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Grønbæk-Thygesen M, Hartmann-Petersen R. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of aspartoacylase and its role in Canavan disease. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:45. [PMID: 38582917 PMCID: PMC10998430 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Canavan disease is an autosomal recessive and lethal neurological disorder, characterized by the spongy degeneration of the white matter in the brain. The disease is caused by a deficiency of the cytosolic aspartoacylase (ASPA) enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), an abundant brain metabolite, into aspartate and acetate. On the physiological level, the mechanism of pathogenicity remains somewhat obscure, with multiple, not mutually exclusive, suggested hypotheses. At the molecular level, recent studies have shown that most disease linked ASPA gene variants lead to a structural destabilization and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the ASPA protein variants, and accordingly Canavan disease should in general be considered a protein misfolding disorder. Here, we comprehensively summarize the molecular and cell biology of ASPA, with a particular focus on disease-linked gene variants and the pathophysiology of Canavan disease. We highlight the importance of high-throughput technologies and computational prediction tools for making genotype-phenotype predictions as we await the results of ongoing trials with gene therapy for Canavan disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grønbæk-Thygesen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200N, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Hartmann-Petersen
- The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200N, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Poisson LM, Kaur N, Felicella MM, Singh J. System-based integrated metabolomics and microRNA analysis identifies potential molecular alterations in human X-linked cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy brain. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:3249-3262. [PMID: 37656183 PMCID: PMC10656705 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a severe demyelinating neurodegenerative disease mainly affecting males. The severe cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD) phenotype has a poor prognosis and underlying mechanism of onset and progression of neuropathology remains poorly understood. In this study we aim to integrate metabolomic and microRNA (miRNA) datasets to identify variances associated with cALD. Postmortem brain tissue samples from five healthy controls (CTL) and five cALD patients were utilized in this study. White matter from ALD patients was obtained from normal-appearing areas, away from lesions (NLA) and from the periphery of lesions- plaque shadow (PLS). Metabolomics was performed by gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry and miRNA expression analysis was performed by next generation sequencing (RNAseq). Principal component analysis revealed that among the three sample groups (CTL, NLA and PLS) there were 19 miRNA, including several novel miRNA, of which 17 were increased with disease severity and 2 were decreased. Untargeted metabolomics revealed 13 metabolites with disease severity-related patterns with 7 increased and 6 decreased with disease severity. Ingenuity pathway analysis of differentially altered metabolites and miRNA comparing CTL with NLA and NLA with PLS, identified several hubs of metabolite and signaling molecules and their upstream regulation by miRNA. The transomic approach to map the crosstalk between miRNA and metabolomics suggests involvement of specific molecular and metabolic pathways in cALD and offers opportunity to understand the complex underlying mechanism of disease severity in cALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila M Poisson
- Department of Public Health Science, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Navtej Kaur
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Michelle M Felicella
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jaspreet Singh
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Blvd, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Kau YL, Lin IH, Juang CL, Chang CK, Ho WH, Wen HC. Metabolite Variations in the Hippocampus and Corpus Callosum of Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy with Three-Dimensional Chemical Shift Images. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1244. [PMID: 37759845 PMCID: PMC10526271 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the metabolites in the brain regions of hippocampus and corpus callosum between patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls using no-radiation and high-sensitivity magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) with three-dimensional chemical shift images (3D-CSI). Twenty volunteers (seven patients with MCI and 13 healthy controls) aged 50-71 years were recruited for this prospective study. MRS with 3D-CSI images of a variety of metabolites was collected from the hippocampus and corpus callosum. Sex and weight showed no significant differences between the two groups. The metabolite levels in the hippocampus and corpus callosum of the MCI group were generally lower than in those of the healthy group, especially for creatine (p < 0.001 in the hippocampus and p = 0.020 in the corpus callosum) and N-acetyl aspartate/creatine (p < 0.001 in the hippocampus and p = 0.020 in the corpus callosum); however, choline/creatine showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) only in the hippocampus, and myo-inositol/creatine showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) only in the corpus callosum. Our study demonstrated that MRS with 3D-CSI can be used to measure these metabolite levels to determine the differences between patients with MCI and healthy individuals. This would aid early diagnosis of MCI in clinical practice, and patients could receive prompt intervention to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Lon Kau
- Department of Medical Imaging, Camillian St. Mary’s Hospital, Luodong, Yilan 265502, Taiwan; (Y.-L.K.); (W.-H.H.)
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan;
| | - I-Hung Lin
- Nobel Eye Institute, Taipei 100008, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Juang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Kai Chang
- Nobel Eye Institute, Taipei 100008, Taiwan;
- Department of Optometry, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Hsiang Ho
- Department of Medical Imaging, Camillian St. Mary’s Hospital, Luodong, Yilan 265502, Taiwan; (Y.-L.K.); (W.-H.H.)
| | - Hsiao-Chuan Wen
- Department of Pet Healthcare, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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4
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de Moraes MBM, de Souza HMR, de Oliveira MLC, Peake RWA, Scalco FB, Garrett R. Combined targeted and untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses to investigate metabolic alterations in pompe disease. Metabolomics 2023; 19:29. [PMID: 36988742 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-01989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pompe disease is a rare, lysosomal disorder, characterized by intra-lysosomal glycogen accumulation due to an impaired function of α-glucosidase enzyme. The laboratory testing for Pompe is usually performed by enzyme activity, genetic test, or urine glucose tetrasaccharide (Glc4) screening by HPLC. Despite being a good preliminary marker, the Glc4 is not specific for Pompe. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to develop a simple methodology using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for targeted quantitative analysis of Glc4 combined with untargeted metabolic profiling in a single analytical run to search for complementary biomarkers in Pompe disease. METHODS We collected 21 urine specimens from 13 Pompe disease patients and compared their metabolic signatures with 21 control specimens. RESULTS Multivariate statistical analyses on the untargeted profiling data revealed Glc4, creatine, sorbitol/mannitol, L-phenylalanine, N-acetyl-4-aminobutanal, N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid, and 2-aminobenzoic acid as significantly altered in Pompe disease. This panel of metabolites increased sample class prediction (Pompe disease versus control) compared with a single biomarker. CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated the potential of combined acquisition methods in LC-HRMS for Pompe disease investigation, allowing for routine determination of an established biomarker and discovery of complementary candidate biomarkers that may increase diagnostic accuracy, or improve the risk stratification of patients with disparate clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B M de Moraes
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo 1281, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Hygor M R de Souza
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo 1281, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-598, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria L C de Oliveira
- Inborn Error of Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roy W A Peake
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernanda B Scalco
- Inborn Error of Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael Garrett
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo 1281, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-598, Brazil.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Circulating N-Acetylaspartate does not track brain NAA concentrations, cognitive function or features of small vessel disease in humans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11530. [PMID: 35798828 PMCID: PMC9262942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is the second most abundant metabolite in the human brain; although it is assumed to be a proxy for a neuronal marker, its function is not fully elucidated. NAA is also detectable in plasma, but its relation to cerebral NAA levels, cognitive performance, or features of cerebral disease has not been investigated. To study whether circulating NAA tracks cerebral NAA levels, and whether circulating NAA correlates with cognitive function and features of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). Two datasets were analyzed. In dataset 1, structural MRI was acquired in 533 subjects to assess four features of cerebral SVD. Cognitive function was evaluated with standardized test scores (N = 824). In dataset 2, brain 1H-MRS from the occipital region was acquired (N = 49). In all subjects, fasting circulating NAA was measured with mass spectrometry. Dataset 1: in univariate and adjusted for confounders models, we found no correlation between circulating NAA and the examined features of cerebral SVD. In univariate analysis, circulating NAA levels were associated inversely with the speed in information processing and the executive function score, however these associations were lost after accounting for confounders. In line with the negative findings of dataset 1, in dataset 2 there was no correlation between circulating and central NAA or total NAA levels. This study indicates that circulating NAA levels do not reflect central (occipital) NAA levels, cognitive function, or cerebral small vessel disease in man.
