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Zapata-Peñasco I, Avelino-Jiménez I, Mendoza-Pérez J, Vázquez Guevara M, Gutiérrez-Ladrón de Guevara M, Valadez- Martínez M, Hernández-Maya L, Garibay-Febles V, Fregoso-Aguilar T, Fonseca-Campos J. Environmental stressor assessment of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria biofilms from a marine oil spill. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 42:e00834. [PMID: 38948351 PMCID: PMC11211098 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2024.e00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The environmental and economic impact of an oil spill can be significant. Biotechnologies applied during a marine oil spill involve bioaugmentation with immobilised or encapsulated indigenous hydrocarbonoclastic species selected under laboratory conditions to improve degradation rates. The environmental factors that act as stressors and impact the effectiveness of hydrocarbon removal are one of the challenges associated with these applications. Understanding how native microbes react to environmental stresses is necessary for effective bioaugmentation. Herein, Micrococcus luteus and M. yunnanensis isolated from a marine oil spill mooring system showed hydrocarbonoclastic activity on Maya crude oil in a short time by means of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) at 144 h: M. luteus up to 98.79 % and M. yunnanensis 97.77 % removal. The assessment of Micrococcus biofilms at different temperature (30 °C and 50 °C), pH (5, 6, 7, 8, 9), salinity (30, 50, 60, 70, 80 g/L), and crude oil concentration (1, 5, 15, 25, 35 %) showed different response to the stressors depending on the strain. According to response surface analysis, the main effect was temperature > salinity > hydrocarbon concentration. The hydrocarbonoclastic biofilm architecture was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Subtle but significant differences were observed: pili in M. luteus by SEM and the topographical differences measured by AFM Power Spectral Density (PSD) analysis, roughness was higher in M. luteus than in M. yunnanensis. In all three domains of life, the Universal Stress Protein (Usp) is crucial for stress adaptation. Herein, the uspA gene expression was analysed in Micrococcus biofilm under environmental stressors. The uspA expression increased up to 2.5-fold in M. luteus biofilms at 30 °C, and 1.3-fold at 50 °C. The highest uspA expression was recorded in M. yunnanensis biofilms at 50 °C with 2.5 and 3-fold with salinities of 50, 60, and 80 g/L at hydrocarbon concentrations of 15, 25, and 35 %. M. yunnanensis biofilms showed greater resilience than M. luteus biofilms when exposed to harsh environmental stressors. M. yunnanensis biofilms were thicker than M. luteus biofilms. Both biofilm responses to environmental stressors through uspA gene expression were consistent with the behaviours observed in the response surface analyses. The uspA gene is a suitable biomarker for assessing environmental stressors of potential microorganisms for bioremediation of marine oil spills and for biosensing the ecophysiological status of native microbiota in a marine petroleum environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Zapata-Peñasco
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, 07730, Mexico
| | - I.A. Avelino-Jiménez
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, 07730, Mexico
| | - J. Mendoza-Pérez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Gustavo A. Madero, 07738, Mexico
| | - M. Vázquez Guevara
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta, Guanajuato, 36050, Mexico
| | - M. Gutiérrez-Ladrón de Guevara
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Gustavo A. Madero, 07738, Mexico
| | - M. Valadez- Martínez
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, 07730, Mexico
| | - L. Hernández-Maya
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, 07730, Mexico
| | - V. Garibay-Febles
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, 07730, Mexico
| | - T. Fregoso-Aguilar
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Gustavo A. Madero, 07738, Mexico
| | - J. Fonseca-Campos
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, 07340, Mexico
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Zhou H, Gao X, Wang S, Zhang Y, Coulon F, Cai C. Enhanced Bioremediation of Aged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Using Immobilized Microbial Consortia Combined with Strengthening Remediation Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20031766. [PMID: 36767132 PMCID: PMC9914441 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biodegradation is considered as one of the most effective strategies for the remediation of soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To improve the degradation efficiency of PAHs, PAH-degrading consortia combined with strengthening remediation strategies was used in this study. The PAH biodegrading performance of seven bacterial consortia constructed by different ratios of Mycobacterium gilvum MI, Mycobacterium sp. ZL7 and Rhodococcus rhodochrous Q3 was evaluated in an aqueous system containing phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[b]fluoranthene. Bacterial consortium H6 (Q3:ZL7:MI = 1:2:2) performed a high degrading efficiency of 59% in 8 days. The H6 was subsequently screened to explore its potential ability and performance to degrade aged PAHs in soils from a coking plant and the effects of strengthening strategies on the aged PAH degradation, including the addition of glucose or sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) individually or as a mixture along immobilization of the inoculant on biochar. The highest degradation efficiencies, which were 15% and 60% for low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs and high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs, respectively, were observed in the treatment using immobilized microbial consortium H6 combined with the addition of glucose and SDBS after 24 days incubation. This study provides new insights and guidance for future remediation of aged PAH contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixuan Zhou
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiurong Gao
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Suhang Wang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Youchi Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Partovinia A, Khanpour-Alikelayeh E, Talebi A, Kermanian H. Improving mass transfer rates in microbial cell immobilization system for environmental applications: Synergistic interaction of cells on crude oil biodegradation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116729. [PMID: 36375423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the various techniques used to clean up polluted environments, bioremediation is the most cost-effective and eco-friendly option. The diversity of microbial communities in a consortium can significantly affect the biodegradability of hazardous organic pollutants, particularly for in situ bioremediation processes. This is largely attributed to interactions between members of a consortium. In this study, the effect of internal diffusion limitations in substrate model biodegradation was firstly examined by immobilized bacterial cells at different particle sizes produced by the electrospray technique. According to the obtained results, for particles with large size, the effectiveness factors (η) were about 0.58-0.67, and the resistance to diffusive on the biodegradation rate was significant, while with decreasing the particle size, η increases and approaches about 1. After selection of suitable bead size, heavy crude oil biodegradation was investigated using a consortium consisting of three oil-degrading bacterial strains at different treatment systems. The removal rate in the suspended co-culture system stands at minimum value of 38% with all three strains which is an indicator of negative interactions among consortium members. Independent immobilization of microorganisms minimizes the competition and antagonistic interactions between strains and leads to more crude oil removal, so that, the biodegradation rate reached 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Partovinia
