1
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Taghizadeh SF, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsatsakis A, Haghparast H, Tabriznia Tabrizi G, Velayati M, Karimi G, Rezaee R. Analysis of 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP occurrence in mayonnaise: A probabilistic risk assessment of dietary exposure for Iranians. Toxicol Rep 2024; 13:101725. [PMID: 39295953 PMCID: PMC11408863 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Mayonnaise is a commonly used oil-in-water emulsion food product. Due to their toxicological properties/genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, chloropropanols' oral exposure has raised concerns over the past decade. The present study reports the occurrence level of free forms of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) in mayonnaise samples and the risk of oral exposure to these chemicals through consumption of the analyzed samples. Mayonnaise (low- and high-fat, from 6 brands, totally 120 samples) were analyzed for 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The mean level of chemicals was higher in the high-fat samples, with no significant difference among the brands. Generally, 1,3-DCP level was significantly lower in both high-fat and low-fat samples compared to 3-MCPD. Hazard Index (HI) values calculated for oral exposure to 3-MCPD for Iranian adults using probabilistic methods, were less than 1.0, reflecting no major risk. In the Margin of Exposure scenario, low- and high-fat mayonnaise samples were of de minimis health concern at the 50th, 80th, and 95th centiles. Nevertheless, in order to safeguard consumer interests, it is imperative to implement online real-time methodologies for monitoring reactions that result in generation of thermal process contaminants such as 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP, and to innovate novel technologies to minimize the occurrence of such chemicals while preserving both safety and sensory attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Hadi Haghparast
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahin Velayati
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Wang P, Zhang G. Al and MCPD in grain products in Gansu province, China and risk assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39129716 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2024.2382222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
This study conducted a dietary exposure assessment of chloropropanols and aluminium, after quantifying their content in food. The mean dietary exposure to Al from total grain products was found to be 6.4E-04 mg/kg bw/week, not exceeding the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). The results showed that the mean dietary exposure of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) from grain products was higher than the tolerable daily intake (TDI). Deterministic evaluations showed that the mean HQ of 1.5 to Al from fried dough twist was higher than 1. However, the HI values to Al were lower than 1 and the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) showed that the HQ was greater than 1 at the 99% exposure level. Deterministic and probabilistic methods indicated that HQ values of 3-MCPD from grain products were above 1, whereas the mean HI value was 0.62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gexiang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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3
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Bian L, Ge X, Feng S, Chen G, Li K, Wang X. Determination of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters in instant noodles based on solid-phase microextraction with chitosan-β-cyclodextrin coated fiber. Food Chem 2024; 442:138419. [PMID: 38237296 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
We developed a method for the determination of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters (GE) in instant noodles using solid-phase microextraction with chitosan-β-cyclodextrin (CS-β-CD) coated fiber coupled with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The developed low-cost fiber coating can improve the sensitivity of the method. Immobilized enzymes can improve operational stability and reusability compared to free enzymes, thereby reducing costs. The adsorption isotherm was modeled using the Langmuir model, while the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo second-order model. The limit of detection was 0.3 ng/L. The method exhibited satisfactory recoveries for the analytes, ranging from 80.2 % to 105.3 %, with relative standard deviations < 9.9 %. Furthermore, the results of the exposure assessment showed that chloropropanol esters do not pose unacceptable risks to different age groups. However, the margin of exposure for GE suggested a potential health risk for populations between the ages of 3 and 12 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xue Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Senwei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Guangxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kefeng Li
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence Driven Drug Discovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao.
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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4
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Liu Y, Li XY, Li L, Yin YQ, Zhang HL, Wang KL, Zhou J, Chen Y, Zhang YH. A comprehensive evaluation of milk protein molecular weight distribution based on exclusion chromatography dataset. Food Chem 2024; 436:137725. [PMID: 37839124 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular weight is one of the main characteristic parameters of proteins, which is the basis for the functional properties of milk protein. This research aims at establishing molecular weight distribution pattern of milk protein based on exclusion chromatography. The method selected Na3PO4-Na2SO4 (0.1 M, pH 6.7) buffer as the mobile phase and detected at 220 nm by HPLC-UV. The protein molecular weight distributions were determined and compared for human milk, bovine milk, and infant formula. The proportion of macromolecular proteins is much higher in infant formula compared to human or bovine milk. The protein molecular weights of human and bovine milk are significantly different around 90, 20, 14, and 2 kDa. The results provide holistic compare of bovine milk, human milk, and infant formula through protein molecular distribution. The new evaluation indicators for protein will drive technological simulation of infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co. Ltd., Hohhot 011517, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yu-Qi Yin
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Han-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Kun-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yun Chen
- Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Co. Ltd., Hohhot 011517, PR China.
