1
|
Zhang J, Li R, Zhang Y, He W, Yang J, Wang Y. Study on mutual harmless treatment of electrolytic manganese residue and red mud. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:59660-59675. [PMID: 37014596 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) and red mud (RM) are solid waste by-products of the metal manganese and alumina industries, respectively. Under long-term open storage, ammonia nitrogen and soluble manganese ions in EMR and alkaline substances in RM severely pollute and harm the environment. In order to alleviate the pollution problem of EMR and RM. In this study, the alkaline substances in RM were used to treat ammonia nitrogen and soluble manganese ions in EMR. The results confirm the following suitable treatment conditions for the mutual treatment of EMR and RM: EMR-RM mass ratio = 1:1, liquid-solid ratio = 1.4:1, and stirring time = 320 min. Under these conditions, the elimination ratios of ammonia nitrogen (emitted in the form of ammonia gas) and soluble manganese ions (solidified in the form of Mn3.88O7(OH) and KMn8O16) are 85.87 and 86.63%, respectively. Moreover, the alkaline substances in RM are converted into neutral salts (Na2SO4 and Mg3O(CO3)2), achieving de-alkalinisation. The treatment method can also solidify the heavy metal ions-Cr3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+-present in the waste residue with leaching concentrations of 1.45 mg/L, 0.099 mg/L, 0.294 mg/L, and 0.449 mg/L, respectively. This satisfies the requirements of the Chinese standard GB5085.3-2007. In the mutual treatment of EMR and RM, the kinetics of ammonia nitrogen removal and manganese-ion solidification reactions are controlled via a combination of membrane diffusion and chemical reaction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Weilong He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gosu V, Dhakar A, Zhang TC, Surampalli RY, Subbaramaiah V. Using innovative copper-loaded activated alumina (Cu/AA) as the catalyst for catalytic wet peroxidation (CWPO) of catechol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:40576-40587. [PMID: 36622616 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, copper-loaded activated alumina (Cu/AA) was synthesized and used for the CWPO of catechol (a representative refractory organic pollutant). Various characterization techniques were deployed to characterize the catalysts, e.g., activated alumina (AA), as well as pristine and spent 1% Cu/AA. The innovative 1% Cu/AA catalyst exhibited good thermal stability up to 1173 K with a marginal weight loss of 13%. The Cu species were well dispersed on the activated alumina framework with no significant cluster formation. Typically, the average copper particle size of 5 nm was dispersed on the AA framework. Catechol removal was observed to be 92% with 87% mineralization at optimized conditions (initial catechol concentration = 200 mg/L, catalyst dose of 1% Cu/AA = 2 g/L; temperature = 323 K; pH = 6; and H2O2/catechol stoichiometric ratio = 0.5). The mineralization of catechol was analyzed using mass spectroscopy, with the associated mechanism has been elucidated. Results of this study indicated that synthesized catalyst has phenomenal advantages in terms of simple separation and high removal efficiency of catechol, suggesting the feasibility of employing Cu/AA as the effective catalyst for the CWPO of catechol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Gosu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, 302017, India
| | - Archana Dhakar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, 302017, India
| | - Tian C Zhang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Rao Y Surampalli
- Environment, and Sustainability (GIEES), Global Institute for Energy, P.O. Box 14354, Lenexa, KS, 66285, USA
| | - Verraboina Subbaramaiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, 302017, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Applications of Spent Lithium Battery Electrode Materials in Catalytic Decontamination: A Review. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
