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Domínguez-García P, Rodríguez RR, Barata C, Gómez-Canela C. Presence and toxicity of drugs used to treat SARS-CoV-2 in Llobregat River, Catalonia, Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:49487-49497. [PMID: 36780086 PMCID: PMC9924204 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), the respiratory illness responsible for the on-going COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, it was declared global pandemic, causing millions of deaths. An evident tendency of global pharmaceutical consumption due to COVID-19 pandemic should be seen worldwide, and this increase might suppose an environmental threat. Pharmaceuticals administrated at home or in pharmacies are excreted by faeces and urine after consumption, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not able to remove all pharmaceuticals residues that eventually will end up in the aquatic media (rivers and sea). For this reason, analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have become prominent to identify and quantify pharmaceuticals residues in aquatic matrices. In view of the scarce data on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals used as COVID-19 treatment, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of these class of pharmaceuticals in river water which were dexamethasone, prednisone, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, remdesivir, ritonavir, lopinavir, acetaminophen, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and cloperastine, their toxicity in the aquatic environment using D. magna and to perform an exhaustive risk assessment in seven points of the Llobregat river basin. Dexamethasone, cloperastine and acetaminophen were the pharmaceuticals with higher concentrations, showing mean levels between 313 and 859 ng L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Domínguez-García
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reinerio Rolando Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Analytical and Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain.
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Khan K, Kar S, Roy K. Are we ready to combat the ecotoxicity of COVID-19 pharmaceuticals? An in silico aquatic risk assessment. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 256:106416. [PMID: 36758333 PMCID: PMC9898056 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To fight COVID-19 with uncountable medications and bioproducts throughout the world has taken us to another challenge of ecotoxicity. The indiscriminate usage followed by improper disposal of unused antibacterials, antivirals, antimalarials, immunomodulators, angiotensin II receptor blockers, corticosteroids, anthelmintics, anticoagulants etc. can lead us to an unimaginable ecotoxicity in the long run. A series of studies already identified active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) of the mentioned therapeutic classes and their metabolites in aquatic bodies as well as in wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, an initial ecotoxicity assessment of the majorly used pharmaceuticals is utmost requirement of the present time. The present in silico risk assessment study is focused on the aquatic toxicity prediction of 81 pharmaceuticals where 77 are most-used pharmaceuticals for COVID-19 throughout the world based on the literature along with one drug nirmatrelvir [PF-07321332] approved for emergency use by US-FDA and three other molecules under clinical trial. The ecotoxicity of the studied compounds were predicted based on the three aquatic species fish, algae and crustaceans employing the highest quality QSAR models available from the literature as well as using ECOSAR and QSAR Toolbox. To compare the toxicity thresholds, we have also used 4 control pharmaceuticals based on the worldwide occurrence from river, lake, STP, WWTPs, influent and effluent followed by high reported aquatic toxicity over the years as per the literature. Based on the statistical comparison, we have proposed top 3 pharmaceuticals used for the COVID-19 most toxic to the aquatic environment. The study will provide confident predictions of aquatic ecotoxicity data related to abundant use of COVID-19 drugs. The major aim of the study is to fill up the aquatic ecotoxicity data gap of major medications used for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabiruddin Khan
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Supratik Kar
- Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA.
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Rebolledo UA, Rico-Martínez R, Fernández R, Páez-Osuna F. Synergistic effect of chloroquine and copper to the euryhaline rotifer Proales similis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1035-1043. [PMID: 35831720 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) has been widely used for many years against malaria and various viral diseases. Its important use and high potential to being persistent make it of particular concern for ecotoxicological studies. Here, we evaluated the toxicity of CQ alone and in combination with copper (Cu) to the euryhaline rotifer Proales similis. All experiments were carried out using chronic toxicity reproductive five-day tests and an application factor (AF) of 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 by multiplying the 24-h LC50 values of CQ (4250 µg/L) and Cu (68 µg/L), which were administered in solution. The rate of population increase (r, d-1) ranged from 0.50 to 52 (controls); 0.20 to 0.40 (CQ); 0.09 to 0.43 (Cu); and -0.03 to 0.30 (CQ-Cu) and showed significant decrease as the concentration of both chemicals in the medium increased. Almost all tested mixtures induced synergistic effects, mainly as the AF increased. We found that the presence of Cu intensifies the vulnerability of organisms to CQ and vice versa. These results stress the potential hazard that these combined chemicals may have on the aquatic systems. This research suggests that P. similis is sensitive to CQ as other standardized zooplankton species and may serve as a potential test species in the risk assessment of emerging pollutants in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Arreguin Rebolledo
- Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P., Aguascalientes, 20131, Ags., Mexico
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, P.O. Box 811, C.P, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Roberto Rico-Martínez
- Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P., Aguascalientes, 20131, Ags., Mexico
| | - Rocío Fernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Limnología Tropical, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Federico Páez-Osuna
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, P.O. Box 811, C.P, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México.
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What Is the Impact of Dexamethasone and Prednisolone Glucocorticoids on the Structure of Meiobenthic Nematode Communities? SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The toxic effects of two commonly used glucocorticoids, the dexamethasone and prednisolone, on meiobenthic nematodes were assessed in a laboratory experiment for 30 days. Nine treatments were employed, comprised of two single and mixed concentrations of dexamethasone and prednisolone (i.e., 0.14 and 1.4 µg·L−1). The exposure to both glucocorticoids showed significant effects on the abundance and taxonomic diversity of nematodes. Such changes were mainly induced by the decrease in the abundance of the species Microlaimus honestus, considered to be sensitive to prednisolone and by the increase in Enoplolaimus longicaudatus abundance, which can be considered tolerant. The exposure to these glucocorticoids also led to a decrease in 2A feeding groups, 2–4 mm body-size interval, and c-p3 life history type in most treatments, with type of life history and shape of amphids as the most relevant functional traits impacted by these two glucocorticoids. The results could also be explained by the potential antagonism between these two pharmaceuticals.
