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Ceschin II, Ceschin AP, Joya MS, Mitsugi TG, Nishikawa LK, Krepischi AC, Okamoto OK. Functional assessment of donated human embryos for the generation of pluripotent embryonic stem cell lines. Reprod Biomed Online 2023; 46:491-501. [PMID: 36737274 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Can discarded embryos at blastocyst stage, donated to research because of genetic abnormalities and poor morphological quality, become a reliable source of human embryonic stem cell (HESC) lines? DESIGN This study was consecutively conducted with 23 discarded embryos that were donated to research between February 2020 and April 2021. All embryos, except one, were morphologically evaluated and underwent trophectoderm biopsy for preimplantation genetic testing using next-generation sequencing (NGS), and then vitrified. After warming, the embryos were placed in appropriate culture conditions for the generation of HESCs, which was functionally assessed with immunofluorescence and flow cytometry for pluripotency capacity and spontaneous in-vitro differentiation. Cytogenetic assessment of the HESC was conducted with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and micro array comparative genomic hybridization. RESULTS From the 23 embryos initially included, 17 survived warming, and 16 of them presented viability. Overall, the embryos presented poor morphological quality after warming. Only the previously untested embryo was capable of generating a new HESC line. Further characterization of this line revealed fully functional, euploid HESCs with preserved pluripotency, becoming a useful resource for research into human development and therapeutic investigation. CONCLUSIONS None of the donated blastocysts with poor morphological quality in association with genetic abnormalities detected by NGS had the capacity for further in-vitro expansion to originate pluripotent HESC lines. This finding seems to provide extra support to genetic counselling on the suitability of this type of embryo for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianaê I Ceschin
- Human Genome and Stem Cells Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo (IB-USP), Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 321-05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Feliccità Instituto de Fertilidade, Rua Conselheiro Dantas, 1154-80220-191, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Alvaro P Ceschin
- Feliccità Instituto de Fertilidade, Rua Conselheiro Dantas, 1154-80220-191, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria S Joya
- Human Genome and Stem Cells Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo (IB-USP), Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 321-05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago G Mitsugi
- Human Genome and Stem Cells Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo (IB-USP), Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 321-05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucileine K Nishikawa
- Feliccità Instituto de Fertilidade, Rua Conselheiro Dantas, 1154-80220-191, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ana Cv Krepischi
- Human Genome and Stem Cells Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo (IB-USP), Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 321-05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo K Okamoto
- Human Genome and Stem Cells Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo (IB-USP), Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 321-05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Shankar V, van Blitterswijk C, Vrij E, Giselbrecht S. From Snapshots to Development: Identifying the Gaps in the Development of Stem Cell-based Embryo Models along the Embryonic Timeline. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004250. [PMID: 33898195 PMCID: PMC8061376 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, stem cell-based models that reconstruct mouse and human embryogenesis have gained significant traction due to their near-physiological similarity to natural embryos. Embryo models can be generated in large numbers, provide accessibility to a variety of experimental tools such as genetic and chemical manipulation, and confer compatibility with automated readouts, which permits exciting experimental avenues for exploring the genetic and molecular principles of self-organization, development, and disease. However, the current embryo models recapitulate only snapshots within the continuum of embryonic development, allowing the progression of the embryonic tissues along a specific direction. Hence, to fully exploit the potential of stem cell-based embryo models, multiple important gaps in the developmental landscape need to be covered. These include recapitulating the lesser-explored interactions between embryonic and extraembryonic tissues such as the yolk sac, placenta, and the umbilical cord; spatial and temporal organization of tissues; and the anterior patterning of embryonic development. Here, it is detailed how combinations of stem cells and versatile bioengineering technologies can help in addressing these gaps and thereby extend the implications of embryo models in the fields of cell biology, development, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinidhra Shankar
- Maastricht UniversityUniversiteitssingel 40Maastricht6229 ERThe Netherlands
| | | | - Erik Vrij
- Maastricht UniversityUniversiteitssingel 40Maastricht6229 ERThe Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- Maastricht UniversityUniversiteitssingel 40Maastricht6229 ERThe Netherlands
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3
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Preisler L, Habib A, Shapira G, Kuznitsov-Yanovsky L, Mayshar Y, Carmel-Gross I, Malcov M, Azem F, Shomron N, Kariv R, Hershkovitz D, Ben-Yosef D. Heterozygous APC germline mutations impart predisposition to colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5113. [PMID: 33664379 PMCID: PMC7933349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited syndrome caused by a heterozygous adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) germline mutation, associated with a profound lifetime risk for colorectal cancer. While it is well accepted that tumorigenic transformation is initiated following acquisition of a second mutation and loss of function of the APC gene, the role of heterozygous APC mutation in this process is yet to be discovered. This work aimed to explore whether a heterozygous APC mutation induces molecular defects underlying tumorigenic transformation and how different APC germline mutations predict disease severity. Three FAP-human embryonic stem cell lines (FAP1/2/3-hESC lines) carrying germline mutations at different locations of the APC gene, and two control hESC lines free of the APC mutation, were differentiated into colon organoids and analyzed by immunohistochemistry and RNA sequencing. In addition, data regarding the genotype and clinical phenotype of the