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Does the Serum Concentration of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Have an Effect on the Severity of COVID-19? A Prospective Preliminary Observational Study among Healthcare Professionals. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11071769. [PMID: 35407377 PMCID: PMC8999741 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that causes severe respiratory distress syndrome. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 is related to the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). SARS-CoV-2, a vector of COVID-19, uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), which is highly expressed in human lung tissue, nasal cavity, and oral mucosa, to gain access into human cells. After entering the cell, SARS-CoV-2 inhibits ACE-2, thus favouring the ACE/Ang II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis, which plays a role in the development of acute lung injury (ALI). This study aimed to analyse the influence of angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1R) levels in the serum on the course of the severity of symptoms in healthcare professionals who had a SARS-CoV-2 infection. This prospective observational study was conducted on a group of 82 participants. The study group included physicians and nurses who had a COVID-19 infection confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for SARS-CoV-2. The control group consisted of healthy medical professionals who had not had a SARS-CoV-2 infection or who had no symptoms of COVID-19 and who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 on the day of examination. We analysed the correlation between AT1R concentration and the severity of COVID-19, as well as with sex, age, blood group, and comorbidities. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean values of AT1R concentration in the recovered individuals and the non-COVID-19 subjects (3.29 vs. 3.76 ng/mL; p = 0.32). The ROC curve for the AT1R assay showed an optimal cut-off point of 1.33 (AUC = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.32-0.57; p = 0.37). There was also no correlation between AT1R concentration and the severity of symptoms associated with COVID-19. Blood type analysis showed statistically significantly lower levels of AT1R in COVID-19-recovered participants with blood group A than in those with blood group O. In conclusion, AT1R concentration does not affect the severity of symptoms associated with COVID-19 among healthcare professionals.
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Angiotensin II Induces Automatic Activity of the Isolated Guinea Pig Pulmonary Vein Myocardium through Activation of the IP₃ Receptor and the Na⁺-Ca 2+ Exchanger. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071768. [PMID: 30974804 PMCID: PMC6479489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The automaticity of the pulmonary vein myocardium is known to be the major cause of atrial fibrillation. We examined the involvement of angiotensin II in the automatic activity of isolated guinea pig pulmonary vein preparations. In tissue preparations, application of angiotensin II induced an automatic contractile activity; this effect was mimicked by angiotensin I and blocked by losartan, but not by PD123,319 or carvedilol. In cardiomyocytes, application of angiotensin II induced an increase in the frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ sparks and the generation of Ca2+ transients; these effects were inhibited by losartan or xestospongin C. In tissue preparations, angiotensin II caused membrane potential oscillations, which lead to repetitive generation of action potentials. Angiotensin II increased the diastolic depolarization slope of the spontaneous or evoked action potentials. These effects of angiotensin II were inhibited by SEA0400. In tissue preparations showing spontaneous firing of action potentials, losartan, xestospongin C or SEA0400 decreased the slope of the diastolic depolarization and inhibited the firing of action potentials. In conclusion, in the guinea pig pulmonary vein myocardium, angiotensin II induces the generation of automatic activity through activation of the IP3 receptor and the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger.