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Wei H, Moffett JR, Amanat M, Fatemi A, Tsukamoto T, Namboodiri AM, Slusher BS. The pathogenesis of, and pharmacological treatment for, Canavan disease. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2467-2483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Miyanishi H, Kitazawa A, Izuo N, Muramatsu SI, Nitta A. N-Acetyl Transferase, Shati/Nat8l, in the Dorsal Hippocampus Suppresses Aging-induced Impairment of Cognitive Function in Mice. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2703-2714. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rigby MJ, Orefice NS, Lawton AJ, Ma M, Shapiro SL, Yi SY, Dieterich IA, Frelka A, Miles HN, Pearce RA, Yu JPJ, Li L, Denu JM, Puglielli L. SLC13A5/sodium-citrate co-transporter overexpression causes disrupted white matter integrity and an autistic-like phenotype. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac002. [PMID: 35146426 PMCID: PMC8823335 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum-based N ɛ-lysine acetylation serves as an important protein quality control system for the secretory pathway. Dysfunctional endoplasmic reticulum-based acetylation, as caused by overexpression of the acetyl coenzyme A transporter AT-1 in the mouse, results in altered glycoprotein flux through the secretory pathway and an autistic-like phenotype. AT-1 works in concert with SLC25A1, the citrate/malate antiporter in the mitochondria, SLC13A5, the plasma membrane sodium/citrate symporter and ATP citrate lyase, the cytosolic enzyme that converts citrate into acetyl coenzyme A. Here, we report that mice with neuron-specific overexpression of SLC13A5 exhibit autistic-like behaviours with a jumping stereotypy. The mice displayed disrupted white matter integrity and altered synaptic structure and function. Analysis of both the proteome and acetyl-proteome revealed unique adaptations in the hippocampus and cortex, highlighting a metabolic response that likely plays an important role in the SLC13A5 neuron transgenic phenotype. Overall, our results support a mechanistic link between aberrant intracellular citrate/acetyl coenzyme A flux and the development of an autistic-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rigby
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nicola Salvatore Orefice
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Alexis J. Lawton
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Min Ma
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Samantha L. Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sue Y. Yi
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Inca A. Dieterich
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Alyssa Frelka
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hannah N. Miles
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Robert A. Pearce
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - John Paul J. Yu
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - John M. Denu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry and the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Kowalski R, Pikul P, Lewandowski K, Sakowicz-Burkiewicz M, Pawełczyk T, Zyśk M. The cAMP Inducers Modify N-Acetylaspartate Metabolism in Wistar Rat Brain. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1404. [PMID: 34573036 PMCID: PMC8466109 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal N-acetylaspartate production appears in the presence of aspartate N-acetyltransferase (NAT8L) and binds acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA with aspartic acid. Further N-acetylaspartate pathways are still being elucidated, although they seem to involve neuron-glia crosstalk. Together with N-acetylaspartate, NAT8L takes part in oligoglia and astroglia cell maturation, myelin production, and dopamine-dependent brain signaling. Therefore, understanding N-acetylaspartate metabolism is an emergent task in neurobiology. This project used in in vitro and in vivo approaches in order to establish the impact of maturation factors and glial cells on N-acetylaspartate metabolism. Embryonic rat neural stem cells and primary neurons were maturated with either nerve growth factor, trans-retinoic acid or activators of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (dibutyryl-cAMP, forskolin, theophylline). For in vivo, adult male Wistar rats were injected with theophylline (20 mg/kg b.w.) daily for two or eight weeks. Our studies showed that the N-acetylaspartate metabolism differs between primary neurons and neural stem cell cultures. The presence of glia cells protected N-acetylaspartate metabolism from dramatic changes within the maturation processes, which was impossible in the case of pure primary neuron cultures. In the case of differentiation processes, our data points to dibutyryl-cAMP as the most prominent regulator of N-acetylaspartate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kowalski
- University Clinical Center in Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland; (R.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Piotr Pikul
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- University Clinical Center in Gdansk, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland; (R.K.); (K.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Sakowicz-Burkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (T.P.)
| | - Tadeusz Pawełczyk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (T.P.)
| | - Marlena Zyśk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (T.P.)
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10
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Lotun A, Gessler DJ, Gao G. Canavan Disease as a Model for Gene Therapy-Mediated Myelin Repair. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661928. [PMID: 33967698 PMCID: PMC8102781 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the scientific and therapeutic fields for rare, genetic central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as leukodystrophies, or white matter disorders, have expanded significantly in part due to technological advancements in cellular and clinical screenings as well as remedial therapies using novel techniques such as gene therapy. However, treatments aimed at normalizing the pathological changes associated with leukodystrophies have especially been complicated due to the innate and variable effects of glial abnormalities, which can cause large-scale functional deficits in developmental myelination and thus lead to downstream neuronal impairment. Emerging research in the past two decades have depicted glial cells, particularly oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, as key, regulatory modulators in constructing and maintaining myelin function and neuronal viability. Given the significance of myelin formation in the developing brain, myelin repair in a time-dependent fashion is critical in restoring homeostatic functionality to the CNS of patients diagnosed with white matter disorders. Using Canavan Disease (CD) as a leukodystrophy model, here we review the hypothetical roles of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), one of the brain's most abundant amino acid derivatives, in Canavan disease's CNS myelinating pathology, as well as discuss the possible functions astrocytes serve in both CD and other leukodystrophies' time-sensitive disease correction. Through this analysis, we also highlight the potential remyelinating benefits of gene therapy for other leukodystrophies in which alternative CNS cell targeting for white matter disorders may be an applicable path for reparative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoushka Lotun
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Dominic J Gessler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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11
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Thoman ME, McKarns SC. Metabolomic Profiling in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Biomarker Discovery. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10090374. [PMID: 32961928 PMCID: PMC7570337 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no specific test for diagnosing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), a disabling autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Instead, diagnosis relies on ruling out other related disorders with overlapping clinical symptoms. An urgency for NMOSD biomarker discovery is underscored by adverse responses to treatment following misdiagnosis and poor prognosis following the delayed onset of treatment. Pathogenic autoantibiotics that target the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) contribute to NMOSD pathology. The importance of early diagnosis between AQP4-Ab+ NMOSD, MOG-Ab+ NMOSD, AQP4-Ab− MOG-Ab− NMOSD, and related disorders cannot be overemphasized. Here, we provide a comprehensive data collection and analysis of the currently known metabolomic perturbations and related proteomic outcomes of NMOSD. We highlight short chain fatty acids, lipoproteins, amino acids, and lactate as candidate diagnostic biomarkers. Although the application of metabolomic profiling to individual NMOSD patient care shows promise, more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxton E. Thoman
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
- Laboratory of TGF-β Biology, Epigenetics, and Cytokine Regulation, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Susan C. McKarns
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
- Laboratory of TGF-β Biology, Epigenetics, and Cytokine Regulation, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Myosins constitute a superfamily of actin-based molecular motor proteins that mediates a variety of cellular activities including muscle contraction, cell migration, intracellular transport, the formation of membrane projections, cell adhesion, and cell signaling. The 12 myosin classes that are expressed in humans share sequence similarities especially in the N-terminal motor domain; however, their enzymatic activities, regulation, ability to dimerize, binding partners, and cellular functions differ. It is becoming increasingly apparent that defects in myosins are associated with diseases including cardiomyopathies, colitis, glomerulosclerosis, neurological defects, cancer, blindness, and deafness. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding myosins and disease.