embryo donor parents were collected from medical records. FAP-hESCs carrying a complete loss-of-function of a single APC allele (FAP3) generated complex and molecularly mature colon organoids, which were similar to controls. In contrast, FAP-hESCs carrying APC truncation mutations (FAP1 and FAP2) generated only few cyst-like structures and cell aggregates of various shape, occasionally with luminal parts, which aligned with their failure to upregulate critical differentiation genes early in the process, as shown by RNA sequencing. Abnormal disease phenotype was shown also in non-pathological colon of FAP patients by the randomly distribution of proliferating cells throughout the crypts, compared to their focused localization in the lower part of the crypt in healthy/non-FAP patients. Genotype/phenotype analysis revealed correlations between the colon organoid maturation potential and FAP severity in the carrier parents. In conclusion, this study suggest that a single truncated APC allele is sufficient to initiate early molecular tumorigenic activity. In addition, the results hint that patient-specific hESC-derived colon organoids can probably predict disease severity among FAP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Preisler
- Wolfe PGD-Stem Cell Laboratory, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 64239, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Aline Habib
- Wolfe PGD-Stem Cell Laboratory, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 64239, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Guy Shapira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Liron Kuznitsov-Yanovsky
- Wolfe PGD-Stem Cell Laboratory, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 64239, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoav Mayshar
- Wolfe PGD-Stem Cell Laboratory, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 64239, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilana Carmel-Gross
- Wolfe PGD-Stem Cell Laboratory, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 64239, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Mira Malcov
- Wolfe PGD-Stem Cell Laboratory, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 64239, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Foad Azem
- Wolfe PGD-Stem Cell Laboratory, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 64239, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Revital Kariv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dov Hershkovitz
- Institute of Pathology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dalit Ben-Yosef
- Wolfe PGD-Stem Cell Laboratory, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 64239, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of mechanisms that underlie the development and function of human cells requires human cell models. For the pancreatic lineage, protocols have been developed to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into pancreatic endocrine and exocrine cells through intermediates resembling in vivo development. In recent years, this differentiation system has been employed to decipher mechanisms of pancreatic development, congenital defects of the pancreas, as well as genetic forms of diabetes and exocrine diseases. In this review, we summarize recent insights gained from studies of pancreatic hPSC models. We discuss how genome-scale analyses of the differentiation system have helped elucidate roles of chromatin state, transcription factors, and noncoding RNAs in pancreatic development and how the analysis of cells with disease-relevant mutations has provided insight into the molecular underpinnings of genetically determined diseases of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Gaertner
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Andrea C Carrano
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Maike Sander
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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5
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Pal R, Bhattacharya A. Modelling Protein Synthesis as A Biomarker in Fragile X Syndrome Patient-Derived Cells. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E59. [PMID: 30862080 PMCID: PMC6468675 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The most conserved molecular phenotype of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is aberrant protein synthesis. This has been validated in a variety of experimental model systems from zebrafish to rats, patient-derived lymphoblasts and fibroblasts. With the advent of personalized medicine paradigms, patient-derived cells and their derivatives are gaining more translational importance, not only to model disease in a dish, but also for biomarker discovery. Here we review past and current practices of measuring protein synthesis in FXS, studies in patient derived cells and the inherent challenges in measuring protein synthesis in them to offer usable avenues of modeling this important metabolic metric for further biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Pal
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065, India.
| | - Aditi Bhattacharya
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065, India.
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6
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Zhao X, Bhattacharyya A. Human Models Are Needed for Studying Human Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:829-857. [PMID: 30526865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of animal models of neurological disease has been instrumental in furthering our understanding of neurodevelopment and brain diseases. However, animal models are limited in revealing some of the most fundamental aspects of development, genetics, pathology, and disease mechanisms that are unique to humans. These shortcomings are exaggerated in disorders that affect the brain, where the most significant differences between humans and animal models exist, and could underscore failures in targeted therapeutic interventions in affected individuals. Human pluripotent stem cells have emerged as a much-needed model system for investigating human-specific biology and disease mechanisms. However, questions remain regarding whether these cell-culture-based models are sufficient or even necessary. In this review, we summarize human-specific features of neurodevelopment and the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, present discrepancies between animal models and human diseases, demonstrate how human stem cell models can provide meaningful information, and discuss the challenges that exist in our pursuit to understand distinctively human aspects of neurodevelopment and brain disease. This information argues for a more thoughtful approach to disease modeling through consideration of the valuable features and limitations of each model system, be they human or animal, to mimic disease characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA.
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53705, USA.