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Ren L, Wu C, Yang K, Chen S, Ye P, Wu J, Zhang A, Huang X, Wang K, Deng P, Ding X, Chen M, Xia J. A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease-22 Attenuates Hypertrophic Remodeling in Mice Through Inhibition of the Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathway. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.005696. [PMID: 29358191 PMCID: PMC5850139 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.005696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe cardiac hypertrophy can lead to cardiac remodeling and even heart failure in the end, which is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease-related mortality worldwide. A disintegrin and metalloprotease-22 (ADAM22), a member of the transmembrane and secreted metalloendopeptidase family, participates in many biological processes, including those in the cardiovascular system. However, there is no explicit information on whether ADAM22 can regulate the process of cardiac hypertrophy; the effects that ADAM22 exerts in cardiac hypertrophy remain elusive. METHODS AND RESULTS We observed significantly increased ADAM22 expression in failing hearts from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; the same trend was observed in mice induced by transaortic constriction and in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes treated by angiotensin II. Therefore, we constructed both cardiac-specific ADAM22 overexpression and knockout mice. At 4 weeks after transaortic constriction, cardiac-specific ADAM22 knockout, by the CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9) system, deteriorated the severity of cardiac hypertrophy in mice, whereas cardiac-specific ADAM22 overexpression mitigated the degrees of cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Similarly, altered ADAM22 expression modulated the angiotensin II-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. After screening several signaling pathways, we found ADAM22 played a role in inhibition of protein kinase B (AKT) activation. Under the cardiac-specific ADAM22 knockout background, AKT activation was enhanced in transaortic constriction-induced mice and angiotensin II-stimulated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, with a severe degree of cardiac hypertrophy. Treatment of a specific AKT inhibitor attenuated the transaortic constriction-enhanced AKT activation and cardiac hypertrophy in mice. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrated that ADAM22 negatively regulates the AKT activation and the process of cardiac hypertrophy and may provide new insights into the pathobiological features of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuangyan Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anchen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofan Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangchao Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Manhua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahong Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Owens EA, Jie L, Reyes BA, Van Bockstaele EJ, Osei-Owusu P. Elastin insufficiency causes hypertension, structural defects and abnormal remodeling of renal vascular signaling. Kidney Int 2017; 92:1100-1118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Hong K, Li M, Nourian Z, Meininger GA, Hill MA. Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Mechanoactivation Involves RGS5 (Regulator of G Protein Signaling 5) in Skeletal Muscle Arteries: Impaired Trafficking of RGS5 in Hypertension. Hypertension 2017; 70:1264-1272. [PMID: 29061726 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies suggest that arteriolar pressure-induced vasoconstriction can be initiated by GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors), including the AT1R (angiotensin II type 1 receptor). This raises the question, are such mechanisms regulated by negative feedback? The present studies examined whether RGS (regulators of G protein signaling) proteins in vascular smooth muscle cells are colocalized with the AT1R when activated by mechanical stress or angiotensin II and whether this modulates AT1R-mediated vasoconstriction. To determine whether activation of the AT1R recruits RGS5, an in situ proximity ligation assay was performed in primary cultures of cremaster muscle arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cells treated with angiotensin II or hypotonic solution in the absence or presence of candesartan (an AT1R blocker). Proximity ligation assay results revealed a concentration-dependent increase in trafficking/translocation of RGS5 toward the activated AT1R, which was attenuated by candesartan. In intact arterioles, knockdown of RGS5 enhanced constriction to angiotensin II and augmented myogenic responses to increased intraluminal pressure. Myogenic constriction was attenuated to a higher degree by candesartan in RGS5 siRNA-transfected arterioles, consistent with RGS5 contributing to downregulation of AT1R-mediated signaling. Further, translocation of RGS5 was impaired in vascular smooth muscle cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats. This is consistent with dysregulated (RGS5-mediated) AT1R signaling that could contribute to excessive vasoconstriction in hypertension. In intact vessels, candesartan reduced myogenic vasoconstriction to a greater extent in spontaneously hypertensive rats compared with controls. Collectively, these findings suggest that AT1R activation results in translocation of RGS5 toward the plasma membrane, limiting AT1R-mediated vasoconstriction through its role in Gq/11 protein-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangseok Hong
- From the Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (K.H., M.L., G.A.M., M.A.H.) and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (K.H., Z.N., G.A.M., M.A.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia; and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (K.H.)
| | - Min Li
- From the Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (K.H., M.L., G.A.M., M.A.H.) and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (K.H., Z.N., G.A.M., M.A.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia; and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (K.H.)
| | - Zahra Nourian
- From the Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (K.H., M.L., G.A.M., M.A.H.) and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (K.H., Z.N., G.A.M., M.A.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia; and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (K.H.)
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- From the Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (K.H., M.L., G.A.M., M.A.H.) and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (K.H., Z.N., G.A.M., M.A.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia; and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (K.H.)
| | - Michael A Hill
- From the Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (K.H., M.L., G.A.M., M.A.H.) and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center (K.H., Z.N., G.A.M., M.A.H.), University of Missouri, Columbia; and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (K.H.).
