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Zhang J, Liu J, Yue Y, Wang L, He Q, Xu S, Li J, Liao Y, Chen Y, Wang S, Xie Y, Zhang B, Bian Y, Dimitrov DS, Yuan Y, Zhu J. The immunotoxin targeting PRLR increases tamoxifen sensitivity and enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy in breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:173. [PMID: 38898487 PMCID: PMC11188579 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though tamoxifen achieves success in treating estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer, the followed development of tamoxifen resistance is a common challenge in clinic. Signals downstream of prolactin receptor (PRLR) could synergize with ERα in breast cancer progression. However, the potential effect of targeting PRL-PRLR axis combined with tamoxifen has not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS High-throughput RNA-seq data obtained from TCGA, Metabric and GEO datasets were analyzed to explore PRLR expression in breast cancer cell and the association of PRLR expression with tamoxifen treatment. Exogenous or PRL overexpression cell models were employed to investigate the role of activated PRLR pathway in mediating tamoxifen insensitivity. Immunotoxin targeting PRLR (N8-PE24) was constructed with splicing-intein technique, and the efficacy of N8-PE24 against breast cancer was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo methods, including analysis of cells growth or apoptosis, 3D spheroids culture, and animal xenografts. RESULTS PRLR pathway activated by PRL could significantly decrease sensitivity of ERα-positive breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. Tamoxifen treatment upregulated transcription of PRLR and could induce significant accumulation of PRLR protein in breast cancer cells by alkalizing lysosomes. Meanwhile, tamoxifen-resistant MCF7 achieved by long-term tamoxifen pressure exhibited both upregulated transcription and protein level of PRLR. Immunotoxin N8-PE24 enhanced sensitivity of breast cancer cells to tamoxifen both in vitro and in vivo. In xenograft models, N8-PE24 significantly enhanced the efficacy of tamoxifen and paclitaxel when treating PRLR-positive triple-negative breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS PRL-PRLR axis potentially associates with tamoxifen insensitivity in ERα-positive breast cancer cells. N8-PE24 could inhibit cell growth of the breast cancers and promote drug sensitivity of PRLR-positive breast cancer cells to tamoxifen and paclitaxel. Our study provides a new perspective for targeting PRLR to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Building 6, Room 208, 800 Dongchuan road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Building 6, Room 208, 800 Dongchuan road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yali Yue
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Building 6, Room 208, 800 Dongchuan road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Building 6, Room 208, 800 Dongchuan road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qunye He
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Building 6, Room 208, 800 Dongchuan road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shuyi Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Building 6, Room 208, 800 Dongchuan road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junyan Li
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Building 6, Room 208, 800 Dongchuan road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yunji Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Building 6, Room 208, 800 Dongchuan road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Building 6, Room 208, 800 Dongchuan road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | | | - Yueqing Xie
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc, Frederick, MD, 21704, USA
- Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300467, China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Building 6, Room 208, 800 Dongchuan road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanlin Bian
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Building 6, Room 208, 800 Dongchuan road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Yunsheng Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Building 6, Room 208, 800 Dongchuan road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, MOE, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Building 6, Room 208, 800 Dongchuan road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Jecho Laboratories, Inc, Frederick, MD, 21704, USA.
- Jecho Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300467, China.
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Lalitkumar PGL, Lundström E, Byström B, Ujvari D, Murkes D, Tani E, Söderqvist G. Effects of Estradiol/Micronized Progesterone vs. Conjugated Equine Estrogens/Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Breast Cancer Gene Expression in Healthy Postmenopausal Women. