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Liu Y, Zhao L, Chen H, Ye Z, Guo L, Zhou Z. Nobiletin enhances the antifungal activity of eugenol nanoemulsion against Penicillium italicum in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 420:110769. [PMID: 38823189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The study prepared and used eugenol nanoemulsion loaded with nobiletin as fungistat to study its antifungal activity and potential mechanism of Penicillium italicum (P. italicum). The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of eugenol nanoemulsion loaded with nobiletin (EGN) was lower than that of pure eugenol nanoemulsion (EG), which were 160 μg/mL and 320 μg/mL, respectively. At the same time, the mycelial growth inhibition rate of EGN nanoemulsion (54.68 %) was also higher than that of EG nanoemulsion (9.92 %). This indicates that EGN nanoemulsion is more effective than EG nanoemulsion. Compared with EG nanoemulsion, the treatment of EGN nanoemulsion caused more serious damage to the cell structure of P. italicum. At the same time, in vitro inoculation experiments found that EGN nanoemulsion has better control and delay the growth and reproduction of P. italicum in citrus fruits. And the results reflected that EGN nanoemulsion may be considered as potential resouces of natural antiseptic to inhibit blue mold disease of citrus fruits, because it has good antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchi Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lintao Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongyang Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zimao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Long Guo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiqin Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; The Southwest Institute of Fruits Nutrition, Banan District, Chongqing 400054, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Liu J, Chen H, Lv Y, Wu H, Yang LJ, Zhang J, Huang J, Wang W. Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Activity of Benzimidazole-Grafted Chitosan against Aspergillus flavus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11185-11194. [PMID: 38687832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus contamination in agriculture and food industries poses threats to human health, leading to a requirement of a safe and effective method to control fungal contamination. Chitosan-based nitrogen-containing derivatives have attracted much attention due to their safety and enhanced antimicrobial applications. Herein, a new benzimidazole-grafted chitosan (BAC) was synthesized by linking the chitosan (CS) with a simple benzimidazole compound, 2-benzimidazolepropionic acid (BA). The characterization of BAC was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR). Then, the efficiency of BAC against A. flavus ACCC 32656 was investigated in terms of spore germination, mycelial growth, and aflatoxin production. BAC showed a much better antifungal effect than CS and BA. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was 1.25 mg/mL for BAC, while the highest solubility of CS (16.0 mg/mL) or BA (4.0 mg/mL) could not completely inhibit the growth of A. flavus. Furthermore, results showed that BAC inhibited spore germination and elongation by affecting ergosterol biosynthesis and the cell membrane integrity, leading to the permeabilization of the plasma membrane and leakage of intracellular content. The production of aflatoxin was also inhibited when treated with BAC. These findings indicate that benzimidazole-derived natural CS has the potential to be used as an ideal antifungal agent for food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Yan Lv
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Huixiang Wu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Hangzhou Sanyan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
- Xiuzheng Bio-Medicine Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
- Hangzhou Sanyan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
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Jin DJ, Yang ZH, Qiu YG, Zheng YM, Cui ZN, Gu W. Design, synthesis, antifungal evaluation and mechanism study of novel norbornene derivatives as potential laccase inhibitors. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38625031 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To discover novel fungicide candidates, five series of novel norbornene hydrazide, bishydrazide, oxadiazole, carboxamide and acylthiourea derivatives (2a-2t, 3a-3f, 4a-4f, 5a-5f and 7a-7f) were designed, synthesized and assayed for their antifungal activity toward seven representative plant fungal pathogens. RESULTS In the in vitro antifungal assay, some title norbornene derivatives presented good antifungal activity against Botryosphaeria dothidea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium graminearum. Especially, compound 2b exhibited the best inhibitory activity toward B. dothidea with the median effective concentration (EC50) of 0.17 mg L-1, substantially stronger than those of the reference fungicides boscalid and carbendazim. The in vivo antifungal assay on apples revealed that 2b had significant curative and protective effects, both of which were superior to boscalid. In the preliminary antifungal mechanism study, 2b was able to injure the surface morphology of hyphae, destroy the cell membrane integrity and increase the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level of B. dothidea. In addition, 2b could considerably inhibit the laccase activity with the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.02 μM, much stronger than that of positive control cysteine (IC50 = 35.50 μM). The binding affinity and interaction mode of 2b with laccase were also confirmed by molecular docking. CONCLUSION This study presented a promising lead compound for the study of novel laccase inhibitors as fungicidal agrochemicals, which demonstrate significant anti-B. dothidea activity and laccase inhibitory activity. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Jun Jin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Hui Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Gui Qiu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen-Nan Cui
