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Lim YK, Kim M, Yoon JN, Soon ZY, Shin K, Baek SH. Effect of wastewater from the in-water cleaning of ship hulls on attached and unattached microalgae. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115273. [PMID: 37454603 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental spills of in-water hull cleaning wastewater (HCW) containing heavy metals and biocides is inevitable, and the effects of HCW on microalgae are unknown. To investigate this, we conducted microcosm experiments by adding HCW to natural seawater. HCW samples were obtained from two different cleaning methods (soft: sponge, hard: brush), and 5 % or 10 % were added to natural seawater as treatments. Dissolved Cu concentrations were 5 to 10 times higher in the treatments than those in the control. There were significant differences in growth of unattached microalgae depending on HCW dose (chlorophyll a: 34.1 ± 0.8 μg L-1 in control vs. 12.6 ± 4.3 μg L-1 in treatments). Conversely, the biomass of attached microalgae increased with HCW dose, which was associated with most of the nutrient reduction later in the experiment, rather than unattached microalgae. Our findings suggest that HCW can significantly impact microalgal community, especially depending on spill volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyun Lim
- Ecological Risk Research Department, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Ecological Risk Research Department, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Nam Yoon
- Ecological Risk Research Department, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhi Yang Soon
- Ecological Risk Research Department, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD 20688, United States
| | - Kyoungsoon Shin
- Ballast Water Research Center, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- Ecological Risk Research Department, KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology), Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Uc-Peraza RG, Delgado-Blas VH, Rendón-von Osten J, Castro ÍB, Proietti MC, Fillmann G. Mexican paradise under threat: The impact of antifouling biocides along the Yucatán Peninsula. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128162. [PMID: 34999408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Levels of booster biocides (Irgarol, diuron, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid and DCOIT), organotins (TBT, DBT, MBT, TPhT, DPhT and MPhT) and antifouling paint particles (APPs) were assessed in sediments of sites under the influence of maritime activities along the coastal zone of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Imposex incidence and organotin levels were also evaluated in seven caenogastropod species. The incidence of imposex was detected in five species from sites nearby fishing harbors and marinas, including the first reports to Gemophos tinctus and Melongena bispinosa. Butyltins levels were higher than phenyltins in gastropod tissues, sediments, and APPs. Regarding booster biocides, chlorothalonil was the most frequently detected compound and DCOIT was the most abundant biocide in sediments. DCOIT levels were registered in APPs from fishing harbors and marina areas. In addition, the highest levels of TBT, Irgarol, diuron and DCOIT exceeded the threshold limits set by international sediment quality guidelines, indicating that toxic effects could be expected in some of the studied areas, thus being a potential threat to marine life. Based on such outputs, Mexico urgently needs to adopt restrictive actions aiming at conserving the rich biological heritage of the Yucatán Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Giovanni Uc-Peraza
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Oceanografia Biológica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Delgado-Blas
- División de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad de Quintana Roo (DCI-UQROO), 77010 Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Jaime Rendón-von Osten
- Instituto de Ecología, Pesquerías y Oceanografía del Golfo de México, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche (EPOMEX-UAC), Campus VI de Investigaciones, 24030 San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- PPG em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Rua Maria Máximo 168, 11030-100 Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra Carneiro Proietti
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Oceanografia Biológica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; PPG em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Paz-Villarraga CA, Castro ÍB, Fillmann G. Biocides in antifouling paint formulations currently registered for use. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:30090-30101. [PMID: 34997484 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling paints incorporate biocides in their composition seeking to avoid or minimize the settlement and growing of undesirable fouling organisms. Therefore, biocides are released into the aquatic environments also affecting several nontarget organisms and, thus, compromising ecosystems. Despite global efforts to investigate the environmental occurrence and toxicity of biocides currently used in antifouling paints, the specific active ingredients that have been used in commercial products are poorly known. Thus, the present study assessed the frequencies of occurrence and relative concentrations of biocides in antifouling paint formulations registered for marketing worldwide. The main data were obtained from databases of governmental agencies, business associations, and safety data sheets from paint manufacturers around the world. The results pointed out for 25 active ingredients currently used as biocides, where up to six biocides have been simultaneously used in the examined formulations. Cuprous oxide, copper pyrithione, zinc pyrithione, zineb, DCOIT, and cuprous thiocyanate were the most frequent ones, with mean relative concentrations of 35.9 ± 12.8%, 2.9 ± 1.6%, 4.0 ± 5.3%, 5.4 ± 2.0%, 1.9 ± 1.9%, and 18.1 ± 8.0% (w/w) of respective biocide present in the antifouling paint formulations. Surprisingly, antifouling paints containing TBT as an active ingredient are still being registered for commercialization nowadays. These results can be applied as a proxy of biocides that are possibly being used by antifouling systems and, consequently, released into the aquatic environment, which can help to prioritize the active ingredients that should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Augusto Paz-Villarraga
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos E Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Itália, km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, 96201-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia E Contaminação Marinha, Instituto Do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Maria Máximo 168, Santos, São Paulo, 11030-100, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos E Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Itália, km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, 96201-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil.