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Hong K, Zhao G, Hong Z, Sun Z, Yang Y, Clifford PS, Davis MJ, Meininger GA, Hill MA. Mechanical activation of angiotensin II type 1 receptors causes actin remodelling and myogenic responsiveness in skeletal muscle arterioles. J Physiol 2016; 594:7027-7047. [PMID: 27531064 PMCID: PMC5134373 DOI: 10.1113/jp272834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Candesartan, an inverse agonist of the type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1 R), causes a concentration-dependent inhibition of pressure-dependent myogenic tone consistent with previous reports of mechanosensitivity of this G protein-coupled receptor. Mechanoactivation of the AT1 R occurs independently of local angiotensin II production and the type 2 angiotensin receptor. Mechanoactivation of the AT1 R stimulates actin polymerization by a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism, but independently of a change in intracellular Ca2+ . Using atomic force microscopy, changes in single vascular smooth muscle cell cortical actin are observed to remodel following mechanoactivation of the AT1 R. ABSTRACT The Gq/11 protein-coupled angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 R) has been shown to be activated by mechanical stimuli. In the vascular system, evidence supports the AT1 R being a mechanosensor that contributes to arteriolar myogenic constriction. The aim of this study was to determine if AT1 R mechanoactivation affects myogenic constriction in skeletal muscle arterioles and to determine underlying cellular mechanisms. Using pressure myography to study rat isolated first-order cremaster muscle arterioles the AT1 R inhibitor candesartan (10-7 -10-5 m) showed partial but concentration-dependent inhibition of myogenic reactivity. Inhibition was demonstrated by a rightward shift in the pressure-diameter relationship over the intraluminal pressure range, 30-110 mmHg. Pressure-induced changes in global vascular smooth muscle intracellular Ca2+ (using Fura-2) were similar in the absence or presence of candesartan, indicating that AT1 R-mediated myogenic constriction relies on Ca2+ -independent downstream signalling. The diacylglycerol analogue 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG) reversed the inhibitory effect of candesartan, while this rescue effect was prevented by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF 109203X. Both candesartan and PKC inhibition caused increased G-actin levels, as determined by Western blotting of vessel lysates, supporting involvement of cytoskeletal remodelling. At the single vascular smooth muscle cell level, atomic force microscopy showed that cell swelling (stretch) with hypotonic buffer also caused thickening of cortical actin fibres and this was blocked by candesartan. Collectively, the present studies support growing evidence for novel modes of activation of the AT1 R in arterioles and suggest that mechanically activated AT1 R generates diacylglycerol, which in turn activates PKC which induces the actin cytoskeleton reorganization that is required for pressure-induced vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangseok Hong
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Centre and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological PhysicsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA22908USA
| | - Guiling Zhao
- College of Applied Health SciencesUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Zhongkui Hong
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of South DakotaSioux FallsSD57107USA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - Philip S. Clifford
- College of Applied Health SciencesUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Michael J. Davis
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - Gerald A. Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - Michael A. Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
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Preu J, Tiefenauer L, Gutberlet T. Adhesion ability of angiotensin II with model membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1859:195-200. [PMID: 27865700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The octa-peptide angiotensin II (Ang II, (H2NAspArgValTyrIleHisProPheCOOH)) is one of the key player on blood pressure regulation in mammals. Predominantly binding to the Angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptors, the hormone is one of several peptide ligands binding to G protein coupled receptors (GPCR). The active hormone derives from a high molecular weight precursor sequentially cleaved by the proteases renin and the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The chemical nature of the amino acid sequence has an impact on the behavior in the proximity of membranes, demonstrated using different membrane model systems and biophysical methods. Applying electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and small angle X-ray scattering a detailed view on the adhesion of the peptide with model membrane surfaces was performed. The role of specific amino acids involved in the interaction with the phospholipid head group were investigated and, studying a truncated version of Ang II, Ang (1-7), the key role of the C-terminal phenylalanine was proven. Truncation of the C-terminal amino acid abolishes the binding of the peptide to the membrane surface. A shift in pH, altering the protonation state of the central histidine residue impairs the adhesion of Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Preu
- Membrane Biophysics Group, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Louis Tiefenauer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gutberlet
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Garching, Germany
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8
