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miR-576-5p Promotes the Proliferation of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma through the MAPK4-AKT Pathway. Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2022:1428411. [PMID: 36618768 PMCID: PMC9815926 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1428411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA-576-5p (miR-576-5p) plays an important role in different human cancers. However, the biological function of miR-576-5p in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is still unclear. In this study, we explored the function and specific role of miR-576-5p in PTC. Methods Expression levels of miR-576-5p in PTC patient tissues and cell lines were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT‒PCR). Cell counting using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), wound healing, and Transwell assays were performed to evaluate the effect of miR-576-5p on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TPC-1 cells. Expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (MAPK4) and phosphorylation levels of protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), and P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38) were detected by western blotting or immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results The expression level of miR-576-5p in PTC tissues and TPC-1 cells was significantly increased. In vitro, overexpression of miR-576-5p promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TPC-1 cells. In addition, MAPK4 was highly expressed in PTC tissues, and miR-576-5p could upregulate the expression of MAPK4. Interestingly, MAPK4 knockdown reversed cell proliferation but not migration and invasion in TPC-1 cells after miR-576-5p was overexpressed. Moreover, overexpression of miR-576-5p induced activation of the AKT pathway in TPC-1 cells, and MAPK4 gene knockout reversed this AKT pathway activation. Conclusion In this study, we found that miR-576-5p was significantly overexpressed in PTC tissues and TPC-1 cells. In addition, miR-576-5p promoted the proliferation of TPC-1 cells by enhancing expression of MAPK4 and activating the AKT pathway.
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Porcuna J, Mínguez-Martínez J, Ricote M. The PPARα and PPARγ Epigenetic Landscape in Cancer and Immune and Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910573. [PMID: 34638914 PMCID: PMC8508752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-modulated nuclear receptors that play pivotal roles in nutrient sensing, metabolism, and lipid-related processes. Correct control of their target genes requires tight regulation of the expression of different PPAR isoforms in each tissue, and the dysregulation of PPAR-dependent transcriptional programs is linked to disorders, such as metabolic and immune diseases or cancer. Several PPAR regulators and PPAR-regulated factors are epigenetic effectors, including non-coding RNAs, epigenetic enzymes, histone modifiers, and DNA methyltransferases. In this review, we examine advances in PPARα and PPARγ-related epigenetic regulation in metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes, immune disorders, such as sclerosis and lupus, and a variety of cancers, providing new insights into the possible therapeutic exploitation of PPAR epigenetic modulation.
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Liu Y, Liao L, An C, Wang X, Li Z, Xu Z, Liu J, Liu S. α-Enolase Lies Downstream of mTOR/HIF1α and Promotes Thyroid Carcinoma Progression by Regulating CST1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:670019. [PMID: 33968941 PMCID: PMC8097056 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.670019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel therapy strategies are crucial for thyroid carcinoma treatment. It is increasingly important to clarify the mechanism of thyroid carcinoma progression. Several studies demonstrate that α-Enolase (ENO1) participates in cancer development; nevertheless, the role of ENO1 in thyroid carcinoma progression remains unclear. In the present study, we found that the expression of ENO1 was upregulated in thyroid carcinoma samples. Proliferation and migration of thyroid carcinoma cells were suppressed by depletion of ENO1; conversely, ENO1 overexpression promoted thyroid carcinoma cell growth and invasion. To elucidate the mechanisms, we found that the hypoxia-related mTOR/HIF1 pathway regulated ENO1 expression. ENO1 regulated the expression of CST1; knockdown of CST1 reversed the tumorigenicity enhanced by ENO1 overexpression. Taken together, our findings provide a theoretical foundation for thyroid carcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lida Liao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Changming An
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengjiang Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengang Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyan Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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A Systematic Review of Phase II Targeted Therapy Clinical Trials in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070943. [PMID: 31277524 PMCID: PMC6678800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare, but devastating disease. Despite multimodal approaches combining surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, ATC is associated with a dire prognosis, with a median overall survival of only three to ten months. Novel treatments are thus urgently needed. Recent efforts towards the characterization of the molecular landscape of ATC have led to the identification of pro-oncogenic targetable alterations, lending promise for novel targeted therapeutic approaches. This systematic review summarizes the results of phase II clinical trials of targeted therapy in ATC, providing an overview of efficacy and safety profiles. The majority of trials to date have consisted of small single-arm studies and have presented modest results. However, only a minority of trials have selected or stratified patients by molecular alterations. In the setting of BRAF V600E mutated ATC, dabrafenib/trametinib combination therapy and vemurafenib monotherapy have both demonstrated efficacy. Everolimus has furthermore shown promising results in patients with PI3K/mTOR/AKT pathway alterations. These studies underscore the importance of molecular profiling of tumors for appropriate patient selection and determination of genomic correlates of response. Clinical trials are underway testing additional targeted therapies as monotherapy, or as a part of multimodal treatment, and in combination with immunotherapy.