- Faculty of New Technologies Engineering, Zirab Campus, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elham Khanpour-Alikelayeh
- Faculty of New Technologies Engineering, Zirab Campus, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environment, College of Environment, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ahmad Talebi
- Department of Environment, College of Environment, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hossein Kermanian
- Faculty of New Technologies Engineering, Zirab Campus, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Ren H, Deng Y, Ma L, Wei Z, Ma L, Yang D, Wang B, Luo ZY. Enhanced biodegradation of oil-contaminated soil oil in shale gas exploitation by biochar immobilization. Biodegradation 2022; 33:621-639. [PMID: 36214905 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-022-09999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced biodegradation of oil-contaminated soil by fixing microorganisms with corn cob biochar was investigated. It was found that the components of oil in the test soil were mainly straight-chain alkanes and branched alkanes. When using corn cob biochar as a carrier to immobilize microorganisms, the best particle size of corn cob biochar as an immobilization carrier was 0.08 mm, and the best immobilization time was 18 h. SEM analysis confirmed that the microorganisms were immobilized on the corn cob biochar. Immobilized microorganisms exhibited high biodegradability under stress to high concentrations of petroleum pollutants, heavy metals, and organic pollutants. Infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that oxygen-containing groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and methoxy on the surface of biochar were involved in the complexation of heavy metals. The mechanism of immobilization promoted microbial degradation of oil contamination was explained by gas chromatography mass. First, alkanes and aromatics were adsorbed by corn cob biochar and passed to immobilized microorganisms to promote their degradation. Their bioavailability increased, especially for aromatics. Second, biochar provided a more suitable environment for microorganisms to degrade. Third, the conversion of ketones to acids was accelerated during the biodegradation of alkanes, and the biodegradation of alkanes was accelerated by immobilization. The biodegradable efficiency of oil by immobilized microorganisms in soil was 70.10% within 60 days, 28.80% higher than that of free microorganisms. The degradation of immobilized microorganisms was highly correlated with the activities of catalase, urease, and polyphenol oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China. .,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Collaborative Control and Remediation of Soil and Water Pollution, Chengdu, 610059, China. .,Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610500, China.
| | - Yuanpeng Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Quality, Health, Safety and Environmental Protection, PetroChina Zhejiang Oilfield Company, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijing Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Lingli Ma
- Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Chongqing, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Demin Yang
- National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Shale Gas Exploration and Development, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Luo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Collaborative Control and Remediation of Soil and Water Pollution, Chengdu, 610059, China
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Alam SA, Saha P. Biodegradation of p-nitrophenol by a member of the genus Brachybacterium, isolated from the river Ganges. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:213. [PMID: 35959168 PMCID: PMC9357598 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A p-nitrophenol (PNP) degrading halotolerant, Gram-variable bacterial strain designated as DNPG3, was isolated from a water sample collected from the river Ganges in Hooghly, West Bengal (WB), India, by enrichment culture technique. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (carried out at EzTaxon server and Ribosomal data base project site), the strain DNPG3 was identified as Brachybacterium sp., with B. zhongshanense strain JBT (97.08% identity) as it is nearest phylogenetic relative. The strain could tolerate up to 3 mM of PNP, while the optimal growth for the strain was recorded as 0.25 mM. The strain could carry out biodegradation of PNP with concomitant release of nitrite and p-benzoquinone (PBQ) was detected as a hydrolysis product. Under the catabolic condition, it could carry out 36% biodegradation of PNP within 144 h, while, under co-metabolic condition (with glucose), 100% biodegradation was achieved within 48 h at 30 °C. Calcium alginate bead-based cell immobilization studies (of the strain DNPG3) indicated complete biodegradation of PNP (under catabolic condition) within 26 h. This is the first report of PNP biodegradation by any representative strain of the genus Brachybacterium. The study definitely indicated that Brachybacterium sp. strain DNPG3 has biotechnological potential and the strain may be a suitable candidate for developing clean, green, eco-friendly, cost-effective bioremediation processes towards effective removal of PNP from the contaminated sites. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03263-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Aftabul Alam
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713104 India
| | - Pradipta Saha
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal 713104 India
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A Review on Biotechnological Approaches Applied for Marine Hydrocarbon Spills Remediation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071289. [PMID: 35889007 PMCID: PMC9324126 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for petroleum products generates needs for innovative and reliable methods for cleaning up crude oil spills. Annually, several oil spills occur around the world, which brings numerous ecological and environmental disasters on the surface of deep seawaters like oceans. Biological and physico-chemical remediation technologies can be efficient in terms of spill cleanup and microorganisms—mainly bacteria—are the main ones responsible for petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) degradation such as crude oil. Currently, biodegradation is considered as one of the most sustainable and efficient techniques for the removal of PHCs. However, environmental factors associated with the functioning and performance of microorganisms involved in hydrocarbon-degradation have remained relatively unclear. This has limited our understanding on how to select and inoculate microorganisms within technologies of cleaning and to optimize physico-chemical remediation and degradation methods. This review article presents the latest discoveries in bioremediation techniques such as biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and biosurfactants as well as immobilization strategies for increasing the efficiency. Besides, environmental affecting factors and microbial strains engaged in bioremediation and biodegradation of PHCs in marines are discussed.