For a large amount of spent lithium battery electrode materials (SLBEMs), direct recycling by traditional hydrometallurgy or pyrometallurgy technologies suffers from high cost and low efficiency and even serious secondary pollution. Therefore, aiming to maximize the benefits of both environmental protection and e-waste resource recovery, the applications of SLBEM containing redox-active transition metals (e.g., Ni, Co, Mn, and Fe) for catalytic decontamination before disposal and recycling has attracted extensive attention. More importantly, the positive effects of innate structural advantages (defects, oxygen vacancies, and metal vacancies) in SLBEMs on catalytic decontamination have gradually been unveiled. This review summarizes the pretreatment and utilization methods to achieve excellent catalytic performance of SLBEMs, the key factors (pH, reaction temperature, coexisting anions, and catalyst dosage) affecting the catalytic activity of SLBEM, the potential application and the outstanding characteristics (detection, reinforcement approaches, and effects of innate structural advantages) of SLBEMs in pollution treatment, and possible reaction mechanisms. In addition, this review proposes the possible problems of SLBEMs in practical decontamination and the future outlook, which can help to provide a broader reference for researchers to better promote the implementation of “treating waste to waste” strategy.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar P, Vijay Jagtap A, Gupta S, Vinod CP. La-Cu based heterogeneous perovskite catalyst for highly selective benzene hydroxylation under mild conditions. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200788. [PMID: 36216572 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Direct hydroxylation of benzene towards phenol with high conversion and selectivity remains a great challenge. We report herein an efficient La2 CuO4 perovskite catalyst for one-step oxidation of benzene using hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions. The catalyst was characterized using XRD, TEM, XPS, TG-DTA, and other advanced techniques. The one-pot hydroxylation reaction carried out at 60 °C under optimum reaction conditions in the presence of catalytic material shows benzene to phenol transformation with 51% conversion with >99% selectivity with 65 percent peroxide efficiency, respectively. The influence of reaction conditions such as temperature, amount of oxidant, reaction time and mode of addition of the oxidant was crucial in selectivity optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201002, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anuradha Vijay Jagtap
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201002, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chathakudath P Vinod
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008, Pune, Maharashtra, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201002, Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mishra S, Sangma SW, Poddar MK, Bal R, Singh GP, Dey RK. TiO 2 supported cobalt oxide for olefin epoxidation reaction - characterization, catalytic activities and mechanism - using a DFT model. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10486-10500. [PMID: 35766149 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal oxide catalysts are known to trigger C-H bond activation selectively, indicating their suitability for olefin epoxidation. Nano-structured Co3O4 supported on TiO2 was prepared for selective epoxidation of a number of olefins under optimized reaction conditions. An appropriate synthetic procedure yielded a catalytic material (Co-Ti (NP)HT) with desired crystal size and interface conditions. Incorporation of Co into the Ti matrix resulted in an enhancement in the specific surface of Ti-Co nanoparticles (77.93 m2 g-1). XPS measurements evaluated the surface cobalt atom concentration (5.77%) in Ti-Co(NP)HT, indicating more dispersion of cobalt oxide species. Catalytic application of the material, using various olefins (under optimized reaction conditions) shows higher conversion (>85%) in a 6-h time interval. The substrate : oxidant (H2O2) concentration in an optimized molar ratio of 1 : 2 shows high olefin conversion for the formation of olefin oxide. The reactivity of olefins was found to be in the order: cyclohexene > methylstyrene > styrene > chlorostyrene > p-nitrostyrene. A DFT model compared the HOMO-LUMO energies of styrene and its substituted forms. The reusability of Ti-Co (NP)HT tested up to four continuous cycles of batch operations indicates a negligible loss (0.25-0.30%) of catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Jharkhand (CUJ), Ranchi - 835 205, India.
| | - Simon Watre Sangma
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Jharkhand (CUJ), Ranchi - 835 205, India.
| | - Mukesh Kumar Poddar
- Light and Stock Processing Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun-248005, India.