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Liu H, Guo J, Chai H, Meng X. MicroRNA‑744 suppresses cell proliferation and invasion of papillary thyroid cancer by directly targeting NOB1. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:1903-1910. [PMID: 30628685 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) serve important roles in the formation and progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) by regulating numerous physiological and pathological behaviours. Thus, investigating the functional roles of specific miRNAs in PTC may contribute in identifying effective therapeutic targets for the management of patients with PTC. miR‑744 is emerging as a cancer‑associated miRNA in numerous types of human cancers; however, the expression and specific functions of miR‑744 in PTC are yet to be determined, and the mechanism underlying the regulatory roles of miR‑744 in PTC remains unknown. In the present study, miR‑744 expression was significantly decreased in PTC tissues and cell lines, as detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. miR‑744 restoration inhibited cell proliferation and invasion in PTC. Bioinformatics analysis predicted NIN1 (RPN12) binding protein 1 homolog (NOB1) as a potential target of miR‑744. Subsequent experiments validated NOB1 as a direct target gene of miR‑744 in PTC. Furthermore, NOB1 was upregulated in PTC tissues and negatively correlated with miR‑744 expression. NOB1 overexpression could counteract miR‑744‑mediated antitumor effects on PTC cells. In summary, these findings indicated that miR‑744 may inhibit the progression of PTC by directly targeting NOB1. The identification of the miR‑744/NOB1 axis may provide insight into potential targets for the treatment of patients with PTC and improve their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Yiyuan County People's Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 256199, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Chai
- Department of General Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- Department of General Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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Lin CL, Tsai ML, Lin CY, Hsu KW, Hsieh WS, Chi WM, Huang LC, Lee CH. HDAC1 and HDAC2 Double Knockout Triggers Cell Apoptosis in Advanced Thyroid Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020454. [PMID: 30669676 PMCID: PMC6359659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) and squamous thyroid carcinoma (STC) are both rare and advanced thyroid malignancies with a very poor prognosis and an average median survival time of 5 months and less than 20% of affected patients are alive 1 year after diagnosis. The clinical management of both ATC and STC is very similar because they are not particularly responsive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This inspired us to explore a novel and effective clinically approved therapy for ATC treatment. Histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) drugs are recently FDA-approved drug for malignancies, especially for blood cell cancers. Therefore, we investigated whether an HDACi drug acts as an effective anticancer drug for advanced thyroid cancers. Cell viability analysis of panobinostat treatment demonstrated a significant IC50 of 0.075 µM on SW579 STC cells. In addition, panobinostat exposure activated histone acetylation and triggered cell death mainly through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis-related protein activation. Using CRISPR/Cas9 to knock out HDAC1 and HDAC2 genes in SW579 cells, we observed that the histone acetylation level and cell cycle arrest were enhanced without any impact on cell growth. Furthermore, HDAC1 and HDAC2 double knockout (KO) cells showed dramatic cell apoptosis activation compared to HDAC1 and HDAC2 individual KO cells. This suggests expressional and biofunctional compensation between HDAC1 and HDAC2 on SW579 cells. This study provides strong evidence that panobinostat can potentially be used in the clinic of advanced thyroid cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ling Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Lin Tsai
- Department of General Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yu Lin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan.
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Kai-Wen Hsu
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Shyang Hsieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ming Chi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Chi Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hwa Lee
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan.