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044123. [PMID: 36835533 PMCID: PMC9959219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest estradiol (E2)/natural progesterone (P) confers less breast cancer risk compared with conjugated equine estrogens (CEE)/synthetic progestogens. We investigate if differences in the regulation of breast cancer-related gene expression could provide some explanation. This study is a subset of a monocentric, 2-way, open observer-blinded, phase 4 randomized controlled trial on healthy postmenopausal women with climacteric symptoms (ClinicalTrials.gov; EUCTR-2005/001016-51). Study medication was two 28-day cycles of sequential hormone treatment with oral 0.625 mg CEE and 5 mg of oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) or 1.5 mg E2 as percutaneous gel/day with the addition of 200 mg oral micronized P. MPA and P were added days 15-28/cycle. Material from two core-needle breast biopsies in 15 women in each group was subject to quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). The primary endpoint was a change in breast carcinoma development gene expression. In the first eight consecutive women, RNA was extracted at baseline and after two months of treatment and subjected to microarray for 28856 genes and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) to identify risk factor genes. Microarray analysis showed 3272 genes regulated with a fold-change of >±1.4. IPA showed 225 genes belonging to mammary-tumor development function: 198 for CEE/MPA vs. 34 for E2/P. Sixteen genes involved in mammary tumor inclination were subject to Q-PCR, inclining the CEE/MPA group towards an increased risk for breast carcinoma compared to the E2/P group at a very high significance level (p = 3.1 × 10-8, z-score 1.94). The combination of E2/P affected breast cancer-related genes much less than CEE/MPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Lundström
- Division for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Byström
- Division for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dorina Ujvari
- Division for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Murkes
- Division for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edneia Tani
- Department of Pathology, Cytology Karolinska Institutet, SE 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Söderqvist
- Division for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Targeted Therapeutic Options and Future Perspectives for HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143305. [PMID: 35884366 PMCID: PMC9320771 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The development of several antiHuman Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) treatments over the last few years has improved the landscape of HER2-positive breast cancer. Despite this, relapse is still the main issue in HER2-positive breast cancer. The reasons for therapeutic failure lie in the heterogeneity of the disease itself, as well as in the drug resistance mechanisms. In this review, we intended to understand the milestones that have had an impact on this disease up to their implementation in clinical practice. In addition, understanding the underlying molecular biology of HER2-positive disease is essential for the optimization and personalization of the different treatment options. For this reason, we focused on two relevant aspects, which are triple-positive disease and the role that modulation of the immune response might play in treatment and prognosis. Abstract Despite the improvement achieved by the introduction of HER2-targeted therapy, up to 25% of early human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer (BC) patients will relapse. Beyond trastuzumab, other agents approved for early HER2+ BC include the monoclonal antibody pertuzumab, the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) and the reversible HER2 inhibitor lapatinib. New agents, such as trastuzumab-deruxtecan or tucatinib in combination with capecitabine and trastuzumab, have also shown a significant improvement in the metastatic setting. Other therapeutic strategies to overcome treatment resistance have been explored in HER2+ BC, mainly in HER2+ that also overexpress estrogen receptors (ER+). In ER+ HER2+ patients, target therapies such as phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway inhibition or cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 blocking may be effective in controlling downstream of HER2 and many of the cellular pathways associated with resistance to HER2-targeted therapies. Multiple trials have explored these strategies with some promising results, and probably, in the next years conclusive results will succeed. In addition, HER2+ BC is known to be more immunogenic than other BC subgroups, with high variability between tumors. Different immunotherapeutic agents such as HER-2 therapy plus checkpoint inhibitors, or new vaccines approaches have been investigated in this setting, with promising but controversial results obtained to date.
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Abstract
Prolactin coordinates with the ovarian steroids to orchestrate mammary development and lactation, culminating in nourishment and an increasingly appreciated array of other benefits for neonates. Its central activities in mammary epithelial growth and differentiation suggest that it plays a role(s) in breast cancer, but it has been challenging to identify its contributions, essential for incorporation into prevention and treatment approaches. Large prospective epidemiologic studies have linked higher prolactin exposure to increased risk, particularly for ER+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. However, it has been more difficult to determine its actions and clinical consequences in established tumors. Here we review experimental data implicating multiple mechanisms by which prolactin may increase the risk of breast cancer. We then consider the evidence for role(s) of prolactin and its downstream signaling cascades in disease progression and treatment responses, and discuss how new approaches are beginning to illuminate the biology behind the seemingly conflicting epidemiologic and experimental studies of prolactin actions across diverse breast cancers.