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Li Q, Wang C, Xiao H, Zhang Y, Xie Y. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, a more effective antifungal aroma than vanillin and its derivatives against Fusarium graminearum, destroys cell membranes, inhibits DON biosynthesis, and performs a promising antifungal effect on wheat grains. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1359947. [PMID: 38468857 PMCID: PMC10925628 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1359947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) is a severe pathogen threatening the safety of agriculture and food. This study aimed to explore the antifungal efficacies of several plant-derived natural compounds (vanillin and its derivatives) against the growth of F. graminearum and investigate the antifungal mechanism of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB), the strongest one. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HMB in inhibiting mycelial growth was 200 μg/mL. HMB at MIC damaged cell membranes by increasing the permeability by about 6-fold (p < 0.05) as evidenced by propidium iodide (PI) staining. Meanwhile, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glycerol was increased by 45.91 and 576.19% by HMB treatment at MIC, respectively, indicating that lipid oxidation and osmotic stress occurred in the cell membrane. Furthermore, HMB exerted a strong antitoxigenic role as the content of deoxynivalenol (DON) was remarkably reduced by 93.59% at MIC on 7th day. At last, the antifungal effect of HMB against F. graminearum was also confirmed on wheat grains. These results not only revealed the antifungal mechanism of HMB but also suggested that HMB could be applied as a promising antifungal agent in the preservation of agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongying Xiao
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanli Xie
- Grain, Oil and Food Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Grain and Reserves Administration/Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Wei S, Zhang Y, Wu M, Lv Y, Zhang S, Zhai H, Hu Y. Mechanisms of methyl 2-methylbutyrate suppression on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 409:110462. [PMID: 37918192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and subsequently produced carcinogenic aflatoxins frequently contaminate postharvest food crops, resulting in a threat to global food safety. Chemical preservatives are currently the main antifungal agents. However, fungal resistance effect, biological toxicity, and environmental contamination limit their practical applications. The application of natural volatile organic compounds has great potential for controlling fungal and mycotoxin contamination of postharvest food crops. This study therefore investigated the antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic activities of the volatile compound, methyl 2-methylbutyrate (M2M), against Aspergillus flavus and its potential mechanisms. M2M effectively inhibited A. flavus mycelia growth, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2.0 μL/mL. Moreover, M2M also suppressed aflatoxin production, sclerotia production, and the pathogenicity on peanut and corn flour. RNA-Seq results showed that 2899 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and DEGs involved in ergosterol synthesis, cell wall structure, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway, DNA replication, and aflatoxin biosynthesis, were down-regulated in A. flavus. Further studies showed that M2M strongly damaged the cell membrane and cell wall integrity, reduced ATP levels, and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and DNA damage. Notably, a GATA type zinc finger transcription factor, AfSreA (AFLA_132440), which is essential for A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production, was identified. The growth and aflatoxin yield in the ΔAfSreA strain decreased by 94.94 % and 71.82 %, respectively. Additionally, deletion of AfSreA destroyed cell wall integrity and decreased expressions of genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Taken together, our results identified the antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic mechanisms of M2M against A. flavus, and confirmed the potential of M2M in protecting peanut and corn from fungal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wei
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yige Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Menghan Wu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yangyong Lv
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Huanchen Zhai
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Henan University of Technology, Luohe 462300, PR China.