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Physiological changes in Rhodococcus ruber S103 immobilized on biobooms using low-cost media enhance stress tolerance and crude oil-degrading activity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10474. [PMID: 35729341 PMCID: PMC9213463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For economic feasibility, sugarcane molasses (0.5%, w/v) containing K2HPO4 (0.26%, w/v) and mature coconut water, low value byproducts, were used in cultivation of Rhodococcus ruber S103 for inoculum production and immobilization, respectively. Physiological changes of S103 grown in low-cost media, including cell hydrophobicity, saturated/unsaturated ratio of cellular fatty acids and biofilm formation activity, enhanced stress tolerance and crude oil biodegradation in freshwater and even under high salinity (5%, w/v). Biobooms comprised of S103 immobilized on polyurethane foam (PUF) was achieved with high biomass content (1010 colony-forming units g-1 PUF) via a scale-up process in a 5-L modified fluidized-bed bioreactor within 3 days. In a 500-L mesocosm, natural freshwater was spiked with crude oil (72 g or 667 mg g-1 dry biobooms), and a simulated wave was applied. Biobooms could remove 100% of crude oil within only 3 days and simultaneously biodegraded 60% of the adsorbed oil after 7 days when compared to boom control with indigenous bacteria. In addition, biobooms had a long shelf-life (at least 100 days) with high biodegradation activity (85.2 ± 2.3%) after storage in 10% (w/v) skimmed milk at room temperature. This study demonstrates that the low-cost production of biobooms has potential for future commercial bioremediation.
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Ibrar M, Khan S, Hasan F, Yang X. Biosurfactants and chemotaxis interplay in microbial consortium-based hydrocarbons degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24391-24410. [PMID: 35061186 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocarbons are routinely detected at low concentrations, despite the degrading metabolic potential of ubiquitous microorganisms. The potential drivers of hydrocarbons persistence are lower bioavailability and mass transfer limitation. Recently, bioremediation strategies have developed rapidly, but still, the solution is not resilient. Biosurfactants, known to increase bioavailability and augment biodegradation, are tightly linked to bacterial surface motility and chemotaxis, while chemotaxis help bacteria to locate aromatic compounds and increase the mass transfer. Harassing the biosurfactant production and chemotaxis properties of degrading microorganisms could be a possible approach for the complete degradation of hydrocarbons. This review provides an overview of interplay between biosurfactants and chemotaxis in bioremediation. Besides, we discuss the chemical surfactants and biosurfactant-mediated biodegradation by microbial consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ibrar
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Salman Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fariha Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Applied, Environmental and Geomicrobiology Laboratory, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
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Luo Q, Liu L, Hou D. Bioremediation of oily seawater by Bacteria immobilization on a novel carrier material containing nutrients. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 192:106392. [PMID: 34915068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel carrier material was obtained by coating puffed rhubarb rice (PRR) with calcium alginate (CA) membrane. The carrier material was prepared to contain oil-degrading bacterial strains and inorganic nutrients through entrapping them in different locations. This formulation possessed floatability, biodegradability and nutrient slow-release properties. Therefore, it could be applied for oil biodegradation on seawater surfaces. For controlling the release rate of nutrients, the optimal preparation technique was established. The number of viable cells immobilized on the carrier material reached 2 × 109 CFU/g. This formulation could be stored at -20 °C for three months without a significant decrease in the number of viable immobilized cells (4 × 108 CFU/g). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed that the cells were immobilized on the outer CA membrane, and the inorganic nutrients were entrapped in the inner PRR and CA membrane. The immobilized cells were able to remove 86% of the diesel oil at an initial diesel oil concentration of 1% (v/v), an incubation temperature of 37 °C, during three days of incubation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis results showed that most components of diesel oil were degraded by the formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Luo
- Naval Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Naval Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dengyong Hou
- Naval Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Effects of Adding Laccase to Bacterial Consortia Degrading Heavy Oil. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-efficiency bioremediation technology for heavy oil pollution has been a popular research topic in recent years. Laccase is very promising for the remediation of heavy oil pollution because it can not only convert bio-refractory hydrocarbons into less toxic or completely harmless compounds, but also accelerate the biodegradation efficiency of heavy oil. However, there are few reports on the use of laccase to enhance the biodegradation of heavy oil. In this study, we investigated the effect of laccase on the bacterial consortia degradation of heavy oil. The degradation efficiencies of bacterial consortia and the laccase-bacterial consortia were 60.6 ± 0.1% and 68.2 ± 0.6%, respectively, and the corresponding heavy oil degradation rate constants were 0.112 day−1 and 0.198 day−1, respectively. The addition of laccase increased the heavy oil biodegradation efficiency (p < 0.05) and biodegradation rate of the bacterial consortia. Moreover, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that the biodegradation efficiencies of the laccase-bacterial consortia for saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons were 82.5 ± 0.7% and 76.2 ± 0.9%, respectively, which were 16.0 ± 0.3% and 13.0 ± 1.8% higher than those of the bacterial consortia, respectively. In addition, the degradation rate constants of the laccase-bacterial consortia for saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons were 0.267 day−1 and 0.226 day−1, respectively, which were 1.07 and 1.15 times higher than those of the bacterial consortia, respectively. The degradation of C15 to C35 n-alkanes and 2 to 5-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by laccase-bacterial consortia was higher than individual bacterial consortia. It is further seen that the addition of laccase significantly improved the biodegradation of long-chain n-alkanes of C22–C35 (p < 0.05). Overall, this study shows that the combination of laccase and bacterial consortia is an effective remediation technology for heavy oil pollution. Adding laccase can significantly improve the heavy oil biodegradation efficiency and biodegradation rate of the bacterial consortia.
