1
|
Komyakova V, Jaffrés JBD, Strain EMA, Cullen-Knox C, Fudge M, Langhamer O, Bender A, Yaakub SM, Wilson E, Allan BJM, Sella I, Haward M. Conceptualisation of multiple impacts interacting in the marine environment using marine infrastructure as an example. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154748. [PMID: 35337877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The human population is increasingly reliant on the marine environment for food, trade, tourism, transport, communication and other vital ecosystem services. These services require extensive marine infrastructure, all of which have direct or indirect ecological impacts on marine environments. The rise in global marine infrastructure has led to light, noise and chemical pollution, as well as facilitation of biological invasions. As a result, marine systems and associated species are under increased pressure from habitat loss and degradation, formation of ecological traps and increased mortality, all of which can lead to reduced resilience and consequently increased invasive species establishment. Whereas the cumulative bearings of collective human impacts on marine populations have previously been demonstrated, the multiple impacts associated with marine infrastructure have not been well explored. Here, building on ecological literature, we explore the impacts that are associated with marine infrastructure, conceptualising the notion of correlative, interactive and cumulative effects of anthropogenic activities on the marine environment. By reviewing the range of mitigation approaches that are currently available, we consider the role that eco-engineering, marine spatial planning and agent-based modelling plays in complementing the design and placement of marine structures to incorporate the existing connectivity pathways, ecological principles and complexity of the environment. Because the effect of human-induced, rapid environmental change is predicted to increase in response to the growth of the human population, this study demonstrates that the development and implementation of legislative framework, innovative technologies and nature-informed solutions are vital, preventative measures to mitigate the multiple impacts associated with marine infrastructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Komyakova
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7053, Australia.
| | - Jasmine B D Jaffrés
- C&R Consulting, Townsville, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Elisabeth M A Strain
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7053, Australia
| | - Coco Cullen-Knox
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7053, Australia
| | - Maree Fudge
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7053, Australia; College of Business and Economics, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Olivia Langhamer
- Division of Electricity, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Anke Bender
- Division of Electricity, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Siti M Yaakub
- Sustainability & Climate Solutions Department, DHI Water & Environment (S), Singapore
| | - Eloise Wilson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7053, Australia
| | - Bridie J M Allan
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | | | - Marcus Haward
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7053, Australia; Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre, PO Box 897, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Borja A, Elliott M. From an economic crisis to a pandemic crisis: The need for accurate marine monitoring data to take informed management decisions. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2021; 89:79-114. [PMID: 34583816 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is axomatic that a system cannot be managed unless it is measured and that the measurements occur in a rigorous, defendable manner covering relevant spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, it is not possible to predict the future direction of a system unless any predictive approach or model is supported by empirical evidence from monitoring. The marine system is no different from any other system in these regards. This review indicates the nature and topics of marine monitoring, its constraints in times of economic austerity, the sequence of topics subject to monitoring and the amount of monitoring of various topics carried out as indicated by the number of publications and researchers. We discuss the way in which the nature of monitoring is decided and we use examples to comment on the way monitoring leads to and responds to marine management and governance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Borja
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Pasaia, Spain; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Michael Elliott
- Department of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom; International Estuarine & Coastal Specialists (IECS) Ltd, Leven, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
MSFD In-Depth Knowledge of the Marine Environment as the Stepping Stone to Perform Marine Spatial Planning in Greece. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13152084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The multiple anthropogenic activities taking place in the marine environment increase and create a high demand for maritime space. The pressures generated thereof on coastal and marine resources require an integrated planning and management approach. The MSPD (2014/89/EU) forms the legislative framework to regulate maritime activities and ensure a sustainable use of the marine environment. Based on the MSFD (2008/56/EC), the present study provides an overview of the state of the marine environment in Greece and the existing pressures while examining the potential contribution of MSFD knowledge to the MSPD implementation, identifying possible knowledge gaps for the subsequent MSP process phases. It is supported that the MSFD constitutes the best available scientific knowledge about the ecosystem and its dynamics, and provides an open access database which should be optimally used in the MSP process. The MSFD data provided concerning Greece can support the implementation of the MSP process, as the MSFD qualitative descriptors of state and pressures feed MSP sectors with environmental data essential for the MSP application, and weigh the intensity of each descriptor contribution to this interrelationship. Considering MSPD requires the adoption of an ecosystem-based approach, it can only attain its goals based on MSFD input and aspirations.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hosseini H, Saadaoui I, Moheimani N, Al Saidi M, Al Jamali F, Al Jabri H, Hamadou RB. Marine health of the Arabian Gulf: Drivers of pollution and assessment approaches focusing on desalination activities. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:112085. [PMID: 33549923 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Arabian Gulf is one of the most adversely affected marine environments worldwide, which results from combined pollution drivers including climate change, oil and gas activities, and coastal anthropogenic disturbances. Desalination activities are one of the major marine pollution drivers regionally and internationally. Arabian Gulf countries represent a hotspot of desalination activities as they are responsible for nearly 50% of the global desalination capacity. Building desalination plants, up-taking seawater, and discharging untreated brine back into the sea adversely affects the biodiversity of the marine ecosystems. The present review attempted to reveal the potential negative effects of desalination plants on the Gulf's marine environments. We emphasised different conventional and innovative assessment tools used to assess the health of marine environments and evaluate the damage exerted by desalination activity in the Gulf. Finally, we suggested effective management approaches to tackle the issue including the significance of national regulations and regional cooperation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Hosseini
- Algal Technologies Program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Imen Saadaoui
- Algal Technologies Program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Navid Moheimani
- Algae R&D Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Mohammad Al Saidi
- Algal Technologies Program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fahad Al Jamali
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hareb Al Jabri
- Algal Technologies Program, Centre for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Murillas-Maza A, Uyarra MC, Papadopoulou KN, Smith CJ, Gorjanc S, Klancnik K, Paramana T, Chalkiadaki O, Dassenakis M, Pavicic M. Programmes of measures of the marine strategy framework directive: Are they contributing to achieving good environmental status in the Mediterranean? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 161:111715. [PMID: 33022513 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) is the piece of legislation with which the EU aims to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) of its seas. This Directive requires Member States (MSs) to set up and implement Programmes of Measures (PoMs) to achieve this goal. This paper presents a catalogue as well as the analysis of the 535 measures proposed by the eight Mediterranean EU MSs to combat pollution and non-indigenous species and contribute to the GES of the Mediterranean Sea. The results reiterate the need for better coherence and coordination between MSs, also with non-EU countries in the preparation of the next iteration of PoMs. Only 5% of the measures applied have an effect beyond MSs´ marine waters jurisdiction, and a fifth of them lack linkages with any ecosystem component. The results point to gaps, while desired goals and recommendations will help policy makers to implement the and conceptualise measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arantza Murillas-Maza
- AZTI-Tecnalia, Unidad de Investigación Marina, Txatxarramendi Ugartea z/g, 48395 Sukarrieta, Spain.
| | - María C Uyarra
- AZTI-Tecnalia, Unidad de Investigación Marina, Txatxarramendi Ugartea z/g, 48395 Sukarrieta, Spain.
| | - K Nadia Papadopoulou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), PO Box 2214, Heraklion, Crete 71003, Greece.
| | - Chris J Smith
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), PO Box 2214, Heraklion, Crete 71003, Greece.
| | - Saso Gorjanc
- Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia, Einspielerjeva ulica 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Katja Klancnik
- Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia, Einspielerjeva ulica 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Theodora Paramana
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli 15784, Greece.
| | - Olga Chalkiadaki
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli 15784, Greece.
| | - Manos Dassenakis
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli 15784, Greece.
| | - Miso Pavicic
- Institution: Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21 000 Split, Croatia).
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nygård H, van Beest FM, Bergqvist L, Carstensen J, Gustafsson BG, Hasler B, Schumacher J, Schernewski G, Sokolov A, Zandersen M, Fleming V. Decision-Support Tools Used in the Baltic Sea Area: Performance and End-User Preferences. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 66:1024-1038. [PMID: 32910293 PMCID: PMC7686007 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-020-01356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Decision-support tools (DSTs) synthesize complex information to assist environmental managers in the decision-making process. Here, we review DSTs applied in the Baltic Sea area, to investigate how well the ecosystem approach is reflected in them, how different environmental problems are covered, and how well the tools meet the needs of the end users. The DSTs were evaluated based on (i) a set of performance criteria, (ii) information on end user preferences, (iii) how end users had been involved in tool development, and (iv) what experiences developers/hosts had on the use of the tools. We found that DSTs frequently addressed management needs related to eutrophication, biodiversity loss, or contaminant pollution. The majority of the DSTs addressed human activities, their pressures, or environmental status changes, but they seldom provided solutions for a complete ecosystem approach. In general, the DSTs were scientifically documented and transparent, but confidence in the outputs was poorly communicated. End user preferences were, apart from the shortcomings in communicating uncertainty, well accounted for in the DSTs. Although end users were commonly consulted during the DST development phase, they were not usually part of the development team. Answers from developers/hosts indicate that DSTs are not applied to their full potential. Deeper involvement of end users in the development phase could potentially increase the value and impact of DSTs. As a way forward, we propose streamlining the outputs of specific DSTs, so that they can be combined to a holistic insight of the consequences of management actions and serve the ecosystem approach in a better manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Nygård
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Lisa Bergqvist
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bo G Gustafsson
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
| | - Berit Hasler
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Johanna Schumacher