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Angiotensin II receptor blockade promotes repair of skeletal muscle through down-regulation of aging-promoting C1q expression. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14453. [PMID: 26571361 PMCID: PMC4585890 DOI: 10.1038/srep14453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor prolonged life span in mice. Since aging-related decline in skeletal muscle function was retarded in Atgr1a−/− mice, we examined the role of AT1 receptor in muscle regeneration after injury. Administration of AT1 receptor blocker irbesartan increased the size of regenerating myofibers, decreased fibrosis, and enhanced functional muscle recovery after cryoinjury. We recently reported that complement C1q, secreted by macrophages, activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and promoted aging-related decline in regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle. Notably, irbesartan induced M2 polarization of macrophages, but reduced C1q expression in cryoinjured muscles and in cultured macrophage cells. Irbesartan inhibited up-regulation of Axin2, a downstream gene of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, in cryoinjured muscles. In addition, topical administration of C1q reversed beneficial effects of irbesartan on skeletal muscle regeneration after injury. These results suggest that AT1 receptor blockade improves muscle repair and regeneration through down-regulation of the aging-promoting C1q-Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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9
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Zhao Y, Flavahan S, Leung SW, Xu A, Vanhoutte PM, Flavahan NA. Elevated pressure causes endothelial dysfunction in mouse carotid arteries by increasing local angiotensin signaling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 308:H358-63. [PMID: 25485905 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00775.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were performed to determine whether or not acute exposure to elevated pressure would disrupt endothelium-dependent dilatation by increasing local angiotensin II (ANG II) signaling. Vasomotor responses of mouse-isolated carotid arteries were analyzed in a pressure myograph at a control transmural pressure (PTM) of 80 mmHg. Acetylcholine-induced dilatation was reduced by endothelial denudation or by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, 100 μM). Transient exposure to elevated PTM (150 mmHg, 180 min) inhibited dilatation to acetylcholine but did not affect responses to the nitric oxide donor diethylamine NONOate. Elevated PTM also increased endothelial reactive oxygen species, and the pressure-induced endothelial dysfunction was prevented by the direct antioxidant and NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (100 μM). The increase in endothelial reactive oxygen species in response to elevated PTM was reduced by the ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists losartan (3 μM) or valsartan (1 μM). Indeed, elevated PTM caused marked expression of angiotensinogen, the precursor of ANG II. Inhibition of ANG II signaling, by blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme (1 μM perindoprilat or 10 μM captopril) or blocking AT1Rs prevented the impaired response to acetylcholine in arteries exposed to 150 mmHg but did not affect dilatation to the muscarinic agonist in arteries maintained at 80 mmHg. After the inhibition of ANG II, elevated pressure no longer impaired endothelial dilatation. In arteries treated with perindoprilat to inhibit endogenous formation of the peptide, exogenous ANG II (0.3 μM, 180 min) inhibited dilatation to acetylcholine. Therefore, elevated pressure rapidly impairs endothelium-dependent dilatation by causing ANG expression and enabling ANG II-dependent activation of AT1Rs. These processes may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension-induced vascular dysfunction and organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheila Flavahan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Susan W Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nicholas A Flavahan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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10
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Wang S, Gong H, Jiang G, Ye Y, Wu J, You J, Zhang G, Sun A, Komuro I, Ge J, Zou Y. Src is required for mechanical stretch-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through angiotensin II type 1 receptor-dependent β-arrestin2 pathways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92926. [PMID: 24699426 PMCID: PMC3974699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1-R) can be activated by mechanical stress (MS) without the involvement of AngII during the development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, in which G protein-independent pathways are critically involved. Although β-arrestin2-biased signaling has been speculated, little is known about how AT1-R/β-arrestin2 leads to ERK1/2 activation. Here, we present a novel mechanism by which Src kinase mediates AT1-R/β-arrestin2-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation in response to MS. Differing from stimulation by AngII, MS-triggered ERK1/2 phosphorylation is neither suppressed by overexpression of RGS4 (the negative regulator of the G-protein coupling signal) nor by inhibition of Gαq downstream protein kinase C (PKC) with GF109203X. The release of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) is increased by AngII but not by MS. These results collectively suggest that MS-induced ERK1/2 activation through AT1-R might be independent of G-protein coupling. Moreover, either knockdown of β-arrestin2 or overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of β-arrestin2 prevents MS-induced activation of ERK1/2. We further identifies a relationship between Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and β-arrestin2 using analyses of co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence after MS stimulation. Furthermore, MS-, but not AngII-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation is attenuated by Src inhibition, which also significantly improves pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in mice lacking AngII. Finally, MS-induced Src activation and hypertrophic response are abolished by candesartan but not by valsartan whereas AngII-induced responses can be abrogated by both blockers. Our results suggest that Src plays a critical role in MS-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through β-arrestin2-associated angiotensin II type 1 receptor signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensinogen/physiology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Arrestins/genetics