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Zou M, Xue Q, Teng Q, Zhang Q, Liu T, Li Y, Zhao J. Acaricidal activities of paeonol from Moutan Cortex, dried bark of Paeonia × suffruticosa, against the grain pest mite Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Acari: Acaridae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:615-628. [PMID: 37979065 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Acari: Acaridae) is a major pest mite of stored grains that is distributed worldwide. Paeonol, a phenolic component of the essential oil extracted from the Chinese herb Paeonia moutan, possesses a range of biological activities, including antiviral, antifungal and acaricidal activity. This study investigated the bioactivity of paeonol against A. ovatus and its effect on the activity of detoxification enzymes. The bioactivity of paeonol against A. ovatus was determined by contact, fumigation and repellency bioassays, and the mechanism was preliminarily explored via morphological observation of the color changes of mite epidermis and determination of the changing trend of some important enzymes associated with acaricidal efficacy in the mites. The results showed that the median lethal concentration (LC50) in the contact and fumigation bioassays was 9.832 μg/cm2 and 14.827 μg/cm3, respectively, and the acaricidal activity of paeonol was higher under direct contact than under fumigation. Dynamic symptomatology studies registered typical neurotoxicity symptoms including excitation, convulsion and paralysis in A. ovatus treated with paeonol. The enzyme activity of catalase (CAT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was higher, whereas the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was lower, compared to the control group. CAT, NOS and GST were activated, whereas SOD and AChE activities were inhibited after paeonol intervention. Our findings suggest paeonol has potent acaricidal activity against A. ovatus and thus may be used as an agent to control the stored-product mite A. ovatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zou
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Wannan Medical College, No. 22 Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Qiqi Xue
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Wannan Medical College, No. 22 Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Qiao Teng
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Wannan Medical College, No. 22 Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Wannan Medical College, No. 22 Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Wannan Medical College, No. 22 Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China.
| | - Jinhong Zhao
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Wannan Medical College, No. 22 Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, 241002, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China.
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Zhao J, Yang J, Li H, Ning H, Chen J, Chen Z, Zhao H, Zhao H. Mechanism Underlying Bacillus subtilis BS-Z15 Metabolite-Induced Prevention of Grain Contamination by Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:667. [PMID: 38133171 PMCID: PMC10748098 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus can cause mildew in corn, peanuts, and other foods as well as animal feed, which seriously endangers human and livestock health; thus, preventing A. flavus contamination is imperative. Previous studies have found that the secondary metabolites of Bacillus subtilis BS-Z15 have broad-spectrum-inhibiting fungal activity, further confirming that the main active inhibiting fungal substance is Mycosubtilin (Myco). In this paper, corn and peanuts were treated with 0, 100, and 200 μg/mL BS-Z15 secondary metabolites (BS-Z15-SMA) for 7 days, and the aflatoxin contamination prevention effect was examined. The results showed that with increasing BS-Z15-SMA concentration, the aflatoxin contamination prevention effect was significantly enhanced. The above toxicity phenomena became more significant with extended BS-Z15-SMA treatment time. Scanning electron microscopy showed that 4 μg/mL Myco treatment resulted in a dented A. flavus surface and breakage of both the conidial stem and the mycelium. Transcriptome results showed that Myco significantly affected gene expression in A. flavus spores. The downregulated genes were significantly enriched in cell wall synthesis, transcription and translation, transmembrane transport pathways, and pathways related to key enzymes for aflatoxin synthesis. These results suggest that Myco could be used as a new bioactive material to prevent aflatoxin synthesis and contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Huanchen Ning
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Huixin Zhao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Special Species Conservation and Regulatory Biology, College of Life Science, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