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Butyltin Contamination in Fishing Port Sediments after the Ban of Tributyltin Antifouling Paint: A Case of Qianzhen Fishing Port in Taiwan. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14050813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentrations of monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and tributyltin (TBT) in the sediments of the Qianzhen Fishing Port (Taiwan) in 2020. Further, the pollution status, composition, and potential ecotoxicity of BTs were evaluated. This case study provides a reference for the benefits of the ban of TBT-based antifouling paint to date. Results showed that the total butyltin (ΣBTs, sum of TBT, DBT, and MBT) concentrations measured in the sediments of the Qianzhen Fishing Port ranged between 14.2–807 ngSn·g−1 dw, with an average of 356 ± 305 ngSn·g−1 dw. TBT was the most dominant species, with an average concentration of 303 ± 287 ngSn·g−1 dw. This average TBT concentration is about 4.3 times lower than in 2003, showing the progress of gradual degradation of TBT in the sediments. Still, the degradation is rather slow, with a half-life of about 8.09 years. An analysis of the effects of TBT on organisms in the sediments of the Qianzhen Fishing Port was carried out according to the TBT toxicity guidelines of the US Environmental Protection Agency and the assessment class criterion for imposex (ACCI) of the Oslo and Paris Commission (OSPAR). The results showed that TBT levels in 80% of the sediments may pose negative effects on sensitive gastropods, and half of the sediments may even have an impact on gastropod reproduction. These show that marine life is still affected and threatened by TBT compounds, despite the decline of TBT concentrations since the ban of TBT-containing antifouling paints on ships in 2008. Therefore, it is necessary to continue paying attention to the changes of TBT concentrations and their potential ecological risks in the marine environment, and to formulate TBT management plans and strategies to mitigate their impacts in marine ecosystems.
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Çetintürk K, Ünlü S. The first observation of antifouling organotin compounds and booster biocides in sediments from Samsun Port area, Black Sea, Turkey. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 176:113408. [PMID: 35152116 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of antifouling organotin compounds (OTCs) and booster biocides in surface sediments of Samsun Port (Black Sea, Turkey) in September 2014 was investigated by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method. The total organotin concentrations ranged from <1.0 to 669.6 ng/g, dw. Among the studied booster biocides, Diuron (<1.0-11.28 ng/g) was found in 70.58% of the investigated sediments, while Irgarol (<1.0-26.53 ng/g) was detected in two stations. Traces of fresh input organotin and high Irgarol were found at the park/repairment points of the port. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that sediment characteristic types and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) were the main relevant parameters in the accumulation of antifouling contamination in the Port area. In comparison with several types of environmental sediment quality criteria, Samsun Port is highly polluted area. The concentrations of OTCs and Diuron maybe used as a baseline reference level for future monitoring programs in Turkish Ports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartal Çetintürk
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Science and Management, 34470, Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Selma Ünlü
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Science and Management, 34470, Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lee J, Khim JS. Revisited a sediment quality triad approach in the Korean coastal waters: Past research, current status, and future directions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118262. [PMID: 34601033 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive review of the sediment quality triad (SQT) assessment studies in Korea. The bibliographic analysis was applied to evaluate how approaches in sediment assessment have evolved. A meta-analysis was performed, to evaluate potential risks of sedimentary persistent toxic substances (PTSs) reported in Korean coastal waters. Within the framework, we identified and discussed current status and spatiotemporal trends in contamination of both classic and emerging PTSs over the recent decadal period. Out of 26 target regions in Korea, five hotspots (Sihwa, Masan, Ulsan, Taean, and Gwangyang) of concern could be identified. Four of those regions have been designated as Specially-Managed Sea Area under the implementation of Total Pollution Load Management System in Korea, except for Taean coast (oil spill site). Meantime, we could identify three stepwise research phases based on a bibliographic analysis; Phase 1 (1995-2008), Phase 2 (2009-2015), and Phase 3 (2016-2020). It is noteworthy that a technical evolution of the SQT assessment by the phase was featured. It was also evidenced that in-depth studies adopting multiple lines of evidence (LOEs) became prevailed upon approaching Phase 3. In a quantitative manner, the toxicity