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Gerald Schernewski
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | | | - Marianne Zandersen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Vivi Fleming
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kahlert M, Eilola K, Mack L, Meissner K, Sandin L, Strömberg H, Uusitalo L, Viktorsson L, Liess A. Gaps in current Baltic Sea environmental monitoring - Science versus management perspectives. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111669. [PMID: 33181943 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Legislations and commitments regulate Baltic Sea status assessments and monitoring. These assessments suffer from monitoring gaps that need prioritization. We used three sources of information; scientific articles, project reports and a stakeholder survey to identify gaps in relation to requirements set by the HELCOM's Baltic Sea Action Plan, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the Water Framework Directive. The most frequently mentioned gap was that key requirements are not sufficiently monitored in space and time. Biodiversity monitoring was the category containing most gaps. However, whereas more than half of the gaps in reports related to biodiversity, scientific articles pointed out many gaps in the monitoring of pollution and water quality. An important finding was that the three sources differed notably with respect to which gaps were mentioned most often. Thus, conclusions about gap prioritization for management should be drawn after carefully considering the different viewpoints of scientists and stakeholders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kahlert
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, PO Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kari Eilola
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SE-601 76, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Leoni Mack
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Biology, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Kristian Meissner
- Programme for Environmental Information, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä and Helsinki Offices, Finland
| | - Leonard Sandin
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Helena Strömberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, The Institute of Freshwater Research, Stångholmsvägen 2, 178 93 Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Uusitalo
- Programme for Environmental Information, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä and Helsinki Offices, Finland
| | - Lena Viktorsson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SE-601 76, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Antonia Liess
- Halmstad University, Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gorjanc S, Klančnik K, Murillas-Maza A, Uyarra MC, Papadopoulou NK, Paramana T, Smith C, Chalkiadaki O, Dassenakis M, Peterlin M. Coordination of pollution-related MSFD measures in the Mediterranean - Where we stand now and insights for the future. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 159:111476. [PMID: 32892915 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Various pollutants keep threatening the environmental status of the Mediterranean Sea, while the Marine Strategy Framework Directive requires that Good Environmental Status needs to be achieved in European Seas by 2020. Previous reviews already established that the ambition levels of national Programmes of Measures (PoMs) are low. This study focuses on the analyses of the levels of coherence and coordination of the proposed PoMs in the Mediterranean, concentrating on nutrient, contaminant, and marine litter pollution, as well as the introduction of non-indigenous species. Coherence and pollinator analyses of the proposed measures of Mediterranean EU Member States (MS) were performed. The results demonstrate that while the current coordination between MS is almost non-existent, several measures are already addressing the same pressures in similar ways and could be easily coordinated on transnational level. Increased coordination and coherence of PoMs in the Mediterranean are vital for achieving good environmental status in future years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gorjanc
- Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia, Einspielerjeva ulica 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - K Klančnik
- Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia, Einspielerjeva ulica 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - A Murillas-Maza
- AZTI - Tecnalia, Txatxarramendi ugartea z/g, 48395 Sukarrieta, Spain
| | - M C Uyarra
- AZTI - Tecnalia, Txatxarramendi ugartea z/g, 48395 Sukarrieta, Spain
| | - N K Papadopoulou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 Km Athinon-Souniou Avenue, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Th Paramana
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 6, Christou Lada Str., 10561 Athens, Greece
| | - C Smith
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 Km Athinon-Souniou Avenue, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece
| | - O Chalkiadaki
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 6, Christou Lada Str., 10561 Athens, Greece
| | - M Dassenakis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 6, Christou Lada Str., 10561 Athens, Greece
| | - M Peterlin
- Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia, Einspielerjeva ulica 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The coastal zone is a space where many social, economic, and political activities intersect with natural processes. In this paper, we present an adaptation of the method of ‘Circles of Sustainability’, used to provide a visual assessment of indicators that define sustainability profiles for cities. It is used as a basis for a ‘Circles of Coastal Sustainability’ (CCS) framework that can be used at multiple spatial scales to assess indicators of critical processes that facilitate/constrain sustainability of the world’s coastal zones. The development of such a framework can support management by identifying key features that influence environmental sustainability and human well-being. CCS presents a holistic assessment of four interdependent boundary domains: Environment and Ecology, Social and Cultural, Economics, and Governance and Policy. This approach improves its utility and usability for decision-makers and researchers. CCS adds to existing assessment frameworks that are often focused on particular themes and/or domains that confine their utility to the context of sustainable development and the UN Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, which demand an inherently holistic and integrated evaluation. CCS is a holistic framework designed to assess the boundaries to sustainability for socio-ecological systems at multiple scales for the world’s coasts.