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Du SS, Luo XF, An JX, Zhang ZJ, Zhang SY, Wang YR, Ding YY, Jiang WQ, Zhang BQ, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Hu YM, Liu YQ. Exploring boron applications in modern agriculture: Antifungal activities and mechanisms of phenylboronic acid derivatives. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 36914877 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unreasonable use of chemical fungicides causes common adverse consequences that not only affect the environment, but also cause resistance and resurgence problems of plant pathogens, which are extremely harmful to human health, the economy, and the environment. Based on the rich biological activities of boron-based compounds, 82 phenylboronic acid derivatives were selected and their antifungal activities against six agricultural plant pathogens were determined. Combined with transcriptomics tools, the mechanism of action of compound A49 (2-chloro-5-trifluoromethoxybenzeneboronic acid) against Botrytis cinerea Pers (B. cinerea) was studied. RESULTS The EC50 values of compounds A24, A25, A30, A31, A36, A41, A49 and B23 against all six fungi were under 10 μg/mL. Compound A49 displayed significant activity against B. cinerea (EC50 = 0.39 μg/mL), which was better than that of commercial fungicide boscalid (EC50 = 0.55 μg/mL). A49 not only inhibited the germination of B. cinerea spores, but also caused abnormal cell morphology, loss of cell membrane integrity, enhanced cell membrane permeability, and accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Further findings showed that A49 reduced cellular antioxidant activity, and peroxidase and catalase activities. Transcriptomic results indicated that A49 could degrade intracellular redox processes and alter the metabolism of some amino acids. Meanwhile, A49 showed obvious activity in vivo and low cytotoxicity to mammal cells. CONCLUSION The boron-containing small molecule compounds had high efficiency and broad-spectrum antifungal activities against six plant pathogens, and are expected to be candidate compounds for a new class of antifungal drugs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Du
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong-Fei Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Xia An
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Yi-Rong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qi Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Mei Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
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Qin YL, Zhang SB, Ding WZ, Lv YY, Zhai HC, Wei S, Ma PA, Hu YS. The effect of volatile compounds of Syzygium aromaticum flower buds against Aspergillus flavus growth on wheat grain at postharvest stage. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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ShangGuan X, Qi Y, Wang A, Ren Y, Wang Y, Xiao T, Shen Z, Wang Q, Xia Y. OsGLP participates in the regulation of lignin synthesis and deposition in rice against copper and cadmium toxicity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1078113. [PMID: 36714698 PMCID: PMC9878301 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1078113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) are common heavy metal pollutants. When Cd and excessive Cu accumulate in plants, plant growth is reduced. Our previous study showed that Germin-like proteins (GLPs), which exist in tandem on chromosomes, are a class of soluble glycoproteins that respond to Cu stress. In this study, hydroponic cultures were carried out to investigate the effect of GLP on Cd and Cu tolerance and accumulation in rice. The results showed that knockout of a single OsGLP8-2 gene or ten OsGLP genes (OsGLP8-2 to OsGLP8-11) resulted in a similar sensitivity to Cd and Cu toxicity. When subjected to Cu and Cd stress, the glp8-2 and glp8-(2-11) mutants displayed a more sensitive phenotype based on the plant height, root length, and dry biomass of the rice seedlings. Correspondingly, Cu and Cd concentrations in the glp8-2 and glp8-(2-11) mutants were significantly higher than those in the wild-type (WT) and OsGLP8-2-overexpressing line. However, Cu and Cd accumulation in the cell wall was the opposite. Furthermore, we determined lignin accumulation. The overexpressing-OsGLP8-2 line had a higher lignin accumulation in the shoot and root cell walls than those of the WT, glp8-2, and glp8-(2-11). The expression of lignin synthesis genes in the OsGLP8-2-overexpressing line was significantly higher than that in the WT, glp8-2, and glp8-(2-11). The SOD activity of OsGLP8-2, Diaminobe-nzidine (DAB), propidium iodide (PI) staining, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) content determination suggested that OsGLP8-2 is involved in heavy metal-induced antioxidant defense in rice. Our findings clearly suggest that OsGLPs participate in responses to heavy metal stress by lignin deposition and antioxidant defense capacity in rice, and OsGLP8-2 may play a major role in the tandem repeat gene clusters of chromosome 8 under heavy metal stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchao ShangGuan
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Qi
- College of Agronomy, Yunnan Research Center of Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Aiguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Tobacco Quality in Tobacco Industry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingnan Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tengwei Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Zhao Y, Wang X, Zhang L, Wang K, Wu Y, Yao J, Cui B, Chen Z. Anti-Fungal Activity of Moutan cortex Extracts against Rice Sheath Blight ( Rhizoctonia solani) and Its Action on the Pathogen's Cell Membrane. