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Paloluoğlu C, Bayraktar H. Determination of the gas/particle phase concentrations of PCBs in urban and rural atmosphere in Erzurum, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:779. [PMID: 36097084 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Active sampling was conducted for the first time in Erzurum, Turkey, between August 2012 and January 2013, in order to investigate the presence of 82 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners. Urban and rural ambient air samples, including gas and particle phase atmospheric concentrations (GAPPACs) of PCBs, were collected simultaneously using high volume air sampler (HVAS) at two different sampling points of Erzurum. GAPPACs of PCB samples taken using HVAS in Palandöken Mountain Region (2565 m) and Ataturk University Campus (1870 m) were analyzed in GC-MS following appropriate extraction steps. Throughout the sampling period, total ambient air concentrations (gas phase + particulate phase) were 10 ± 6 and 27 ± 13 pg/m3 (mean) for Palandöken Mountain Region (PMR) and Atatürk University Campus (AUC), respectively. Low molecular weighted PCBs were found to be dominant in both rural an urban sampling sites. Meteorological parameters especially temperature (from Clausius-Clapeyron equation), wind direction, wind velocity, and precipitation were found to be effective on PCB concentration and distribution. The gas-particle distributions of PCBs in the summer and winter period were found to be 82% (gas phase) and 18% (particle phase) in the PMR and 90% (gas phase) and 10% (particle phase) in AUC, through Junge-Pankow adsorption model. In the light of these findings, total PCB concentrations detected in urban atmosphere (due to possible PCB sources) were observed to be higher than those determined in rural area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Paloluoğlu
- Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental, Faculty of Art and Design, Bayburt University, 69000, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Hanefi Bayraktar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erzurum Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
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2
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Balasubramani A, Rifai HS. Efficacy of carbon-based materials for remediating polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:398-405. [PMID: 29981989 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent hydrophobic compounds that are present widely in the environment. Due to poorly maintained hazardous waste sites, electrical equipment leakage, and illegal disposal, PCBs were deposited in sediments present in bays and estuaries. PCBs continuously partition into the overlying water posing a long-term exposure risk to the environment and human health. This study demonstrates the efficacy of carbon-based materials in reducing the partitioning of PCBs from sediment to the water column. Both existing carbon-based materials [activated carbon (AC), black carbon (BC)] and emerging nanomaterials [graphene (GE), graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotube (CNT)] were tested to determine their efficacy to bind PCBs in sediment. The comparison between the sorbents was accomplished by examining their distribution coefficient (Ks). The magnitude of Ks provides an idea about the bioavailable fraction of PCBs in the system; the higher the Ks, the greater the strength of sorption by the sorbent and therefore, the lower the PCB bioavailability. Results from the sorption experiment indicated that CNT performed the best overall followed by AC, BC, GO and GE. Results indicated that the Ks value for CNT was 1.16, 1.15, 1.13 and 1.04 log units greater than GE, GO, BC, and AC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanadi S Rifai
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, W455, Engineering Building 2, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA.
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3
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Morabito E, Radaelli M, Corami F, Turetta C, Toscano G, Capodaglio G. Temporal evolution of cadmium, copper and lead concentration in the Venice Lagoon water in relation with the speciation and dissolved/particulate partition. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 129:884-892. [PMID: 29106942 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the role of sediment re-suspension and deposition versus the role of organic complexation, we investigated the speciation of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in samples collected in the Venice Lagoon during several campaigns from 1992 to 2006. The increment in Cd and Pb concentration in the dissolved phases, observed in the central and northern basins, can be linked to important alterations inside the lagoon caused by industrial and urban factors. The study focuses on metal partition between dissolved and particulate phases. The analyses carried out in different sites illustrate the complex role of organic matter in the sedimentation process. While Cd concentration in sediments can be correlated with organic matter, no such correlation can be established in the case of Pb, whose particulate concentration is related only to the dissolved concentration. In the case of Cu, the role of organic complexation remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Morabito
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Marta Radaelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Mestre-Venezia, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Corami
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes National Research Council of Italy, IDPA-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre-Venezia, VE, Italy
| | - Clara Turetta
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes National Research Council of Italy, IDPA-CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre-Venezia, VE, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Toscano
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Capodaglio
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
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4
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Katsoyiannis A, Cincinelli A. On persistent organic pollutants in Italy - From Seveso to the Stockholm Convention and beyond. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:514-516. [PMID: 27894800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) - FRAM High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14, NO - 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Italian National Research Council (IDPA-CNR), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy.