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13
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Daniele G, Campi B, Saba A, Codini S, Ciccarone A, Giusti L, Del Prato S, Esterline RL, Ferrannini E. Plasma N-Acetylaspartate Is Related to Age, Obesity, and Glucose Metabolism: Effects of Antidiabetic Treatment and Bariatric Surgery. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:216. [PMID: 32362872 PMCID: PMC7181885 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is synthesized only by neurons and is involved in neuronal metabolism and axonal myelination. NAA is the strongest signal on brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and its concentration have been associated with cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and Methods: We explored the impact of obesity and T2D on circulating NAA as well as the impact of bariatric surgery and antidiabetic treatments. We developed an LC-MS method for the accurate measurements of fasting plasma NAA levels in 505 subjects (156 subjects with normal glucose tolerance, 24 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, and 325 patients with T2D) to examine the associations of NAA with obesity and dysglycemia. To validate cross-sectional findings, plasma NAA was measured 6 months after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) in 55 morbidly obese subjects, and after 1 year of antidiabetic treatment (with dapagliflozin, exenatide, or dapagliflozin plus exenatide) in 192 T2D patients. Results: In the whole population, NAA was associated with age (r = 0.31, p <0.0001) and BMI (r = -0.20, p <0.0001). Independently of age and BMI, NAA was reciprocally related to HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (partial r = -0.13, both p = 0.01). Surgically-induced weight loss raised NAA (by 18 nmol/L on average, p <0.02). Glucose lowering treatment increased NAA in proportion to the drop in HbA1c (r = 0.31, p <0.0001) regardless of the agent used. Conclusions: Circulating NAA concentrations are modulated by age, obesity, and glycemic control. Whether they may mark for the corresponding metabolic effects on brain function remains to be established by joint measurements of spectroscopic signal and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Daniele
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Saba
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, St. Chiara University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Codini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ciccarone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Giusti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Prato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ele Ferrannini
- C.N.R. Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ele Ferrannini
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Nanocarriers for Protein Delivery to the Cytosol: Assessing the Endosomal Escape of Poly(Lactide-co-Glycolide)-Poly(Ethylene Imine) Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040652. [PMID: 31018628 PMCID: PMC6523739 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins and enzymes are a group of interesting candidates for the treatment of numerous diseases, but they often require a carrier to avoid degradation and rapid clearance in vivo. To this end, organic nanoparticles (NPs) represent an excellent choice due to their biocompatibility, and cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs)-loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) NPs have recently attracted attention as versatile tools for targeted enzyme delivery. However, PLGA NPs are taken up by cells via endocytosis and are typically trafficked into lysosomes, while many therapeutic proteins and enzymes should reach the cellular cytosol to perform their activity. Here, we designed a CLEAs-based system implemented with a cationic endosomal escape agent (poly(ethylene imine), PEI) to extend the use of CLEA NPs also to cytosolic enzymes. We demonstrated that our system can deliver protein payloads at cytoplasm level by two different mechanisms: Endosomal escape and direct translocation. Finally, we applied this system to the cytoplasmic delivery of a therapeutically relevant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, SOD) in vitro.
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15
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Dembic M, Andersen HS, Bastin J, Doktor TK, Corydon TJ, Sass JO, Lopes Costa A, Djouadi F, Andresen BS. Next generation sequencing of RNA reveals novel targets of resveratrol with possible implications for Canavan disease. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 126:64-76. [PMID: 30446350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a small compound first identified as an activator of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a key factor in mediating the effects of caloric restriction. Since then, RSV received great attention for its widespread beneficial effects on health and in connection to many diseases. RSV improves the metabolism and the mitochondrial function, and more recently it was shown to restore fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) capacities in patient fibroblasts harboring mutations with residual enzyme activity. Many of RSV's beneficial effects are mediated by the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α, a direct target of SIRT1 and a master regulator of the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Despite numerous studies RSV's mechanism of action is still not completely elucidated. Our aim was to investigate the effects of RSV on gene regulation on a wide scale, possibly to detect novel genes whose up-regulation by RSV may be of interest with respect to disease treatment. We performed Next Generation Sequencing of RNA on normal fibroblasts treated with RSV. To investigate whether the effects of RSV are mediated through SIRT1 we expanded the analysis to include SIRT1-knockdown fibroblasts. We identified the aspartoacylase (ASPA) gene, mutated in Canavan disease, to be strongly up-regulated by RSV in several cell lines, including Canavan disease fibroblasts. We further link RSV to the up-regulation of other genes involved in myelination including the glial specific transcription factors POU3F1, POU3F2, and myelin basic protein (MBP). We also observe a strong up-regulation by RSV of the riboflavin transporter gene SLC52a1. Mutations in SLC52a1 cause transient multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD). Our analysis of alternative splicing identified novel metabolically important genes affected by RSV, among which is particularly interesting the α subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gsα), which regulates the cellular levels of cAMP through adenylyl cyclase. We conclude that in fibroblasts RSV stimulates the PGC-1α and p53 pathways, and up-regulates genes affecting the glucose metabolism, mitochondrial β-oxidation, and mitochondrial biogenesis. We further confirm that RSV might be a relevant treatment in the correction of FAO deficiencies and we suggest that treatment in other metabolic disorders including Canavan disease and MADD might be also beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Dembic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Henriette S Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jean Bastin
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, UFR Biomédicale des Saints-Pères, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris, cedex 06, France
| | - Thomas K Doktor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jörn Oliver Sass
- Research Group Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Natural Sciences & IFGA, University of Applied Sciences, Rheinbach, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Lopes Costa
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, UFR Biomédicale des Saints-Pères, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris, cedex 06, France
| | - Fatima Djouadi
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, UFR Biomédicale des Saints-Pères, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris, cedex 06, France
| | - Brage S Andresen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.
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16
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Gerlini R, Berti L, Darr J, Lassi M, Brandmaier S, Fritsche L, Scheid F, Böhm A, Königsrainer A, Grallert H, Häring HU, Hrabě de Angelis M, Staiger H, Teperino R. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity define adipocyte transcriptional programs in human obesity. Mol Metab 2018; 18:42-50. [PMID: 30309776 PMCID: PMC6308911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although debated, metabolic health characterizes 10-25% of obese individuals and reduces risk of developing life-threatening co-morbidities. Adipose tissue is a recognized endocrine organ important for the maintenance of whole-body metabolic health. Adipocyte transcriptional signatures of healthy and unhealthy obesity are largely unknown. METHODS Here, we used a small cohort of highly characterized obese individuals discordant for metabolic health, characterized their adipocytes transcriptional signatures, and cross-referenced them to mouse phenotypic and human GWAs databases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that glucose intolerance and insulin resistance co-operate to remodel adipocyte transcriptome. We also identified the Nuclear Export Mediator Factor (NEMF) and the Ectoderm-Neural Cortex 1 (ENC1) as novel potential targets in the management of metabolic health in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gerlini
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research center for Environmental Health - Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) - Neuherberg, Germany
| | - L Berti
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) - Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - J Darr
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research center for Environmental Health - Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) - Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Lassi
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research center for Environmental Health - Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) - Neuherberg, Germany
| | - S Brandmaier
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) - Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology 2, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - L Fritsche
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) - Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Scheid
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research center for Environmental Health - Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) - Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Böhm
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) - Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) - Neuherberg, Germany; Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology 2, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H U Häring
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) - Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research center for Environmental Health - Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) - Neuherberg, Germany; Experimental Genetics, Faculty of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - H Staiger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) - Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - R Teperino
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research center for Environmental Health - Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) - Neuherberg, Germany.
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17
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Davies LC, Rice CM, McVicar DW, Weiss JM. Diversity and environmental adaptation of phagocytic cell metabolism. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:37-48. [PMID: 30247792 PMCID: PMC6334519 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri0518-195r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes are cells of the immune system that play important roles in phagocytosis, respiratory burst and degranulation—key components of innate immunity and response to infection. This diverse group of cells includes monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils—heterogeneous cell populations possessing cell and tissue‐specific functions of which cellular metabolism comprises a critical underpinning. Core functions of phagocytic cells are diverse and sensitive to alterations in environmental‐ and tissue‐specific nutrients and growth factors. As phagocytic cells adapt to these extracellular cues, cellular processes are altered and may contribute to pathogenesis. The considerable degree of functional heterogeneity among monocyte, neutrophil, and other phagocytic cell populations necessitates diverse metabolism. As we review our current understanding of metabolism in phagocytic cells, gaps are focused on to highlight the need for additional studies that hopefully enable improved cell‐based strategies for counteracting cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Davies
- Cancer & Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, UK
| | - Christopher M Rice
- Cancer & Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer & Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan M Weiss
- Cancer & Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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18
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N-acetylaspartate (NAA) induces neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line and sensitizes it to chemotherapeutic agents. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26235-46. [PMID: 27036033 PMCID: PMC5041977 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most commonly extra-cranial solid tumor of childhood frequently diagnosed. The nervous system-specific metabolite N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is synthesized from aspartate and acetyl-CoA in neurons, it is among the most abundant metabolites present in the central nervous system (CNS) and appears to be involved in many CNS disorders. The functional significance of the high NAA concentration in the brain remains uncertain, but it confers to NAA a unique clinical significance exploited in magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In the current study, we show that treatment of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma-derived cell line with sub-cytotoxic physiological concentrations of NAA inhibits cell growth. This effect is partly due to enhanced apoptosis, shown by decrease of the anti-apoptotic factors survivin and Bcl-xL, and partly to arrest of the cell-cycle progression, linked to enhanced expression of the cyclin-inhibitors p53, p21Cip1/Waf1 and p27Kip1. Moreover, NAA-treated SH-SY5Y cells exhibited morphological changes accompanied with increase of the neurogenic markers TH and MAP2 and down-regulation of the pluripotency markers OCT4 and CXCR4/CD184. Finally, NAA-pre-treated SH-SY5Y cells resulted more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of the chemotherapeutic drugs Cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the neuronal differentiating effects of NAA in neuroblastoma cells. NAA may be a potential preconditioning or adjuvant compound in chemotherapeutic treatment.