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7
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Shpiz A, Ben-Yosef D, Kalma Y. Impaired function of trophoblast cells derived from translocated hESCs may explain pregnancy loss in women with balanced translocation (11;22). J Assist Reprod Genet 2016; 33:1493-1499. [PMID: 27503403 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-016-0781-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to study whether the trophoblasts carrying unbalanced translocation 11,22 [t(11;12)] display abnormal expression of trophoblastic genes and impaired functional properties that may explain implantation failure. METHODS t(11;22) hESCs and control hESCs were differentiated in vitro into trophoblast cells in the presence of BMP4, and trophoblast vesicles (TBVs) were created in suspension. The expression pattern of extravillous trophoblast (EVT) genes was compared between translocated and control TBVs. The functional properties of the TBVs were evaluated by their attachment to endometrium cells (ECC1) and invasion through trans-well inserts. RESULTS TBVs derived from control hESCs expressed EVT genes from functioning trophoblast cells. In contrast, TBVs differentiated from the translocated hESC line displayed impaired expression of EVT genes. Moreover, the number of TBVs that were attached to endometrium cells was significantly lower compared to the controls. Correspondingly, invasiveness of trophoblast-differentiated translocated cells was also significantly lower than that of the control cells. CONCLUSIONS These results may explain the reason for implantation failure in couple carriers of t(11;22). They also demonstrate that translocated hESCs comprise a valuable in vitro human model for studying the mechanisms underlying implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Shpiz
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Dalit Ben-Yosef
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
| | - Yael Kalma
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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8
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Crombie DE, Pera MF, Delatycki MB, Pébay A. Using human pluripotent stem cells to study Friedreich ataxia cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2016; 212:37-43. [PMID: 27019046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is the most common of the inherited ataxias. It is an autosomal recessive disease characterised by degeneration of peripheral sensory neurons, regions of the central nervous system and cardiomyopathy. FRDA is usually due to homozygosity for trinucleotide GAA repeat expansions found within first intron of the FRATAXIN (FXN) gene, which results in reduced levels of the mitochondrial protein FXN. Reduced FXN protein results in mitochondrial dysfunction and iron accumulation leading to increased oxidative stress and cell death in the nervous system and heart. Yet the precise functions of FXN and the underlying mechanisms leading to disease pathology remain elusive. This is particularly true of the cardiac aspect of FRDA, which remains largely uncharacterized at the cellular level. Here, we summarise current knowledge on experimental models in which to study FRDA cardiomyopathy, with a particular focus on the use of human pluripotent stem cells as a disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan E Crombie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martin F Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, The University of Melbourne, Florey Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Australia
| | - Martin B Delatycki
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Australia; Clinical Genetics, Austin Health, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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9
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Zhu H, Behr B, Reddy VV, Hughes M, Pan Y, Baker J. Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines with Lesions in FOXP3 and NF1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151836. [PMID: 26990425 PMCID: PMC4798423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocyst staged embryos. Spare blastocyst staged embryos were obtained by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and donated for research purposes. hESCs carrying specific mutations can be used as a powerful cell system in modeling human genetic disorders. We obtained preimplantation genetic diagnosed (PGD) blastocyst staged embryos with genetic mutations that cause human disorders and derived hESCs from these embryos. We applied laser assisted micromanipulation to isolate the inner cell mass from the blastocysts and plated the ICM onto the mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. Two hESC lines with lesions in FOXP3 and NF1 were established. Both lines maintain a typical undifferentiated hESCs phenotype and present a normal karyotype. The two lines express a panel of pluripotency markers and have the potential to differentiate to the three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. The hESC lines with lesions in FOXP3 and NF1 are available for the scientific community and may serve as an important resource for research into these disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Barry Behr
- Stanford IVF Laboratory, Stanford Fertility and Reproductive Health, Lucile Packard Childrens Hospital Stanford, Palo Alto, California, 94304, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Vikrant V. Reddy
- Stanford IVF Laboratory, Stanford Fertility and Reproductive Health, Lucile Packard Childrens Hospital Stanford, Palo Alto, California, 94304, United States of America
| | - Mark Hughes
- Genesis Genetics Institute, Plymouth, Michigan, 48170, United States of America
| | - Yuqiong Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
| | - Julie Baker
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Bhattacharyya A, Zhao X. Human pluripotent stem cell models of Fragile X syndrome. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 73:43-51. [PMID: 26640241 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and autism. The causal mutation in FXS is a trinucleotide CGG repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene that leads to human specific epigenetic silencing and loss of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) expression. Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and particularly induced PSCs (iPSCs), offer a model system to reveal cellular and molecular events underlying human neuronal development and function in FXS. Human FXS PSCs have been established and have provided insight into the epigenetic silencing of the FMR1 gene as well as aspects of neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
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11
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Haston KM, Finkbeiner S. Clinical Trials in a Dish: The Potential of Pluripotent Stem Cells to Develop Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 56:489-510. [PMID: 26514199 PMCID: PMC4868344 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a leading cause of death. No disease-modifying therapies are available, and preclinical animal model data have routinely failed to translate into success for therapeutics. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) biology holds great promise for human in vitro disease modeling because these cells can give rise to any cell in the human brain and display phenotypes specific to neurodegenerative diseases previously identified in postmortem and clinical samples. Here, we explore the potential and caveats of iPSC technology as a platform for drug development and screening, and the future potential to use large cohorts of disease-bearing iPSCs to perform clinical trials in a dish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Haston
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158;
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158;
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and the Hellman Family Foundation Program in Alzheimer's Disease Research, San Francisco, California 94158
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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12
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Qin Y, Gao WQ. Concise Review: Patient-Derived Stem Cell Research for Monogenic Disorders. Stem Cells 2015; 34:44-54. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; hanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; hanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai People's Republic of China
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13