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Shams A, Binothman N, Boudreault J, Wang N, Shams F, Hamam D, Tian J, Moamer A, Dai M, Lebrun JJ, Ali S. Prolactin receptor-driven combined luminal and epithelial differentiation in breast cancer restricts plasticity, stemness, tumorigenesis and metastasis. Oncogenesis 2021; 10:10. [PMID: 33446633 PMCID: PMC7809050 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiation increased cellular plasticity and stemness are established derivers of tumor heterogeneity, metastasis and therapeutic failure resulting in incurable cancers. Therefore, it is essential to decipher pro/forward-differentiation mechanisms in cancer that may serve as therapeutic targets. We found that interfering with expression of the receptor for the lactogenic hormone prolactin (PRLR) in breast cancer cells representative of the luminal and epithelial breast cancer subtypes (hormone receptor positive (HR+) and HER2-enriched (HER2-E) resulted in loss of their differentiation state, enriched for stem-like cell subpopulations, and increased their tumorigenic capacity in a subtype-specific manner. Loss of PRLR expression in HR+ breast cancer cells caused their dedifferentiation generating a mesenchymal-basal-like phenotype enriched in CD44+ breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs) showing high tumorigenic and metastatic capacities and resistance to anti-hormonal therapy. Whereas loss of PRLR expression in HER2-E breast cancer cells resulted in loss of their luminal differentiation yet enriched for epithelial ALDH+ BCSC population showing elevated HER2-driven tumorigenic, multi-organ metastatic spread, and resistance to anti-HER2 therapy. Collectively, this study defines PRLR as a driver of precise luminal and epithelial differentiation limiting cellular plasticity, stemness, and tumorigenesis and emphasizing the function of pro/forward-differentiation pathways as a foundation for the discovery of anti-cancer therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Shams
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.412895.30000 0004 0419 5255Present Address: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najat Binothman
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Present Address: Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 344, Rabigh, 21911 Saudi Arabia
| | - Julien Boudreault
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Ni Wang
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Fuad Shams
- grid.415252.5Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana Hamam
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Jun Tian
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Alaa Moamer
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Meiou Dai
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Jean-Jacques Lebrun
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Suhad Ali
- grid.63984.300000 0000 9064 4811Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC Canada
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Holloran SM, Nosirov B, Walter KR, Trinca GM, Lai Z, Jin VX, Hagan CR. Reciprocal fine-tuning of progesterone and prolactin-regulated gene expression in breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 511:110859. [PMID: 32407979 PMCID: PMC8941988 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone and prolactin are two key hormones involved in development and remodeling of the mammary gland. As such, both hormones have been linked to breast cancer. Despite the overlap between biological processes ascribed to these two hormones, little is known about how co-expression of both hormones affects their individual actions. Progesterone and prolactin exert many of their effects on the mammary gland through activation of gene expression, either directly (progesterone, binding to the progesterone receptor [PR]) or indirectly (multiple transcription factors being activated downstream of prolactin, most notably STAT5). Using RNA-seq in T47D breast cancer cells, we characterized the gene expression programs regulated by progestin and prolactin, either alone or in combination. We found significant crosstalk and fine-tuning between the transcriptional programs executed by each hormone independently and in combination. We divided and characterized the transcriptional programs into four broad categories. All crosstalk/fine-tuning shown to be modulated by progesterone was dependent upon the expression of PR. Moreover, PR was recruited to enhancer regions of all regulated genes. Interestingly, despite the canonical role for STAT5 in transducing prolactin-signaling in the normal and lactating mammary gland, very few of the prolactin-regulated transcriptional programs fine-tuned by progesterone in this breast cancer cell line model system were in fact dependent upon STAT5. Cumulatively, these data suggest that the interplay of progesterone and prolactin in breast cancer impacts gene expression in a more complex and nuanced manner than previously thought, and likely through different transcriptional regulators than those observed in the normal mammary gland. Studying gene regulation when both hormones are present is most clinically relevant, particularly in the context of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Holloran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Bakhtiyor Nosirov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Katherine R Walter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Gloria M Trinca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Zhao Lai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Victor X Jin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Christy R Hagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Xiao Z, Yang X, Zhang K, Liu Z, Shao Z, Song C, Wang X, Li Z. Estrogen receptor α/prolactin receptor bilateral crosstalk promotes bromocriptine resistance in prolactinomas. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:3174-3189. [PMID: 33173437 PMCID: PMC7646122 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.51176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactinomas are the most common type of functional pituitary adenoma. Although bromocriptine is the preferred first line treatment for prolactinoma, resistance frequently occurs, posing a prominent clinical challenge. Both the prolactin receptor (PRLR) and estrogen receptor α (ERα) serve critical roles in the development and progression of prolactinomas, and whether this interaction between PRLR and ERα contributes to bromocriptine resistance remains to be clarified. In the present study, increased levels of ERα and PRLR protein expression were detected in bromocriptine-resistant prolactinomas and MMQ cells. Prolactin (PRL) and estradiol (E2) were found to exert synergistic effects on prolactinoma cell proliferation. Furthermore, PRL induced the phosphorylation of ERα via the JAK2-PI3K/Akt-MEK/ERK pathway, while estrogen promoted PRLR upregulation via pERα. ERα inhibition abolished E2-induced PRLR upregulation and PRL-induced ERα phosphorylation, and fulvestrant, an ERα inhibitor, restored pituitary adenoma cell sensitivity to bromocriptine by activating JNK-MEK/ERK-p38 MAPK signaling and cyclin D1 downregulation. Collectively, these data suggest that the interaction between the estrogen/ERα and PRL/PRLR pathways may contribute to bromocriptine resistance, and therefore, that combination treatment with fulvestrant and bromocriptine (as opposed to either drug alone) may exert potent antitumor effects on bromocriptine-resistant prolactinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Xiao
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003
| | - Kun Zhang
- Spine Tumor Center, Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 210011
| | - Zebin Liu
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003
| | - Zheng Shao
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003
| | - Chaojun Song
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Carson International Cancer Centre, Shenzhen University General Hospital and Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan hospital of Wuhan university, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Barcus CE, Keely PJ, Eliceiri KW, Schuler LA. Prolactin signaling through focal adhesion complexes is amplified by stiff extracellular matrices in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48093-48106. [PMID: 27344177 PMCID: PMC5217003 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α positive (ERα+) breast cancer accounts for most breast cancer deaths. Both prolactin (PRL) and extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness/density have been implicated in metastatic progression of this disease. We previously demonstrated that these factors cooperate to fuel processes involved in cancer progression. Culture of ERα+ breast cancer cells in dense/stiff 3D collagen-I matrices shifts the repertoire of PRL signals, and increases crosstalk between PRL and estrogen to promote proliferation and invasion. However, previous work did not distinguish ECM stiffness and collagen density. In order to dissect the ECM features that control PRL signals, we cultured T47D and MCF-7 cells on polyacrylamide hydrogels of varying elastic moduli (stiffness) with varying collagen-I concentrations (ligand density). Increasing stiffness from physiological to pathological significantly augmented PRL-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the SFK target, FAK-Y925, with only modest effects on pSTAT5. In contrast, higher collagen-I ligand density lowered PRL-induced pSTAT5 with no effect on pERK1/2 or pFAK-Y925. Disrupting focal adhesion signaling decreased PRL signals and PRL/estrogen-induced proliferation more efficiently in stiff, compared to compliant, extracellular environments. These data indicate that matrix stiffness shifts the balance of PRL signals from physiological (JAK2/STAT5) to pathological (FAK/SFK/ERK1/2) by increasing PRL signals through focal adhesions. Together, our studies suggest that PRL signaling to FAK and SFKs may be useful targets in clinical aggressive ERα+ breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Barcus
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Patricia J Keely
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Linda A Schuler
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Jallow F, Brockman JL, Helzer KT, Rugowski DE, Goffin V, Alarid ET, Schuler LA. 17 β-Estradiol and ICI182,780 Differentially Regulate STAT5 Isoforms in Female Mammary Epithelium, With Distinct Outcomes. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:293-309. [PMID: 29594259 PMCID: PMC5842396 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) and estrogen cooperate in lobuloalveolar development of the mammary gland and jointly regulate gene expression in breast cancer cells in vitro. Canonical PRL signaling activates STAT5A/B, homologous proteins that have different target genes and functions. Although STAT5A/B are important for physiological mammary function and tumor pathophysiology, little is known about regulation of their expression, particularly of STAT5B, and the consequences for hormone action. In this study, we examined the effect of two estrogenic ligands, 17β-estradiol (E2) and the clinical antiestrogen, ICI182,780 (ICI, fulvestrant) on expression of STAT5 isoforms and resulting crosstalk with PRL in normal and tumor murine mammary epithelial cell lines. In all cell lines, E2 and ICI significantly increased protein and corresponding nascent and mature transcripts for STAT5A and STAT5B, respectively. Transcriptional regulation of STAT5A and STAT5B by E2 and ICI, respectively, is associated with recruitment of estrogen receptor alpha and increased H3K27Ac at a common intronic enhancer 10 kb downstream of the Stat5a transcription start site. Further, E2 and ICI induced different transcripts associated with differentiation and tumor behavior. In tumor cells, E2 also significantly increased proliferation, invasion, and stem cell-like activity, whereas ICI had no effect. To evaluate the role of STAT5B in these responses, we reduced STAT5B expression using short hairpin (sh) RNA. shSTAT5B blocked ICI-induced transcripts associated with metastasis and the epithelial mesenchymal transition in both cell types. shSTAT5B also blocked E2-induced invasion of tumor epithelium without altering E2-induced transcripts. Together, these studies indicate that STAT5B mediates a subset of protumorigenic responses to both E2 and ICI, underscoring the need to understand regulation of its expression and suggesting exploration as a possible therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatou Jallow
- Endocrinology/Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jennifer L Brockman
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kyle T Helzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Debra E Rugowski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Elaine T Alarid