Collapse
|
10
|
Emerald Growth: A New Framework Concept for Managing Ecological Quality and Ecosystem Services of Transitional Waters. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12030894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to propose and elaborate on the concept of Emerald Growth as a new framework concept for managing ecological quality and ecosystem services of transitional waters. The research approach combines the longstanding experience of the authors of this article in the investigation of transitional waters of Europe with an analysis of relevant European Union directives and a comparative case study of two European coastal lagoons. The concept includes and reassesses traditional knowledge of the environment of lagoons and estuaries as an engine for sustainable development, but also proposes locally tailored approaches for the renewal of these unique areas. The investigation results show that the Emerald Growth concept enables to extricate better specific management aspects of ecosystem services of transitional waters that fill-in the continuum between the terrestrial (Green Growth) and the maritime areas (Blue Growth). It results from adjusting of both Green Growth and Blue Growth concepts, drivers, indicators and planning approaches regarding durable ways of revitalising coastal communities and their prospects for sustainable development. We conclude that the Emerald Growth concept offers a suitable framework for better dealing with complex and complicated issues pertinent to the sustainable management of transitional waters.
Collapse
|
11
|
Janssen S, Vreugdenhil H, Hermans L, Slinger J. On the nature based flood defence dilemma and its Resolution: A game theory based analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135359. [PMID: 31838412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nature-based flood defence is an innovative design alternative for achieving protection against flooding. Despite significant advancements in science, models and concepts, routine implementation beyond pilot projects remains limited. To better understand why, we have looked into the complexities of nature-based flood defence implementation and its resolutions, modelling decision-making situations using game theory in three nature-based flood defence cases: The Markermeer Dikes, the Afsluitdijk Dam and the Sand Engine. We observe that nature-based flood defence games are of a multi-level and nested nature. While the decision of whether to employ a nature-based flood defence is seemingly made at the project level, this can only happen when it is coherent with the institutional context that is determined at the policy level. A social dilemma is apparent: while a multi-functional nature-based solution is attractive to a coalition of actors, it is not the most beneficial option for individual actors. Hence, they are faced with the dilemma of opting for their maximum benefit or opting for the greater societal benefit which is less favorable to them. This social dilemma can be tackled by making 'smart moves', as inspired by the Sand Engine case. The nested nature of the problem requires structural change in the institutional context to enable favourable conditions for nature-based flood defence implementations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Janssen
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management. Jaffalaan 5, 2618 BX Delft, the Netherlands; Deltares. Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Heleen Vreugdenhil
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management. Jaffalaan 5, 2618 BX Delft, the Netherlands; Deltares. Boussinesqweg 1, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Leon Hermans
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management. Jaffalaan 5, 2618 BX Delft, the Netherlands; IHE Delft. Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jill Slinger
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management. Jaffalaan 5, 2618 BX Delft, the Netherlands; Rhodes University, Institute for Water Research, PO Box 94 Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cormier R, Elliott M, Rice J. Putting on a bow-tie to sort out who does what and why in the complex arena of marine policy and management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:293-305. [PMID: 30121029 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine policy and management has to cope with a plethora of human activities that cause pressures leading to changes to the natural and human systems. Accordingly, it requires many policy and management responses to address traditional, cultural, social, ecological, technical, and economic policy objectives. Because of this, we advocate that a fully-structured approach using the IEC/ISO 31010 Bow-tie analysis will allow all elements to be integrated for a cost-effective system. This industry-standard system, described here with examples for the marine environment, will fulfil many of the demands by the users and uses of the marine system and the regulators of those users and uses. It allows for bridging several aspects: the management and environmental sciences, the management complexity and governance demands, the natural and social sciences and socio-economics and outcomes. Most importantly, the use of the Bow-tie approach bridges systems analysis and ecosystem complexity. At a time when scientific decisions in policy making and implementation are under question, we conclude that it provides a rigorous, transparent and defendable system of decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Cormier
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Coastal Research, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Michael Elliott
- Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Rice
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 200 Kent Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cominelli S, Devillers R, Yurk H, MacGillivray A, McWhinnie L, Canessa R. Noise exposure from commercial shipping for the southern resident killer whale population. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 136:177-200. [PMID: 30509799 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses vessel-noise exposure levels for Southern Resident Killer Whales (SRKW) in the Salish Sea. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) was used to delineate SRKW summer core areas. Those areas were combined with the output of a regional cumulative noise model describing sound level variations generated by commercial vessels (1/3-octave-bands from 10 Hz to 63.1 kHz). Cumulative distribution functions were used to evaluate SRKW's noise exposure from 15 vessel categories over three zones located within the KDE. Median cumulative noise values were used to group categories based on the associated exposure levels. Ferries, Tugboats, Vehicle Carriers, Recreational Vessels, Containers, and Bulkers showed high levels of exposure (Leq-50th > 90 dB re 1 μPa) within SRKW core areas. Management actions aiming at reducing SRKW noise exposure during the summer should target the abovementioned categories and take into consideration the spatial distribution of their levels of exposure, their mechanical and their operational characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cominelli
- Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Rodolphe Devillers
- Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Harald Yurk
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Aquatic Ecosystems Marine Mammal Science, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada
| | | | - Lauren McWhinnie
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4, Canada