- Arrestins/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cardiomegaly/metabolism
- Cardiomegaly/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Echocardiography
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunoprecipitation
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Stress, Mechanical
- beta-Arrestins
- src-Family Kinases/genetics
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoliang Jiang
- Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Ye
- Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieyun You
- Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Hasan AU, Ohmori K, Hashimoto T, Kamitori K, Yamaguchi F, Ishihara Y, Ishihara N, Noma T, Tokuda M, Kohno M. Valsartan ameliorates the constitutive adipokine expression pattern in mature adipocytes: a role for inverse agonism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor in obesity. Hypertens Res 2014; 37:621-8. [PMID: 24599011 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II receptor blockers (ARBs) alleviate obesity-related insulin resistance, which suggests an important role for the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in the regulation of adipocytokines. Therefore, we treated mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes with 50 μmol l(-1) of valsartan, a selective AT1R blocker without direct agonism to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ. In the absence of effective concentrations of Ang II, unstimulated mature adipocytes expressed and secreted high levels of interleukin (IL)-6. This constitutive proinflammatory activity was attenuated by the suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation by valsartan but was unaffected by the Ang II type 2 receptor blocker PD123319. COS7 cells co-transfected with AT1R and IL-6, which expressed NF-κB but lacked PPAR-γ, showed no constitutive but substantial ligand-dependent IL-6 reporter activity, which was counteracted by valsartan. Valsartan preserved cytosolic IκB-α and subsequently reduced nuclear NF-κB1 protein expression in mature adipocytes. Interestingly, valsartan did not increase PPAR-γ messenger RNA expression per se but enhanced the transcriptional activity of PPAR-γ in mature adipocytes; this enhancement was accompanied by upregulation of the PPAR coactivator (PGC)-1α. Moreover, T0090907, a PPAR-γ inhibitor, increased IL-6 expression, and this increase was attenuated by valsartan. Indeed, addition of valsartan without direct PPAR-γ agonism increased adiponectin production in mature adipocytes. Together, the findings indicate that valsartan blocks the constitutive AT1R activity involving the NF-κB pathway that limits PPAR-γ activity in mature adipocytes. Thus, inverse agonism of AT1R attenuates the spontaneous proinflammatory response and enhances the constitutive insulin-sensitizing activities of mature adipocytes, which may underlie the beneficial metabolic impacts of ARBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif U Hasan
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Ohmori
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Kamitori
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Fuminori Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Ishihara
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takahisa Noma
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kohno
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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Takagi H, Yamamoto H, Iwata K, Goto SN, Umemoto T. An evidence-based hypothesis for beneficial effects of telmisartan on Marfan syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2012; 158:101-2. [PMID: 22459372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yasuda N, Akazawa H, Ito K, Shimizu I, Kudo-Sakamoto Y, Yabumoto C, Yano M, Yamamoto R, Ozasa Y, Minamino T, Naito AT, Oka T, Shiojima I, Tamura K, Umemura S, Paradis P, Nemer M, Komuro I. Agonist-Independent Constitutive Activity of Angiotensin II Receptor Promotes Cardiac Remodeling in Mice. Hypertension 2012; 59:627-33. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.175208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 (AT
1
) receptor mainly mediates the physiological and pathological actions of Ang II, but recent studies have suggested that AT
1
receptor inherently shows spontaneous constitutive activity even in the absence of Ang II in culture cells. To elucidate the role of Ang II–independent AT
1
receptor activation in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing AT
1
receptor under the control of α-myosin heavy chain promoter in angiotensinogen-knockout background (AT
1
Tg-AgtKO mice). In AT
1
Tg-AgtKO hearts, redistributions of the Gα
q11
subunit into cytosol and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases were significantly increased, compared with angiotensinogen-knockout mice hearts, suggesting that the AT
1
receptor is constitutively activated independent of Ang II. As a consequence, AT
1
Tg-AgtKO mice showed spontaneous systolic dysfunction and chamber dilatation, accompanied by severe interstitial fibrosis. Progression of cardiac remodeling in AT