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19
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Pînzariu O, Georgescu B, Georgescu CE. Metabolomics-A Promising Approach to Pituitary Adenomas. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:814. [PMID: 30705668 PMCID: PMC6345099 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metabolomics-the novel science that evaluates the multitude of low-molecular-weight metabolites in a biological system, provides new data on pathogenic mechanisms of diseases, including endocrine tumors. Although development of metabolomic profiling in pituitary disorders is at an early stage, it seems to be a promising approach in the near future in identifying specific disease biomarkers and understanding cellular signaling networks. Objectives: To review the metabolomic profile and the contributions of metabolomics in pituitary adenomas (PA). Methods: A systematic review was conducted via PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus databases, summarizing studies that have described metabolomic aspects of PA. Results: Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry, which are traditional techniques employed in metabolomics, suggest amino acids metabolism appears to be primarily altered in PA. N-acetyl aspartate, choline-containing compounds and creatine appear as highly effective in differentiating PA from healthy tissue. Deoxycholic and 4-pyridoxic acids, 3-methyladipate, short chain fatty acids and glucose-6-phosphate unveil metabolite biomarkers in patients with Cushing's disease. Phosphoethanolamine, N-acetyl aspartate and myo-inositol are down regulated in prolactinoma, whereas aspartate, glutamate and glutamine are up regulated. Phosphoethanolamine, taurine, alanine, choline-containing compounds, homocysteine, and methionine were up regulated in unclassified PA across studies. Intraoperative use of ultra high mass resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), which allows localization and delineation between functional PA and healthy pituitary tissue, may contribute to achievement of complete tumor resection in addition to preservation of pituitary cell lines and vasopressin secretory cells, thus avoiding postoperative diabetes insipidus. Conclusion: Implementation of ultra high performance metabolomics analysis techniques in the study of PA will significantly improve diagnosis and, potentially, the therapeutic approach, by identifying highly specific disease biomarkers in addition to novel molecular pathogenic mechanisms. Ultra high mass resolution MALDI-MSI emerges as a helpful clinical tool in the neurosurgical treatment of pituitary tumors. Therefore, metabolomics appears to be a science with a promising prospect in the sphere of PA, and a starting point in pituitary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Pînzariu
- 6 Department of Medical Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan Georgescu
- Department of Ecology, Environmental Protection and Zoology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen E. Georgescu
- 6 Department of Medical Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Endocrinology Clinic, Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- *Correspondence: Carmen E. Georgescu
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20
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Neuroimaging of Pediatric Metabolic Disorders with Emphasis on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and MR Spectroscopy: A Pictorial Essay. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-017-0251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Bond KM, Brinjikji W, Eckel LJ, Kallmes DF, McDonald RJ, Carr CM. Dentate Update: Imaging Features of Entities That Affect the Dentate Nucleus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:1467-1474. [PMID: 28408628 PMCID: PMC7960439 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dentate nucleus is a cerebellar structure involved in voluntary motor function and cognition. There are relatively few entities that affect the dentate, and the clinical features of these conditions are often complex and nonspecific. Because these entities are rarely encountered, the formulation of a differential diagnosis can be difficult. Many of the conditions are reversible or treatable with early intervention. Therefore, it is important to recognize classic clinical presentations and their associated characteristic imaging findings. We provide a summary of entities that affect the dentate nucleus and a diagnostic workflow for approaching dentate nucleus imaging abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Bond
- From Mayo Clinic School of Medicine (K.M.B.)
| | - W Brinjikji
- the Department of Radiology (W.B., L.J.E., D.F.K., R.J.M., C.M.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - L J Eckel
- the Department of Radiology (W.B., L.J.E., D.F.K., R.J.M., C.M.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - D F Kallmes
- the Department of Radiology (W.B., L.J.E., D.F.K., R.J.M., C.M.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - R J McDonald
- the Department of Radiology (W.B., L.J.E., D.F.K., R.J.M., C.M.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - C M Carr
- the Department of Radiology (W.B., L.J.E., D.F.K., R.J.M., C.M.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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22
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Chevalier AC, Rosenberger TA. Increasing acetyl-CoA metabolism attenuates injury and alters spinal cord lipid content in mice subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurochem 2017; 141:721-737. [PMID: 28369944 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acetate supplementation increases brain acetyl-CoA metabolism, alters histone and non-histone protein acetylation, increases brain energy reserves, and is anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective in rat models of neuroinflammation and neuroborreliosis. To determine the impact acetate supplementation has on a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, we quantified the effect treatment had on injury progression, spinal cord lipid content, phospholipase levels, and myelin structure in mice subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE was induced by inoculating mice with a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide fragment (MOG35-55 ), and acetate supplementation was maintained with 4 g/kg glyceryl triacetate by a daily oral gavage. Acetate supplementation prevented the onset of clinical signs in mice subject to EAE compared to control-treated mice. Furthermore, acetate supplementation prevented the loss of spinal cord ethanolamine and choline glycerophospholipid and phosphatidylserine in mice subjected to EAE compared to EAE animals treated with water. Treatment increased saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid levels in phosphatidylserine compared to controls suggesting that acetate was utilized to increase spinal cord fatty acid content. Also, acetate supplementation prevented the loss of spinal cord cholesterol in EAE animals but did not change cholesteryl esters. Treatment significantly increased GD3 and GD1a ganglioside levels in EAE mice when compared to EAE mice treated with water. Treatment returned levels of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2 ) levels back to baseline and based on FluoroMyelin™ histochemistry maintained myelin structural characteristics. Overall, these data suggest that acetate supplementation may modulate lipid metabolism in mice subjected to EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber C Chevalier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Thad A Rosenberger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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23
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Jurdáková H, Górová R, Addová G, Behúlová D, Ostrovský I. The state of treatment approach and diagnostics in Canavan disease with focus on the determination of N-acetylasparic acid. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-016-0033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xu H, Zhang H, Zhang J, Huang Q, Shen Z, Wu R. Evaluation of neuron-glia integrity by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Implications for psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:563-577. [PMID: 27702600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) has been widely applied in human studies. There is now a large literature describing findings of brain MRS studies with mental disorder patients including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorders. However, the findings are mixed and cannot be reconciled by any of the existing interpretations. Here we proposed the new theory of neuron-glia integrity to explain the findings of brain 1H-MRS stuies. It proposed the neurochemical correlates of neuron-astrocyte integrity and axon-myelin integrity on the basis of update of neurobiological knowledge about neuron-glia communication and of experimental MRS evidence for impairments in neuron-glia integrity from the authors and the other investigators. Following the neuron-glia integrity theories, this review collected evidence showing that glutamate/glutamine change is a good marker for impaired neuron-astrocyte integrity and that changes in N-acetylaspartate and lipid precursors reflect impaired myelination. Moreover, this new theory enables us to explain the differences between MRS findings in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, China.