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program in Medicine Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Leung DTH, Nguyen T, Oliver EM, Matti J, Alexiadis M, Silke J, Jobling TW, Fuller PJ, Chu S. Combined PPARγ Activation and XIAP Inhibition as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Ovarian Granulosa Cell Tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 18:364-375. [PMID: 30530769 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian granulosa cell tumors (GCT) are characterized by indolent growth and late relapse. No therapeutic modalities aside from surgery have proven effective. We previously reported overexpression of the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), and constitutive activity of the NFκB and AP1 signaling pathways in GCT. PPARγ presents as a potential therapeutic target as it impedes proliferation and promotes terminal differentiation of granulosa cells. However, resistance to the actions of PPARγ is caused by NFκB transrepression in GCT-derived cell lines, KGN and COV434. We showed that abrogation of NFκB signaling in GCT cells enables PPARγ agonists to initiate apoptosis. In addition, we observed overexpression of an NFκB-induced gene, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), in GCT and GCT-derived cells. XIAP is an attractive therapeutic target due to its role in inhibiting the apoptotic pathway. We investigated the antitumor effects of combined XIAP inhibition using Smac-mimetics and PPARγ activation using thiazolidinediones (TZD) in the GCT-derived cells. Transactivation assays revealed that NFκB transrepression of PPARγ can be relieved by NFκB or XIAP inhibition. Combined Smac-mimetic and TZD significantly induced apoptosis, reduced cell viability and proliferation in KGN cells in monolayer and 3D spheroid culture, and in GCT explant models. The Smac-mimetic and TZD cotreatment also delayed cell invasion, upregulated proapoptotic genes, and compromised cell metabolism in KGN cells. This study provides evidence that PPARγ and XIAP cotreatment has antineoplastic effects in GCT. As therapeutics that target these proteins are already in clinical or preclinical use, expedient translation to the clinic is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilys T H Leung
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trang Nguyen
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edwina May Oliver
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliana Matti
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Alexiadis
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Silke
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas W Jobling
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Fuller
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Chu
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Zhao J, Li Z, Chen Y, Zhang S, Guo L, Gao B, Jiang Y, Tian W, Hao S, Zhang X. MicroRNA‑766 inhibits papillary thyroid cancer progression by directly targeting insulin receptor substrate 2 and regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:315-325. [PMID: 30387841 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are widely dysregulated in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Dysregulated miRNAs, together with their target genes, comprise a complex network that has been implicated in the regulation of PTC pathogenesis. Further knowledge of the functional roles of aberrantly expressed miRNAs in PTC, and the underlying molecular mechanisms, may assist in the identification of novel therapeutic targets. miR‑766 has been well studied in human cancer; however, the expression status, specific roles and regulatory mechanisms of miR‑766 in PTC remain unclear. The present study aimed to detect miR‑766 expression in PTC tissues and cell lines, to explore the biological roles of miR‑766 in the malignant biological behaviors of PTC cells, and to determine the underlying mechanism of action of miR‑766 in PTC cells. The results revealed that miR‑766 was downregulated in PTC tissues and cell lines, and its downregulation was strongly associated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. Overexpression of miR‑766 inhibited PTC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion, promoted cell apoptosis and reduced tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) was identified as a direct target of miR‑766 in PTC cells. IRS2 was upregulated in PTC tissues, and this was inversely correlated with miR‑766 expression. Inhibition of IRS2 simulated the tumor suppressor activity of miR‑766 in PTC cells. Restoration of IRS2 expression negated the tumor‑suppressing effects of miR‑766 overexpression on PTC cells. Notably, miR‑766 directly targeted IRS2 to inhibit activation of the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway in PTC cells in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these findings indicated that miR‑766 may inhibit the malignant biological behaviors of PTC cells by directly targeting IRS2 and regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway, thus suggesting that this miRNA may be a promising therapeutic target for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjie Zhao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Zhirong Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Lingji Guo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Wuguo Tian
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Hao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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Fang L, Kong D, Xu W. MicroRNA-625-3p promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of thyroid cancer cells by up-regulating astrocyte elevated gene 1. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:203-211. [PMID: 29558717 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy in human endocrine system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of microRNA-625-3p (miR-625-3p) on thyroid cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis, as well as underlying potential mechanism. METHODS The relative expressions of miR-625-3p in tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues of 20 patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) were assessed using qRT-PCR. Cell transfection was used to up-regulate or down-regulate the expressions of miR-625-3p in thyroid cancer SW579 and TPC-1 cells. Effects of miR-625-3p overexpression or suppression on SW579 and TPC-1 cell viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis were detected respectively. The regulatory effect of miR-625-3p on astrocyte elevated gene 1 (AEG-1) expression was also analyzed. Then, the roles of AEG-1 in SW579 and TPC-1 cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis, as well as Wnt/β-catenin and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways activation, were evaluated. RESULTS miR-625-3p had high expressions in tumor tissues, compared to adjacent normal tissues. Overexpression of miR-625-3p significantly promoted SW579 and TPC-1 cell proliferation, migration and invasion but had no influence on cell apoptosis. Knockdown of miR-625-3p had opposite effects, but induced cell apoptosis. AEG-1 was up-regulated by miR-625-3p overexpression and participated in the effects of miR-625-3p on SW-579 and TPC-1 cells. In addition, overexpression of AEG-1 induced the activation of Wnt/β-catenin and JNK pathways in SW579 and TPC-1 cells. CONCLUSION miR-625-3p promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of thyroid cancer cells by enhancing the expression of AEG-1 and activating downstream Wnt/β-catenin and JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining, 272011, Shandong, China
| | - Dedi Kong
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining, 272011, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining, 272011, Shandong, China.
