive components to enhance the functional properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS). The biomaterials were prepared by the compression molding technique and subjected to mechanical, thermal, antioxidant, and microbiological tests. The results showed that the addition of grape cane extract up to 15 wt% (TPS/WE15) did not significantly influence the thermal stability of obtained biomaterials, whereas mechanical resistance decreased. On the other side, among all tested pathogens, thermoplastic starch based materials showed antifungal activity toward Botrytis cinerea and antimicrobial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting potential application in food packaging as an active biomaterial layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edaena Pamela Díaz-Galindo
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 115 Carr. Toluca-Ixtlahuaca. El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, Toluca 50100, Mexico; (E.P.D.-G.); (O.D.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Nesic
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción, Avda. Cordillera No. 2634, Parque Industrial Coronel, Coronel 4191996, Chile;
- Vinca Institute for Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica-Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción, Avda. Cordillera No. 2634, Parque Industrial Coronel, Coronel 4191996, Chile;
| | - Claudia Mardones
- Departamento de Análisis Instrumental, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción P.O-Box 160-C, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (C.M.); (D.v.B.)
| | - Dietrich von Baer
- Departamento de Análisis Instrumental, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción P.O-Box 160-C, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (C.M.); (D.v.B.)
| | - Silvia Bautista-Baños
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos (CEPROBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Km. 6, calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos 62731, Mexico;
| | - Octavio Dublan Garcia
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Km 115 Carr. Toluca-Ixtlahuaca. El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, Toluca 50100, Mexico; (E.P.D.-G.); (O.D.G.)
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22
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Nešić A, Cabrera-Barjas G, Dimitrijević-Branković S, Davidović S, Radovanović N, Delattre C. Prospect of Polysaccharide-Based Materials as Advanced Food Packaging. Molecules 2019; 25:E135. [PMID: 31905753 PMCID: PMC6983128 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of polysaccharide-based materials presents an eco-friendly technological solution, by reducing dependence on fossil resources while reducing a product's carbon footprint, when compared to conventional plastic packaging materials. This review discusses the potential of polysaccharides as a raw material to produce multifunctional materials for food packaging applications. The covered areas include the recent innovations and properties of the polysaccharide-based materials. Emphasis is given to hemicelluloses, marine polysaccharides, and bacterial exopolysaccharides and their potential application in the latest trends of food packaging materials, including edible coatings, intelligent films, and thermo-insulated aerogel packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Nešić
- Vinca Institute for Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica-Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepcion, Avda. Cordillera No. 2634, Parque Industrial Coronel, Coronel 4190000, Chile;
| | - Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepcion, Avda. Cordillera No. 2634, Parque Industrial Coronel, Coronel 4190000, Chile;
| | | | - Sladjana Davidović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Neda Radovanović
- Inovation Centre of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Cédric Delattre
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Institute Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
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23
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Cowpea starch films containing maqui berry extract and their application in salmon packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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24
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Milinčić DD, Popović DA, Lević SM, Kostić AŽ, Tešić ŽL, Nedović VA, Pešić MB. Application of Polyphenol-Loaded Nanoparticles in Food Industry. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1629. [PMID: 31744091 PMCID: PMC6915646 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science, and nanotechnological concepts have been intensively studied for potential applications in the food industry. Nanoparticles (with dimensions ranging from one to several hundred nanometers) have specific characteristics and better functionality, thanks to their size and other physicochemical properties. Polyphenols are recognized as active compounds that have several putative beneficial properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activity. However, the use of polyphenols as functional food ingredients faces numerous challenges, such as their poor stability, solubility, and bioavailability. These difficulties could be solved relatively easily by the application of encapsulation. The objective of this review is to present the most recent accomplishments in the usage of polyphenol-loaded nanoparticles in food science. Nanoparticles loaded with polyphenols and their applications as active ingredients for improving physicochemical and functional properties of food, or as components of active packaging materials, were critically reviewed. Potential adverse effects of polyphenol-loaded nanomaterials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijel D. Milinčić
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.D.M.); (D.A.P.); (S.M.L.); (A.Ž.K.); (V.A.N.)