| | - Handi Zhang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Qingjun Huang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- The Department of Radiology, the second affiliated hospital, Shantou University Medical College, China
| | - Renhua Wu
- The Department of Radiology, the second affiliated hospital, Shantou University Medical College, China
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25
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Bernier D, Bartha R, McAllindon D, Hanstock CC, Marchand Y, Dillen KNH, Gallant M, Good KP, Tibbo PG. Illness versus substance use effects on the frontal white matter in early phase schizophrenia: A 4Tesla (1)H-MRS study. Schizophr Res 2016; 175:4-11. [PMID: 27161760 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Young adults with early phase schizophrenia often report a past or current pattern of illicit substance use and/or alcohol misuse. Still, little is known about the cumulative and separate effects of each stressor on white matter tissue, at this vulnerable period of brain development. METHODS Participants involved 24 healthy controls with a past or current history of sustained illicit drug use and/or alcohol misuse (users), 23 healthy controls without such history (normative data), and 27 users with early phase schizophrenia. (1)H-MRS data were acquired from a large frontal volume encompassing 95% of white matter, using a 4Tesla scanner (LASER sequence, TR/TE 3200/46ms). RESULTS Reduced levels of choline-containing compounds (Cho) were specific to the effect of illness (Cohen's d=0.68), with 22% of the variance in Cho levels accounted for by duration of illness. Reduced levels of myoInositol (d=1.10) and creatine plus phosphocreatine (d=1.07) were specific to the effects of illness plus substance use. Effect of substance use on its own was revealed by reductions in levels of glutamate plus glutamine (d=0.83) in control users relative to normative data. CONCLUSIONS The specific effect of illness on white matter might indicate a decreased synthesis of membrane phospholipids or alternatively, reduced membrane cellular density. In terms of limitations, this study did not include patients without a lifetime history of substance use (non-users), and the specific effect of each substance used could not be studied separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - David McAllindon
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada; Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Yannick Marchand
- Faculty of Computer Science, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kim N H Dillen
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michelle Gallant
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kimberly P Good
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Philip G Tibbo
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Roscoe RB, Elliott C, Zarros A, Baillie GS. Non-genetic therapeutic approaches to Canavan disease. J Neurol Sci 2016; 366:116-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Prokesch A, Pelzmann HJ, Pessentheiner AR, Huber K, Madreiter-Sokolowski CT, Drougard A, Schittmayer M, Kolb D, Magnes C, Trausinger G, Graier WF, Birner-Gruenberger R, Pospisilik JA, Bogner-Strauss JG. N-acetylaspartate catabolism determines cytosolic acetyl-CoA levels and histone acetylation in brown adipocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23723. [PMID: 27045997 PMCID: PMC4820693 DOI: 10.1038/srep23723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation depends on the abundance of nucleo-cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA. Here, we present a novel route for cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA production in brown adipocytes. N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is a highly abundant brain metabolite catabolized by aspartoacylase yielding aspartate and acetate. The latter can be further used for acetyl-CoA production. Prior to this work, the presence of NAA has not been described in adipocytes. Here, we show that accumulation of NAA decreases the brown adipocyte phenotype. We increased intracellular NAA concentrations in brown adipocytes via media supplementation or knock-down of aspartoacylase and measured reduced lipolysis, thermogenic gene expression, and oxygen consumption. Combinations of approaches to increase intracellular NAA levels showed additive effects on lipolysis and gene repression, nearly abolishing the expression of Ucp1, Cidea, Prdm16, and Ppara. Transcriptome analyses of aspartoacylase knock-down cells indicate deficiencies in acetyl-CoA and lipid metabolism. Concordantly, cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA levels and global histone H3 acetylation were decreased. Further, activating histone marks (H3K27ac and H3K9ac) in promoters/enhancers of brown marker genes showed reduced acetylation status. Taken together, we present a novel route for cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA production in brown adipocytes. Thereby, we mechanistically connect the NAA pathway to the epigenomic regulation of gene expression, modulating the phenotype of brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Prokesch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria,Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria,
| | - H. J. Pelzmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | | | - K. Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | | | - A. Drougard
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Schittmayer
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz and Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
| | - D. Kolb
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria,ZMF, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - C. Magnes
- HEALTH Insitute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | - G. Trausinger
- HEALTH Insitute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | - W. F. Graier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - R. Birner-Gruenberger
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz and Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
| | - J. A. Pospisilik
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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28
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Abstract
Metabolic disorders comprise a large group of heterogeneous diseases ranging from very prevalent diseases such as diabetes mellitus to rare genetic disorders like Canavan Disease. Whether either of these diseases is amendable by gene therapy depends to a large degree on the knowledge of their pathomechanism, availability of the therapeutic gene, vector selection, and availability of suitable animal models. In this book chapter, we review three metabolic disorders of the central nervous system (CNS; Canavan Disease, Niemann-Pick disease and Phenylketonuria) to give examples for primary and secondary metabolic disorders of the brain and the attempts that have been made to use adeno-associated virus (AAV) based gene therapy for treatment. Finally, we highlight commonalities and obstacles in the development of gene therapy for metabolic disorders of the CNS exemplified by those three diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Gessler
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS6-2049, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS6-2049, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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29
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Hegan PS, Ostertag E, Geurts AM, Mooseker MS. Myosin Id is required for planar cell polarity in ciliated tracheal and ependymal epithelial cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:503-16. [PMID: 26446290 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In wild type (WT) tracheal epithelial cells, ciliary basal bodies are oriented such that all cilia on the cell surface beat in the same upward direction. This precise alignment of basal bodies and, as a result, the ciliary axoneme, is termed rotational planar cell polarity (PCP). Rotational PCP in the multi-ciliated epithelial cells of the trachea is perturbed in rats lacking myosin Id (Myo1d). Myo1d is localized in the F-actin and basal body rich subapical cortex of the ciliated tracheal epithelial cell. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of Myo1d knock out (KO) trachea revealed that the unidirectional bending pattern is disrupted. Instead, cilia splay out in a disordered, often radial pattern. Measurement of the alignment axis of the central pair axonemal microtubules was much more variable in the KO, another indicator that rotational PCP is perturbed. The asymmetric localization of the PCP core protein Vangl1 is lost. Both the velocity and linearity of cilia-driven movement of beads above the tracheal mucosal surface was impaired in the Myo1d KO. Multi-ciliated brain ependymal epithelial cells exhibit a second form of PCP termed translational PCP in which basal bodies and attached cilia are clustered at the anterior side of the cell. The precise asymmetric clustering of cilia is disrupted in the ependymal cells of the Myo1d KO rat. While basal body clustering is maintained, left-right positioning of the clusters is lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Hegan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Eric Ostertag
- Transposagen Biopharmaceudicals, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mark S Mooseker
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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30
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Abstract
Myelination of axons in the nervous system of vertebrates enables fast, saltatory impulse propagation, one of the best-understood concepts in neurophysiology. However, it took a long while to recognize the mechanistic complexity both of myelination by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and of their cellular interactions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of myelin biogenesis, its lifelong plasticity, and the reciprocal interactions of myelinating glia with the axons they ensheath. In the central nervous system, myelination is also stimulated by axonal activity and astrocytes, whereas myelin clearance involves microglia/macrophages. Once myelinated, the long-term integrity of axons depends on glial supply of metabolites and neurotrophic factors. The relevance of this axoglial symbiosis is illustrated in normal brain aging and human myelin diseases, which can be studied in corresponding mouse models. Thus, myelinating cells serve a key role in preserving the connectivity and functions of a healthy nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; ,
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31