explanatory power of target PTSs increased by about 10% in Phase 3 compared to the earlier phases. The meta-analysis using ratio-to-mean value method applied for the data set having all three LOEs indicated general improvement of sediment qualities in the hotspots. However, their associations quite varied across regions and years, reflecting a dynamicity in oceanographic settings and/or heterogeneity in toxicological effect or benthic community response. At present, SQT assessment adopting the increased LOEs generally supports better assessment. In conclusion, we suggest that future SQT studies globally should reaffirm the utility of the "multiple LOEs approach", focusing on the identification and management of causative toxicants that driving negative ecological impacts on marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Choi Y, Kim M, Hong CP, Kang JH, Jung JH. Is hull cleaning wastewater a potential source of developmental toxicity on coastal non-target organisms? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 227:105615. [PMID: 32932041 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contaminants can be discharged by vessel hull cleaning processes, such as scraping, jet spraying, and painting, all of which produce readily transportable contaminants into the marine environment, where they are referred to as 'hotspots' of contamination in coastal areas. However, many countries have not yet established effective evaluation methods for disposal of waste mixtures or management guidelines for areas of hull cleaning. To define the toxic effects of wastewater from vessel hull cleaning in dry docks on resident non-target organisms, we investigated the chemical concentrations and developmental toxicity on embryonic flounder, which is an organism sensitive to chemical contamination. In this study, the dominant inorganic metal discharged was zinc when cleaning Ship A (300 tons) and copper for Ship B (5,000 tons). The wastewater from high-pressure water blasting (WHPB) of Ship A (300 tons) and Ship B (5,000 tons) produced a largely overlapping suite of developmental malformations including pericardial edema, spinal curvature, and tail fin defects. Forty-eight hours after exposure, the frequency percentage of malformation began to increase in embryos exposed to a 500-fold dilution of WHPB from Ships A and B. We performed transcriptome sequencing to characterize the toxicological developmental effects of WHPB exposure at the molecular level. The results of the analysis revealed significantly altered expression of genes associated with muscle cell differentiation, actin-mediated cell contraction, and nervous system development (cutoff P < 0.01) in embryonic flounder exposed to high-pressure cleaning effluent from Ship A. Genes associated with chromatin remodeling, cell cycling, and insulin receptor signaling pathways were significantly altered in embryonic flounder exposed to WHPB of Ship B (cutoff P < 0.01). These findings provide a greater understanding of the developmental toxicity and potential effects of WHPB effluent on coastal embryonic fish. Furthermore, our results could inform WHPB effluent management practices to reduce impacts on non-target coastal organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmi Choi
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Pyo Hong
- Theragen Etex Bio Institute Inc., 145 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, 16229, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kang
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Jung
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Booster Biocides Levels in the Major Blood Cockle (Tegillarca granosa L., 1758) Cultivation Areas along the Coastal Area of Peninsular Malaysia. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Booster biocides have been rapidly growing in use, mainly in the shipping industry and in agricultural activities. The use of booster biocides is known to cause adverse effects on marine ecosystems, such as by inhibiting the photosynthesis process in marine plants, and they have the potential to accumulate in marine organisms. In the present study, booster biocides of Irgarol 1051, diuron, 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and chlorothalonil were measured in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) cultivation areas along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The highest Irgarol 1051 mean was found in the blood cockle with a value of 98.92 ± 13.65 µg/kg in Kapar, Selangor, while the means of diuron and its metabolites and 3,4-DCA showed the highest values of 40.31 ± 7.61 and 41.42 ± 21.58 µg/kg in Kapar, Selangor and Sungai Ayam, Johor, respectively. Sungai Ayam, Johor also exhibited the highest amount of chlorothalonil of 29.76 ± 8.80 µg/kg. By referring to sediment quality guidelines, about 72% and more than 90% of sediment samples exceeded the environmental risk limits (ERLs) and maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for Irgarol 1051 and diuron, respectively. However, referring to the risk characterization ratio (RCR), none of the blood cockle samples exceeded 1, which means that there is no potential for adverse effects to occur. Thus, the contaminants in the marine ecosystem caused by booster biocides are highlighted as a serious issue, mainly in sediment.