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Sayed K, Baloo L, Kutty SRBM, Makba F. Potential biodegradation of Tapis Light Crude Petroleum Oil, using palm oil mill effluent final discharge as biostimulant for isolated halotolerant Bacillus strains. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 172:112863. [PMID: 34425365 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in marine waters has been an extremely significant environmental and health issue worldwide. This study aims at constructing an efficient indigenous bacterial consortium to biodegrade Tapis Light Crude Petroleum Oil (TLCO). The local agro-industrial wastewater of palm oil mill effluent final discharge (POME FD) was used as biostimulant to enhance the biodegradation efficiency. In this study, three TLCO degrading bacteria were isolated from seawater samples collected. Molecular identification using 16S rRNA genes sequencing was done and results show that these isolated strains belong to: Bacillus tropicus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis. Bacterial consortium tested using four different concentrations of POME FD (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1%) as biostimulant and TLCO (0.5 and 1.0%) degradation capability was investigated. The residual TLCO in culture medium after 40 days was analysed. The results confirmed that POME FD dosage of 0.25% is optimum for the bacterial consortium and can degrade 99.85% of TLCO at 0.5%. However, TLCO degradation with POME FD dosage (0.25%) in TLCO (1.0%) was found optimum, with biodegradation reaching up to 95.23% in 40 days. This study is a beginning for the future development of a consortium of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria to mitigate oil spills in the Malaysian shoreline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Sayed
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia.
| | - Lavania Baloo
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | - Shamsul Rahman B M Kutty
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
| | - Farhaan Makba
- Department of Microbiology, Royal College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mira Road, Thane, Maharashtra 401107, India
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Rolando L, Barra Caracciolo A, Grenni P, Mariani L, Rauseo J, Spataro F, Garbini GL, Visca A, Patrolecco L. Bioaugmentation With a Consortium of Bacterial Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate-Degraders for Remediation of Contaminated Soils. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:740118. [PMID: 34630365 PMCID: PMC8496451 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.740118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The anionic surfactant sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) is the main component of most commercial foaming agents (FAs) used in the excavation of highway and railway tunnels with Earth pressure balance-tunnel boring machines (EPB-TBMs). Several hundreds of millions of tons of spoil material, consisting of soil mixed with FAs, are produced worldwide, raising the issue of their handling and safe disposal. Reducing waste production and reusing by-products are the primary objectives of the “circular economy,” and in this context, the biodegradation of SLES becomes a key question in reclaiming excavated soils, especially at construction sites where SLES degradation on the spot is not possible because of lack of space for temporary spoil material storage. The aim of the present work was to apply a bacterial consortium (BC) of SLES degraders to spoil material excavated with an EPB-TBM and coming from a real construction site. For this purpose, the BC capability to accelerate SLES degradation was tested. Preliminary BC growth, degradation tests, and ecotoxicological evaluations were performed on a selected FA. Subsequently, a bioaugmentation experiment was conducted; and the microbial abundance, viability, and SLES concentrations in spoil material were evaluated over the experimental time (0.5, 3, 6, 24, 48, and 144 h). Moreover, the corresponding aqueous elutriates were extracted from all the soil samples and analyzed for SLES concentration and ecotoxicological evaluations with the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. The preliminary experiments showed the BC capability to grow under 14 different concentrations of the FA. The maximum BC growth rates and degradation efficiency (100%) were achieved with initial SLES concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 mg/L. The subsequent bioaugmentation of the spoil material with BC significantly (sixfold) improved the degradation time of SLES (DT50 1 day) compared with natural attenuation (DT50 6 days). In line with this result, neither SLES residues nor toxicity was recorded in the soil extracts showing the spoil material as a by-product promptly usable. The bioaugmentation with BC can be a very useful for cleaning spoil material produced in underground construction where its temporary storage (for SLES natural biodegradation) is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Rolando
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Monterotondo, Italy
| | | | - Paola Grenni
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Livia Mariani
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Jasmin Rauseo
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Francesca Spataro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Garbini
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Monterotondo, Italy.,Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Andrea Visca
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Luisa Patrolecco
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council, Monterotondo, Italy
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13
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Hazaimeh MD, Ahmed ES. Bioremediation perspectives and progress in petroleum pollution in the marine environment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:54238-54259. [PMID: 34387817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The marine environment is often affected by petroleum hydrocarbon pollution due to industrial activities and petroleum accidents. This pollution has recalcitrant and persistent compounds that pose a high risk to the ecological system and human health. For this reason, the world claims to seek to clean up these pollutants. Bioremediation is an attractive approach for removing petroleum pollution. It is considered a low-cost and highly effective approach with fewer side effects compared to chemical and physical techniques. This depends on the metabolic capability of microorganisms involved in the degradation of hydrocarbons through enzymatic reactions. Bioremediation activities mostly depend on environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, salinity, pressure, and nutrition availability. Understanding the effects of environmental conditions on microbial hydrocarbon degraders and microbial interactions with hydrocarbon compounds could be assessed for the successful degradation of petroleum pollution. The current review provides a critical view of petroleum pollution in seawater, the bioavailability of petroleum compounds, the contribution of microorganisms in petroleum degradation, and the mechanisms of degradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. We consider different biodegradation approaches such as biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Daher Hazaimeh