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10
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Shen HY, Li LZ, Xue KC, Hu DD, Gao YJ. Antitumor activity of fucoidan in anaplastic thyroid cancer via apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2620-2624. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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11
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Ma W, Zhao P, Zang L, Zhang K, Liao H, Hu Z. Tumour suppressive function of HUWE1 in thyroid cancer. J Biosci 2017; 41:395-405. [PMID: 27581931 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-016-9623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
HUWE1 (the HECT, UBA, and WWE domain-containing protein 1) is an ubiquitin E3 ligase which plays an important role in coordinating diverse cellular processes. It has been found to be dysregulated in various cancer type and its functions in tumorigenesis remain controversial. The potential tumour suppressive role of HUWE1 in thyroid cancer development was investigated by knocking down HUWE1 in three authentic thyroid cancer cell lines, WRO, FTC133 and BCPAP, followed by various functional assays, including cell proliferation, scratch wound healing and invasion assays. Xenograft experiment was performed to examine in vivo tumour suppressive properties of HUWE1. Small-interfering RNA mediated knockdown of HUWE1 promoted cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion in thyroid cancer cells. Overexpression of HUWE1 conferred partial sensitivity to chemo drugs interfering with DNA replication in these cells. Moreover, HUWE1 was found to be down-regulated in human thyroid cancer tissues compared with matched normal thyroid tissues. In addition, overexpression of HUWE1 significantly inhibited tumour growth in vivo using xenograft mouse models. Mechanistic investigation revealed that HUWE1 can regulate p53 protein level through its stabilization. HUWE1 functions as a tumour suppressor in thyroid cancer progression, which may represent a novel therapeutic target for prevention or intervention of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Ma
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000 Hebei Province, China
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12
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Marano F, Argenziano M, Frairia R, Adamini A, Bosco O, Rinella L, Fortunati N, Cavalli R, Catalano MG. Doxorubicin-Loaded Nanobubbles Combined with Extracorporeal Shock Waves: Basis for a New Drug Delivery Tool in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2016; 26:705-16. [PMID: 26906083 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No standard chemotherapy is available for anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Drug-loaded nanobubbles (NBs) are a promising innovative anticancer drug formulation, and combining them with an externally applied trigger may further control drug release at the target region. Extracorporeal shock waves (ESWs) are acoustic waves widely used in urology and orthopedics, with no side effects. The aim of the present work was to combine ESWs and new doxorubicin-loaded glycol chitosan NBs in order to target doxorubicin and enhance its antitumor effect in ATC cell lines. METHODS CAL-62 and 8305C cells were treated with empty NBs, fluorescent NBs, free doxorubicin, and doxorubicin-loaded NBs in the presence or in the absence of ESWs. NB entrance was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytofluorimetry. Cell viability was assessed by Trypan Blue exclusion and WST-1 proliferation assays. Doxorubicin intracellular content was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Treatment with empty NBs and ESWs, even in combination, was safe, as cell viability and growth were not affected. Loading NBs with doxorubicin and combining them with ESWs generated the highest cytotoxic effect, resulting in drug GI50 reduction of about 40%. Mechanistically, ESWs triggered intracellular drug release from NBs, resulting in the highest nuclear drug content. CONCLUSIONS Combined treatment with doxorubicin-loaded NBs and ESWs is a promising drug delivery tool for ATC treatment with the possibility of using lower doxorubicin doses and thus limiting its systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marano
- 1 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Argenziano
- 2 Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin , Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Frairia
- 1 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin, Italy
| | - Aloe Adamini
- 1 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin, Italy
| | - Ornella Bosco
- 1 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin, Italy
| | - Letizia Rinella
- 1 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin , Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Fortunati
- 3 Oncological Endocrinology, AO Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- 2 Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin , Turin, Italy