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47048-47055. [PMID: 36570206 PMCID: PMC9773796 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight (RSB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most destructive diseases of rice (Oryza sativa). Although chemical fungicides are the most important control methods, their long-term unreasonable application has brought about problems such as environmental pollution, food risks, and non-target poisoning. Therefore, considering the extraction of fungistatic substances from plants may be an alternative in the future. In this study, we found that the Moutan cortex ethanol extract has excellent antifungal activity against R. solani, with a 100% inhibition rate at 1000 μg/mL, which aroused our great exploration interest. In-depth exploration found that the antifungal active ingredients of M. cortex were mainly concentrated in the petroleum ether extract of the M. cortex ethanol extract, which still maintained a 100% inhibition rate with 250 μg/mL, and its effective medium concentration (EC50) was 145.33 μg/mL against R. solani. Through the measurement of extracellular relative conductivity and OD260, the petroleum ether extract induced leakage of intracellular electrolytes and nucleic acids, indicating that the cell membrane was ruined. Therefore, we preliminarily determined that the cell membrane may be the target of the petroleum ether extract. Moreover, we found that petroleum ether extract reduced the content of ergosterol, a component of the cell membrane, which may be one of the reasons for the cell membrane destruction. Furthermore, the increase of MDA content would lead to membrane lipid peroxidation, further aggravating membrane damage, resulting in increased membrane permeability. Also, the destruction of the cell membrane was observed by the phenomenon of the mycelium being transparent and broken. In conclusion, this is the first report of the M. cortex petroleum ether extract exhibiting excellent antifungal activity against R. solani. The effect of the M. cortex petroleum ether extract on R. solani may be on the cell membrane, inducing the disorder of intracellular substances and metabolism, which may be one of the antifungal mechanisms against R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtian Zhao
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Xinge Wang
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Lian Zhang
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Keying Wang
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Yanchun Wu
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Jia Yao
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Baolu Cui
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry
of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, China
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12
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Tian F, Woo SY, Lee SY, Park SB, Zheng Y, Chun HS. Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil and Plant-Derived Natural Compounds against Aspergillus flavus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121727. [PMID: 36551384 PMCID: PMC9774910 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a facultative parasite that contaminates several important food crops at both the pre- and post-harvest stages. Moreover, it is an opportunistic animal and human pathogen that causes aspergillosis diseases. A. flavus also produces the polyketide-derived carcinogenic and mutagenic secondary metabolite aflatoxin, which negatively impacts global food security and threatens human and livestock health. Recently, plant-derived natural compounds and essential oils (EOs) have shown great potential in combatting A. flavus spoilage and aflatoxin contamination. In this review, the in situ antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic properties of EOs are discussed. The mechanisms through which EOs affect A. flavus growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis are then reviewed. Indeed, several involve physical, chemical, or biochemical changes to the cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, and related metabolic enzymes and genes. Finally, the future perspectives towards the application of plant-derived natural compounds and EOs in food protection and novel antifungal agent development are discussed. The present review highlights the great potential of plant-derived natural compounds and EOs to protect agricultural commodities and food items from A. flavus spoilage and aflatoxin contamination, along with reducing the threat of aspergillosis diseases.
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13
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Li Q, Zhu X, Zhao Y, Xie Y. The antifungal activity of o-vanillin against Aspergillus flavus via disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and promoting oxidative stress, and an RNA-seq analysis thereof. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Li Q, Zhao Y, Zuo X, Guo F, Li Y, Xie Y. Paeonol inhibits Aspergillus flavus via disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis, redox metabolism, and aflatoxin biosynthesis on rice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Guo L, Li Y, Mao X, Tao R, Tao B, Zhou Z. Antifungal Activity of Polymethoxylated Flavonoids (PMFs)-Loaded Citral Nanoemulsion against Penicillium italicum by Causing Cell Membrane Damage. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040388. [PMID: 35448619 PMCID: PMC9029654 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A major citrus postharvest pathogen, Penicillium italicum (P. italicum), causes substantial economic losses in citrus. In this study, a citral nanoemulsion containing polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs), the antimicrobial compounds from citrus, was prepared. The antifungal activity and potential antifungal mechanisms of the nanoemulsion against P. italicum were evaluated. The results showed that the growth of P. italicum was effectively inhibited by the nanoemulsion, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 62.5 and 250 mg L−1, respectively. The nanoemulsion significantly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth, and it altered the morphology of P. italicum. In addition, the permeability of the cell membrane increased with increasing nanoemulsion concentrations, as evidenced by a rapid rise in extracellular electric conductivity and stronger red fluorescence from mycelia (propidium iodide staining). Compared with the control, the nanoemulsion treatment induced a decrease in total lipid and ergosterol contents in P. italicum cells by 64.61% and 60.58%, respectively, demonstrating that membrane integrity had been disrupted. The results indicated that the PMFs-loaded nanoemulsion exerted antifungal activity against P. italicum by disrupting cell membrane integrity and permeability; such a nanoemulsion may be used as a potential fungicide substitute for preservation in citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoxue Mao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Boyun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiqin Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (L.G.); (Y.L.); (X.M.); (R.T.); (B.