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Davies LC, Taylor PR. Tissue-resident macrophages: then and now. Immunology 2015; 144:541-8. [PMID: 25684236 PMCID: PMC4368161 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have been at the heart of immune research for over a century and are an integral component of innate immunity. Macrophages are often viewed as terminally differentiated monocytic phagocytes. They infiltrate tissues during inflammation, and form polarized populations that perform pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions. Tissue-resident macrophages were regarded as differentiated monocytes, which seed the tissues to perform immune sentinel and homeostatic functions. However, tissue-resident macrophages are not a homogeneous population, but are in fact a grouping of cells with similar functions and phenotypes. In the last decade, it has been revealed that many of these cells are not terminally differentiated and, in most cases, are not derived from haematopoiesis in the adult. Recent research has highlighted that tissue-resident macrophages cannot be grouped into simple polarized categories, especially in vivo, when they are exposed to complex signalling events. It has now been demonstrated that the tissue environment itself is a major controller of macrophage phenotype, and can influence the expression of many genes regardless of origin. This is consistent with the concept that cells within different tissues have diverse responses in inflammation. There is still a mountain to climb in the field, as it evolves to encompass not only tissue-resident macrophage diversity, but also categorization of specific tissue environments and the plasticity of macrophages themselves. This knowledge provides a new perspective on therapeutic strategies, as macrophage subsets can potentially be manipulated to control the inflammatory environment in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Davies
- Cancer Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
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32
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Patel T, Blyth JC, Griffiths G, Kelly D, Talcott JB. Moderate relationships between NAA and cognitive ability in healthy adults: implications for cognitive spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:39. [PMID: 24592224 PMCID: PMC3924143 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) is a non-invasive imaging technique that enables quantification of neurochemistry in vivo and thereby facilitates investigation of the biochemical underpinnings of human cognitive variability. Studies in the field of cognitive spectroscopy have commonly focused on relationships between measures of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a surrogate marker of neuronal health and function, and broad measures of cognitive performance, such as IQ. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we used (1)H-MRS to interrogate single-voxels in occipitoparietal and frontal cortex, in parallel with assessments of psychometric intelligence, in a sample of 40 healthy adult participants. We found correlations between NAA and IQ that were within the range reported in previous studies. However, the magnitude of these effects was significantly modulated by the stringency of data screening and the extent to which outlying values contributed to statistical analyses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE (1)H-MRS offers a sensitive tool for assessing neurochemistry non-invasively, yet the relationships between brain metabolites and broad aspects of human behavior such as IQ are subtle. We highlight the need to develop an increasingly rigorous analytical and interpretive framework for collecting and reporting data obtained from cognitive spectroscopy studies of this kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulpesh Patel
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Gareth Griffiths
- European Bioenergy Research Institute, Aston University Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Joel B Talcott
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University Birmingham, UK
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33
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Bernier D, Cookey J, McAllindon D, Bartha R, Hanstock CC, Newman AJ, Stewart SH, Tibbo PG. Multimodal neuroimaging of frontal white matter microstructure in early phase schizophrenia: the impact of early adolescent cannabis use. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:264. [PMID: 24131511 PMCID: PMC3852698 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A disturbance in connectivity between different brain regions, rather than abnormalities within the separate regions themselves, could be responsible for the clinical symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions observed in schizophrenia. White matter, which comprises axons and their myelin sheaths, provides the physical foundation for functional connectivity in the brain. Myelin sheaths are located around the axons and provide insulation through the lipid membranes of oligodendrocytes. Empirical data suggests oligodendroglial dysfunction in schizophrenia, based on findings of abnormal myelin maintenance and repair in regions of deep white matter. The aim of this in vivo neuroimaging project is to assess the impact of early adolescent onset of regular cannabis use on brain white matter tissue integrity, and to differentiate this impact from the white matter abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. The ultimate goal is to determine the liability of early adolescent use of cannabis on brain white matter, in a vulnerable brain. METHODS/DESIGN Young adults with schizophrenia at the early stage of the illness (less than 5 years since diagnosis) will be the focus of this project. Four magnetic resonance imaging measurements will be used to assess different cellular aspects of white matter: a) diffusion tensor imaging, b) localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy with a focus on the neurochemical N-acetylaspartate, c) the transverse relaxation time constants of regional tissue water, d) and of N-acetylaspartate. These four neuroimaging indices will be assessed within the same brain region of interest, that is, a large white matter fibre bundle located in the frontal region, the left superior longitudinal fasciculus. DISCUSSION We will expand our knowledge regarding current theoretical models of schizophrenia with a more comprehensive multimodal neuroimaging approach to studying the underlying cellular abnormalities of white matter, while taking into consideration the important confounding variable of early adolescent onset of regular cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Abbie J, Lane Building, Room 3030, Halifax B3H 2E2, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Jacob Cookey
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans’ Memorial Lane, Abbie J. Lane Building, Room 3030, Halifax B3H 2E2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - David McAllindon
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans’ Memorial Lane, Abbie J. Lane Building, Room 3030, Halifax B3H 2E2, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, 100 Perth Drive, London N6A 5K8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher C Hanstock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, 8308-114 Street, Edmonton T6G 2V2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aaron J Newman
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans’ Memorial Lane, Abbie J. Lane Building, Room 3030, Halifax B3H 2E2, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Box 15000, Life Sciences Centre, B3H 4R2 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sherry H Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans’ Memorial Lane, Abbie J. Lane Building, Room 3030, Halifax B3H 2E2, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Box 15000, Life Sciences Centre, B3H 4R2 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Philip G Tibbo
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans’ Memorial Lane, Abbie J. Lane Building, Room 3030, Halifax B3H 2E2, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Box 15000, Life Sciences Centre, B3H 4R2 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Veasey SC, Lear J, Zhu Y, Grinspan JB, Hare DJ, Wang S, Bunch D, Doble PA, Robinson SR. Long-term intermittent hypoxia elevates cobalt levels in the brain and injures white matter in adult mice. Sleep 2013; 36:1471-81. [PMID: 24082306 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Exposure to the variable oxygenation patterns in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) causes oxidative stress within the brain. We hypothesized that this stress is associated with increased levels of redox-active metals and white matter injury. DESIGN Participants were randomly allocated to a control or experimental group (single independent variable). SETTING University animal house. PARTICIPANTS Adult male C57BL/6J mice. INTERVENTIONS To model OSA, mice were exposed to long-term intermittent hypoxia (LTIH) for 10 hours/day for 8 weeks or sham intermittent hypoxia (SIH). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to quantitatively map the distribution of the trace elements cobalt, copper, iron, and zinc in forebrain sections. Control mice contained 62 ± 7 ng cobalt/g wet weight, whereas LTIH mice contained 5600 ± 600 ng cobalt/g wet weight (P < 0.0001). Other elements were unchanged between conditions. Cobalt was concentrated within white matter regions of the brain, including the corpus callosum. Compared to that of control mice, the corpus callosum of LTIH mice had significantly more endoplasmic reticulum stress, fewer myelin-associated proteins, disorganized myelin sheaths, and more degenerated axon profiles. Because cobalt is an essential component of vitamin B12, serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels were measured. LTIH mice had low MMA levels (P < 0.0001), indicative of increased B12 activity. CONCLUSIONS Long-term intermittent hypoxia increases brain cobalt, predominantly in the white matter. The increased cobalt is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress, myelin loss, and axonal injury. Low plasma methylmalonic acid levels are associated with white matter injury in long-term intermittent hypoxia and possibly in obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid C Veasey
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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35