1
Tg-AgtKO mice was prevented by treatment with candesartan, an inverse agonist for the AT
1
receptor, but not by its derivative candesartan-7H, deficient of inverse agonism attributed to a lack of the carboxyl group at the benzimidazole ring. Our results demonstrate that constitutive activity of the AT
1
receptor under basal conditions contributes to the cardiac remodeling even in the absence of Ang II, when the AT
1
receptor is upregulated in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Yasuda
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Hiroshi Akazawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Kaoru Ito
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Ippei Shimizu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Yoko Kudo-Sakamoto
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Chizuru Yabumoto
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Masamichi Yano
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Rie Yamamoto
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Yukako Ozasa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Tohru Minamino
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Atsuhiko T. Naito
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Toru Oka
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Ichiro Shiojima
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Satoshi Umemura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Pierre Paradis
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Mona Nemer
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
| | - Issei Komuro
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine (N.Y., K.I., Ip.S., R.Y., Y.O., T.M.), Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (H.A, Y.K.-S., C.Y., M.Y., T.O., I.K.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (A.T.N., Ic.S.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine (K.T., S.U.), Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Lady Davis
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15
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Carey RM. Functional intracellular renin-angiotensin systems: potential for pathophysiology of disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 302:R479-81. [PMID: 22170615 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00656.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Cook JR, Nistala H, Ramirez F. Drug-based therapies for vascular disease in Marfan syndrome: from mouse models to human patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 77:366-73. [PMID: 20687182 DOI: 10.1002/msj.20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome is a congenital disorder of the connective tissue with a long history of clinical and basic science breakthroughs that have forged our understanding of vascular-disease pathogenesis. The biomedical importance of Marfan syndrome was recently underscored by the discovery that the underlying genetic lesion impairs both tissue integrity and transforming growth factor-beta regulation of cell behavior. This discovery has led to the successful implementation of the first pharmacological intervention in a connective-tissue disorder otherwise incurable by either gene-based or stem cell-based therapeutic strategies. More generally, information gathered from the study of Marfan syndrome pathogenesis has the potential to improve the clinical management of common acquired disorders of connective-tissue degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cook
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Akazawa H, Komuro I. [Anti-hypertensive therapy for patients complicated with heart diseases]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2011; 100:394-399. [PMID: 21400876 DOI: 10.2169/naika.100.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akazawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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18
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Li L, Zhou N, Gong H, Wu J, Lin L, Komuro I, Ge J, Zou Y. Comparison of angiotensin II type 1-receptor blockers to regress pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:1289-97. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Watts JA, Marchick MR, Kline JA. Right ventricular heart failure from pulmonary embolism: key distinctions from chronic pulmonary hypertension. J Card Fail 2010; 16:250-9. [PMID: 20206901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The right ventricle normally operates as a low pressure, high-flow pump connected to a high-capacitance pulmonary vascular circuit. Morbidity and mortality in humans with pulmonary hypertension (PH) from any cause is increased in the presence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, but the differences in pathology of RV dysfunction in chronic versus acute occlusive PH are not widely recognized. METHODS AND RESULTS Chronic PH that develops over weeks to months leads to RV concentric hypertrophy without inflammation that may progress slowly to RV failure. In contrast, pulmonary embolism (PE) results in an abrupt vascular occlusion leading to increased pulmonary artery pressure within minutes to hours that causes immediate deformation of the RV. RV injury is secondary to mechanical stretch, shear force, and ischemia that together provoke a cytokine and chemokine-mediated inflammatory phenotype that amplifies injury. CONCLUSIONS This review will briefly describe causes of pulmonary embolism and chronic PH, models of experimental study, and pulmonary vascular changes, and will focus on mechanisms of right ventricular dysfunction, contrasting mechanisms of RV adaptation and injury in these 2 settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Watts
- Emergency Medicine Research, Carolinas Medical Center, 1542 Garden Terrace, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA.