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5
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Wu CC, Yao Y, Bao LJ, Wu FC, Wong CS, Tao S, Zeng EY. Fugacity gradients of hydrophobic organics across the air-water interface measured with a novel passive sampler. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1108-1115. [PMID: 27596302 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass transfer of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) across the air-water interface is an important geochemical process controlling the fate and transport of HOCs at the regional and global scales. However, few studies have characterized concentration or fugacity profiles of HOCs near both sides of the air-water interface, which is the driving force for the inter-compartmental mass transfer of HOCs. Herein, we introduce a novel passive sampling device which is capable of measuring concentration (and therefore fugacity) gradients of HOCs across the air-water interface. Laboratory studies indicated that the escaping fugacity values of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from water to air were negatively correlated to their volatilization half-lives. Results for field deployment were consistent between the passive sampler and an active method, i.e., a combination of grab sampling and liquid-liquid extraction. In general, the fugacity profiles of detected PAHs were indicative of an accumulation mechanism in the surface microlayer of the study regions (Haizhu Lake and Hailing Bay of Guangdong Province, China), while p,p'-DDD tended to volatilize from water to the atmosphere in Hailing Bay. Furthermore, the fugacity profiles of the target analytes increased towards the air-water interface, reflecting the complexity of environmental behavior of the target analytes near the air-water interface. Overall, the passive sampling device provides a novel means to better characterize the air-water diffusive transfer of HOCs, facilitating the understanding of the global cycling of HOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Feng-Chang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Charles S Wong
- Richardson College for the Environment, Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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6
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Hafeez S, Mahmood A, Syed JH, Li J, Ali U, Malik RN, Zhang G. Waste dumping sites as a potential source of POPs and associated health risks in perspective of current waste management practices in Lahore city, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:953-961. [PMID: 27153484 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechloran plus (DP) were analyzed in air, dust, soil and water samples from waste dump site, Lahore, Pakistan. It was revealed that PCB levels were detected higher in all matrices than PBDEs and DPs. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed higher usage of BDE-47, -99 and di-CBs, tri-CBs, tetra-CBs and penta-CBs. Health risk assessment of PCBs and PBDEs from soil and dust indicated low to moderate risk to the local population via different exposure pathways. It is recommended to improve current waste management practices in order to avoid emissions of contaminants and open dumping grounds should be modified into sanitary landfill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Hafeez
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad PO: 45550, Pakistan; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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7
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Mahmood A, Syed JH, Malik RN, Zheng Q, Cheng Z, Li J, Zhang G. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in air, soil, and cereal crops along the two tributaries of River Chenab, Pakistan: concentrations, distribution, and screening level risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 481:596-604. [PMID: 24631623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the first systematic data on PCB levels and their risk assessments by consumption of cereal food crops from Pakistan. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) including dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) were analyzed in wheat (n=28), rice (n=28), air (n=6), and soil (n=28) samples to assess the levels, spatial distribution pattern, and their risk assessments along with the two tributaries of River Chenab, Pakistan. ∑33PCB concentrations ranged between 0.15-2.22 ng g(-1)dW, 0.05-9.21 ng g(-1)dW, 0.70-30.5 ng g(-1)dW and 41-299 pg m(-3) in the wheat, rice, soil, and air samples, respectively. In the current study, comparatively lower dioxin toxicity equivalency (TEQ) values were calculated from the previously reported data. Hazardous ratio (HR) for human health risk assessment allied to non-cancer was found lower than integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Mahmood
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Qian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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8
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Gregoris E, Argiriadis E, Vecchiato M, Zambon S, De Pieri S, Donateo A, Contini D, Piazza R, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Gas-particle distributions, sources and health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in Venice aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 476-477:393-405. [PMID: 24486495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected in Venice during summer 2009 and 2012 to measure gas and particulate concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). PCB-11, considered a marker for non-Aroclor contamination of the environment, was found for the first time in the Venetian lagoon and in Europe. An investigation on sources has been conducted, evidencing traffic as the major source of PAHs, whereas PCBs have a similar composition to Aroclor 1248 and 1254; in 2009 a release of PCN-42 has been hypothesized. Toxicological evaluation by TCA and TEQ methods, conducted for the first time in Venice air samples, identified BaP, PCB-126 and PCB-169 as the most important contributors to the total carcinogenic activity of PAHs and the total dioxin-like activity of PCBs and PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gregoris
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Italian National Research Council (IDPA-CNR), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy.
| | - Elena Argiriadis
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy.