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Di Pietro V, Cavallari U, Amorini AM, Lazzarino G, Longo S, Poggiani C, Cavalli P, Tavazzi B. New T530C mutation in the aspartoacylase gene caused Canavan disease with no correlation between severity and N-acetylaspartate excretion. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1902-4. [PMID: 24036223 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Canavan disease (OMIM 271900) is a severe autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by spongy degeneration of the brain and caused by mutations in the gene encoding for aspartoacylase (ASPA). The enzyme is responsible for the catalyses of the brain-specific compound N-acetylaspartate (NAA). DESIGN AND METHODS We report the case of two Egyptian sibling patients suspected of Canavan disease (CD) showing clinical deterioration, white matter degeneration, megalencephaly and severe intellectual impairment. The patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biochemical analysis of NAA in biological fluid samples (serum and urine). Subsequently, in order to determine the mutation responsible for CD in these two sibs, a molecular biological examination was performed. RESULTS MRI findings and quantification of high NAA excretion (1378.5 and 680.1μmolNAA/mmolcreatinine in urine of 4months and 4years old patients, respectively) confirmed the diagnosis of CD and prompted a search for the responsible mutation. The molecular biological analysis revealed homozygosity for the substitution T530C (Ile177Thr) in the exon 4 of the ASPA gene in both sibs. A total loss of enzymatic activity was also recorded. CONCLUSIONS The substitution T530C (Ile177Thr) results in a novel missense mutation causing a CD phenotype with severe clinical characteristics. This mutation was not previously described in the literature. In these two sibs, urinary concentration of NAA appears to correlate inversely to symptom severity and CD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Pietro
- School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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36
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Wang L, Chen J, Chen L, Deng P, Bu Q, Xiang P, Li M, Lu W, Xu Y, Lin H, Wu T, Wang H, Hu J, Shao X, Cen X, Zhao YL. 1H-NMR based metabonomic profiling of human esophageal cancer tissue. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:25. [PMID: 23556477 PMCID: PMC3626557 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biomarker identification of human esophageal cancer is critical for its early diagnosis and therapeutic approaches that will significantly improve patient survival. Specially, those that involves in progression of disease would be helpful to mechanism research. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the distinguishing metabolites in human esophageal cancer tissues (n = 89) and normal esophageal mucosae (n = 26) using a (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR) based assay, which is a highly sensitive and non-destructive method for biomarker identification in biological systems. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to analyse (1)H-NMR profiling data to identify potential biomarkers. RESULTS The constructed OPLS-DA model achieved an excellent separation of the esophageal cancer tissues and normal mucosae. Excellent separation was obtained between the different stages of esophageal cancer tissues (stage II = 28; stage III = 45 and stage IV = 16) and normal mucosae. A total of 45 metabolites were identified, and 12 of them were closely correlated with the stage of esophageal cancer. The downregulation of glucose, AMP and NAD, upregulation of formate indicated the large energy requirement due to accelerated cell proliferation in esophageal cancer. The increases in acetate, short-chain fatty acid and GABA in esophageal cancer tissue revealed the activation of fatty acids metabolism, which could satisfy the need for cellular membrane formation. Other modified metabolites were involved in choline metabolic pathway, including creatinine, creatine, DMG, DMA and TMA. These 12 metabolites, which are involved in energy, fatty acids and choline metabolism, may be associated with the progression of human esophageal cancer. CONCLUSION Our findings firstly identify the distinguishing metabolites in different stages of esophageal cancer tissues, indicating the attribution of metabolites disturbance to the progression of esophageal cancer. The potential biomarkers provide a promising molecular diagnostic approach for clinical diagnosis of human esophageal cancer and a new direction for the mechanism study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Brissette CA, Houdek HM, Floden AM, Rosenberger TA. Acetate supplementation reduces microglia activation and brain interleukin-1β levels in a rat model of Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:249. [PMID: 23134838 PMCID: PMC3520777 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have found that acetate supplementation significantly reduces neuroglia activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in a rat model of neuroinflammation induced with lipopolysaccharide. To test if the anti-inflammatory effect of acetate supplementation is specific to a TLR4-mediated injury, we measured markers of neuroglia activation in rats subjected to B. burgdorferi-induced neuroborreliosis that is mediated in large part by a TLR2-type mechanism. METHODS In this study, rats were subjected to Lyme neuroborreliosis following an intravenous infusion of B. burgdorferi (B31-MI-16). Acetate supplementation was induced using glyceryl triacetate (6g/kg) by oral gavage. Immunohistochemistry, qPCR, and western blot analyses were used to measure bacterial invasion into the brain, neuroglial activation, and brain and circulating levels of interleukin 1β. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a Tukey's post hoc tests or using a Student's t test assuming unequal variances when appropriate. RESULTS We found that acetate supplementation significantly reduced microglia activation by 2-fold as determined by immunohistochemical and western blot analysis. Further, acetate supplementation also reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β by 2-fold as compared to controls. On the other hand, the inoculation of rats with B. burgdorferi had no effect on astroglial activation as determined by immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis despite significant increases in circulation levels of antigen toward B. burgdorferi and presence of the bacteria in the central nervous system. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that microglial activation is an essential component to neuroborreliosis and that acetate supplementation may be an effective treatment to reduce injury phenotype and possibly injury progression in Lyme neuroborreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Brissette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
| | - Heidi M Houdek
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
| | - Angela M Floden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
| | - Thad A Rosenberger
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
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Benesh AE, Fleming JT, Chiang C, Carter BD, Tyska MJ. Expression and localization of myosin-1d in the developing nervous system. Brain Res 2012; 1440:9-22. [PMID: 22284616 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Myosin-1d is a monomeric actin-based motor found in a wide range of tissues, but highly expressed in the nervous system. Previous microarray studies suggest that myosin-1d is found in oligodendrocytes where transcripts are upregulated during the maturation of these cells. Myosin-1d was also identified as a component of myelin-containing subcellular fractions in proteomic studies and mutations in MYO1D have been linked to autism. Despite the potential implications of these previous studies, there is little information on the expression and localization of myosin-1d in the developing nervous system. Therefore, we analyzed myosin-1d expression patterns in the peripheral and central nervous systems during postnatal development. In mouse sciatic nerve, myosin-1d is expressed along the axon and in the ensheathing myelin compartment. Analysis of mouse cerebellum prior to myelination at day 3 reveals that myosin-1d is present in the Purkinje cell layer, granule cell layer, and region of the cerebellar nuclei. Upon the onset of myelination, myosin-1d enrichment expands along axonal tracts, while still present in the Purkinje and granule cell layers. However, myosin-1d was undetectable in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells at early and late time points. We also show that myosin-1d interacts and is co-expressed with aspartoacylase, an enzyme that plays a key role in fatty acid synthesis throughout the nervous system. Together, these studies provide a foundation for understanding the role of myosin-1d in neurodevelopment and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Benesh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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40
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MR imaging workup of inborn errors of metabolism of early postnatal onset. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2011; 19:733-59; vii. [PMID: 22082735 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Immediate or early postnatal onset forms of neurometabolic disorders represent a clinically important subgroup because these often present as a life-threatening episode of metabolic decompensation shortly after birth. This article focuses on this group of diseases, often referred to as "devastating neurometabolic diseases" of the newborn. Awareness of the most common entities and their clinical, biochemical, and diagnostic imaging manifestations is important because if undiagnosed and untreated, the diseases may have catastrophic consequences. Although formal diagnosis relies on laboratory tests, diagnostic imaging is often pivotal in both reaching the correct diagnosis and/or orienting further targeted investigative efforts.
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Schober H, Luetschg J, Hoeliner I, Kalb S, Simma B. Canavan disease: a novel mutation. Pediatr Neurol 2011; 45:256-8. [PMID: 21907889 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Canavan disease, an autosomal recessive inherited leukodystrophy caused by an aspartoacylase deficiency, is common among children of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. We report on a non-Jewish female infant who presented at age 6 months with progressive macrocephaly and developmental delay. A sequence analysis of the aspartoacylase gene revealed compound heterozygosity for a known mutation and for the mutation c.432G>A in exon 2, which has not yet been described in Canavan disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Schober
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Teaching Hospital, Feldkirch, Austria.