| | - Ying-Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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5
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Li Y, Li R, Hu X, Liu J, Liu G, Gao L, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhu B. Changes of the volatile compounds and odors in one-stage and three-stage infant formulas during their secondary shelf-life. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100693. [PMID: 38356611 PMCID: PMC10864756 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The odor of infant formula changes due to alterations in its volatile composition during the shelf life. However, there is currently a lack of research on whether the odor changes in infant formula during the secondary shelf life, which refers to the period of repeated opening and usage in daily life. This study used headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-electrostatic orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap-MS) to investigate the volatile composition changes in one-stage and three-stage infant formulas during different stages (0 day, 3 days, and 7 days during the secondary shelf-life, i.e. simulated daily use). A total of 32 volatiles were identified, including nine aldehydes, seven ketones, four alcohols, three furans, two sulfur compounds, two esters, and five terpenoids. Of these, 16 compounds changed significantly in one-stage samples and 23 compounds in three-stage samples within 7 days of the secondary shelf-life. Further the odor of the three-stage infant formula samples was found changed substantially after 3 days of simulated use by using the triangle test. This study highlighted the considerable alterations in volatile compound composition and sensory changes during the simulated daily use and provided valuable insights for consumers in selecting and using infant formula products, as well as a new perspective for enterprises to improve the sensory quality of their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Ruotong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiani Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guirong Liu
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Lipeng Gao
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Yongjiu Zhang
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Houyin Wang
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Baoqing Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forestry Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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6
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Wei T, Cao N, Han T, Chen Y, Zhou X, Niu L, Liu W, Li C. Lipidomics Analysis Explores the Mechanism of Renal Injury in Rat Induced by 3-MCPD. TOXICS 2023; 11:479. [PMID: 37368578 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a food-process toxic substance, and its main target organ is the kidney. The present study examined and characterized the nephrotoxicity and the lipidomic mechanisms in a model of kidney injury in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats treated with high (45 mg/kg) and low (30 mg/kg) doses of 3-MCPD. The results showed that the ingestion of 3-MCPD led to a dose-dependent increase in serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels and histological renal impairment. The oxidative stress indicators (MDA, GSH, T-AOC) in the rat kidney altered in a dose-dependent manner in 3-MCPD groups. The lipidomics analysis revealed that 3-MCPD caused kidney injury by interfering with glycerophospholipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. In addition, 38 lipids were screened as potential biomarkers. This study not only revealed the mechanism of 3-MCPD renal toxicity from the perspective of lipidomics but also provided a new approach to the study of 3-MCPD nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Na Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Liyang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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7
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Tran SC, Nguyen NH, Vu TN, Bui TC, Phung LC, Tran TT, Le HTH, Thai TNH. Risk assessment of 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters from the formulas for infants and young children up to 36 months of age. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37154846 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2209899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Esters of 2-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (2-MCPD), 3- monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), and glycidol are present in infant formulas, follow-on foods and similar compositions. They arise mainly from the vegetable oil content and may cause harmful effects in consumers. The contents of these substances in formulas were determined indirectly by converting the esters to the free form, followed by derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The validation results demonstrate that the method had sufficient specificity and adequate accuracy. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for each of 2-MCPDE, 3-MCPDE, and GE were 1.5 and 5 µg/kg, respectively. Formula intake by children up to 36 months of age was surveyed, and the data was used to assess the risks due to 3-MCPD esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE). The mean exposure dose of 3-MCPDE for different age groups ranged from 0.51 to 1.13 µg/kg bw per day. The corresponding mean GE exposure ranged from 0.031 to 0.069 µg/kg bw per day. Neither mean values nor the percentile 95% values of 3-MCPDE exposure doses exceed the recommended provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Cao Tran
- National Institute for Food Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Hong Nguyen
- National Institute for Food Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Ngoc Vu
- National Institute for Food Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Cao Bui
- National Institute for Food Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ly Cong Phung
- National Institute for Food Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Trung Tran
- National Institute for Food Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hao Thi Hong Le
- National Institute for Food Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
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8