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García E, Giráldez I, Montoya MR, Morales E. Determination of booster biocides in sediments by focused ultrasound-assisted extraction and stir bar sorptive extraction–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Concentration of Organotin and Booster Biocides in Sediments of Seagrass Area from Sungai Pulai Estuary, South of Johor, Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/environments6020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antifouling compounds are widely used in paints applied on ship hulls to prevent attachment of fouling organisms. However, a certain amount of these chemicals could leach from the painted surface, enter seawater, and pose deleterious effects on various marine biotas. The present study aimed to determine the concentration of organotin (OT) compounds and booster biocides in sediments collected from the seagrass area of Sungai Pulai estuary, Malaysia. The sediment samples were collected from three points on the seagrass bed, brought back to the laboratory, extracted using standard extraction procedure, and the analytes were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The results showed that tributyltin (TBT) concentrations in sediments were within the range of 8.1 ± 0.4 to 10.6 ± 0.5 µg/kg, whereas the values of triphenyltin (TPT) were between 17.1 ± 0.9 and 19.4 ± 1.0 µg/kg. The range of concentration of booster biocides, namely diuron, dichlofluanid chlorothalonil, Irgarol 1051, M1, and Sea-Nine 211, were from <0.1 to 22.9 ± 1.1, 48.7 ± 2.4 to 800 ± 40, <0.1 to 6.2 ± 0.3, <0.1 to 1.4 ± 0.1, 44 ± 2.2 to 877 ± 44, and 9.1 ± 0.5 to 170 ± 8.5 µg/kg, respectively. The concentration of organotin was much lower than the previous study conducted in southern Johor. Meanwhile, the increased concentration of booster biocides proves the use of these compounds as antifouling paints in shipping systems nowadays.
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Batista-Andrade JA, Caldas SS, Batista RM, Castro IB, Fillmann G, Primel EG. From TBT to booster biocides: Levels and impacts of antifouling along coastal areas of Panama. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:243-252. [PMID: 29179127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling biocides in surface sediments and gastropod tissues were assessed for the first time along coastal areas of Panama under the influence of maritime activities, including one of the world's busiest shipping zones: the Panama Canal. Imposex incidence was also evaluated in five muricid species distributed along six coastal areas of Panama. This TBT-related biological alteration was detected in three species, including the first report in Purpura panama. Levels of organotins (TBT, DBT, and MBT) in gastropod tissues and surficial sediments ranged from <5 to 104 ng Sn g-1 and <1-149 ng Sn g-1, respectively. In addition, fresh TBT inputs were observed in areas considered as moderate to highly contaminated mainly by inputs from fishing and leisure boats. Regarding booster biocides, TCMTB and dichlofluanid were not detected in any sample, while irgarol 1051, diuron and DCOIT levels ranged from <0.08 to 2.8 ng g-1, <0.75-14.1 ng g-1, and <0.38-81.6 ng g-1, respectively. The highest level of TBT (149 ng Sn g-1) and irgarol 1051 (2.8 ng g-1), as well as relevant level of DCOIT (5.7 ng g-1), were detected in a marina used by recreational boats. Additionally, relatively high diuron values (14.1 ng g-1) were also detected in the Panama Canal associate to a commercial port. DCOIT concentrations were associated with the presence of antifouling paint particles in sediments obtained nearby shipyard or boat maintenance sites. The highest levels of TBT, irgarol 1051, and diuron exceeded international sediment quality guidelines indicating that toxic effects could be expected in coastal areas of Panama. Thus, the simultaneous impacts produced by new and old generations of antifouling paints highlight a serious environmental issue in Panamanian coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahir Antonio Batista-Andrade
- Post-graduate Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Sergiane Souza Caldas
- Post-graduate Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moço Batista
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática (CONECO), Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Italo Braga Castro
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP 11030-400, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática (CONECO), Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Ednei Gilberto Primel
- Post-graduate Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análises de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil.
