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Alkhadher SAA, Sidek LM, Zakaria MP, A Al-Garadi M, Suratman S. Environmental occurrence and assessment of organic pollutants in surface sediments of South Peninsular Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:140. [PMID: 38488953 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01916-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Organic pollution continues to be an important worldwide obstacle for tackling health and environmental concerns that require ongoing and prompt response. To identify the LAB content levels as molecular indicators for sewage pollution, surface sediments had obtained from the South region of Malaysia. The origins of the LABs were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). ANOVA and a Pearson correlation coefficient at p < 0.05 were used in the statistical analyses of the differences between the research locations. Internal to external (I/E) ratio, homologs C13/C12, and long to short (L/S) chains are used to identify the effectiveness of wastewater treatments. According to statistical analysis, the range of LAB level at the stations was 67.4 to 188.7 ng g-1dw. A significant difference was observed between LAB homologs (p < 0.05), with a higher level of C13 in most of the stations. The computed LAB ratio (I/E), which varied from 1.6 to 2.7, revealed the released wastewater from primary and secondary sources. LAB degradation varied between 33 and 49% in the areas that were evaluated. The treatment system of wastewater requires to be further improved, and using LAB markers to track anthropogenic contamination is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lariyah Mohd Sidek
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maged A Al-Garadi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhaimi Suratman
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Hatzianestis I, Parinos C, Chourdaki S, Plakidi E, Abualnaja Y, Hoteit I, Churchill J, Papageorgiou D, Papadopoulos VP, Alshehri Y, Pavlidou A. Organic contaminants levels, distribution and risk assessment in Jeddah marine coastal zone sediments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115926. [PMID: 38128252 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, various organic contaminants were determined in surface sediments collected from the Jeddah coastal zone, Saudi Arabia, to assess their levels, origin and probable toxic effects on marine organisms. High hydrocarbons concentrations, indicative of an enhanced pollutant burden, were recorded in the Jeddah Lagoon (mean value 4100 mg/kg for total aliphatic hydrocarbons (∑AHC) and 5800 μg/kg for total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑PAH)), whereas mean values in Mena Jeddah were 258 mg/kg for ∑AHC and 615 μg/kg for ∑PAH. By using molecular diagnostic ratios/indices and applying Positive Matrix Factorization, petroleum related pollution seems to predominate in Jeddah lagoons, whereas carcinogenic contaminants of pyrolytic origin were dominant in Mena Jedda. Additionally, municipal wastewaters were identified as a major source of pollution in Jeddah lagoons. Comparison of the concentrations of individual PAHs and polychlorinated biphenyls with sediment quality guidelines indicates that, despite their high total values, adverse biological effects are unlikely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hatzianestis
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece.
| | - C Parinos
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - S Chourdaki
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - E Plakidi
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Y Abualnaja
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - I Hoteit
- Climate Change Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Churchill
- Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - D Papageorgiou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - V P Papadopoulos
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Y Alshehri
- National Center for Environmental Compliance, Riyadh 13241-3000, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Pavlidou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio av., Mavro Lithari, 19013 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
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Magam SM, Masood N, Alkhadher SAA, Alanazi TYA, Zakaria MP, Sidek LM, Suratman S, Alrabie NA. Seasonal variations in the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Selangor River, Peninsular Malaysia's West Coast. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:38. [PMID: 38227164 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The seasonal variation of petroleum pollution including n-alkanes in surface sediments of the Selangor River in Malaysia during all four climatic seasons was investigated using GC-MS. The concentrations of n-alkanes in the sediment samples did not significantly correlate with TOC (r = 0.34, p > 0.05). The concentrations of the 29 n-alkanes in the Selangor River ranged from 967 to 3711 µg g-1 dw, with higher concentrations detected during the dry season. The overall mean per cent of grain-sized particles in the Selangor River was 85.9 ± 2.85% sand, 13.5 ± 2.8% clay, and 0.59 ± 0.34% gravel, respectively. n-alkanes are derived from a variety of sources, including fresh oil, terrestrial plants, and heavy/degraded oil in estuaries. The results of this study highlight concerns and serve as a warning that hydrocarbon contamination is affecting human health. As a result, constant monitoring and assessment of aliphatic hydrocarbons in coastal and riverine environments are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami M Magam
- Basic Science Department, Preparatory Year, University of Ha'il, 1560, Hail City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Pollution, Faculty of Marine Science and Environment, Hodeidah University, Al Hudaydah, Yemen
| | - Najat Masood
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il City, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Pollution, Faculty of Marine Science and Environment, Hodeidah University, Al Hudaydah, Yemen.