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Telias M, Ben-Yosef D. Modeling neurodevelopmental disorders using human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 10:494-511. [PMID: 24728983 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are impairments that affect the development and growth of the brain and the central nervous system during embryonic and early postnatal life. Genetically manipulated animals have contributed greatly to the advancement of ND research, but many of them differ considerably from the human phenotype. Cellular in vitro models are also valuable, but the availability of human neuronal cells is limited and their lifespan in culture is short. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, comprise a powerful tool for studying developmentally regulated diseases, including NDs. We reviewed all recent studies in which hPSCs were used as in vitro models for diseases and syndromes characterized by impairment of neurogenesis or synaptogenesis leading to intellectual disability and delayed neurodevelopment. We analyzed their methodology and results, focusing on the data obtained following in vitro neural differentiation and gene expression and profiling of the derived neurons. Electrophysiological recording of action potentials, synaptic currents and response to neurotransmitters is pivotal for validation of the neuronal fate as well as for assessing phenotypic dysfunctions linked to the disease in question. We therefore focused on the studies which included electrophysiological recordings on the in vitro-derived neurons. Finally, we addressed specific issues that are critical for the advancement of this area of research, specifically in providing a reliable human pre-clinical research model and drug screening platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Telias
- The Wolfe PGD-Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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14
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Shpiz A, Kalma Y, Frumkin T, Telias M, Carmon A, Amit A, Ben-Yosef D. Human embryonic stem cells carrying an unbalanced translocation demonstrate impaired differentiation into trophoblasts: an in vitro model of human implantation failure. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 21:271-80. [PMID: 25391299 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carriers of the balanced translocation t(11;22), the most common reciprocal translocation in humans, are at high risk of creating gametes with unbalanced translocation, leading to repeated miscarriages. Current research models for studying translocated embryos and the biological basis for their implantation failure are limited. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) carrying the unbalanced chromosomal translocation t(11;22) can provide an explanation for repeated miscarriages of unbalanced translocated embryos. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and karyotype analysis were performed to analyze the t(11;22) in embryos during PGD and in the derived hESC line. The hESC line was characterized by RT-PCR and FACS analysis for pluripotent markers. Directed differentiation to trophoblasts was carried out by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). Trophoblast development was analyzed by measuring β-hCG secretion, by β-hCG immunostaining and by gene expression of trophoblastic markers. We derived the first hESC line carrying unbalanced t(11;22), which showed the typical morphological and molecular characteristics of a hESC line. Control hESCs differentiated into trophoblasts secreted increasing levels of β-hCG and concomitantly expressed the trophoblast genes, CDX2, TP63, KRT7, ERVW1, CGA, GCM1, KLF4 and PPARG. In contrast, differentiated translocated hESCs displayed reduced and delayed secretion of β-hCG concomitant with impaired expression of the trophoblastic genes. The reduced activation of trophoblastic genes may be responsible for the impaired trophoblastic differentiation in t(11;22)-hESCs, associated with implantation failure in unbalanced t(11;22) embryos. Our t(11;22) hESCs are presented as a valuable human model for studying the mechanisms underlying implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shpiz
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Y Kalma
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - T Frumkin
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M Telias
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Carmon
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Amit
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Ben-Yosef
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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15
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Is it acceptable to destroy or include human embryos before day 5 in research programmes? Reprod Biomed Online 2014; 28:522-9. [PMID: 24581988 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Day-3 poor-quality embryos (PQE) from IVF-embryo transfer cycles are usually destroyed or are included in research programmes. Knowing that these embryos have the ability to evolve to the blastocyst stage and yield embryonic stem cell lines, this study postulated that they could also give rise to live births. This is a prospective study including 186 IVF-embryo transfer candidates who had obtained at least one supernumerary PQE on day 3. PQE were kept for extended culture and high-quality blastocysts were frozen. A total of 620 PQE were eligible for the study, 217 (35.0%) reached the blastocyst stage and 73 (33.6%) were frozen. Blastulation rates were 7-fold higher (OR 7.29, 95% CI 5.01-10.61) in embryos compacted on day 4. Of the frozen blastocysts, 40 were thawed during 33 thawed blastocyst transfer cycles, which led to 10 clinical pregnancies. These pregnancies resulted in five miscarriages and five healthy live births at full term. PQE may achieve their development to the blastocyst stage, be frozen-thawed and harbour reasonable implantation potential. These results, thereby, raise an ethical issue regarding the fate reserved to PQE.
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16
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Siller R, Greenhough S, Park IH, Sullivan GJ. Modelling human disease with pluripotent stem cells. Curr Gene Ther 2013; 13:99-110. [PMID: 23444871 DOI: 10.2174/1566523211313020004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the field of cellular reprogramming has opened up the doors to a new era of disease modelling, as pluripotent stem cells representing a myriad of genetic diseases can now be produced from patient tissue. These cells can be expanded and differentiated to produce a potentially limitless supply of the affected cell type, which can then be used as a tool to improve understanding of disease mechanisms and test therapeutic interventions. This process requires high levels of scrutiny and validation at every stage, but international standards for the characterisation of pluripotent cells and their progeny have yet to be established. Here we discuss the current state of the art with regard to modelling diseases affecting the ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal lineages, focussing on studies which have demonstrated a disease phenotype in the tissue of interest. We also discuss the utility of pluripotent cell technology for the modelling of cancer and infectious disease. Finally, we spell out the technical and scientific challenges which must be addressed if the field is to deliver on its potential and produce improved patient outcomes in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Siller
- Stem Cell Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo. PO Box 1112. Blindern. 0317 Oslo. Norway
| | - Sebastian Greenhough
- Stem Cell Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo. PO Box 1112. Blindern. 0317 Oslo. Norway
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, 10 Amistad, 201B, New Haven. CT. 06520. USA
| | - Gareth J Sullivan
- Stem Cell Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo. PO Box 1112. Blindern. 0317 Oslo. Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research. PO Box 1112 Blindern. 0317 Oslo. Norway
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17
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Ben-Yosef D, Boscolo FS, Amir H, Malcov M, Amit A, Laurent LC. Genomic analysis of hESC pedigrees identifies de novo mutations and enables determination of the timing and origin of mutational events. Cell Rep 2013; 4:1288-302. [PMID: 24035391 PMCID: PMC3894204 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the association between mutational load and cancer, the observation
that genetic aberrations are frequently found in human pluripotent stem cells
(hPSCs) is of concern. Prior studies in human induced pluripotent stem cells
(hiPSCs) have shown that deletions and regions of loss of heterozygosity (LOH)
tend to arise during reprogramming and early culture, whereas duplications more
frequently occur during long-term culture. For the corresponding experiments in
human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), we studied two sets of hESC lines: one
including the corresponding parental DNA and the other generated from single