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Laranjeiro F, Sánchez-Marín P, Oliveira IB, Galante-Oliveira S, Barroso C. Fifteen years of imposex and tributyltin pollution monitoring along the Portuguese coast. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:411-421. [PMID: 28986082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
IMO's Anti-Fouling Systems convention banned the use of organotin-based antifouling systems in 2008 as the ultimate effort to stop tributyltin (TBT) inputs into the marine environment. One of the hazardous effects of TBT is imposex (the superimposition of male sexual characters onto gastropod females), a phenomenon that may cause female sterility and the gastropod populations decline. Despite previous European Union legislation had already been shown effective in reducing the imposex levels along the Portuguese coast, this study intends to confirm these decreasing trends after 2008 and describe the global evolution in the last 15 years. Imposex levels were assessed in two bioindicators - the dog-whelk Nucella lapillus and the netted-whelk Nassarius reticulatus (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) - in 2011 and 2014, and the results were compared with previous years. Both species showed progressive decreasing trends in imposex levels over the last 15 years; median values of the vas deferens sequence index (VDSI) fell from 3.96 to 0.78 in N. lapillus and from 3.39 to 0.29 in N. reticulatus. The temporal/spatial evolution of imposex suggests an apparent shift of TBT hotspots, being now restricted to fishing ports and marinas in detriment of large commercial harbours where TBT levels fell rapidly. Butyltins were measured in the whole tissues of N. lapillus females collected in 2014: monobutyltin (MBT) varied from < DL (detection limit: 1 ng Sn/g) to 13 ng Sn/g dw, dibutyltin (DBT) from 2.2 to 27 ng Sn/g dw and TBT from 1.5 to 55 ng Sn/g dw. Although TBT body burden has declined over time, the butyltin degradation index ([MBT]+[DBT])/[TBT] exhibited values < 1 in c. a. 90% of the sites assessed, suggesting that recent TBT inputs are still widespread in the Portuguese coast eventually due to illegal use of TBT antifouling systems and TBT desorption from sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Laranjeiro
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Paula Sánchez-Marín
- Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, University of Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Benta Oliveira
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Galante-Oliveira
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Barroso
- Biology Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Liang X, Souders CL, Zhang J, Martyniuk CJ. Tributyltin induces premature hatching and reduces locomotor activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos/larvae at environmentally relevant levels. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:498-506. [PMID: 28961535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is an organotin compound that is the active ingredient of many biocides and antifouling agents. In addition to its well established role as an endocrine disruptor, TBT is also associated with adverse effects on the nervous system and behavior. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of TBT (0.01, 0.1, 1 nM) to determine how low levels affected development and behavior. Fish exposed to 1 nM TBT hatched earlier when compared to controls. Following a 96-h exposure, total swimming distance, velocity, and activity of zebrafish larvae were reduced compared to controls. To identify putative mechanisms for these altered endpoints, we assessed embryo bioenergetics and gene expression. We reasoned that the accelerated hatch time could be related to ATP production and energy, thus embryos were exposed to TBT for 24 and 48-h exposure prior to hatch. There were no differences among groups for endpoints related to bioenergetics (i.e. basal, ATP-dependent, and maximal respiration). To address mechanisms related to changes in behavioral activity, we measured transcripts associated with muscle function (myf6, myoD, and myoG) and dopamine signaling (th, dat, dopamine receptors) as dopamine regulates behavior. No transcript was altered in expression by TBT in larvae, suggesting that other mechanisms exist that may explain changes in higher level endpoints. These results suggest that endpoints related to the whole animal (i.e. timing of hatch and locomotor behavior) are more sensitive to environmentally-relevant concentrations of TBT compared to the molecular and metabolic endpoints examined here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Liang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- Henan Open Laboratory of Key Subjects of Environmental and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan, China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Kitamura SI, Akizuki M, Song JY, Nakayama K. Tributyltin exposure increases mortality of nodavirus infected Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes larvae. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:835-838. [PMID: 28222863 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of combined exposure to nodavirus infection and TBT on medaka (Oryzias latipes). Medaka larvae were infected by immersion in medium containing nodavirus at titers of 102.5, 103.5, or 104.5 TCID50/mL. Infected fish then were exposed to TBT at 0, 0.17, 0.52, 1.6, or 4.7μg/L. Of the 12 groups exposed to both stressors, the mortalities of 6 (102.5 TCID50/mL+0.52, 1.6, or 4.7μg/L, 103.5 TCID50/mL+4.7μg/L and 104.5 TCID50/mL+1.6 or 4.7μg/L) were significantly higher than that of each TBT control. Specifically, mortality was 46±5.5% in the group exposed to both 102.5 TCID50/mL virus and 0.52μg/L TBT, which represent the lowest observed effective dose and concentration, respectively, among the 6 groups with increased mortalities. Our results suggest that combined exposure to both stressors suppresses antiviral mechanisms in the fish, thus increasing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Masaki Akizuki