| | - Sadeq A A Alkhadher
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Yemen Standardization, Metrology and Quality Control Organization (YSMQ), Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Tahani Y A Alanazi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
- Associate Member, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lariyah Mohd Sidek
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suhaimi Suratman
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universi, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus , 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nabeel Abdullah Alrabie
- Environmental Forensics Laboratory, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Arruda-Santos RHD, Costa BVMD, Carvalho PSMD, Zanardi-Lamardo E. Sewage contamination assessment in an urbanized tropical estuary in Northeast Brazil using elemental, isotopic and molecular proxies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120726. [PMID: 36427820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Capibaribe Estuarine System (CES) is a tropical estuary located within a densely populated metropolitan region in the Brazilian Northeast, providing multiple ecosystem services including artisanal fisheries, tourism, and navigation. A significant load of domestic and industrial effluents is causing visible environmental degradation that needs to be characterized. This study evaluated the degree of contamination by domestic sewage and the relative contribution of organic carbon (OC) sources in sediments, measuring carbon-to-nitrogen atomic (C/N)a ratios, δ13C of OC, and linear alkylbenzene concentrations (LAB). The SIAR mixing model indicated that estuarine phytoplankton and sewage contribute 73% and 22% to OC, respectively, based on sedimentary (C/N)a ratios that varied from 8.5 to 13, and δ13C ranging from -25.21 to -21.63‰. This suggests that eutrophication of CES is triggered by sewage inflow. The CES was moderately contaminated by LAB, and the highest concentrations observed in the inner portion, from 287 to 1349 ng g-1 dry weight, suggests the retention of sewage. The mixing isotopic model indicated a significant dilution process of sewage-derived OC by estuarine phytoplankton. The lowest LAB in the lower estuary (317-320 ng g-1 dw) probably resulted from marine dilution. Principal component analysis demonstrated that mud regulates sedimentary OC content, and that the sewage plume regulates sedimentary LAB. High degradation of LAB isomers probably reflects the net heterotrophic condition of this system, also suggesting these compounds are introduced into CES partially degraded. Our results pointed out that degraded OM is a result of chronic and long-term sewage input. Considering the implications of sewage pollution to environmental and public health, there is an urgent need of better policies to improve domestic effluent treatment capacity, reducing contamination of estuarine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanny Helen de Arruda-Santos
- Departmento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura S/n, Recife, PE, CEP 50740-550, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Varella Motta da Costa
- Departmento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura S/n, Recife, PE, CEP 50740-550, Brazil.
| | | | - Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo
- Departmento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura S/n, Recife, PE, CEP 50740-550, Brazil.
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Masood N, Alkhadher SAA, Magam SM, Halimoon N, Alsukaibi A, Zakaria MP, Vaezzadeh V, Keshavarzifard M, Maisara S, Khaled Bin Break M. Monitoring of linear alkyl benzenes (LABs) in riverine and estuarine sediments in Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3687-3702. [PMID: 34697724 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this a pioneering research is to investigate linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) as biomarkers of sewage pollution in sediments collected from four rivers and estuaries of the south and east of Peninsular Malaysia. The sediment samples went through soxhlet extraction, two-step column chromatography purification, fractionation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) with multivariate linear regression (MLR) was used as well for source apportionment of LABs. The results of this study showed that total LAB concentration was 36-1196 ng g-1dw. The internal to external isomer ratios (I/E ratio) of LABs were from 0.56 to 3.12 indicated release of raw sewage and primary and secondary effluents into the environment of south and east of Peninsular Malaysia. Our research supported that continuous monitoring of sewage pollution to limit the environmental pollution in riverine and estuarine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najat Masood
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Pollution, Faculty of Marine Science and Environment, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah City, Yemen.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail City, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sadeq A A Alkhadher
- Micro-pollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Cluster of Water and Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
- Yemen Standardization, Metrology and Quality Control Organization (YSMQ), Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Sami M Magam
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Pollution, Faculty of Marine Science and Environment, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah City, Yemen
- Basic Science Department, Preparatory Year, University of Ha'il, 1560, Hail City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Normala Halimoon
- Environmental Forensics Laboratory, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdulmohsen Alsukaibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vahab Vaezzadeh
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Mehrzad Keshavarzifard
- Shrimp Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute,, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr, 75169-89177, Iran
| | - Sawsan Maisara
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Khaled Bin Break
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, 81411, Saudi Arabia
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