blastomeres from four sibling embryos. Here, we show that genetic aberrations
observed in hESCs can originate during preimplantation embryo development and/or
early derivation. These early aberrations are mainly deletions and LOH, whereas
aberrations arising during long-term culture of hESCs are more frequently
duplications. Our results highlight the importance of close monitoring of
genomic integrity and the development of improved methods for derivation and
culture of hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalit Ben-Yosef
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital,
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Medical
School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Francesca S. Boscolo
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Reproductive
Medicine, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, The Sanford Consortium for
Regenerative Medicine, 7880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695,
USA
- The Scripps Research Institute Center for Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road SP30-3021, La
Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hadar Amir
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital,
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Reproductive
Medicine, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, The Sanford Consortium for
Regenerative Medicine, 7880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695,
USA
| | - Mira Malcov
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital,
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Ami Amit
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital,
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Louise C. Laurent
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Reproductive
Medicine, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, The Sanford Consortium for
Regenerative Medicine, 7880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695,
USA
- The Scripps Research Institute Center for Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road SP30-3021, La
Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.009
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Bazrgar M, Gourabi H, Valojerdi MR, Yazdi PE, Baharvand H. Self-correction of chromosomal abnormalities in human preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2449-56. [PMID: 23557100 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is commonly seen in human preimplantation embryos, most particularly at the cleavage stage because of genome activation by third cell division. Aneuploid embryos have been used for the derivation of normal embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines and developmental modeling. This review addresses aneuploidies in human preimplantation embryos and human ESCs and the potential of self-correction of these aberrations. Diploid-aneuploid mosaicism is the most frequent abnormality observed; hence, embryos selected by preimplantation genetic diagnosis at the cleavage or blastocyst stage could be partly abnormal. Differentiation is known as the barrier for eliminating mosaic embryos by death and/or decreased division of abnormal cells. However, some mosaicisms, such as copy number variations could be compatible with live birth. Several reasons have been proposed for self-correction of aneuploidies during later stages of development, including primary misdiagnosis, allocation of the aneuploidy in the trophectoderm, cell growth advantage of diploid cells in mosaic embryos, lagging of aneuploid cell division, extrusion or duplication of an aneuploid chromosome, and the abundance of DNA repair gene products. Although more studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of self-correction as a rare phenomenon, most likely, it is related to overcoming mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Bazrgar
- Department of Genetics, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Arora N, Daley GQ. Pluripotent stem cells in research and treatment of hemoglobinopathies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a011841. [PMID: 22474618 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold great promise for research and treatment of hemoglobinopathies. In principle, patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells could be derived from a blood sample, genetically corrected to repair the disease-causing mutation, differentiated into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and returned to the patient to provide a cure through autologous gene and cell therapy. However, there are many challenges at each step of this complex treatment paradigm. Gene repair is currently inefficient in stem cells, but use of zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases appear to be a major advance. To date, no successful protocol exists for differentiating PSCs into definitive HSCs. PSCs can be directly differentiated into primitive red blood cells, but not yet in sufficient numbers to enable treating patients, and the cost of clinical scale differentiation is prohibitively expensive with current differentiation methods and efficiencies. Here we review the progress, promise, and remaining hurdles in realizing the potential of PSCs for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Arora
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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20
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Abstract
The boundaries of embryonic stem cell (ESC) research have extended considerably in recent years in several important ways. Alongside a deeper understanding of the pluripotent state, ESCs have been successfully integrated into various fields, such as genomics, epigenetics, and disease modeling. Significant progress in cell fate control has pushed directed differentiation and tissue engineering further than ever before and promoted clinical trials. The geographical distribution of research activity has also expanded, especially for human ESCs. This review outlines these developments and future challenges that remain.
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21
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Hibaoui Y, Feki A. Human pluripotent stem cells: applications and challenges in neurological diseases. Front Physiol 2012; 3:267. [PMID: 22934023 PMCID: PMC3429043 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to generate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) holds great promise for the understanding and the treatment of human neurological diseases in modern medicine. The hPSCs are considered for their in vitro use as research tools to provide relevant cellular model for human diseases, drug discovery, and toxicity assays and for their in vivo use in regenerative medicine applications. In this review, we highlight recent progress, promises, and challenges of hPSC applications in human neurological disease modeling and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Hibaoui
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Rosner M, Dolznig H, Schipany K, Mikula M, Brandau O, Hengstschläger M. Human amniotic fluid stem cells as a model for functional studies of genes involved in human genetic diseases or oncogenesis. Oncotarget 2012; 2:705-12. [PMID: 21926447 PMCID: PMC3248217 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their putative usage for therapies, stem cells are a promising tool for functional studies of genes involved in human genetic diseases or oncogenesis. For this purpose induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be derived from patients harbouring specific mutations. In contrast to adult stem cells, iPS cells are pluripotent and can efficiently be grown in culture. However, iPS cells are modulated due to the ectopic induction of pluripotency, harbour other somatic mutations accumulated during the life span of the source cells, exhibit only imperfectly cleared epigenetic memory of the source cell, and are often genomically instable. In addition, iPS cells from patients only allow the investigation of mutations, which are not prenatally lethal. Embryonic stem (ES) cells have a high proliferation and differentiation potential, but raise ethical issues. Human embryos, which are not transferred in the course of in vitro fertilization, because of preimplantation genetic diagnosis of a genetic defect, are still rarely donated for the establishment of ES cell lines. In addition, their usage for studies on gene functions for oncogenesis is hampered by the fact the ES cells are already tumorigenic per se. In 2003 amniotic fluid stem (AFS) cells have been discovered, which meanwhile have been demonstrated to harbour the potential to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers. Monoclonal human AFS cell lines derived from amniocenteses have a high proliferative potential, are genomically stable and are not associated with ethical controversies. Worldwide amniocenteses are performed for routine human genetic diagnosis. We here discuss how generation and banking of monoclonal human AFS cell lines with specific chromosomal aberrations or monogenic disease mutations would allow to study the functional consequences of disease causing mutations. In addition, recently a protocol for efficient and highly reproducible siRNA-mediated long-term knockdown of endogenous gene functions in AFS cells was established. Since AFS cells are not tumorigenic, gene modulations not only allow to investigate the role of endogenous genes involved in human genetic diseases but also may help to reveal putative oncogenic gene functions in different biological models, both in vitro and in vivo. This concept is discussed and a "proof of principle", already obtained via modulating genes involved in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in AFS cells, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Rosner
- Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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23
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Amniotic fluid stem cell-based models to study the effects of gene mutations and toxicants on male germ cell formation. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:247-50. [PMID: 22231297 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Male infertility is a major public health issue predominantly caused by defects in germ cell development. In the past, studies on the genetic regulation of spermatogenesis as well as on negative environmental impacts have been hampered by the fact that human germ cell development is intractable to direct analysis in vivo. Compared with model organisms including mice, there are fundamental differences in the molecular processes of human germ cell development. Therefore, an in vitro model mimicking human sperm formation would be an extremely valuable research tool. In the recent past, both human embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been reported to harbour the potential to differentiate into primordial germ cells and gametes. We here discuss the possibility to use human amniotic fluid stem (AFS) cells as a biological model. Since their discovery in 2003, AFS cells have been characterized to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers, to be genomically stable, to have a high proliferative potential and to be non-tumourigenic. In addition, AFS cells are not subject of ethical concerns. In contrast to iPS cells, AFSs cells do not need ectopic induction of pluripotency, which is often associated with only imperfectly cleared epigenetic memory of the source cells. Since AFS cells can be derived from amniocentesis with disease-causing mutations and can be transfected with high efficiency, they could be used in probing gene functions for spermatogenesis and in screening for male reproductive toxicity.
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24
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Mateizel I, Geens M, Van de Velde H, Sermon K. Establishment of hESC lines from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage embryos and single blastomeres of 4-cell stage embryos. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 873:81-112. [PMID: 22528350 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-794-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
More than 600 human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines have been reported today at the human European Embryonic Stem Cell Registry ( http://www.hescreg.eu/ ). Despite these high numbers, there are currently no general protocols for derivation, culture, and characterization of hESC. Moreover, data on the culture of the embryo used for the derivation (medium, day of ICM isolation) are usually not available but can have an impact on the derivation rate. We present here the protocols for derivation, culture and characterization as we applied them for the 22 hESC lines (named VUB-hESC) in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Mateizel
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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25
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Modeling neurological disorders by human induced pluripotent stem cells. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:350131. [PMID: 22162635 PMCID: PMC3227533 DOI: 10.1155/2011/350131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of human brain development are critical as research on neurological disorders have been progressively advanced. However, understanding the process of neurogenesis through analysis of the early embryo is complicated and limited by a number of factors, including the complexity of the embryos, availability, and ethical constrains. The emerging of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has shed light of a new approach to study both early development and disease pathology. The cells behave as precursors of all embryonic lineages; thus, they allow tracing the history from the root to individual branches of the cell lineage tree. Systems for neural differentiation of hESCs and iPSCs have provided an experimental model that can be used to augment in vitro studies of in vivo brain development. Interestingly, iPSCs derived from patients, containing donor genetic background, have offered a breakthrough approach to study human genetics of neurodegenerative diseases. This paper summarizes the recent reports of the development of iPSCs from patients who suffer from neurological diseases and evaluates the feasibility of iPSCs as a disease model. The benefits and obstacles of iPSC technology are highlighted in order to raising the cautions of misinterpretation prior to further clinical translations.
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26
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Ben-Yosef D, Amit A, Malcov M, Frumkin T, Ben-Yehudah A, Eldar I, Mey-Raz N, Azem F, Altarescu G, Renbaum P, Beeri R, Varshaver I, Eldar-Geva T, Epsztejn-Litman S, Levy-Lahad E, Eiges R. Female sex bias in human embryonic stem cell lines. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:363-72. [PMID: 21585244 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors limiting the rather inefficient derivation of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to analyze the sex ratio in our 42 preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)-HESC lines, in an attempt to verify its affect on the establishment of HESC lines. The ratio between male and female PGD-derived cell lines was compared. We found a significant increase in female cell lines (76%). This finding was further confirmed by a meta-analysis for combining the results of all PGD-derived HESC lines published to date (148) and all normal karyotyped HESC lines derived from spare in vitro fertilization embryos worldwide (397). Further, gender determination of embryos demonstrated that this difference originates from the actual derivation process rather than from unequal representation of male and female embryos. It can therefore be concluded that the clear-cut tendency for female preponderance is attributed to suboptimal culture conditions rather than from a true gender imbalance in embryos used for derivation of HESC lines. We propose a mechanism in which aberrant X chromosome inactivation and/or overexpression of critical metabolic X-linked genes might explain this sex dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalit Ben-Yosef
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv, Israel
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27
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Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells are a biological resource most commonly considered for their potential in cell therapy or, as it is now called, ‘regenerative medicine’. However, in the near future, their most important application for human health may well be totally different, as they are more and more envisioned as opening new routes for pharmacological research. Pluripotent stem cells indeed possess the main attributes that make them theoretically fully equipped for the development of cell-based assays in the fields of drug discovery and predictive toxicology. These cells are characterized by: (i) an unlimited self-renewal capacity, which make them an inexhaustible source of cells; (ii) the potential to differentiate into any cell phenotype of the body at any stage of differentiation, with probably the notable exception, however, of the most mature forms of many lineages; and (iii) the ability to express genotypes of interest via the selection of donors, whether they be of embryonic origin, through pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, or adults, by genetic reprogramming of somatic cells, so-called iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells). In the present review, we provide diverse illustrations of the use of pluripotent stem cells in drug discovery and predictive toxicology, using either human embryonic stem cell lines or iPSC lines.