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Jun-Young Song
- Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-902, Republic of Korea
| | - Kei Nakayama
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Yu S, Hong B, Ma J, Chen Y, Xi X, Gao J, Hu X, Xu X, Sun Y. Surface sediment quality relative to port activities: A contaminant-spectrum assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 596-597:342-350. [PMID: 28441574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ports are facing increasing environmental concerns with their importance to the global economy. Numerous studies indicated sediment quality deterioration in ports; however, the deterioration is not discriminated for each port activity. This study investigated a spectrum of contaminants (metals and organic pollutants) in surface sediments at 20 sampling points in Port Ningbo, China, one of the top five world ports by volume. The spectrum of contaminants (metals and organic pollutants) was quantified following marine sediment quality guidelines of China and USA and surface sediment quality was assessed according to thresholds of the two guidelines. Coupling a categorical matrix of port activities with the matrix of sedimentary contaminants revealed that contaminants were highly associated with the port operations. Ship repair posed a severe chemical risk to sediment. Operations of crude oil and coal loadings were two top activities related to organic pollutants in sediments while port operations of ore and container loadings discharged metals. Among the 20 sampling points, Cu, Zn, Pb, and DDT and its metabolites were the priority contaminants influencing sediment quality. Overall, surface sediments in Port Ningbo had relatively low environmental risks but ship repair is an environmental concern that must be addressed. This study provides a practical approach for port activity-related quality assessment of surface sediments in ports that could be applicable in many world sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Bing Hong
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10010, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yongshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiuping Xi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jingbo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiuqin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Guangzhou 510301, China
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16
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Wakita M, Shoudai K, Oyama Y, Akaike N. 4,5-Dichloro-2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) modifies synaptic transmission in hippocampal CA3 neurons of rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:337-346. [PMID: 28605704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
4,5-Dichloro-2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) is an alternative to organotin antifoulants, such as tributyltin and triphenyltin. Since DCOIT is found in harbors, bays, and coastal areas worldwide, this chemical compound may have some impacts on ecosystems. To determine whether DCOIT possesses neurotoxic activity by modifying synaptic transmission, we examined the effects of DCOIT on synaptic transmission in a 'synaptic bouton' preparation of rat brain. DCOIT at concentrations of 0.03-1 μM increased the amplitudes of evoked synaptic currents mediated by GABA and glutamate, while it reduced the amplitudes of these currents at 3-10 μM. However, the currents elicited by exogenous applications of GABA and glutamate were not affected by DCOIT. DCOIT at 1-10 μM increased the frequency of spontaneous synaptic currents mediated by GABA. It also increased the frequency of glutamate-mediated spontaneous currents at0.3-10 μM. The frequencies of miniature synaptic currents mediated by GABA and glutamate, observed in the presence of tetrodotoxin under external Ca2+-free conditions, were increased by 10 μM DCOIT. With the repetitive applications of DCOIT, the frequency of miniature synaptic currents mediated by glutamate was not increased by the second and third applications of DCOIT. Voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels were not affected by DCOIT, but DCOIT slowed the inactivation of voltage-dependent Na+ channels. These results suggest that DCOIT increases Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores, resulting in the facilitation of both action potential-dependent and spontaneous neurotransmission, possibly leading to neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Wakita
- Research Division for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Corporation, Jyuryokai, Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto, 860-8518, Japan; Research Division for Life Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, 861-5598, Japan.
| | - Kiyomitsu Shoudai
- Research Division for Life Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, 861-5598, Japan
| | - Yasuo Oyama
- Laboratory of Cellular Signaling, Faculty of Biosciences and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8513, Japan.