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah-11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Enas S Ahmed
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah-11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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14
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Oliveira AS, Amorim CL, Zlopasa J, van Loosdrecht M, Castro PML. Recovered granular sludge extracellular polymeric substances as carrier for bioaugmentation of granular sludge reactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130037. [PMID: 33667767 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An increasing amount of industrial chemicals are being released into wastewater collection systems and indigenous microbial communities in treatment plants are not always effective for their removal. In this work, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) recovered from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) were used as a natural carrier to immobilize a specific microbial strain, Rhodococcus sp. FP1, able to degrade 2-fluorophenol (2-FP). The produced EPS granules exhibited a 2-FP degrading ability of 100% in batch assays, retaining their original activity after up to 2-months storage. Furthermore, EPS granules were added to an AGS reactor intermittently fed with saline wastewater containing 2-FP. Degradation of 2-FP and stoichiometric fluorine release occurred 8 and 35 days after bioaugmentation, respectively. Chemical oxygen demand removal was not significantly impaired by 2-FP or salinity loads. Nutrients removal was impaired by 2-FP load, but after bioaugmentation, the phosphate and ammonium removal efficiency improved from 14 to 46% and from 25 to 42%, respectively. After 2-FP feeding ceased, at low/moderate salinity (0.6-6.0 g L-1 NaCl), ammonium removal was completely restored, and phosphate removal efficiency increased. After bioaugmentation, 11 bacteria isolated from AGS were able to degrade 2-FP, indicating that horizontal gene transfer could have occurred in the reactor. The improvement of bioreactor performance after bioaugmentation with EPS immobilized bacteria and the maintenance of cell viability through storage are the main advantages of the use of this natural microbial carrier for bioaugmentation, which can benefit wastewater treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Oliveira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina L Amorim
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jure Zlopasa
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mark van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Paula M L Castro
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Vieira GAL, Cabral L, Otero IVR, Ferro M, Faria AUD, Oliveira VMD, Bacci M, Sette LD. Marine associated microbial consortium applied to RBBR textile dye detoxification and decolorization: Combined approach and metatranscriptomic analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:129190. [PMID: 33316621 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The combination of different microorganisms and their metabolisms makes the use of microbial consortia in bioremediation processes a useful approach. In this sense, this study aimed at structuring and selecting a marine microbial consortium for Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) detoxification and decolorization. Experimental design was applied to improve the culture conditions, and metatranscriptomic analysis to understand the enzymatic pathways. A promising consortium composed of Mucor racemosus CBMAI 847, Marasmiellus sp. CBMAI 1062, Bacillus subtilis CBMAI 707, and Dietzia maris CBMAI 705 was selected. This consortium showed 52% of detoxification and 86% of decolorization in the validation assays after seven days of incubation in the presence of 500 ppm of RBBR. Reduction in RBBR color and toxicity were achieved by biosorption and microbial metabolisms. Metatranscriptomic data indicate that the consortium was able to decolorize and breakdown the RBBR molecule using a coordinated action of oxidases, oxygenases, and hydrolases. Epoxide hydrolases and glyoxalases expression could be associated with the decrease in toxicity. The efficiency of this marine microbial consortium suggests their use in bioremediation processes of textile effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alves Licursi Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lucélia Cabral
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Vinicius Ramos Otero
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Milene Ferro
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adriano Uemura de Faria
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Maia de Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, Divisão de Recursos Microbianos, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mauricio Bacci
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lara Durães Sette
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Okafor CP, Udemang NL, Chikere CB, Akaranta O, Ntushelo K. Indigenous microbial strains as bioresource for remediation of chronically polluted Niger Delta soils. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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17
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Sharma KV, Sarvalingam BK, Marigoudar SR. A review of mesocosm experiments on heavy metals in marine environment and related issues of emerging concerns. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:1304-1316. [PMID: 33079346 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mesocosms are real-world environmental science tools for bridging the gap between laboratory-scale experiments and actual habitat studies on ecosystem complexities. These experiments are increasingly being applied in understanding the complex impacts of heavy metals, ocean acidification, global warming, and oil spills. The insights of the present review indicate how metals and metal-bound activities impact on various aspects of ecological complexities like prey predator cues, growth, embryonic development, and reproduction. Plankton and benthos are used more often over fish and microbes owing to their smaller size, faster reproduction, amenability, and repeatability during mesocosm experiments. The results of ocean acidification reveal calcification of plankton, corals, alteration of pelagic structures, and plankton blooms. The subtle effect of oil spills is amplified on sediment microorganisms, primary producers, and crustaceans. An overview of the mesocosm designs over the years indicates that gradual changes have evolved in the type, size, design, composition, parameters, methodology employed, and the outputs obtained. Most of the pelagic and benthic mesocosm designs involve consideration of interactions within the water columns, between water and sediments, trophic levels, and nutrient rivalry. Mesocosm structures are built considering physical processes (tidal currents, turbulence, inner cycling of nutrients, thermal stratification, and mixing), biological complexities (population, community, and ecosystem) using appropriate filling containers, and sampling facilities that employ inert materials. The principle of design is easy transportation, mooring, deployment, and free floating structures besides addressing the unique ecosystem-based science problems. The evolution of the mesocosm tools helps in understanding further advancement of techniques and their applications in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Venkatarama Sharma