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28
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Piro D, Rejman J, Conese M. Stem cell therapy for cystic fibrosis: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Respir Med 2010; 2:365-80. [PMID: 20477199 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2.3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding for the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), seems a good candidate for gene therapy, 15 years of intense investigation and a number of clinical trials have not yet produced a viable clinical gene-therapy strategy. In addition, the duration of gene expression has been shown to be limited, only lasting 1-4 weeks. Therefore, alternative approaches involve the search for, and use of, stem cell populations. Bone marrow contains different stem cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Numerous studies have now demonstrated the ability of hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells to home to the lung and differentiate into epithelial cells of both the conducting airways and the alveolar region. However, engraftment of bone marrow-derived stem cells into the airways is a very inefficient process. Detailed knowledge of the cellular and molecular determinants governing homing to the lung and transformation of marrow cells into lung epithelial cells would benefit this process. Despite a very low level of engraftment of donor cells into the nose and gut, significant CFTR mRNA expression and a measurable level of correction of the electrophysiological defect were observed after transplantation of wild-type marrow cells into CF mice. It is uncertain whether this effect is due to the presence of CFTR-expressing epithelial cells derived from donor cells or to the immunomodulatory role of transplanted cells. Finally, initial studies on the usefulness of umbilical cord blood and embryonic stem cells in the generation of airway epithelial cells will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Piro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, c/o Ospedali Riuniti, Viale L. Pinto 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
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29
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Löser P, Schirm J, Guhr A, Wobus AM, Kurtz A. Human embryonic stem cell lines and their use in international research. Stem Cells 2010; 28:240-6. [PMID: 20027651 PMCID: PMC2952289 DOI: 10.1002/stem.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Research in human pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), is one of the most dynamic research fields. Despite the high public attention, especially for hESC research, there is only scattered information on the number of hESC lines and the degree, dynamics, and diversification of their use on a global level. In this study we present data on the current number of publicly disclosed hESC lines, on the extent and impact of experimental work involving hESCs, and on the use of specific hESC lines in international research. The results are based on the evaluation of nearly 1,000 research papers published by the end of 2008, which describe experimental work on hESCs, and of a comprehensive database of published hESC lines. The average impact of hESC research papers is high at 7.422, with a predominance of research output by the United States. Of at least 1,071 original hESC lines derived up to November 2009 at 87 institutions in 24 countries, only a fraction is thoroughly characterized. Our data show the global predominance of a few hESC lines in research, but also reveal remarkable country-specific differences. Comparison of hESC and hiPSC application did not show a diminished role for hESC research, but rather revealed that, up to this time, both fields continue to expand, exist independently, and partially overlap.
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Erythropoietic differentiation of a human embryonic stem cell line harbouring the sickle cell anaemia mutation. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 21:196-205. [PMID: 20541472 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein is reported efficient erythropoietic differentiation of a human embryonic stem cell (ESC) line derived from a preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)-screened embryo that harbours the homozygous sickle cell disease (SCD) haemoglobinopathy mutation. This human ESC line possesses typical pluripotency characteristics and forms multilineage teratomas in vivo. SCD-human ESC efficiently differentiated to the haematopoietic lineage under serum-free and stromal co-culture conditions and gave rise to robust primitive and definitive erythrocytes. Expression of embryonic, fetal and adult sickle globin genes in SCD PGD-derived human ESC-derived erythrocytes was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR, intracytoplasmic fluorescence-activated cell sorting and in-situ immunostaining of PGD-derived human ESC teratoma sections. These data introduce important methodologies and paradigms for using patient-specific human ESC to generate normal and haemoglobinopathic erythroid progenitors for biomedical research.
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31
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Human embryonic stem cells carrying mutations for severe genetic disorders. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 46:327-36. [PMID: 20186514 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) carrying specific mutations potentially provide a valuable tool for studying genetic disorders in humans. One preferable approach for obtaining these cell lines is by deriving them from affected preimplantation genetically diagnosed embryos. These unique cells are especially important for modeling human genetic disorders for which there are no adequate research models. They can be further used to gain new insights into developmentally regulated events that occur during human embryo development and that are responsible for the manifestation of genetically inherited disorders. They also have great value for the exploration of new therapeutic protocols, including gene-therapy-based treatments and disease-oriented drug screening and discovery. Here, we report the establishment of 15 different mutant human embryonic stem cell lines derived from genetically affected embryos, all donated by couples undergoing preimplantation genetic diagnosis in our in vitro fertilization unit. For further information regarding access to HESC lines from our repository, for research purposes, please email dalitb@tasmc.health.gov.il.