| | - Norio Akaike
- Research Division for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Corporation, Jyuryokai, Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto, 860-8518, Japan; Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
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Mattos Y, Stotz WB, Romero MS, Bravo M, Fillmann G, Castro ÍB. Butyltin contamination in Northern Chilean coast: Is there a potential risk for consumers? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 595:209-217. [PMID: 28384577 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Imposex is the superimposition of non-functional male sex organs in gastropod females. This syndrome is a hormonal imbalance induced by tributyltin (TBT) which have been used in antifouling paints formulation. The present study aimed to perform an integrated environmental assessment of imposex and butyltin (BT) contamination using surface sediments and tissues of Thaisella chocolata (an edible gastropod) from northern Chile. The results showed imposex incidence in 11 out of 12 sites. In the most contaminated sites, which are areas under the influence of maritime activities, and also used for fishing and aquaculture, RPLI were over 60 and VDSI over 4 (high incidence of sterile females). Exceptionally high contamination levels and evidences of fresh inputs of tributyltin (TBT) were detected along the studied area. TBT levels above 300 and 90ngSng-1, respectively, were recorded in sediments and edible gastropod tissues of 6 sites. Thus, a daily ingestion of 90 to 173g of T. chocolata foot (4 to 8 organisms) from the most contaminated sites will certainly lead to the consumption of BT exceeding the tolerable daily intake recommended by European Food Safety Authority. It is reasonable to consider that human risk is even higher if daily consumption of additional seafood is considered. Moreover, some contaminated sites were located within the marine reserve "Isla Grande Atacama", indicating that even marine protected areas are under the influence of TBT contamination. These findings suggest that current levels of TBT in the studied area are sufficient to induce harmful effects on the environment and constitutes a potential threat to seafood consumers. Thus, national regulatory actions toward environmental protection and food safety of local populations are still mandatory, even after 8years of the TBT global ban by IMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasna Mattos
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Wolfgang B Stotz
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - María Soledad Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Manuel Bravo
- Instituto de Química, Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2950, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Ítalo B Castro
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Av. Almirante Saldanha da Gama, 89, Santos, SP 11030-400, Brazil.
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18
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Soroldoni S, Abreu F, Castro ÍB, Duarte FA, Pinho GLL. Are antifouling paint particles a continuous source of toxic chemicals to the marine environment? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 330:76-82. [PMID: 28212512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling paint particles (APPs) are generated during periodical maintenance of boat hulls. Chemical composition and toxicity (either chronic or acute) of APPs found in the sediment was evaluated using the epibenthic copepod Nitokra sp. The APPs analyzed showed the presence of high levels of metals such as Cu (234,247±268μgg-1), Zn (112,404±845μgg-1) and the booster biocide DCOIT (0.13μgg-1). Even at low concentrations (as from 5mgg-1 of APPs by mass of sediment) a significantly decrease in the fecundity was observed in laboratory tests. When the sediment was disturbed in elutriate test, a LC50 of 0.14% for APPs was found. This study was the first assessment of toxicity associated with the presence of APPs in sediment to benthic organisms, and it calls attention to the need of improving regulations in boatyards and marina areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanye Soroldoni
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO -FURG). Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, C.P. 474, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Fiamma Abreu
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO -FURG). Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, C.P. 474, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP). Av. Almirante Saldanha da Gama, 11030400, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Andrei Duarte
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima, 1000, 97.105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Grasiela Lopes Leães Pinho
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO -FURG). Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, C.P. 474, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Temporal Trends of Persistent Toxic Substances and Benthic Community Responses in Special Management Areas of Korea: The Masan Bay and Lake Sihwa Cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1244.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Dos Santos DM, Turra A, de Marchi MRR, Montone RC. Distribution of butyltin compounds in Brazil's southern and southeastern estuarine ecosystems: assessment of spatial scale and compartments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:16152-16163. [PMID: 27151240 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Butyltin compounds (BTs), including tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products, dibutyltin and monobutyltin, have been found in a diversity of aquatic systems and causing toxic effects in target and nontarget organisms. They enter in coastal systems through different sources (as antifouling paints, industrial effluents, etc.) where they interact with biotic and abiotic components, and their distribution is commonly determined by the morphological and hydrodynamic conditions of the coastal systems. In this study, we discuss the contamination by BTs on a spatial scale (eight estuaries with three subareas each) and in different compartments of the estuaries (sediments, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and estuarine catfish tissues (liver and gills). Lower concentrations of BTs were found in the sediments (n.d. to 338 ng g(-1)) in comparison to studies before a ban of TBT in antifouling paints was enacted, mostly indicating an old input or preservation related with sediment properties and composition. For SPM samples (n.d. to 175 ng L(-1)) as well as in fish tissues (n.d. to 1426 ng g(-1)), the presence of these compounds was frequent, especially in the fish due to their movement throughout the estuaries and the potential to assess point sources of BTs. These results indicate that BTs persist in the environment, with variation in amounts between investigated estuaries and even at locations inside the same estuary, because of ideal preservation conditions, transport to remote areas, and input from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Moscardi Dos Santos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista, R. Francisco Degni, 55, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Geological Oceanography, Oceanographic Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Turra