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Barath Kumar Sarvalingam
- National Centre for Coastal Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
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18
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Hidalgo KJ, Sierra-Garcia IN, Dellagnezze BM, de Oliveira VM. Metagenomic Insights Into the Mechanisms for Biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Oil Supply Chain. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561506. [PMID: 33072021 PMCID: PMC7530279 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Petroleum is a very complex and diverse organic mixture. Its composition depends on reservoir location and in situ conditions and changes once crude oil is spilled into the environment, making the characteristics associated with every spill unique. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common components of the crude oil and constitute a group of persistent organic pollutants. Due to their highly hydrophobic, and their low solubility tend to accumulate in soil and sediment. The process by which oil is sourced and made available for use is referred to as the oil supply chain and involves three parts: (1) upstream, (2) midstream and (3) downstream activities. As consequence from oil supply chain activities, crude oils are subjected to biodeterioration, acidification and souring, and oil spills are frequently reported affecting not only the environment, but also the economy and human resources. Different bioremediation techniques based on microbial metabolism, such as natural attenuation, bioaugmentation, biostimulation are promising approaches to minimize the environmental impact of oil spills. The rate and efficiency of this process depend on multiple factors, like pH, oxygen content, temperature, availability and concentration of the pollutants and diversity and structure of the microbial community present in the affected (contaminated) area. Emerging approaches, such as (meta-)taxonomics and (meta-)genomics bring new insights into the molecular mechanisms of PAH microbial degradation at both single species and community levels in oil reservoirs and groundwater/seawater spills. We have scrutinized the microbiological aspects of biodegradation of PAHs naturally occurring in oil upstream activities (exploration and production), and crude oil and/or by-products spills in midstream (transport and storage) and downstream (refining and distribution) activities. This work addresses PAH biodegradation in different stages of oil supply chain affecting diverse environments (groundwater, seawater, oil reservoir) focusing on genes and pathways as well as key players involved in this process. In depth understanding of the biodegradation process will provide/improve knowledge for optimizing and monitoring bioremediation in oil spills cases and/or to impair the degradation in reservoirs avoiding deterioration of crude oil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J. Hidalgo
- Microbial Resources Division, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Paulínia, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isabel N. Sierra-Garcia
- Microbial Resources Division, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Paulínia, Brazil
- Biology Department & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruna M. Dellagnezze
- Microbial Resources Division, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Paulínia, Brazil
| | - Valéria Maia de Oliveira
- Microbial Resources Division, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Paulínia, Brazil
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19
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Zheng L, Liang X, Shi R, Li P, Zhao J, Li G, Wang S, Han S, Radosevich M, Zhang Y. Viral Abundance and Diversity of Production Fluids in Oil Reservoirs. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091429. [PMID: 32957569 PMCID: PMC7563284 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are widely distributed in various ecosystems and have important impacts on microbial evolution, community structure and function and nutrient cycling in the environment. Viral abundance, diversity and distribution are important for a better understanding of ecosystem functioning and have often been investigated in marine, soil, and other environments. Though microbes have proven useful in oil recovery under extreme conditions, little is known about virus community dynamics in such systems. In this study, injection water and production fluids were sampled in two blocks of the Daqing oilfield limited company where water flooding and microbial flooding were continuously used to improve oil recovery. Virus-like particles (VLPs) and bacteria in these samples were extracted and enumerated with epifluorescence microscopy, and viromes of these samples were also sequenced with Illumina Hiseq PE150. The results showed that a large number of viruses existed in the oil reservoir, and VLPs abundance of production wells was 3.9 ± 0.7 × 108 mL-1 and virus to bacteria ratio (VBR) was 6.6 ± 1.1 during water flooding. Compared with water flooding, the production wells of microbial flooding had relative lower VLPs abundance (3.3 ± 0.3 × 108 mL-1) but higher VBR (7.9 ± 2.2). Assembled viral contigs were mapped to an in-house virus reference data separate from the GenBank non-redundant nucleotide (NT) database, and the sequences annotated as virus accounted for 35.34 and 55.04% of total sequences in samples of water flooding and microbial flooding, respectively. In water flooding, 7 and 6 viral families were identified in the injection and production wells, respectively. In microbial flooding, 6 viral families were identified in the injection and production wells. The total number of identified viral species in the injection well was higher than that in the production wells for both water flooding and microbial flooding. The Shannon diversity index was higher in the production well of water flooding than in the production well of microbial flooding. These results show that viruses are very abundant and diverse in the oil reservoir's ecosystem, and future efforts are needed to reveal the potential function of viral communities in this extreme environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangcan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (L.Z.); (R.S.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (S.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (X.L.); (M.R.)
| | - Rongjiu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (L.Z.); (R.S.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (L.Z.); (R.S.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (S.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinyi Zhao
- No. 2 Oil Production Company, Daqing Oilfield Limited Company, Daqing 163414, China; (J.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Guoqiao Li
- No. 2 Oil Production Company, Daqing Oilfield Limited Company, Daqing 163414, China; (J.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (L.Z.); (R.S.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Siqin Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (L.Z.); (R.S.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (S.H.)
| | - Mark Radosevich
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (X.L.); (M.R.)