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Yamamoto K, Ohishi M, Ho C, Kurtz TW, Rakugi H. Telmisartan-induced inhibition of vascular cell proliferation beyond angiotensin receptor blockade and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation. Hypertension 2009; 54:1353-9. [PMID: 19822796 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.138750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blockers with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonist activity (telmisartan and irbesartan) and AT1 receptor blockers devoid of PPARgamma agonist activity (eprosartan and valsartan) to inhibit vascular cell proliferation studied in the absence of angiotensin II stimulation. Telmisartan and, to a lesser extent, irbesartan inhibited proliferation of human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas eprosartan and valsartan did not. To investigate the role of PPARgamma in the antiproliferative effects of telmisartan, we studied genetically engineered NIH3T3 cells that express PPARgamma. Pioglitazone inhibited proliferation of NIH3T3 cells expressing PPARgamma but had little effect on control NIH3T3 cells that lack PPARgamma. In contrast, telmisartan inhibited proliferation equally in NIH3T3 with and without PPARgamma. Valsartan failed to inhibit proliferation of either cell line. In addition, telmisartan inhibited proliferation equally in aortic smooth muscle cells derived from mice with targeted knockout of PPARgamma in the smooth muscle and from control mice, whereas valsartan had no effect on cell proliferation. Telmisartan, but not valsartan, reduced phosphorylation of AKT but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase otherwise induced by exposure to serum of quiescent human smooth muscle cells, quiescent mice smooth muscle cells lacking PPARgamma, or quiescent Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells lacking the AT1 receptor. In summary, the antiproliferative effects of telmisartan in the absence of exogenously supplemented angiotensin II involve more than just AT1 receptor blockade and do not require activation of PPARgamma. It might be postulated that inhibition of AKT activation is a mechanism mediating the antiproliferative effects of telmisartan, including in cells lacking AT1 receptors or PPARgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yamamoto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Multivalent ligand-receptor interactions elicit inverse agonist activity of AT(1) receptor blockers against stretch-induced AT(1) receptor activation. Hypertens Res 2009; 32:875-83. [PMID: 19662020 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2009.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 angiotensin II (AT(1)) receptor has a critical role in the development of load-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Recently, we showed that mechanical stretching of cells activates the AT(1) receptor without the involvement of angiotensin II (AngII) and that this AngII-independent activation is inhibited by the inverse agonistic activity of the AT(1) receptor blocker (ARB), candesartan. Although the inverse agonist activity of ARBs has been studied in terms of their action on constitutively active AT(1) receptors, the structure-function relationship of the inverse agonism they exert against stretch-induced AT(1) receptor activation has not been fully elucidated. Assays evaluating c-fos gene expression and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) have shown that olmesartan has strong inverse agonist activities against the constitutively active AT(1) receptor and the stretch-induced activation of AT(1) receptor, respectively. Ternary drug-receptor interactions, which occur between the hydroxyl group of olmesartan and Tyr(113) and between the carboxyl group of olmesartan and Lys(199) and His(256), were essential for the potent inverse agonist action olmesartan exerts against stretch-induced ERK activation and the constitutive activity of the AT(1)-N111G mutant receptor. Furthermore, the inverse agonist activity olmesartan exerts against stretch-induced ERK activation requires an additional drug-receptor interaction involving the tetrazole group of olmesartan and Gln(257) of the AT(1) receptor. These results suggest that multivalent interactions between an inverse agonist and the AT(1) receptor are required to stabilize the receptor in an inactive conformation in response to the distinct processes that lead to an AngII-independent activation of the AT(1) receptor.
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