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Oceanographic Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mary Rosa Rodrigues de Marchi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Univ. Estadual Paulista, R. Francisco Degni, 55, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosalinda Carmela Montone
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Geological Oceanography, Oceanographic Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fernandez MV, Gardinali PR. Risk assessment of triazine herbicides in surface waters and bioaccumulation of Irgarol and M1 by submerged aquatic vegetation in Southeast Florida. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1556-1571. [PMID: 26490533 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Irgarol is a common antifoulant present in coastal environments experiencing high boating activities. Irgarol, its degradation product M1, and the similarly structured herbicide Atrazine, are highly toxic to non-target marine organisms and thus pose a continual risk to the environment. Nearshore areas with intensive boating activity were assessed for environmental exposure to Irgarol, M1, and Atrazine. Irgarol levels up to 241 ng/L were measured in surface water collected at Key Largo Harbor. Irgarol's metabolite, M1, was detected at levels up to 50 ng/L. Atrazine levels reached 21 ng/L throughout Miami River, and were also detected in waters within Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve at 7 ± 4 ng/L. The Irgarol 90th percentile exposure concentration (176 ng/L) in Southeast Florida--including Biscayne Bay--surface waters were found to exceed most toxicity benchmarks, suggesting Irgarol concentrations may be high enough to cause undesired effects on aquatic plants. Indigenous species of SAVs were also collected throughout Southeast Florida and assessed for their Irgarol and M1 bioaccumulation capabilities. All SAV species collected revealed Irgarol bioaccumulation capabilities and a 90th centile bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 9830. Several of those species were also capable of bioaccumulating M1, with a 90th centile BCF of 391. A 43-day in situ transplant between an impacted area and a pristine area within Biscayne Bay waters showed SAVs were able to uptake Irgarol from the environment with quick kinetics: tissue concentrations were 66 times greater than the water concentration within 6 weeks. Halodule and Syringodium had the highest capacity to bioaccumulate from marina surface waters, as indicated by the Irgarol BCF (Halodule=6809, Syringodium=6681) and M1 BCF (Halodule=277, Syringodium=558). Halodule and Syringodium are therefore the best candidate species to serve as bioindicators indicators of acute Irgarol contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Victoria Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University and Southeast Environmental Research Center (SERC), 3000 NE 151 Street, Biscayne Bay Campus, Marine Science Building, MSB 356, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - Piero R Gardinali
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University and Southeast Environmental Research Center (SERC), 3000 NE 151 Street, Biscayne Bay Campus, Marine Science Building, MSB 356, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
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Krishnan M, Sivanandham V, Hans-Uwe D, Murugaiah SG, Seeni P, Gopalan S, Rathinam AJ. Antifouling assessments on biogenic nanoparticles: A field study from polluted offshore platform. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:816-25. [PMID: 26581814 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Turbinaria ornata mediated silver nanoparticles (TOAg-NPs) were evaluated for antibacterial activity against 15 biofilm forming bacterial isolates. A field study in natural seawater for 60 days showed antifouling activity of TOAg-NPs on stainless steel coupons (SS-304) coated with Apcomin zinc chrome (AZC) primer. Though TOAg-NPs showed broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, the maximum zone of inhibition was with Escherichiacoli (71.9%) and a minimum with Micrococcus sp. (40%) due to the EPS secretion from Gram-positive bacteria. Compared to control coupons (18.9 [ × 10(3)], 67.0 [× 10(3)], 13.5 [ × 10(4)] and 24.7 [ × 10(4)]CFU/cm(2)), experimental biocide coupons (71.0 [ × 10(2)], 32.0 [ × 10(3)], 82.0 [ × 10(3)] and 11.3 [ × 10(4)]CFU/cm(2)) displayed lesser bacterial population density. Toxicity studies revealed 100% mortality for Balanus amphitrite larvae at 250 μg ml(-1) concentration within 24h, while 56.6% recorded for Artemia marina at the same concentration indicating less toxicity to non target species. It proved that AZC+TOAg-NPs prevent biofouling by its Ag-NS affinity and antimicrobial effectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Krishnan
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vignesh Sivanandham
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dahms Hans-Uwe
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, KMU - Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Santhosh Gokul Murugaiah
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanichamy Seeni
- Offshore Platform and Marine Electrochemistry Center (OPMEC), Unit of Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), New Harbour Area, Tuticorin 628 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Gopalan
- Offshore Platform and Marine Electrochemistry Center (OPMEC), Unit of Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), New Harbour Area, Tuticorin 628 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arthur James Rathinam
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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