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Gallo M, Michelon F, Castiglione A, Felicetti F, Viansone AA, Nervo A, Zichi C, Ciccone G, Piovesan A, Arvat E. Sorafenib treatment of radioiodine-refractory advanced thyroid cancer in daily clinical practice: a cohort study from a single center. Endocrine 2015; 49:726-34. [PMID: 25414068 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for recurrent or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) refractory to radioactive iodine (RAI) are inadequate. Multitargeted kinase inhibitors have recently shown promising results in phase 2-3 studies. This retrospective study aimed to document our clinical experience on the effects of sorafenib in the setting of daily clinical practice. Retrospective study evaluating the efficacy and safety of sorafenib in a cohort of patients consecutively treated with sorafenib at a single center. Twenty patients with advanced RAI-refractory thyroid carcinoma were enrolled (March 2011-March 2014). Patients generally started with 400 mg of sorafenib twice daily, tapering the dose in case of side effects. Radiological response and toxicity were measured during follow-up, together with safety parameters. CT scans were performed by a single experienced radiologist every 3-4 months. Five patients stopped sorafenib within 90 days due to severe toxicities. Median progression-free survival was 248 days. Five patients had a partial response (PR), achieved in all cases within 3 months, whereas 5 had stable disease (SD) at 12 months. Durable response rate (PR plus SD) for at least 6 months was 50 %, among those who received sorafenib for at least 3 months. Commonest adverse events included skin toxicity, gastrointestinal and constitutional symptoms. In our cohort of patients with advanced RAI-refractory thyroid carcinoma, sorafenib confirmed antitumor activity leading to SD or PR in the majority of cases, at the expense of clinically relevant side effects. More effective and tolerable agents are still needed in the treatment of RAI-refractory DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gallo
- Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy,
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Morani F, Titone R, Pagano L, Galetto A, Alabiso O, Aimaretti G, Isidoro C. Autophagy and thyroid carcinogenesis: genetic and epigenetic links. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R13-29. [PMID: 24163390 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common cancer of the endocrine system and is responsible for the majority of deaths from endocrine malignancies. Although a large proportion of thyroid cancers belong to well differentiated histologic subtypes, which in general show a good prognosis after surgery and radioiodine ablation, the treatment of radio-resistant papillary-type, of undifferentiated anaplastic, and of medullary-type thyroid cancers remains unsatisfactory. Autophagy is a vesicular process for the lysosomal degradation of protein aggregates and of damaged or redundant organelles. Autophagy plays an important role in cell homeostasis, and there is evidence that this process is dysregulated in cancer cells. Recent in vitro preclinical studies have indicated that autophagy is involved in the cytotoxic response to chemotherapeutics in thyroid cancer cells. Indeed, several oncogenes and oncosuppressor genes implicated in thyroid carcinogenesis also play a role in the regulation of autophagy. In addition, some epigenetic modulators involved in thyroid carcinogenesis also influence autophagy. In this review, we highlight the genetic and epigenetic factors that mechanistically link thyroid carcinogenesis and autophagy, thus substantiating the rationale for an autophagy-targeted therapy of aggressive and radio-chemo-resistant thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Morani
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health SciencesUnit of Clinical Endocrinology Unit of Oncology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
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15
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Dom G, Galdo VC, Tarabichi M, Tomás G, Hébrant A, Andry G, De Martelar V, Libert F, Leteurtre E, Dumont JE, Maenhaut C, van Staveren WCG. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine has minor effects on differentiation in human thyroid cancer cell lines, but modulates genes that are involved in adaptation in vitro. Thyroid 2013; 23:317-28. [PMID: 23167291 PMCID: PMC3593687 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In thyroid cancer, the lack of response to specific treatment, for example, radioactive iodine, can be caused by a loss of differentiation characteristics of tumor cells. It is hypothesized that this loss is due to epigenetic modifications. Therefore, drugs releasing epigenetic repression have been proposed to reverse this silencing. METHODS We investigated which genes were reinduced in dedifferentiated human thyroid cancer cell lines when treated with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AzadC) and the histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and microarrays. These results were compared to the expression patterns in in vitro human differentiated thyrocytes and in in vivo dedifferentiated thyroid cancers. In addition, the effects of 5-AzadC on DNA quantities and cell viability were investigated. RESULTS Among the canonical thyroid differentiation markers, most were not, or only to a minor extent, re-expressed by 5-AzadC, whether or not combined with TSA or forskolin, an inducer of differentiation in normal thyrocytes. Furthermore, 5-AzadC-modulated overall mRNA expression profiles showed only few commonly regulated genes compared to differentiated cultured primary thyrocytes. In addition, most of the commonly strongly 5-AzadC-induced genes in cell lines were either not regulated or upregulated in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Further analysis of which genes were induced by 5-AzadC showed that they were involved in pathways such as apoptosis, antigen presentation, defense response, and cell migration. A number of these genes had similar