| | - Dušanka A. Popović
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.D.M.); (D.A.P.); (S.M.L.); (A.Ž.K.); (V.A.N.)
| | - Steva M. Lević
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.D.M.); (D.A.P.); (S.M.L.); (A.Ž.K.); (V.A.N.)
| | - Aleksandar Ž. Kostić
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.D.M.); (D.A.P.); (S.M.L.); (A.Ž.K.); (V.A.N.)
| | - Živoslav Lj. Tešić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg, 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Viktor A. Nedović
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.D.M.); (D.A.P.); (S.M.L.); (A.Ž.K.); (V.A.N.)
| | - Mirjana B. Pešić
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.D.M.); (D.A.P.); (S.M.L.); (A.Ž.K.); (V.A.N.)
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Fonseca LM, Cruxen CEDS, Bruni GP, Fiorentini ÂM, Zavareze EDR, Lim LT, Dias ARG. Development of antimicrobial and antioxidant electrospun soluble potato starch nanofibers loaded with carvacrol. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:1182-1190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Characterization of Job's tears (Coix lachryma-jobi L.) starch films incorporated with clove bud essential oil and their antioxidant effects on pork belly during storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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27
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Optimized extraction for active compounds in Glossogyne tenuifolia using response surface methodology. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-018-9979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Development of an antioxidative packaging film based on khorasan wheat starch containing moringa leaf extract. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1057-1063. [PMID: 31275705 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-00546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and characterize the properties of khorasan wheat starch (KWS) films containing moringa leaf extract (MLE) as an antioxidative packaging material. KWS was isolated from khorasan wheat and used as a film base material. Different amounts (0, 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0%, w/v) of MLE were added to the KWS film-forming solution and the film properties were examined. Tensile strength of the KWS films decreased and elongation at break increased with increasing MLE content. In addition, the KWS films containing MLE possessed good antioxidative activities and ultraviolet light blocking ability. In particular, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging abilities of the KWS films with 1.0% MLE were 59.45% and 37.89%, respectively. Moreover, KWS films containing 1.0% MLE were biodegradable within 30 days. These findings indicate that the developed KWS films containing MLE can be applied as a biodegradable packaging material with antioxidative activity.
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Ayu RS, Khalina A, Harmaen AS, Zaman K, Jawaid M, Lee CH. Effect of Modified Tapioca Starch on Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of PBS Blends for Food Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1187. [PMID: 30961112 PMCID: PMC6290640 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, polybutylene succinate (PBS) was blended with five types of modified tapioca starch to investigate the effect of modified tapioca starch in PBS blends for food packaging by identifying its properties. Tensile and flexural properties of blends found deteriorated for insertion of starch. This is due to poor interface, higher void contents and hydrolytic degradation of hydrophilic starch. FTIR results show all starch/PBS blends are found with footprints of starch except OH stretching vibration which is absent in B40 blends. Besides, Broad O⁻H absorption in all specimens show that these are hydrogen bonded molecules and no free O⁻H bonding was found. SEM testing shows good interfacial bonding between PBS and starch except E40 blends. Therefore, poor results of E40 blends was expected. In TGA, a slightly weight loss found between 80 to 100 °C due to free water removal. Apart from this, insertion of all types of starch reduces thermal stability of blend. However, high crystallinity of starch/PBS blend observed better thermal stability but lower char yield. Starch A and B blends are suggested to be used as food wrap and food container materials while starch D blend is suitable for grocery plastic bags according to observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiqah S Ayu
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Abdan Khalina
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Saffian Harmaen
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Khairul Zaman
- Polycomposite Sdn Bhd, Taman Kajang Sentral, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ching Hao Lee
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
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