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; (L.Z.); (R.S.); (P.L.); (S.W.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Highly efficient nitrate and phosphorus removal and adsorption of tetracycline by precipitation in a chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol immobilized bioreactor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1761-1771. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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da Silva BM, Maranho LT. Petroleum-contaminated sites: Decision framework for selecting remediation technologies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 378:120722. [PMID: 31200225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brício Marcelino da Silva
- Graduate Program in Environmental Management, Positivo University, Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza, 5300, CEP: 81.280-330, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Federal Institution of Education, Science and Technology Fluminense, Av. Souza Mota, 350, CEP: 28.060-010, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leila Teresinha Maranho
- Graduate Program in Environmental Management, Positivo University, Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza, 5300, CEP: 81.280-330, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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22
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Valencia-Agami SS, Cerqueda-García D, Putzeys S, Uribe-Flores MM, García-Cruz NU, Pech D, Herrera-Silveira J, Aguirre-Macedo ML, García-Maldonado JQ. Changes in the Bacterioplankton Community Structure from Southern Gulf of Mexico During a Simulated Crude Oil Spill at Mesocosm Scale. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100441. [PMID: 31614583 PMCID: PMC6843455 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The southern Gulf of Mexico (sGoM) is highly susceptible to receiving environmental impacts due to the recent increase in oil-related activities. In this study, we assessed the changes in the bacterioplankton community structure caused by a simulated oil spill at mesocosms scale. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis indicated that the initial bacterial community was mainly represented by Gamma-proteobacteria, Alpha-proteobacteria, Flavobacteriia, and Cyanobacteria. The hydrocarbon degradation activity, measured as the number of culturable hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (CHB) and by the copy number of the alkB gene, was relatively low at the beginning of the experiment. However, after four days, the hydrocarbonoclastic activity reached its maximum values and was accompanied by increases in the relative abundance of the well-known hydrocarbonoclastic Alteromonas. At the end of the experiment, the diversity was restored to similar values as those observed in the initial time, although the community structure and composition were clearly different, where Marivita, Pseudohongiella, and Oleibacter were detected to have differential abundances on days eight–14. These changes were related with total nitrogen (p value = 0.030 and r2 = 0.22) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p value = 0.048 and r2 = 0.25), according to PERMANOVA. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the potential response of the bacterioplankton from sGoM to crude oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia S Valencia-Agami
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Cerqueda-García
- Consorcio de Investigación del Golfo de México (CIGoM)-Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico.
| | - Sébastien Putzeys
- Consorcio de Investigación del Golfo de México (CIGoM)-Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico.
| | - María Magdalena Uribe-Flores
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico.
| | - Norberto Ulises García-Cruz
- Consorcio de Investigación del Golfo de México (CIGoM)-Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Pech
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad Marina y Cambio Climático, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Lerma Campeche, Campeche 24500, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Herrera-Silveira
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico.
| | - M Leopoldina Aguirre-Macedo
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico.
| | - José Q García-Maldonado
- CONACYT - Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico.
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23
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Santisi S, Catalfamo M, Bonsignore M, Gentile G, Di Salvo E, Genovese M, Mahjoubi M, Cherif A, Mancini G, Hassanshahian M, Pioggia G, Cappello S. Biodegradation ability of two selected microbial autochthonous consortia from a chronically polluted marine coastal area (Priolo Gargallo, Italy). J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:618-629. [PMID: 30848509 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were: (i) the characterization of the structure of the indigenous microbial community associated with the sediments under study; (ii) the isolation and characterization of microbial consortia able to degrade the aged hydrocarbons contaminating the sediments, and (iii) the assessment of related biodegradation capability of selected consortia. Samples of surface sediments were collected in Priolo Gargallo harbour (Sicily, Italy). The samples were analysed for physical, chemical (GC-FID analysis) and microbiological characteristics (qualitative (16S rDNA clone library) and quantitative (DAPI, CFU and MPN count) analysis). The sediment samples were used for the selection of two microbial consortia (indicated as PSO and PSM) with high biodegradation capacity for crude oil (∼95%) and PAHs (∼63%) respectively. Genetic analysis showed that Alcanivorax and Cycloclasticus were the dominant genera in both the PSO and PSM consortia. Oil-polluted environments naturally develop an elevated biorecovery potential. The presence of a highly specialized microbial flora (adapted to support the contamination) and their stimulation through favourable induced conditions provides a promising recovery strategy. The chance to identify and select indigenous bacteria and/or consortia with a high biodegradation capacity is fundamental for the development and optimization of bioaugmentation strategies especially for those concerning in situ applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Santisi
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM)-CNR of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems "Eduardo Caianiello" (ISASI)-CNR of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - M Catalfamo
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM)-CNR of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - M Bonsignore
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - G Gentile
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM)-CNR of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - E Di Salvo
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM)-CNR of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems "Eduardo Caianiello" (ISASI)-CNR of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - M Genovese
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM)-CNR of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - M Mahjoubi
- Higher Institute for Biotechnology - University of Manouba Biotechpole of Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - A Cherif
- Higher Institute for Biotechnology - University of Manouba Biotechpole of Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - G Mancini
- Dep. "Ingegneria Industriale", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Hassanshahian
- Dep."Biology", Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - G Pioggia
- Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems "Eduardo Caianiello" (ISASI)-CNR of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S Cappello