expression responses in 5-AzadC-treated nonthyroid cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 5-AzadC is not a strong inducer of differentiation in thyroid cancer cell lines. Under the studied conditions and with the model used, 5-AzadC treatment does not appear to be a potential redifferentiation treatment for dedifferentiated thyroid cancer. However, this may reflect primarily the inadequacy of the model rather than that of the treatment. Moreover, the observation that 5-AzadC negatively affected cell viability in cell lines could still suggest a therapeutic opportunity. Some of the genes that were modulated by 5-AzadC were also induced in nonthyroid cancer cell lines, which might be explained by an epigenetic modification resulting in the adaptation of the cell lines to their culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Dom
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Pula B, Domoslawski P, Podhorska-Okolow M, Dziegiel P. Role of metallothioneins in benign and malignant thyroid lesions. Thyroid Res 2012; 5:26. [PMID: 23273222 PMCID: PMC3544669 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6614-5-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings in the past two decades have brought many insights into the biology of thyroid benign and malignant lesions, in particular the papillary and follicular thyroid cancers. Although, much progress have been made, thyroid cancers still pose diagnostic problems regarding differentiation of follicular lesions in relation to their aggressiveness and the treatment of advanced and undifferentiated thyroid cancers. Metallothioneins (MTs) were shown to induce cancer cells proliferation, mediate resistance to apoptosis, certain chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy. Therefore, MTs may be of utility in diagnosis and management of patients with benign and malignant lesions of the thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Pula
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
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17
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Park BH, Jung KH, Son MK, Seo JH, Lee HS, Lee JH, Hong SS. Antitumor activity of Pulsatilla koreana extract in anaplastic thyroid cancer via apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:26-30. [PMID: 23135100 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants or herb extracts have emerged as a novel approach to controling various diseases, including cancers. Among them, Pulsatilla koreana extract (PKE) has been widely used as an anti-inflammatory agent and for treating dysentery in traditional Korean and Chinese medicine. However, the effect of PKE as a cancer drug candidate has been less reported. Thus, we investigated the effect of PKE on cell growth and its mechanism in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cells. In this study, PKE suppressed the growth of ATC cells in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, PKE induced apoptosis by increasing expression of cleaved PARP and caspase-3 in ATC cells. The apoptotic effect of PKE was confirmed by diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, showing apoptotic body and DNA fragmentation. In addition, PKE decreased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF‑1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as inhibiting tube formation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, in vivo studies showed that PKE significantly inhibited tumor growth and weight in a mouse xenograft model. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that PKE induced apoptosis, as well as inhibiting cell growth and angiogenesis in ATC cells. We suggest that PKE is a potent anticancer drug candidate for the treatment of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hee Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
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Wein RO. Why is there such a poor prognosis associated with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma? Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2012; 7:483-485. [PMID: 30780889 DOI: 10.1586/eem.12.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard O Wein
- a Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery,Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Box 850, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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19
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Catalano MG, Fortunati N, Boccuzzi G. Epigenetics modifications and therapeutic prospects in human thyroid cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:40. [PMID: 22649419 PMCID: PMC3355953 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
At present no successful treatment is available for advanced thyroid cancer, which comprises poorly differentiated, anaplastic, and metastatic or recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer not responding to radioiodine. In the last few years, biologically targeted therapies for advanced thyroid carcinomas have been proposed on the basis of the recognition of key oncogenic mutations. Although the results of several phase II trials look promising, none of the patients treated had a complete response, and only a minority of them had a partial response, suggesting that the treatment is, at best, effective in stabilizing patients with progressive disease. "Epigenetic" refers to the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur without any alteration in the primary DNA sequence. The epigenetic processes establish and maintain the global and local