| | - Rosaline Canessa
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mackenzie CL, Vad J, MacPherson R. Clarification of Governance Relevant to the Sustainable Management of Marine Species and Habitats within the United Kingdom: An Overview of Regional, National and International Authorities, Advisories, Legislation and Designation Types with Summary Schematic Tool. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 62:631-643. [PMID: 29909437 PMCID: PMC6153637 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine management developments are occurring across the United Kingdom with the major aim to ensure economic growth and security of marine resources via the provision of legislative guidelines for sustainable management of activities within the marine environment. Many of these directives also provide guidance for maintaining ecologically valuable and/or endangered species and habitats that exist alongside, and may also support, marine activities/use. Marine governance is largely guided by several key directives laid out and implemented by governing authorities of Europe, the United Kingdom and those countries comprising the United Kingdom, and in line with several international conventions. The directives set out by each authority or convention may act discretely but more often tend to overlap, which can lead to confusion about the relevant marine conservation requirements and objectives that must be fulfilled for a given region, site or feature. Additionally, management objectives driven by the same legislation may oppose one another, adding further complexity to the matter. This article aims to provide an overview of governance that holds relevance to managing marine habitats and species, especially those deemed sensitive, ecologically valuable and/or endangered. A general overview and summary schematic tool of the marine governance, legislation and designations within each level of authority for the United Kingdom are provided. Additional consideration of the implications for legislation upon the United Kingdom leaving the EU is briefly discussed and a comparative case study of two marine habitats of high conservation value is provided to demonstrate how different sites/features may have considerably different management requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Mackenzie
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - J Vad
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
- School of Geoscience, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
| | - R MacPherson
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Elliott M, Boyes SJ, Barnard S, Borja Á. Using best expert judgement to harmonise marine environmental status assessment and maritime spatial planning. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:367-377. [PMID: 30041326 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
All maritime states have the challenge of maintaining the environmental quality of their seas while at the same time maximising their economic potential thus requiring appropriate science, governance and management measures. In Europe, directives and regulations are used to address the pressures affecting the health and sustainability of marine resources, and to promote Good Environmental Status (GES) (e.g. the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, MSFD), while having a coherent and integrated pattern of sea use (e.g. the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive, MSPD). Therefore, an approach is required to meet these challenges for all maritime states including, for Europe, the joint adoption of these two directives. As such an approach does not yet exist, one is proposed here based on a hypothetical example and a Best Expert Judgement (BEJ) methodology. Forty-two marine science, management and impact assessment specialists provided views on a hypothetical marine scenario to derive and interrogate a framework applicable to marine areas with multiple uses and users. The scenario allowed the severity of the activity effects-footprints to be determined on the 11 MSFD Descriptors of GES with that severity being weighted according to the area of each activity effect-footprint. In turn, this allowed the calculation of marine regional environmental status thereby indicating whether the adoption of quality assessment and spatial planning can be mutually beneficial, or are antagonistic in meeting environmental targets. This paper uses the proposed approach to discuss maximising the assimilative capacity of a marine area and minimising the environmental degradation due to new activities. It especially shows the role of BEJ in cases where marine adaptive management is still required despite their being an often paucity of information or data on which to base management decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Elliott
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Suzanne J Boyes
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Stephen Barnard
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Ángel Borja
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Pasaia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lonsdale J, Nicholson R, Weston K, Elliott M, Birchenough A, Sühring R. A user's guide to coping with estuarine management bureaucracy: An Estuarine Planning Support System (EPSS) tool. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:463-477. [PMID: 29475687 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are amongst the most socio-economically and ecologically important environments however, due to competing and conflicting demands, management is often challenging with a complex legislative framework managed by multiple agencies. To facilitate the understanding of this legislative framework, we have developed a GISbased Estuarine Planning Support System tool. The tool integrates the requirements of the relevant legislation and provides a basis for assessing the current environmental state of an estuary as well as informing and assessing new plans to ensure a healthy estuarine state. The tool ensures that the information is easily accessible for regulators, managers, developers and the public. The tool is intended to be adaptable, but is assessed using the Humber Estuary, United Kingdom as a case study area. The successful application of the tool for complex socio-economic and environmental systems demonstrates that the tool can efficiently guide users through the complex requirements needed to support sustainable development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Lonsdale
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK; Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Rose Nicholson
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Keith Weston
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Michael Elliott
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Andrew Birchenough
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Roxana Sühring
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bigagli E. Is it possible to implement a complex adaptive systems approach for marine systems? The experience of Italy and the Adriatic Sea. OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 149:81-95. [PMID: 29151679 PMCID: PMC5669284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
•This paper evaluates the implementation of the MSFD in the Adriatic Sea.•The MSFD is the first policy for marine complex adaptive systems in the EU.•Ecological and jurisdictional boundaries overlap and cross-border cooperation is low.•Integrative assessments of marine systems may be impossible to achieve.•Relative isolation of theoretical approaches and management practices.