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM)-CNR of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Institute of Applied Sciences & Intelligent Systems "Eduardo Caianiello" (ISASI)-CNR of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Muangchinda C, Chamcheun C, Sawatsing R, Pinyakong O. Diesel oil removal by Serratia sp. W4-01 immobilized in chitosan-activated carbon beads. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26927-26938. [PMID: 30008160 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Serratia sp. W4-01 was immobilized in chitosan-activated carbon beads and used for diesel oil removal. The type and concentration of chitosan, activated carbon content, and bead diameter were investigated as factors affecting diesel oil removal. The results showed that 2% (w/v) squid pen chitosan beads modified with 1% activated carbon (w/v) and with a 3-mm diameter had a good spherical shape and strength as well as diesel oil removal capability. The immobilized W4-01 cells removed more than 40% of diesel oil after 7 days when the initial diesel oil concentration was 100 to 400 mg L-1, whereas 29-36% of diesel oil was removed after 14 days when the initial concentration was 800 to 1000 mg L-1. Additionally, the immobilized cells maintained the ability to remove diesel oil over a pH range of 5-11. The addition of a biosurfactant increased the diesel oil removal from 62 to 75%. The reusability tests revealed that the ability of immobilized cells to remove diesel oil was enhanced after reuse, and 50-90% of diesel oil was removed during 2 to 12 reuse cycles. The stability and survival of W4-01 cells was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results of this study showed the potential use of W4-01 cells immobilized in chitosan-activated carbon beads for future applications in remediating diesel contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanokporn Muangchinda
- Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chalinee Chamcheun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rajitpitch Sawatsing
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Onruthai Pinyakong
- Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Research Program on Remediation Technologies for Petroleum Contamination, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Treatment of Oil-Contaminated Water by Modified Polysilicate Aluminum Ferric Sulfate. Processes (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/pr6070095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this experiment, a variety of inorganic materials were simply compounded with Polysilicate Aluminum Ferric Sulfate (PSAFS) to treat emulsified oil-contaminated water. Manganese sulfate (MnSO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) were selected as the materials to modify PSAFS in order to obtain a coagulant with good flocculation performance. During the preparation of modified PSAFS, metal manganese, magnesium, and zinc were introduced for modification, and four factors were used to optimize the best proportion of modifiers and PSAFS. The results showed that the order of demulsification and oil-removal ability is as follows: Mn-PSAFS (Mn-modified PSAFS) > Zn-PSAFS (Zn-modified PSAFS) > Mg-PSAFS (Mg-modified PSAFS) > PSAFS. Modified PSAFS was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In the range of 604 cm−1 to 1200 cm−1, due to the complexation reaction between metal ions and polysilicic acid, the absorption peaks of the modified PSAFS and PSAFS were significantly different. SEM results revealed that the particles of the spatial network structure were fibrous and arranged more closely (0.5 mm × 50.0 mm) than others. This study provided that the modified PSAFS had good potential application in treating emulsified oily wastewater in the future.
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Sarkar P, Roy A, Pal S, Mohapatra B, Kazy SK, Maiti MK, Sar P. Enrichment and characterization of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria from petroleum refinery waste as potent bioaugmentation agent for in situ bioremediation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 242:15-27. [PMID: 28533069 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic biodegradation potential of bacteria from petroleum refinery waste was investigated through isolation of cultivable strains and their characterization. Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. populated the normal cultivable taxa while prolonged enrichment with hydrocarbons and crude oil yielded hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria of genera Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Kocuria, Pandoraea, etc. Strains isolated through enrichment showed assemblages of superior metabolic properties: utilization of aliphatic (C6-C22) and polyaromatic compounds, anaerobic growth with multiple terminal electron acceptors and higher biosurfactant production. Biodegradation of dodecane was studied thoroughly by GC-MS along with detection of gene encoding alkane hydroxylase (alkB). Microcosms bioaugmented with Enterobacter, Pandoraea and Burkholderia strains showed efficient biodegradation (98% TPH removal) well fitted in first order kinetic model with low rate constants and decreased half-life. This study proves that catabolically efficient bacteria resides naturally in complex petroleum refinery wastes and those can be useful for bioaugmentation based bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ajoy Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, India
| | - Siddhartha Pal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, India
| | - Balaram Mohapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sufia K Kazy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713209, India
| | - Mrinal K Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Pinaki Sar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Mapelli F, Scoma A, Michoud G, Aulenta F, Boon N, Borin S, Kalogerakis N, Daffonchio D. Biotechnologies for Marine Oil Spill Cleanup: Indissoluble Ties with Microorganisms. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:860-870. [PMID: 28511936 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous exploitation of petroleum hydrocarbons (HCs) has been accompanied by accidental spills and chronic pollution in marine ecosystems, including the deep ocean. Physicochemical technologies are available for oil spill cleanup, but HCs must ultimately be mineralized by microorganisms. How environmental factors drive the assembly and activity of HC-degrading microbial communities remains unknown, limiting our capacity to integrate microorganism-based cleanup strategies with current physicochemical remediation technologies. In this review, we summarize recent findings about microbial physiology, metabolism and ecology and describe how microbes can be exploited to create improved biotechnological solutions to clean up marine surface and deep waters, sediments and beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mapelli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Scoma
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), University of Gent, B 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Grégoire Michoud
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Aulenta
- Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), University of Gent, B 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Sara Borin
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolas Kalogerakis
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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Chen Q, Li J, Liu M, Sun H, Bao M. Study on the biodegradation of crude oil by free and immobilized bacterial consortium in marine environment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174445. [PMID: 28346510 PMCID: PMC5367712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Five strains of bacteria, namely, Exiguobacterium sp. ASW-1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ASW-2, Alcaligenes sp. ASW-3, Alcaligenes sp. ASS-1, and Bacillus sp. ASS-2, were isolated from the Zhejiang coast in China. The mixed flora of the five strains performed well with degrading 75.1% crude oil (1%, w/v) in 7 days. The calcium alginate—activated carbon embedding carrier was used to immobilize bacterial consortium. Immobilized cells performed better than free ones in variations of environmental factors containing incubated temperature, initial pH, salinity of the medium and crude oil concentration. The degradation process of crude oil by immobilized bacteria was accelerated compared with that of the free ones. Bacterial consortium showed better performance on biodegradation of normal alkanes than that of PAHs. Improvement of immobilization on the biodegradation efficiency of normal alkanes (31.9%) was apparently high than that of PAHs (1.9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Chen
- College of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, P. R. China
| | - Mei Liu
- College of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Sun
- College of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, P. R. China
| | - Mutai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P. R. China
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