chromatin states that determine gene expression. Epigenetic abnormalities are present in almost all cancers and, together with genetic changes, drive tumor progression. Various genes involved in the control of cell proliferation and invasion (p16INK4A, RASSF1A, PTEN, Rap1GAP, TIMP3, DAPK, RARβ2, E-cadherin, and CITED1) as well as genes specific of thyroid differentiation (Na+/I- symport, TSH receptor, pendrin, SL5A8, and TTF-1) present aberrant methylation in thyroid cancer. This review deals with the most frequent epigenetic alterations in thyroid cancer and focuses on epigenetic therapy, whose goal is to target the chromatin in rapidly dividing tumor cells and potentially restore normal cell functions. Experimental data and clinical trials, especially using deacetylase inhibitors and demethylating agents, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giuseppe Boccuzzi
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of TurinTorino, Italy
- Oncological Endocrinology, AUO San Giovanni BattistaTorino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Boccuzzi, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Clinica, University of Turin, Via Genova 3, 10126 Torino, Italy. e-mail:
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Saiselet M, Floor S, Tarabichi M, Dom G, Hébrant A, van Staveren WCG, Maenhaut C. Thyroid cancer cell lines: an overview. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:133. [PMID: 23162534 PMCID: PMC3499787 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human thyroid cancer cell lines are the most used models for thyroid cancer studies. They must be used with detailed knowledge of their characteristics. These in vitro cell lines originate from differentiated and dedifferentiated in vivo human thyroid tumors. However, it has been shown that mRNA expression profiles of these cell lines were closer to dedifferentiated in vivo thyroid tumors (anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, ATC) than to differentiated ones. Here an overview of the knowledge of these models was made. The mutational status of six human thyroid cancer cell lines (WRO, FTC133, BCPAP, TPC1, K1, and 8505C) was in line with previously reported findings for 10 genes frequently mutated in thyroid cancer. However, the presence of a BRAF mutation (T1799A: V600E) in WRO questions the use of this cell line as a model for follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). Next, to investigate the biological meaning of the modulated mRNAs in these cells, a pathway analysis on previously obtained mRNA profiles was performed on five cell lines. In five cell lines, the MHC class II pathway was down-regulated and in four of them, ribosome biosynthesis and translation pathways were up-regulated. mRNA expression profiles of the cell lines were also compared to those of the different types of thyroid cancers. Three datasets originating from different microarray platforms and derived from distinct laboratories were used. This meta-analysis showed a significant higher correlation between the profiles of the thyroid cancer cell lines and ATC, than to differentiated thyroid tumors (i.e., PTC or FTC) specifically for DNA replication. This already observed higher correlation was obtained here with an increased number of in vivo tumors and using different platforms. In summary, this would suggest that some papillary thyroid carcinoma or follicular thyroid carcinoma (PTC or FTC) cell lines (i.e., TPC-1) might have partially lost their original DNA synthesis/replication regulation mechanisms during their in vitro cell adaptation/evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Saiselet
- School of Medicine, IRIBHM, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Manuel Saiselet, IRIBHM, Faculté de Médecine CP602, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme Bat. C, 4-177A, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium. e-mail:
| | - Sébastien Floor
- School of Medicine, IRIBHM, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
| | - Maxime Tarabichi
- School of Medicine, IRIBHM, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
| | - Geneviève Dom
- School of Medicine, IRIBHM, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
| | - Aline Hébrant
- School of Medicine, IRIBHM, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
| | | | - Carine Maenhaut
- School of Medicine, IRIBHM, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
- Welbio - Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the recent published literature on the topic of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and discern if significant advances have occurred that alter the historically poor prognosis associated with this diagnosis. RECENT FINDINGS Surgical resection for patients with stage IVA disease (intra-thyroidal without extracapsular extension) with postoperative chemoradiation remains the standard recommendation. Care for patients with stage IVB disease, extrathyroidal spread without distant metastases, remains varied and controversial. Research into different molecular therapies (deacetylase inhibitors, tubulin binding compounds, etc.) and the pathogenesis of anaplastic carcinoma continues to evolve. Care for patients with metastatic disease, stage IVC, is focused on quality of life. SUMMARY Although occasional reports exist of long-term survivors with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, the prognosis remains poor. Accurate staging is critical to offering the most appropriate treatment. Multimodality treatment is required if prolonged locoregional control or survival is desired.