| | - Rajaram Bal
- Light and Stock Processing Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun-248005, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - G P Singh
- Department of Nanoscience & Technology, Central University of Jharkhand (CUJ), Ranchi - 835 205, India
| | - Ratan Kumar Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Jharkhand (CUJ), Ranchi - 835 205, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The oxidation of hydrocarbons of different structures under the same conditions is an important stage in the study of the chemical properties of both the hydrocarbons themselves and the oxidation catalysts. In a 50% H2O2/Cu2Cl4·2DMG/CH3CN system, where DMG is dimethylglyoxime (Butane-2,3-dione dioxime), at 50 °C under the same or similar conditions, we oxidized eleven RH hydrocarbons of different structures: mono-, bi- and tri-cyclic, framework and aromatic. To compare the composition of the oxidation products of these hydrocarbons, we introduced a new quantitative characteristic, “distributive oxidation depth D(O), %” and showed the effectiveness of its application. The adiabatic ionization potentials (AIP) and the vertical ionization potentials (VIP) of the molecules of eleven oxidized and related hydrocarbons were calculated using the DFT method in the B3LYP/TZVPP level of theory for comparison with experimental values and correlation with D(O). The same calculations of AIP were made for the molecules of the oxidant, solvent, DMG, related compounds and products. It is shown that component X, which determines the mechanism of oxidation of hydrocarbons RH with AIP(Exp) ≥ AIP(X) = 8.55 ± 0.03 eV, is a trans-DMG molecule. Firstly theoretically estimated experimental values of AIP(trans-DMG) = 8.53 eV and AIP(cis-DMG) = 8.27 eV.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen S, Long F, Gao G, Belver C, Li Z, Li Z, Guan J, Guo Y, Bedia J. Zero-valent iron-copper bimetallic catalyst supported on graphite from spent lithium-ion battery anodes and mill scale waste for the degradation of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous phase. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
8
|
Guan J, Li Z, Chen S, Gu W. Zero-valent iron supported on expanded graphite from spent lithium-ion battery anodes and ferric chloride for the degradation of 4-chlorophenol in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133381. [PMID: 34952011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zero-valent iron supported with expanded graphite (ZVI/EG) were successfully prepared from ferric chloride and the graphite of spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) using carbothermic reduction as a new approach for recycling spent LIB. ZVI/EG composites synthesized with different ZVI mass ratios were used as catalysts for the 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) removal from water by heterogeneous Fenton reactions. ZVI/EG composites showed a BET specific surface area of 11.295 m2 g-1. ZVI/EG synthesized from expandable graphite and ferric chloride with mass ratio of 2:1 (ZVI/EG-2) showed the highest removal percentage of 4-CP, being 97% in 1 h. The degradation rate fitted to a pseudo first-order model better, and reached 0.0527 min-1 for ZVI/EG-2. Moreover, ZVI/EG-2 showed high reactivity for 4-CP removal even in the sixth reuse cycle, being 82%. Hydroquinone and 4-chlorocatechol were identified as the intermediate products of 4-CP degradation. Increasing the ZVI/EG-2 dosage can enhance the 4-CP removal percentage through offering more reactive sites and Fe2+ ions. Acidic pH values favorited the 4-CP removal due to the high H+ concentrations, while Alkaline pH value inhabited the 4-CP removal. A higher temperature increased the rate of •OH formation and enhanced the 4-CP removal percentage. At a fixed dosage of the ZVI/EG-2, the ratio of available reactive sites was less at higher initial concentrations. These results prove the possibility of synthesizing high active and stable ZVI/EG catalysts using graphite from spent LIB and ferric chloride. These catalysts show promising prospective for the 4-CP removal in water, with comparable activities to others previously reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Zixiang Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Weixing Gu
- Shanghai Julang Environmental Protection Technology Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201712, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Patra SR, Bhunia S, Das D. Water extract of red mud: an efficient and renewable medium for environmentally benign synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromenes. Mol Divers 2022; 26:2907-2914. [PMID: 35066778 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an efficient and convenient domino Michael addition/intramolecular cyclization protocol is presented for the synthesis of biologically relevant 2-amino-4H-chromenes in short reaction times using water extract of red mud (WERM) at room temperature. Red mud is generated abundantly as wastes in aluminum industries and this is the first report to utilize WERM as an effective and renewable medium in organic synthesis. As the precursor material is a waste, the present method is environmentally benign and economical. The final 2-amino-4H-chromenes were obtained in high yields by simple precipitation and subsequent washing by aqueous ethanol which eliminates the chromatographic separation. The present method is tolerated by electronically diverse functional groups and also applicable for large-scale synthesis. Moreover, WERM was recovered from the reaction medium and reused for several cycles without significant loss of reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Rani Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sabyasachi Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Debjit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Triveni Devi Bhalotia College, Raniganj, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu J, Lei T, Wang B, Ma S, Lin Y, Lu X, Ye Z. An Eco-Friendly Acid Leaching Strategy for Dealkalization of Red Mud by Controlling Phase Transformation. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020580. [PMID: 35057302 PMCID: PMC8780678 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The alkaline components in red mud represent one of the crucial factors restricting its application, especially for the construction and building industry. The phase state of alkaline components has a significant influence on the dealkalization of red mud. In this work, an environmentally friendly acid leaching strategy is proposed by controlling the phase transformation of red mud during active roasting pretreatment. With a moderate roasting temperature, the alkaline component is prevented from converting into insoluble phases. After acid leaching with a low concentration of 0.1 M, a high dealkalization rate of 92.8% is obtained. Besides, the leachate is neutral (pH = 7) and the valuable metals in red mud are well preserved, manifesting a high selectivity and efficiency of diluted acid leaching. The calcination experiment further confirms the practicability of the strategy in the construction field, where the cementitious minerals can be formed in large quantities. Compared with the traditional acid leaching routes, the diluted acid leaching strategy in this work is acid saving with low valuable element consumption. Meanwhile, the secondary pollution issue can be alleviated. Hence, the findings in this work provide a feasible approach for the separation and recovery of alkali and resource utilization of red mud.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Wu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Tianyu Lei
- Shandong Academy of Building Research Co., Ltd., Jinan 250031, China;
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shuwei Ma
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250199, China;
| | - Yulong Lin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaolei Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, Jinan 250022, China;
| | - Zhengmao Ye
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China; (B.W.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Z.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rahmani N, Amiri A, Ziarani GM, Badiei A. Review of some transition metal-based mesoporous catalysts for the direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol (DHBP). MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Li M, Shen X, Liu M, Lu J. Synthesis TS-1 nanozelites via L-lysine assisted route for hydroxylation of Benzene. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
13
|
Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Toluene to Benzaldehyde: Effect of Aging Time and Calcination Temperature Using CuxZnyO Mixed Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation is an important organic transformation, and several catalysts have been reported for this conversion. In this study, we report the synthesis of mixed metal oxide CuxZnyO, which is prepared by a coprecipitation method by varying the molar ratio of Cu and Zn in the catalytic system. The prepared mixed metal oxide CuxZnyO was evaluated for catalytic performance for toluene oxidation. Various parameters of the catalytic evaluation were studied in order to ascertain the optimum condition for the best catalytic performance. The results indicate that aging time, calcination temperature, reaction temperature, and feed rate influence catalytic performance. It was found that the catalyst interfaces apparently enhanced catalytic activity for toluene oxidation. The XRD diffractograms reveal the crystalline nature of the mixed metal oxide formed and also confirm the coexistence of hexagonal and monoclinic crystalline phases. The catalyst prepared by aging for 4 h and calcined at 450 °C was found to be the best for the conversion of toluene to benzaldehyde while the reactor temperature was maintained at 250 °C with toluene fed into the reactor at 0.01 mL/min. The catalyst was active for about 13 h.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mishra S, Sangma SW, Bal R, Dey RK. Preparation and characterization of a copper oxide nanoparticle-supported red-mud catalyst for liquid phase oxidation of ethyl benzene to acetophenone. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00888a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, liquid phase oxidation of ethyl benzene to acetophenone was widely investigated using a new recyclable supported catalyst of CuO nanoparticles impregnated over activated red-mud (CuO_AARM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Mishra
- Department of Chemistry
- Central University of Jharkhand (CUJ)
- Ranchi – 835 205
- India
| | - Simon Watre Sangma
- Department of Chemistry
- Central University of Jharkhand (CUJ)
- Ranchi – 835 205
- India
| | - Rajaram Bal
- Catalytic Conversion & Processes Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP)
- Dehradun – 248005
- India
| | - Ratan Kumar Dey
- Department of Chemistry
- Central University of Jharkhand (CUJ)
- Ranchi – 835 205
- India
| |
Collapse
|