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Italian National Research Council (IDPA-CNR), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy; Department of Environment, Earth and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, Strada Laterina 8, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Stefano Zambon
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Italian National Research Council (IDPA-CNR), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy.
| | - Silvia De Pieri
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy.
| | - Antonio Donateo
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Italian National Research Council (ISAC-CNR), Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni km 1,2, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Italian National Research Council (ISAC-CNR), Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni km 1,2, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Italian National Research Council (IDPA-CNR), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy.
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Italian National Research Council (IDPA-CNR), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Italian National Research Council (IDPA-CNR), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy.
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9
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De Pieri S, Arruti A, Huremovic J, Sulejmanovic J, Selovic A, Ðorđević D, Fernández-Olmo I, Gambaro A. PAHs in the urban air of Sarajevo: levels, sources, day/night variation, and human inhalation risk. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:1409-1419. [PMID: 24249248 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic pollutants derived from pyrolysis and pyrosynthesis processes. Industrial activity, motor vehicle emission, and domestic combustion are the main sources of PAHs in the urban atmosphere. In this work, samples collected during the day and night in the urban area of Sarajevo are analyzed separately for gaseous and particle-bound PAHs; the possible origin of PAHs at the receptor site was suggested using different methods applied to the solid phase and to the total PAHs (gaseous + particulate phase). Finally, the risk level in Sarajevo associated to the carcinogenic character of the studied PAHs has been assessed. The result of this study suggests that (a) the total PAH concentrations were higher than those reported in other European cities; (b) the PAH daytime concentrations are higher than nocturnal concentrations: the sum of the PAH day/night ratios is 1.52 (gas) and 1.45 (particle phase); (c) stationary combustion and traffic were suggested to be the main sources of PAHs; (d) the average particle-bound benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) concentration (5.4 ng/m(3)) is higher than EU target annual value (1 ng/m(3)); and (e) PAH cancer risk exceeds the carcinogenic benchmark level recommended by the EPA mainly due to BaP during both the day and night periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Pieri
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30123, Venice, Italy
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10
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Syed JH, Malik RN, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC. Levels, distribution and air-soil exchange fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment of Punjab Province, Pakistan. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 97:189-195. [PMID: 23928027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An initial survey of the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds in air and soils across industrial and agricultural areas of Punjab Province, Pakistan, was conducted from January to March 2011. The total concentration of all PCBs (<Sigma>31 PCBs) ranged from 34 to 389pgm(-3) in air and from 7 to 45ngg(-1) dry weight in soils, where both ranges were similar to the average ranges in other areas of the world. PCBs were elevated across industrial regions near urban and industrial sources. Consistently low air concentrations of PCBs at the agricultural sites suggest that they are less widespread or uniformly distributed in the Pakistani atmosphere. The calculated air and soil fugacity fraction values indicated that soils are a potential secondary source of PCBs in agricultural areas, whereas they are in equilibrium or atmospheric deposition in industrial and urban areas. TEQ concentrations of dioxin-like PCBs for soil samples met the Canadian standard. However, local authorities should address the human health threats from urban and industrial soils in Punjab Province, Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabir Hussain Syed
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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11