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42
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Lyons PJ, Fricker LD. Carboxypeptidase O is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored intestinal peptidase with acidic amino acid specificity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39023-32. [PMID: 21921028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.265819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The first metallocarboxypeptidase (CP) was identified in pancreatic extracts more than 80 years ago and named carboxypeptidase A (CPA; now known as CPA1). Since that time, seven additional mammalian members of the CPA subfamily have been described, all of which are initially produced as proenzymes, are activated by endoproteases, and remove either C-terminal hydrophobic or basic amino acids from peptides. Here we describe the enzymatic and structural properties of carboxypeptidase O (CPO), a previously uncharacterized and unique member of the CPA subfamily. Whereas all other members of the CPA subfamily contain an N-terminal prodomain necessary for folding, bioinformatics and expression of both human and zebrafish CPO orthologs revealed that CPO does not require a prodomain. CPO was purified by affinity chromatography, and the purified enzyme was able to cleave proteins and synthetic peptides with greatest activity toward acidic C-terminal amino acids unlike other CPA-like enzymes. CPO displayed a neutral pH optimum and was inhibited by common metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitors as well as citrate. CPO was modified by attachment of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor to the C terminus of the protein. Immunocytochemistry of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells stably expressing CPO showed localization to vesicular membranes in subconfluent cells and to the plasma membrane in differentiated cells. CPO is highly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells in both zebrafish and human. These results suggest that CPO cleaves acidic amino acids from dietary proteins and peptides, thus complementing the actions of well known digestive carboxypeptidases CPA and CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Lyons
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Karaman S, Barnett J, Sykes GP, Hong B, Delaney B. Two-generation reproductive and developmental toxicity assessment of dietary N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3192-205. [PMID: 21920405 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid (NAA) is a component of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) that has also been identified in a number of foods. This paper reports the outcome of a reproductive toxicology study conducted with NAA in Sprague-Dawley rats. NAA was added to diets at target doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight/day and administered for two consecutive generations. A carrier control group was administered diet with no added NAA and a comparative control group was given aspartate (ASP), the constituent amino acid of NAA, at a target dose of 500 mg/kg of body weight/day. The study evaluated OECD 416 reproductive performance variables and additional segments to assess potential developmental effects, neurobehavioural and ophthalmologic function, and the concentrations of NAA or ASP in brain and plasma. No biologically significant differences were observed in any reproductive response variables, neurobehavioural tests, ophthalmologic examinations, body weights, feed consumption, or organ weights. Further, no test substance related mortalities or adverse clinical, neurohistopathologic or histopathologic findings were observed. Under the conditions of this study, the highest target dose of NAA, 500 mg/kg of body weight/day, represents the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for reproductive and systemic toxicity, and neurotoxicity for Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sule Karaman
- Pioneer Hi-Bred, International, Inc., Ankeny, IA 50021-7102, USA
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44
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Paling D, Golay X, Wheeler-Kingshott C, Kapoor R, Miller D. Energy failure in multiple sclerosis and its investigation using MR techniques. J Neurol 2011; 258:2113-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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45
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Fong MY, McDunn J, Kakar SS. Identification of metabolites in the normal ovary and their transformation in primary and metastatic ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19963. [PMID: 21625518 PMCID: PMC3098284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the metabolome of the human ovary and identified metabolic alternations that coincide with primary epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and metastatic tumors resulting from primary ovarian cancer (MOC) using three analytical platforms: gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using buffer systems and instrument settings to catalog positive or negative ions. The human ovarian metabolome was found to contain 364 biochemicals and upon transformation of the ovary caused changes in energy utilization, altering metabolites associated with glycolysis and β-oxidation of fatty acids--such as carnitine (1.79 fold in EOC, p<0.001; 1.88 fold in MOC, p<0.001), acetylcarnitine (1.75 fold in EOC, p<0.001; 2.39 fold in MOC, p<0.001), and butyrylcarnitine (3.62 fold, p<0.0094 in EOC; 7.88 fold, p<0.001 in MOC). There were also significant changes in phenylalanine catabolism marked by increases in phenylpyruvate (4.21 fold; p = 0.0098) and phenyllactate (195.45 fold; p<0.0023) in EOC. Ovarian cancer also displayed an enhanced oxidative stress response as indicated by increases in 2-aminobutyrate in EOC (1.46 fold, p = 0.0316) and in MOC (2.25 fold, p<0.001) and several isoforms of tocopherols. We have also identified novel metabolites in the ovary, specifically N-acetylasparate and N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate, whose role in ovarian physiology has yet to be determined. These data enhance our understanding of the diverse biochemistry of the human ovary and demonstrate metabolic alterations upon transformation. Furthermore, metabolites with significant changes between groups provide insight into biochemical consequences of transformation and are candidate biomarkers of ovarian oncogenesis. Validation studies are warranted to determine whether these compounds have clinical utility in the diagnosis or clinical management of ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Y. Fong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jonathan McDunn
- Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sham S. Kakar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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Lodder-Gadaczek J, Becker I, Gieselmann V, Wang-Eckhardt L, Eckhardt M. N-acetylaspartylglutamate synthetase II synthesizes N-acetylaspartylglutamylglutamate. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:16693-706. [PMID: 21454531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.230136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is found at high concentrations in the vertebrate nervous system. NAAG is an agonist at group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. In addition to its role as a neuropeptide, a number of functions have been proposed for NAAG, including a role as a non-excitotoxic transport form of glutamate and a molecular water pump. We recently identified a NAAG synthetase (now renamed NAAG synthetase I, NAAGS-I), encoded by the ribosomal modification protein rimK-like family member B (Rimklb) gene, as a member of the ATP-grasp protein family. We show here that a structurally related protein, encoded by the ribosomal modification protein rimK-like family member A (Rimkla) gene, is another NAAG synthetase (NAAGS-II), which in addition, synthesizes the N-acetylated tripeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamylglutamate (NAAG(2)). In contrast, NAAG(2) synthetase activity was undetectable in cells expressing NAAGS-I. Furthermore, we demonstrate by mass spectrometry the presence of NAAG(2) in murine brain tissue and sciatic nerves. The highest concentrations of both, NAAG(2) and NAAG, were found in sciatic nerves, spinal cord, and the brain stem, in accordance with the expression level of NAAGS-II. To our knowledge the presence of NAAG(2) in the vertebrate nervous system has not been described before. The physiological role of NAAG(2), e.g. whether it acts as a neurotransmitter, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lodder-Gadaczek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Acetate supplementation increases brain histone acetylation and inhibits histone deacetylase activity and expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 352:173-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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Chrast R, Saher G, Nave KA, Verheijen MHG. Lipid metabolism in myelinating glial cells: lessons from human inherited disorders and mouse models. J Lipid Res 2010; 52:419-34. [PMID: 21062955 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r009761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of central and peripheral nervous system myelin is affected in numerous lipid metabolism disorders. This vulnerability was so far mostly attributed to the extraordinarily high level of lipid synthesis that is required for the formation of myelin, and to the relative autonomy in lipid synthesis of myelinating glial cells because of blood barriers shielding the nervous system from circulating lipids. Recent insights from analysis of inherited lipid disorders, especially those with prevailing lipid depletion and from mouse models with glia-specific disruption of lipid metabolism, shed new light on this issue. The particular lipid composition of myelin, the transport of lipid-associated myelin proteins, and the necessity for timely assembly of the myelin sheath all contribute to the observed vulnerability of myelin to perturbed lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the uptake of external lipids may also play a role in the formation of myelin membranes. In addition to an improved understanding of basic myelin biology, these data provide a foundation for future therapeutic interventions aiming at preserving glial cell integrity in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Chrast
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Karaman S, Barnett J, Sykes GP, Delaney B. Subchronic oral toxicity assessment of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:155-65. [PMID: 20946933 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the systemic effects of subchronic dietary exposure to NAA in Sprague Dawley® rats. NAA was added to the diet at different concentrations to deliver target doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight/day and was administered for 90 consecutive days. All rats (10/sex/group) survived until scheduled sacrifice. No diet-related differences in body weights, feed consumption and efficiency, clinical signs, or ophthalmologic findings were observed. No biologically significant differences or adverse effects were observed in functional observation battery (FOB) and motor activity evaluations, hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, or gross pathology evaluations that were attributable to dietary exposure to NAA. Treatment-related increased incidence and degree of acinar cell hypertrophy in salivary glands was observed in both male and female rats in the high dose group. Because there was no evidence of injury or cytotoxicity to the salivary glands, this finding was not considered to be an adverse effect. Based on these results and the actual average doses consumed, the no-observed-adverse-effect-levels (NOAEL) for systemic toxicity from subchronic dietary exposure to NAA were 451.6 and 490.8 mg/kg of body weight/day for male and female Sprague Dawley® rats, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sule Karaman
- Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., Ankeny, Iowa 50021-7102, USA
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50
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Further delineation of the 17p13.3 microdeletion involving YWHAE but distal to PAFAH1B1: Four additional patients. Eur J Med Genet 2010; 53:303-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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