Collapse
|
18
|
Cormier R, Elliott M. SMART marine goals, targets and management - Is SDG 14 operational or aspirational, is 'Life Below Water' sinking or swimming? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 123:28-33. [PMID: 28779886 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), adopted in September 2015, are accompanied by targets which have to be met individually and collectively by the signatory states. SDG14 Life Below Water aims to lay the foundation for the integrated and sustainable management of the oceans. However, any environmental management has to be based around targets which are SMART - specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bounded - otherwise it is not possible to determine whether management actions are successful and achieve the desired aims. The discussion here shows that many of the targets adopted for SDG14, and especially a detailed analysis of Target 1, are aspirational rather than fully quantified. In order to move towards making the targets operational, we advocate merging the language of environmental management with that used by industry for linking risks to the environment, management performance and ensuing controls. By adopting an approach which uses Key Performance Indicators ('KPIs'), Key Risk Indicators ('KRIs') and Key Control Indicators ('KCIs'), we advocate that a degree of rigour leading to defendable actions can be brought to marine management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Cormier
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute for Coastal Research, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Michael Elliott
- Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li Z, Zhao F. An analytical hierarchy process-based study on the factors affecting legislation on plastic bags in the USA. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2017; 35:795-809. [PMID: 28691594 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x17705725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Annually, a large number of used plastic shopping bags are released into the environment, posing significant threats to public health and wildlife. Owing to these concerns, many local, regional, and national governments around the world have passed legislation to ban or restrict the use of plastic shopping bags. However, in the USA there are only 18 states that have approved plastic bag bans/fees, and even within these states these regulations do not cover all cities or counties. There are many factors that could affect the development and implementation of these regulations. This article employs an analytical hierarchy process to analyse the factors that could impact the enactment of plastic bag regulations. Five impact factors are identified based on statistical data, that is, geographical location, interest of industry achievable, cost of living, level of economic development, and educational level of population. The weights of the five impact factors are determined and it is found that the possibility of banning or restricting plastic bags in general follows a certain pattern among all states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongguo Li
- 1 Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, PR China
- 2 College of Earth and Environmental Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Fu Zhao
- 3 School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, IN, USA
- 4 Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Simeonova A, Chuturkova R, Yaneva V. Seasonal dynamics of marine litter along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 119:110-118. [PMID: 28343633 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study marine litter (ML) surveys were conducted in 8 beaches along the Bulgarian Black Sea coastline within 4 seasons for 2015-2016. The monitoring applied OSPAR guideline, classifying ML in eight categories and 167 types. The results exhibited predominance of artificial polymer materials - 84.3%. ML densities ranged from 0.0587±0.005 to 0.1343±0.008 n/m2, highest on the urban beaches. The seasonal dynamics of most top 10 ML showed highest quantities in summer than the other seasons, as the differences are of high statistical significance (0.001≤P≤0.05). Top 1 ML item for most of the beaches was cigarette butts and filters reaching 1008±10.58 nos. in summer and from 19±3.41 to 89±7.81 nos. during the rest of the seasons (P<0.001). For the pronounced seasonality contributed the recreational activities, increased tourist flow and the wild camping. The investigation will enrich data scarcity for Descriptor 10 "Marine litter".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Simeonova
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technical University - Varna, 1 Studentska str., 9010 Varna, Bulgaria.