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Ai N, Liu R, Chi X, Song Z, Shao Y, Xi Y, Zhao T, Sun B, Xiao J, Deng J. Rapid discrimination of the identity of infant formula by triple-channel models. Food Chem 2023; 423:136302. [PMID: 37167671 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Infant formula is related to children's life and health. However, the existing identification methods for infant formula are time-consuming, costly and prone to environmental pollution. Therefore, a simple, efficient and less polluting identification method for infant formula is urgently needed. The aim of this study was to distinguish between goat and cow infant formula using HS-SPME-GC-MS and E-nose combined with triple-channel models. The results indicated that the main difference of them attributed to thirteen volatile compounds and three sensor variables. Based on this, the linear discriminant and partial least squares discriminant analyses were conducted, and a multilayer perceptron neural network model was constructed to identify the commercial samples. There was a high percentage of correct classifications (>90%) in samples. Together, our work demonstrated that the volatile compounds of infant formula combined with chemometric analysis were effective and rapid for detecting two infant formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasi Ai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruirui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xuelu Chi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zheng Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yiwei Shao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yanmei Xi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Jianjun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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9
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Sun C, Wu N, Kou S, Wu H, Liu Y, Pei A, Li Q. Occurrence, formation mechanism, detection methods, and removal approaches for chloropropanols and their esters in food: An updated systematic review. Food Chem X 2023; 17:100529. [PMID: 36845468 PMCID: PMC9943786 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloropropanols, one of the major contaminants in food, and the corresponding esters or glycidyl esters (GEs) are of great concern in terms of product safety due to their potential carcinogenicity. During heat processing, glycerol, allyl alcohol, chloropropanol esters, sucralose, and carbohydrate in mixed foodstuffs are probable precursors of chloropropanol. The standard analytical techniques for chloropropanols or their esters are GC-MS or LC-MS following sample derivatization pretreatment. By comparing modern data against that five-year-old before, it appears that the levels of chloropropanols and their esters/GEs in food products have somewhat decreased. 3-MCPD esters or GEs may yet exceed the permitted intake set, however, especially in newborn formula which requires particularly stringent regulatory measures. Citespace (6.1. R2) software was employed in this study to examine the research focii of chloropropanols and their corresponding esters/GEs in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Sun
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ni Wu
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shunli Kou
- Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Zhejiang 310023, China
| | - Haolin Wu
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Annan Pei
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing 100083, China
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10
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Crucello J, Sampaio NM, Junior IM, Carvalho RM, Gionfriddo E, Marriott PJ, Hantao LW. Automated method using direct-immersion solid-phase microextraction and on-fiber derivatization coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry for profiling naphthenic acids in produced water. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463844. [PMID: 36758493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are naturally occurring organic acids in petroleum and are found in waste waters generated during oil production (produced water, PW). Profiling this class of compounds is important due to flow assurance during oil exploration. Compositional analysis of PW is also relevant for waste treatment to reduce negative impacts on the environment. Here, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC×GC-HRMS) was applied as an ideal platform for qualitative analysis of NAs by combining the high peak capacity of the composite system with automated scripts for group-type identification based on accurate mass measurements and fragmentation patterns. To achieve high-throughput profiling of NAs in PW samples, direct-immersion solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME) was selected for extraction, derivatization and preconcentration. A fully automated DI-SPME method was developed to combine extraction, fiber rinsing and drying, and on-fiber derivatization with N-methyl-N‑tert-butyldimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA). Data processing was based on filtering scripts using the Computer Language for Identifying Chemicals (CLIC). The method successfully identified up to 94 NAs comprising carbon numbers between 6 and 18 and hydrogen deficiency values ranging from 0 to -4. The proposed method demonstrated wider extraction coverage compared to traditional liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) - a critical factor for petroleomic investigations. The method developed also enabled quantitative analysis, exhibiting detection limits of 0.5 ng L-1 and relative standard deviation (RSD) at a concentration of NAs of 30 µg L-1 ranging from 4.5 to 25.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Crucello
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Naiara Mfm Sampaio
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Iris Medeiros Junior
- Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center, Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20031-912, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Mesquita Carvalho
- Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center, Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20031-912, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States; School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States; Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Leandro Wang Hantao
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil.