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Mishchuk NA, Goncharuk VV. Generation and dynamics of aerosols over water surface. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2011. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x11020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Howell NL, Rifai HS, Koenig L. Comparative distribution, sourcing, and chemical behavior of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in an estuary environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:873-81. [PMID: 21440284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PCDD/F and PCB field data (1041 samples) in five media (dissolved, suspended sediment, bed sediment, catfish, and blue crab) were studied to explore dual contaminant patterns in the Houston Ship Channel, Texas, USA. PCDD/Fs showed greater concentration than PCBs in suspended sediments while PCBs were higher in apparent dissolved (truly dissolved+DOC-associated), fish, and crab. PCDD/Fs at nearly all locations contributed more strongly to dioxin-like toxicity. The fraction of PCB TEQ was, however, enriched in biotic over abiotic media due in large part to the presence of PCB 126, which was mostly undetected in water and sediment and yet exhibited a BAF three times greater than 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Dissolved-suspended sediment and suspended-bed sediment relationships showed that (1) observed apparent dissolved concentration differences (as fraction of total water were mean 10% PCDD/Fs and 63% PCBs) can reasonably be explained by a four-phase partition model (truly dissolved, DOC-associated, suspended OC, and suspended BC) for PCBs but not for PCDD/Fs and (2) the contaminants behaved similarly in bed to suspended sediment concentration ratios (C(bed)/C(susp)) upstream of a major confluence but not downstream. PCA-cluster analysis pointed to the possibility that suspended sediment PCB contamination originates from resuspended bed sediment while PCDD/Fs in suspended sediment originates more probably from other sediment sources such as upstream wash load or air deposition. Finally, examinations of a congener marker ratio (PCB 209/206) seemed to indicate that a source of pure PCB 209 may exist in bed sediment near Patrick Bayou though the source was not completely localized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Howell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun, Eng Bldg 1, Room N107, Houston, TX, USA.
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13
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Sommerfreund JK, Gandhi N, Diamond ML, Mugnai C, Frignani M, Capodaglio G, Gerino M, Bellucci LG, Giuliani S. Contaminant fate and transport in the Venice Lagoon: results from a multi-segment multimedia model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:222-230. [PMID: 20036006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Contaminant loadings to the Venice Lagoon peaked from 1950s-1980s and although they have since declined, contaminant concentrations remain elevated in sediment and seafood. In order to identify the relative importance of contaminant sources, inter-media exchange and removal pathways, a modified 10-segment fugacity/aquivalence-based model was developed for octachlorodibenzodioxin/furan (OCDD/F), PCB-180, Pb and Cu in the Venice Lagoon. Results showed that in-place pollution nearby the industrial area, current industrial discharges, and tributary loadings were the main sources of contaminants to the lagoon, with negligible contributions from the atmosphere. The fate of these contaminants was governed by sediment-water exchange with simultaneous advective transport by water circulation. Contaminants circulated amongst the northern and central basins with a small fraction reaching the far southern basin and the Chioggia inlet. As a consequence, we estimated limited contaminant transfer to the Adriatic Sea, trapping the majority of contaminants in the sediment in this "average" circulation scenario which does not account for periodic flooding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Sommerfreund
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Piazza R, El Moumni B, Bellucci LG, Frignani M, Vecchiato M, Giuliani S, Romano S, Zangrando R, Gambaro A. Polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of selected coastal environments in northern Morocco. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2009; 58:431-438. [PMID: 19111328 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rossano Piazza
- Dipartimento Scienze Ambientali, Università Cà Foscari, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venezia, Italy.
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Gambaro A, Radaelli M, Piazza R, Stortini AM, Contini D, Belosi F, Zangrando R, Cescon P. Organic micropollutants in wet and dry depositions in the Venice Lagoon. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:1017-1022. [PMID: 19524283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric transport is an important route by which pollutants are conveyed from the continents to both coastal and open sea. The role of aerosol deposition in the transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and polybromodiphenyls ethers (PBDEs) to water and soil systems has been evaluated by measuring their concentrations in wet and dry depositions to the Venice Lagoon. The organic micropollutant flux data indicate that they contribute to the total deposition flux in different ways through wet and dry deposition, showing that the prevalent contribution derives from wet deposition. The fluxes calculated for PBDEs, showed the prevalence of 47, 99, 100 and 183 congeners, both in dry and wet fluxes. With regard to PCBs, the flux of summation operatorPCB for wet deposition is in the same order of magnitude of the diffusive flux at the air-water interface. The PAH fluxes obtained in the present study are similar to those obtained in previous studies on the atmospheric bulk deposition to the Venice Lagoon. The ratios between Phe/Ant and Fl/Py indicate that the pollutants sources are pyrolytic, deriving from combustion fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gambaro
- University of Venice, Department of Environmental Science, Italy.
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