| | - Rozalina Chuturkova
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technical University - Varna, 1 Studentska str., 9010 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Velika Yaneva
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technical University - Varna, 1 Studentska str., 9010 Varna, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Elliott M, Burdon D, Atkins JP, Borja A, Cormier R, de Jonge VN, Turner RK. "And DPSIR begat DAPSI(W)R(M)!" - A unifying framework for marine environmental management. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 118:27-40. [PMID: 28396077 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The marine environment is a complex system formed by interactions between ecological structure and functioning, physico-chemical processes and socio-economic systems. An increase in competing marine uses and users requires a holistic approach to marine management which considers the environmental, economic and societal impacts of all activities. If managed sustainably, the marine environment will deliver a range of ecosystem services which lead to benefits for society. In order to understand the complexity of the system, the DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) approach has long been a valuable problem-structuring framework used to assess the causes, consequences and responses to change in a holistic way. Despite DPSIR being used for a long time, there is still confusion over the definition of its terms and so to be appropriate for current marine management, we contend that this confusion needs to be addressed. Our viewpoint advocates that DPSIR should be extended to DAPSI(W)R(M) (pronounced dap-see-worm) in which Drivers of basic human needs require Activities which lead to Pressures. The Pressures are the mechanisms of State change on the natural system which then leads to Impacts (on human Welfare). Those then require Responses (as Measures). Furthermore, because of the complexity of any managed sea area in terms of multiple Activities, there is the need for a linked-DAPSI(W)R(M) framework, and then the connectivity between marine ecosystems and ecosystems in the catchment and further at sea, requires an interlinked, nested-DAPSI(W)R(M) framework to reflect the continuum between adjacent ecosystems. Finally, the unifying framework for integrated marine management is completed by encompassing ecosystem structure and functioning, ecosystem services and societal benefits. Hence, DAPSI(W)R(M) links the socio-ecological system of the effects of changes to the natural system on the human uses and benefits of the marine system. However, to deliver these sustainably in the light of human activities requires a Risk Assessment and Risk Management framework; the ISO-compliant Bow-Tie method is used here as an example. Finally, to secure ecosystem health and economic benefits such as Blue Growth, successful, adaptive and sustainable marine management Responses (as Measures) are delivered using the 10-tenets, a set of facets covering all management disciplines and approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Elliott
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - D Burdon
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - J P Atkins
- Hull University Business School (HUBS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - A Borja
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Herrera Kaia Portualdea s/n, 20110 Pasaia, Spain
| | - R Cormier
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute for Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strabe 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - V N de Jonge
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - R K Turner
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Saul R, Barnes R, Elliott M. Is climate change an unforeseen, irresistible and external factor - A force majeure in marine environmental law? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 113:25-35. [PMID: 27697320 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Several environmental laws include provisions on natural causes or force majeure, which except States from their commitments if it can be proven that the failure to meet the commitment is due to factors outside their control. The European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) has a pivotal role in managing EU marine waters. This paper analyses natural causes and force majeure provisions of the MFSD and other marine legislation, and addresses their interaction with climate change and its consequences, especially the effect on the obligation of ensuring seas are in Good Environmental Status. Climate change is an exogenic unmanaged pressure in that it emanates from outside the area being managed but in which the management authority has to respond to the consequences of climate change, such as sea level rise and temperature elevation, rather than its causes. It is suggested that a defence by a Member State of force majeure may be accepted if an event was proven to be due to an externality of control, irresistible and unforeseeable. The analysis contends that countering such a legal defence would centre on the fact that climate change is a well-accepted phenomenon, is foreseen with an accepted level of confidence and probability and is due to human actions. However, as yet, this has not been legally tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Saul
- Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | | | - Michael Elliott
- Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cavanagh RD, Broszeit S, Pilling GM, Grant SM, Murphy EJ, Austen MC. Valuing biodiversity and ecosystem services: a useful way to manage and conserve marine resources? Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20161635. [PMID: 27928037 PMCID: PMC5204147 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) is widely recognized as a useful, though often controversial, approach to conservation and management. However, its use in the marine environment, hence evidence of its efficacy, lags behind that in terrestrial ecosystems. This largely reflects key challenges to marine conservation and management such as the practical difficulties in studying the ocean, complex governance issues and the historically-rooted separation of biodiversity conservation and resource management. Given these challenges together with the accelerating loss of marine biodiversity (and threats to the ES that this biodiversity supports), we ask whether valuation efforts for marine ecosystems are appropriate and effective. We compare three contrasting systems: the tropical Pacific, Southern Ocean and UK coastal seas. In doing so, we reveal a diversity in valuation approaches with different rates of progress and success. We also find a tendency to focus on specific ES (often the harvested species) rather than biodiversity. In light of our findings, we present a new conceptual view of valuation that should ideally be considered in decision-making. Accounting for the critical relationships between biodiversity and ES, together with an understanding of ecosystem structure and functioning, will enable the wider implications of marine conservation and management decisions to be evaluated. We recommend embedding valuation within existing management structures, rather than treating it as an alternative or additional mechanism. However, we caution that its uptake and efficacy will be compromised without the ability to develop and share best practice across regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Cavanagh