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- The Southwest Institute of Fruits Nutrition, Banan District, Chongqing 400054, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-023-6825-1047
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16
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Proteomic analysis of Aspergillus flavus reveals the antifungal action of Perilla frutescens essential oil by interfering with energy metabolism and defense function. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Qu C, Li Z, Wang X. UHPLC-HRMS-Based Untargeted Lipidomics Reveal Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Carvacrol against Aspergillus flavus. Foods 2021; 11:foods11010093. [PMID: 35010219 PMCID: PMC8750229 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a common contaminant in grain, oil and their products. Its metabolite aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been proved to be highly carcinogenic. Therefore, it is of great importance to find possible antifungal substances to inhibit the growth and toxin production of Aspergillus flavus. Carvacrol (CV) was reported as a potent antifungal monoterpene derived from plants. In this paper, the antifungal effects and mechanism of CV on Aspergillus flavus were investigated. CV was shown good inhibition on the growth of Aspergillus flavus and the production of AFB1. CV used in concentrations ranging from 0, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL inhibited the germination of spores, mycelia growth and AFB1 production dose-dependently. To explore the antifungal mechanism of CV on Aspergillus flavus, we also detected the ergosterol content of Aspergillus flavus mycelia, employed Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to observe mycelia morphology and utilized Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) to explore the lipidome profiles of Aspergillus flavus. The results showed that the production of ergosterol of mycelia was reduced as the CV treatment concentration increased. SEM photographs demonstrated a rough surface and a reduction in the thickness of hyphae in Aspergillus flavus treated with CV (200 µg/mL). In positive ion mode, 21 lipids of Aspergillus flavus mycelium were downregulated, and 11 lipids were upregulated after treatment with 200-µg/mL CV. In negative ion mode, nine lipids of Aspergillus flavus mycelium were downregulated, and seven lipids upregulated after treatment with 200-µg/mL CV. In addition, the analysis of different lipid metabolic pathways between the control and 200-µg/mL CV-treated groups demonstrated that glycerophospholipid metabolism was the most enriched pathway related to CV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenling Qu
- Grain and Oil Storage Department, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
- Correspondence: (C.Q.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-18623717762 (C.Q.); +86-2786812943 (X.W.)
| | - Zhuozhen Li
- Grain and Oil Storage Department, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Xiupin Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Correspondence: (C.Q.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-18623717762 (C.Q.); +86-2786812943 (X.W.)
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18
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Li Q, Zhao Y, Xie Y. Paeonol Disrupts the Integrity of Aspergillus flavus Cell Walls via Releasing Surface Proteins, Inhibiting the Biosynthesis of β-1,3-Glucan and Promoting the Degradation of Chitin, and an Identification of Cell Surface Proteins. Foods 2021; 10:2951. [PMID: 34945502 PMCID: PMC8700735 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeonol can effectively inhibit Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) via damaging cell walls. In this work, paeonol treatment remarkably destroyed both the outer amorphous layer and the inner fibrous layer of cell walls. Furthermore, FT-IR and XPS characterization showed that OH functional groups were altered and proteins in the outer layer were released. According to proteomic analysis, 605 proteins have been identified and annotated. The activities of β-1,3-glucan synthase and chitinase were prohibited and promoted, respectively, by paeonol treatment, however, the activities of β-1,3-glucanase and chitin synthase were not influenced. QRT-PCR results suggested that FKSP, CHIIII, and CHIV genes might be the antifungal targets of paeonol. In addition, paeonol can effectively restrain the pathogenicity of A. flavus on peanut butter. This study provided a new elucidation on the mode of action of paeonol against cell walls of A. flavus, facilitating the application of paeonol in the preservation of agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yanli Xie
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Q.L.); (Y.Z.)
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