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Ge W, Shi L, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Ma GE, Jiang Y, Xu Y, Zhang X, Feng H. Inhibition of osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stromal cells by retinoblastoma binding protein 2 repression of RUNX2-activated transcription. Stem Cells 2011; 29:1112-25. [PMID: 21604327 DOI: 10.1002/stem.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Histone methylation is regarded as an important type of histone modification defining the epigenetic program during the lineage differentiation of stem cells. A better understanding of this epigenetic mechanism that governs osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stromal cells (hASCs) can improve bone tissue engineering and provide new insights into the modulation of hASC-based cell therapy. Retinoblastoma binding protein 2 (RBP2) is a histone demethylase that specifically catalyzes demethylation of dimethyl or trimethyl histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me2 or H3K4me3), which is normally associated with transcriptionally active genes. In this study, the roles of RBP2 in osteogenic differentiation of hASCs were investigated. We found that RBP2 knockdown by lentiviruses expressing small interfering RNA promoted osteogenic differentiation of hASCs in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we demonstrated that knockdown of RBP2 resulted in marked increases of mRNA expression of osteogenesis-associated genes such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), and osterix (OSX). RBP2 was shown to occupy the promoters of OSX and OC to maintain the level of the H3K4me3 mark by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter experiments suggested that RBP2 was physically and functionally associated with RUNX2, an essential transcription factor that governed osteoblastic differentiation. Significantly, RUNX2 knockdown impaired the repressive activity of RBP2 in osteogenic differentiation of hASCs. Altogether, our study is the first to demonstrate the functional and biological roles of H3K4 demethylase RBP2 in osteogenic differentiation of hASCs and to link RBP2 to the transcriptional regulation of RUNX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Ge
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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23
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Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, with dismal prognosis, resistance to multimodal treatments and a median survival of only 5-6 months. Advances in the discovery of genetic pathway aberrations involved in this aggressive disease have been made, and multiple novel therapies targeting these pathways are undergoing clinical trials. So far, there is no single effective treatment for this disease; however, multimodal therapies with a combination of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy hold some promise. We conducted a PubMed search using the words thyroid neoplasm, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid neoplasm, revealing 1673 publications. We review the pathophysiology, current treatments and advances made in identifying the alterations in genetic pathways, as well as novel therapies targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejigayehu G Abate
- a Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Robert C Smallridge
- a Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 19:138-41. [PMID: 21637039 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e328345326d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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London C, Mathie T, Stingle N, Clifford C, Haney S, Klein MK, Beaver L, Vickery K, Vail DM, Hershey B, Ettinger S, Vaughan A, Alvarez F, Hillman L, Kiselow M, Thamm D, Higginbotham ML, Gauthier M, Krick E, Phillips B, Ladue T, Jones P, Bryan J, Gill V, Novasad A, Fulton L, Carreras J, McNeill C, Henry C, Gillings S. Preliminary evidence for biologic activity of toceranib phosphate (Palladia(®)) in solid tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 10:194-205. [PMID: 22236194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide an initial assessment of the potential biologic activity of toceranib phosphate (Palladia®, Pfizer Animal Health, Madison, NJ, USA) in select solid tumours in dogs. Cases in which toceranib was used to treat dogs with apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA), metastatic osteosarcoma (OSA), thyroid carcinoma, head and neck carcinoma and nasal carcinoma were included. Clinical benefit (CB) was observed in 63/85 (74%) dogs including 28/32 AGASACA [8 partial response (PR), 20 stable disease (SD)], 11/23 OSAs (1 PR and 10 SD), 12/15 thyroid carcinomas (4 PR and 8 SD), 7/8 head and neck carcinomas [1 complete response (CR), 5 PR and 1 SD] and 5/7 (1 CR and 4 SD) nasal carcinomas. For dogs experiencing CB, the median dose of toceranib was 2.8 mg kg(-1) , 36/63 (58.7%) were dosed on a Monday/Wednesday/Friday basis and 47/63 (74.6%) were treated 4 months or longer. Although these data provide preliminary evidence that toceranib exhibits CB in dogs with certain solid tumours, future prospective studies are necessary to define its true activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C London
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2011; 23:303-10. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e328346cbfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kojic SL, Strugnell SS, Wiseman SM. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review of novel therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:387-402. [DOI: 10.1586/era.10.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Lymphocyte subpopulation and dendritic cell phenotyping during antineoplastic therapy in human solid tumors. Clin Exp Med 2010; 11:199-210. [PMID: 21161672 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-010-0120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cancer show variable levels of immunosuppression at the time of the presentation, and cytotoxic antineoplastic therapy is the primary contributor to the clinical immunodeficiency often observed during the course of the disease. In both hematological and solid tumors, this phenomenon is primarily related to the T-cell depletion associated with inhibition of dendritic cell ability to induce both primary and secondary T- and B-cell responses. Complete restoration of immunocompetence following antineoplastic therapy implicates the progressive recovery of various cell subpopulations, and it is a complex process that also depends on the type, the dose, the scheduling, and the associations of the employed drugs. In the era of target therapies, several antiangiogenic drugs are increasingly used in combination with standard chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced solid tumors. Their clinical efficacy has been recently related not only to the specific antiangiogenic properties but also to an indirect hypothetical effect on the host immune system. In the present work, we have reviewed the most recent information regarding (1) the capacity of standard antineoplastic therapy to induce and maintain an immunodeficiency in patients with solid tumors and (2) the influence of the antiangiogenic treatment in association with standard chemotherapy on lymphocyte and dendritic cell subsets and the possible resulting additional antitumor mechanism.
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