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Stefanie Broszeit
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Graham M Pilling
- The Pacific Community (SPC), B.P. D5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Susie M Grant
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Eugene J Murphy
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Melanie C Austen
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Boyes SJ, Elliott M, Murillas-Maza A, Papadopoulou N, Uyarra MC. Is existing legislation fit-for-purpose to achieve Good Environmental Status in European seas? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 111:18-32. [PMID: 27377000 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent additions to marine environmental legislation are usually designed to fill gaps in protection and management, build on existing practices or correct deficiencies in previous instruments. Article 13 of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires Member States to develop a Programme of Measures (PoM) by 2015, to meet the objective of Good Environmental Status (GES) for their waters by 2020. This review explores key maritime-related policies with the aim to identify the opportunities and threats that they pose for the achievement of GES. It specifically examines how Member States have relied on and will integrate existing legislation and policies to implement their PoM and the potential opportunities and difficulties associated with this. Using case studies of three Member States, other external impediments to achieving GES are discussed including uses and users of the marine environment who are not governed by the MSFD, and gives recommendations for overcoming barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Boyes
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Michael Elliott
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Arantza Murillas-Maza
- AZTI Marine Research Division, Txatxarramendi ugartea z/g Sukarrieta, Bizkaia 48395, Spain
| | - Nadia Papadopoulou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO Box 2214, Heraklion, Crete 71003, Greece
| | - Maria C Uyarra
- AZTI Marine Research Division, Txatxarramendi ugartea z/g Sukarrieta, Bizkaia 48395, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Boyes SJ, Elliott M. Brexit: The marine governance horrendogram just got more horrendous! MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 111:41-44. [PMID: 27539634 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Boyes
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Michael Elliott
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hawkins JP, O'Leary BC, Bassett N, Peters H, Rakowski S, Reeve G, Roberts CM. Public awareness and attitudes towards marine protection in the United Kingdom. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 111:231-236. [PMID: 27393214 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Public perception research evaluating awareness and attitudes towards marine protection is limited in the United Kingdom (UK) and worldwide. Given public opinion can help drive policy and affect its successful delivery we conducted nationwide surveys in 2005, 2010 and 2015 to assess public knowledge of UK (England, Scotland and Wales) sea 'health' and management. Respondents from all three surveys were relatively pessimistic about sea 'health', perceiving this as poor-fair and largely in decline. Enthusiasm for marine conservation was high with almost two-thirds of respondents in each survey wanting >40% of UK seas highly protected from fishing and damaging activities. In 2015 there was considerable dissatisfaction with the rate of progress in Marine Conservation Zone designation and over three-quarters of respondents considered dredging and trawling to be inappropriate in protected areas, contrary to management. The UK government and devolved administrations need to better align future conservation and management with public expectations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie P Hawkins
- Environment Department, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - Bethan C O'Leary
- Environment Department, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Nicola Bassett
- Environment Department, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Howard Peters
- Environment Department, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Sarah Rakowski
- Environment Department, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Georgina Reeve
- Environment Department, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Callum M Roberts
- Environment Department, Wentworth Way, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lonsdale JA, Weston K, Barnard S, Boyes SJ, Elliott M. Integrating management tools and concepts to develop an estuarine planning support system: A case study of the Humber Estuary, Eastern England. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:393-405. [PMID: 26342391 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are important because of their multiple uses and users which often makes them challenging to manage since management must strike a balance between the needs of users, the estuaries' ecological and economic value and the context of multiple legislative drivers. To facilitate management we have therefore developed an Estuarine Planning Support System (EPSS) framework using the Humber Estuary, Eastern England, as a case study which integrates the current legislation tools and concepts. This integrated EPSS framework is an improvement on previous approaches for assessing cumulative impacts as it takes into account legislative drivers, management tools and other mechanisms for controlling plans/projects specific to the estuary. It therefore enables managers and users to assess and address both the current state and the way in which a new industrial, port or urban development could impact an estuary in an accessible and understandable framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jemma-Anne Lonsdale
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK; Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Keith Weston
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Steve Barnard
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Suzanne J Boyes
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Michael Elliott
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Smyth K, Burdon D, Atkins JP, Barnes RA, Elliott M. Renewables-to-reefs: Response to Fowler et al. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 98:372-374. [PMID: 26277603 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Smyth
- Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - D Burdon
- Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - J P Atkins
- The Business School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - R A Barnes
- The Law School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - M Elliott
- Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Elliott M. Integrated marine science and management: wading through the morass. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 86:1-4. [PMID: 25091733 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Elliott
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|