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11
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Zheng J, Kuang Y, Zhou S, Gong X, Ouyang G. Latest Improvements and Expanding Applications of Solid-Phase Microextraction. Anal Chem 2023; 95:218-237. [PMID: 36625125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zheng
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yixin Kuang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Suxin Zhou
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinying Gong
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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12
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Shen Z, Ma X, Mujahid Ali M, Liang J, Sui H, Du Z. Study of the evolution of 3-MCPDEs and GEs in the infant formula production chain employing a modified indirect method based on magnetic solid phase extraction. Food Chem 2023; 399:134018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Wei T, Liu W, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Shen M, Li C. Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends on 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol Esters in Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15347-15359. [PMID: 36468534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) are common food contaminants mainly formed in the edible oil refining process. Due to their potential hazards, 3-MCPDE has become a widespread food safety concern. In this study, CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to conduct a bibliometric analysis on the 3-MCPDE research papers collected in the Web of Science Core Collection from 1998 to 2022. The results showed that the number of research publications on 3-MCPDE has increased rapidly since 2010. Analysis of the hotspots in 3-MCPDE studies showed that more attention has been paid to the exposure assessment, formation mechanism, detection methods, mitigation methods and toxicity, and toxicology of 3-MCPDE. Finally, the future trends of research on 3-MCPDE were analyzed and proposed. The mitigation methods and toxicology studies of 3-MCPDE are still the research hotspots in the future. In addition, nutritional intervention for 3-MCPDE toxicity will be an emerging trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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14
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Li S, Bian L, Yang C, Van Schepdael A, Wang X. Migration study of phenolic endocrine disruptors from pacifiers to saliva simulant by solid phase microextraction with amino-functionalized microporous organic network coated fiber. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129505. [PMID: 35809366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parabens, bisphenols, and triclosan are used in many baby products, including pacifiers. However, the migration through oral saliva will result in a potential health risk. The present study proposes a sensitive and simple method for the analysis of these chemicals in saliva simulants by solid phase microextraction (SPME) with amino-functionalized microporous organic network (MON-NH2) coated fiber. The MON-NH2 showed an excellent adsorption ability for phenolic compounds. The adsorption isotherm fitted the Langmuir isotherm model and the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo second-order model. The developed SPME method exhibited wide linear ranges (0.005-500 µg/L), good linearity, low limits of quantitation (0.005 µg/L), great recoveries (87.0-112.5 %), and excellent precision (RSD < 8.3 % for intra-day and RSD < 13.7 % for inter-day). Mathematical models based on Fick's second law were applied to predict migration from pacifiers into saliva simulants and a good fit between theoretical and experimental migration results was found. The daily exposure assessment results indicated that these chemicals in pacifiers do not pose unacceptable health risks to infants. However, exposure risks still should be monitored and appropriate precautions are still needed to protect infants from exposure to these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Linlin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chengxiong Yang
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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15
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Li Y, Li Y, Zhang N, Wen S, Li Q, Gao Y, Yu X. Methods, principles, challenges, and perspectives of determining chloropropanols and their esters. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1632-1652. [PMID: 36066472 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2118228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chloropropanols and their esters are a group of food contaminants that have various toxicities to the human body. Research and control to chloropropanols and their esters is important to food safety. Therefore, the sensitive, accurate, precise, and effective determination of chloropropanols and their esters is highly essential to study their concentration, formation, and mitigation. The indirect method, commonly applied in the determination of chloropropanols and their esters, is based on the cleavage of ester bond, extraction, and derivatization. The conventional indirect method will still be the mostly used method in the near future due to its good sensitivity and feasibility, although its parameters need to be chosen and optimized according to sample stuffs and chloropropanol concentrations. Meanwhile, direct method and other quantitative methods should also be developed for special applications, such as studying the profile of chloropropanol esters and rapid screening protocol. The challenges and future perspectives of these methods are discussed in this review. This review can provide a reference on the selection, designation, and modification of methods for determining chloropropanols and their esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yancai Li
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Wen
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiuzhu Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Grain and Oil Functionalized Processing in Universities of Shaanxi Province, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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