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Lee H, Park J, Forget BG, Gaines P. Induced pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine: an argument for continued research on human embryonic stem cells. Regen Med 2009; 4:759-69. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be induced to differentiate into a wide range of tissues that soon could be used for therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. Despite their developmental potential, sources used to generate human ESC lines raise serious ethical concerns, which recently prompted efforts to reprogram somatic cells back to a pluripotent state. These efforts resulted in the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that are functionally similar to ESCs. However, the genetic manipulations required to generate iPS cells may complicate their growth and developmental characteristics, which poses serious problems in predicting how they will behave when used for tissue-regenerative purposes. In this article we summarize the recently developed methodologies used to generate iPS cells, including those that minimize their genetic manipulation, and discuss several important complicating features of iPS cells that may compromise their future use for therapies in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lee
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Genetics,New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jung Park
- Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Bernard G Forget
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peter Gaines
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Biological Sciences, 515 Olsen Hall, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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33
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2009; 21:353-63. [DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e32832f731f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Sermon KD, Simon C, Braude P, Viville S, Borstlap J, Veiga A. Creation of a registry for human embryonic stem cells carrying an inherited defect: joint collaboration between ESHRE and hESCreg. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:1556-60. [PMID: 19346524 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), derived from human blastocysts, hold a great promise for regenerative medicine, drug development and basic research in developmental biology. Moreover, hESC lines that carry a clinically relevant inherited defect, monogenic or chromosomal, present an important tool for research into the pathophysiology of these diseases. The hESC registry (hESCreg) was started up in 2007 in order to register all stem cell lines derived in Europe (www.hescreg.eu). Because of the special nature of the hESC lines that carry an inherited disease, they are of particular interest to researchers outside the assisted reproductive technologies or stem cell fields, for instance, those involved in regenerative medicine and in medical and human genetics. To reach these researchers, and to better disseminate the information on the cell lines, a concerted action of the hESCreg together with ESHRE's Special Interest Groups in Reproductive Genetics and Stem Cells was initiated. This mini-review is a first report that will be followed by yearly reports of new lines, not unlike the reports from the Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Consortium or the European IVF Monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Sermon
- Department of Embryology and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium.
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35
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Stephenson EL, Mason C, Braude PR. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis as a source of human embryonic stem cells for disease research and drug discovery. BJOG 2009; 116:158-65. [PMID: 19076947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.02009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Embryos surplus to therapeutic requirements following preimplantation genetic diagnosis can be used to derive human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines carrying mutations significant to human disease. These cells provide a powerful in vitro tool for modelling disease progression in a number of cell types as well as having the potential to revolutionise drug discovery. Robust and reproducible directed differentiation protocols are needed to maximise the potential of these cells. In this review, we explore the current use of hESC and induced pluripotent stem cells in disease-specific research and discuss the use of stem cell technology in drug discovery and toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Stephenson
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, and Guy's Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
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36
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Nehlin JO, Barington T. Strategies for future histocompatible stem cell therapy. Biogerontology 2009; 10:339-76. [PMID: 19219637 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-009-9213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy based on the safe and unlimited self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells is envisioned for future use in tissue or organ replacement after injury or disease. A gradual decline of regenerative capacity has been documented among the adult stem cell population in some body organs during the aging process. Recent progress in human somatic cell nuclear transfer and inducible pluripotent stem cell technologies has shown that patient-derived nuclei or somatic cells can be reprogrammed in vitro to become pluripotent stem cells, from which the three germ layer lineages can be generated, genetically identical to the recipient. Once differentiation protocols and culture conditions can be defined and optimized, patient-histocompatible pluripotent stem cells could be directed towards virtually every cell type in the human body. Harnessing this capability to enrich for given cells within a developmental lineage, would facilitate the transplantation of organ/tissue-specific adult stem cells or terminally differentiated somatic cells to improve the function of diseased organs or tissues in an individual. Here, we present an overview of various experimental cell therapy technologies based on the use of patient-histocompatible stem cells, the pending issues needed to be dealt with before clinical trials can be initiated, evidence for the loss and/or aging of the stem cell pool and some of the possible uses of human pluripotent stem cell-derivatives aimed at curing disease and improving health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Nehlin
- Center for Stem Cell Treatment, Department of Clinical Immunology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
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37
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Crook JM, Kobayashi NR. Human stem cells for modeling neurological disorders: Accelerating the drug discovery pipeline. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:1361-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Wobus AM, Löser P. [Human embryonic stem cells within the context of international research activity]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2008; 51:994-1004. [PMID: 18773174 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-008-0627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research involving pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a rapidly growing field of science. Since hESCs originate from early human embryos, alternative methods for producing pluripotent cells have been developed. This article introduces some of those strategies and, in addition, covers international efforts to establish consistent international standards for cultivation, characterization and preservation of hESCs. Furthermore, global trends to form networks in the field of stem cell research as well as endeavors to harmonize ethical standards for hESC research are presented. Finally, potential applications of hESCs in the field of pharmacology/toxicology are discussed as well as recent results of animal studies using hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Wobus
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, BRD.
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39
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O'Rourke PP, Abelman M, Heffernan KG. Centralized banks for human embryonic stem cells: a worthwhile challenge. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 2:307-12. [PMID: 18397750 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Centralized banking of human embryonic stem (hES) cells is an endeavor that can benefit individual research efforts and enhance international collaboration but is complicated by the fact that the science is rapidly evolving in an environment of heterogeneous laws, guidelines, and ethical standards. Written from the vantage point of regulatory professionals, this article provides an overview of the benefits of and challenges facing hESC banking enterprises in general with a focus on a global centralized banking effort.
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