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Yeferni M, Ben Saïd O, Mahmoudi E, Essid N, Hedfi A, Almalki M, Pacioglu O, Dervishi A, Boufahja F. Effectiveness of Shewanella oneidensis bioaugmentation in the bioremediation of phenanthrene-contaminated sediments and possible consortia with omnivore-carnivore meiobenthic nematodes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118281. [PMID: 34626706 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the impact and efficiency of the bioaugmentation as a bioremediation technique in annoying effects of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (phenanthrene) on a community of free-living nematodes from Bizerte bay (Tunisia). For this purpose, closed microcosms were exposed to three doses of phananthrene (0.1 μg kg-1, 1 μg kg-1 and 10 μg kg-1), in combination or not with a strain of Shewanella oneidensis. After 40 days of the exposure, results were obtained at the numerical, taxonomic and feeding levels. The results of univariate analyses revealed significant decreases in most univariate indices for phenanthrene treated communities compared to controls, with a discernible increase in the proportion of epistrate feeders. After bioaugmentation, similar patterns were observed for univariate and multivariate analyses, with the exception of the highest treatment, which showed no difference from the controls. The results obtained showed that the bioaugmentation with Shewanellea oneidensis was highly effective in reducing the negative impact of the highest dose of phenanthrene (10 μg kg-1 Dry Weight) tested on meiobenthic nematodes. Furthermore, a combination of Shewanellea oneidensis and four omnivore-carnivore nematode taxa could be suggested as an effective method in the bioremediation of phenanthrene-contaminated sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Yeferni
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Ben Saïd
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Ezzeddine Mahmoudi
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Naceur Essid
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Amor Hedfi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almalki
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Octavian Pacioglu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aida Dervishi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Zog I, 25/1, 1001, Tirana, Albania
| | - Fehmi Boufahja
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
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Mahmoudi M, Bejaoui W, Ali MB, Hedfi A, Almalki M, Essid N, Mahmoudi E, Rizk R, Pacioglu O, Urkmez D, Dervishi A, Boufahja F. How effective is wastewater treatment? A case study under the light of taxonomic and feeding features of meiobenthic nematodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:2566-2578. [PMID: 34370198 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A microcosm bioassay was designed to assess the efficacy of wastewater treatment methods used in sewage plants. The taxonomic and feeding characteristics of a meiobenthic nematode assemblage from Ghar El Melh lagoon (Tunisia) were used to achieve this goal. Nematode assemblages were exposed for 30 days to untreated wastewater (UW) obtained from the sewage treatment plant of Sidi Ahmed (Tunisia) and three mixtures with treated wastewater (TW33 = 33%, TW66 = 66%, and TW100 = 100%). Concerning the nematode abundance, the exposure to either treated wastewater (TW33-100) or untreated wastewater (UW) had no significant effect. In contrast, Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou's Evenness were clearly reduced by contamination with both types of wastewater, with a more pronounced negative impact prior to treatment in the sewage plant. The multivariate analyzes revealed a change in the taxonomic composition of the nematofauna in response to the contamination by untreated or treated wastewater. The relative abundances of species in wastewater replicates compared to controls reflected this taxonomic restructuring. Finally, Ascolaimus elongatus, Terschellingia communis, and Kraspedonema octogoniata were less represented in all experimentally treated units and could be considered as 'sensitive taxa to wastewater'. While, Paracomesoma dubium, appears to be a 'tolerant and/or opportunistic' species, showing increased relative abundances under all wastewater treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mahmoudi
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Wiem Bejaoui
- LR Biotechnology and Bio-Geo Resources Valorization (LR11ES31c) Higher Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manouba Biotechnopole of Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Manel Ben Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amor Hedfi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almalki
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naceur Essid
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Ezzeddine Mahmoudi
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Roquia Rizk
- Research Center for Biochemical, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém, H-8200, Hungary
- Biochemisrty Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Octavian Pacioglu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Derya Urkmez
- Sinop University, Scientific and Technological Research and Application Center, TR57000, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Aida Dervishi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Zog I, 25/1, 1001, Tirana, Albania
| | - Fehmi Boufahja
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
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Albornoz LL, Soroka VD, Silva MCA. Photo-mediated and advanced oxidative processes applied for the treatment of effluents with drugs used for the treatment of early COVID-19: Review. ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANCES 2021; 6:100140. [PMID: 34845441 PMCID: PMC8603826 DOI: 10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is proving to be one of the most challenging health and social crises ever faced by humanity. Several drugs have been proposed as potential antiviral agents for the treatment of COVID-19 since the beginning of the health crisis. Among them are chloroquine (CQ), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), ivermectin (IVM), and the combination of QC or HCQ and azithromycin (AZI). The use of these and several other drugs has grown sharply, even if there is proof of ineffectiveness in the early treatment or mild cases of COVID-19. Thus, there is great concern about the potential environmental impacts of the effluents released with the presence of these drugs. Therefore, this work aimed to carry out a literature review on wastewater treatment processes, focusing on removing these substances through advanced oxidation process. As the conventional effluent treatment processes do not have high efficiency for removal, it was concentrated in the literature that had as scope advanced and photo-mediated techniques to remove CQ, HCQ, IVM, and AZI. It is expected, with this work, to highlight the importance of conducting research that contributes to the control of pollution and contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Albornoz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - V D Soroka
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M C A Silva
- UFRGS, Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento Ambiental, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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