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Linda A Schuler
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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10
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Mapes J, Anandan L, Li Q, Neff A, Clevenger CV, Bagchi IC, Bagchi MK. Aberrantly high expression of the CUB and zona pellucida-like domain-containing protein 1 (CUZD1) in mammary epithelium leads to breast tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2850-2864. [PMID: 29321207 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone prolactin (PRL) and certain members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family play central roles in mammary gland development and physiology, and their dysregulation has been implicated in mammary tumorigenesis. Our recent studies have revealed that the CUB and zona pellucida-like domain-containing protein 1 (CUZD1) is a critical factor for PRL-mediated activation of the transcription factor STAT5 in mouse mammary epithelium. Of note, CUZD1 controls production of a specific subset of the EGF family growth factors and consequent activation of their receptors. Here, we found that consistent with this finding, CUZD1 overexpression in non-transformed mammary epithelial HC11 cells increases their proliferation and induces tumorigenic characteristics in these cells. When introduced orthotopically in mouse mammary glands, these cells formed adenocarcinomas, exhibiting elevated levels of STAT5 phosphorylation and activation of the EGF signaling pathway. Selective blockade of STAT5 phosphorylation by pimozide, a small-molecule inhibitor, markedly reduced the production of the EGF family growth factors and inhibited PRL-induced tumor cell proliferation in vitro Pimozide administration to mice also suppressed CUZD1-driven mammary tumorigenesis in vivo Analysis of human MCF7 breast cancer cells indicated that CUZD1 controls the production of the same subset of EGF family members in these cells as in the mouse. Moreover, pimozide treatment reduced the proliferation of these cancer cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that overexpression of CUZD1, a regulator of growth factor pathways controlled by PRL and STAT5, promotes mammary tumorigenesis. Blockade of the STAT5 signaling pathway downstream of CUZD1 may offer a therapeutic strategy for managing these breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Quanxi Li
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Alison Neff
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology
| | - Charles V Clevenger
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284
| | - Indrani C Bagchi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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11
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O'Leary KA, Shea MP, Salituro S, Blohm CE, Schuler LA. Prolactin Alters the Mammary Epithelial Hierarchy, Increasing Progenitors and Facilitating Ovarian Steroid Action. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1167-1179. [PMID: 28919264 PMCID: PMC5639259 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones drive mammary development and function and play critical roles in breast cancer. Epidemiologic studies link prolactin (PRL) to increased risk for aggressive cancers that express estrogen receptor α (ERα). However, in contrast to ovarian steroids, PRL actions on the mammary gland outside of pregnancy are poorly understood. We employed the transgenic NRL-PRL model to examine the effects of PRL alone and with defined estrogen/progesterone exposure on stem/progenitor activity and regulatory networks that drive epithelial differentiation. PRL increased progenitors and modulated transcriptional programs, even without ovarian steroids, and with steroids further raised stem cell activity associated with elevated canonical Wnt signaling. However, despite facilitating some steroid actions, PRL opposed steroid-driven luminal maturation and increased CD61+ luminal cells. Our findings demonstrate that PRL can powerfully influence the epithelial hierarchy alone and temper the actions of ovarian steroids, which may underlie its role in the development of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A O'Leary
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael P Shea
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Stephanie Salituro
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Courtney E Blohm
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Linda A Schuler
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; UW Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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12
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Kelly MP, Hickey C, Makonnen S, Coetzee S, Jalal S, Wang Y, Delfino F, Shan J, Potocky TB, Chatterjee I, Andreev J, Kunz A, D'Souza C, Giurleo JT, Nittoli T, Trail PA, Thurston G, Kirshner JR. Preclinical Activity of the Novel Anti-Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) Antibody-Drug Conjugate REGN2878-DM1 in PRLR-Positive Breast Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1299-1311. [PMID: 28377489 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) is a type 1 cytokine receptor that is expressed in a subset of breast cancers and may contribute to its pathogenesis. It is relatively overexpressed in approximately 25% of human breast tumors while expressed at low levels in some normal human tissues including the mammary gland. We developed an anti-PRLR antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), to target PRLR-positive breast cancer. REGN2878-DM1 is comprised of a fully human high-affinity function-blocking anti-PRLR IgG1 antibody (REGN2878) conjugated via a noncleavable SMCC linker to the cytotoxic maytansine derivative DM1. Both unconjugated REGN2878 and conjugated REGN2878-DM1 block PRL-mediated activation in vitro and are rapidly internalized into lysosomes. REGN2878-DM1 induces potent cell-cycle arrest and cytotoxicity in PRLR-expressing tumor cell lines. In vivo, REGN2878-DM1 demonstrated significant antigen-specific antitumor activity against breast cancer xenograft models. In addition, REGN2878-DM1 showed additive activity when combined with the antiestrogen agent fulvestrant. These results illustrate promising antitumor activity against PRLR-positive breast cancer xenografts and support the evaluation of anti-PRLR ADCs as potential therapeutic agents in breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(7); 1299-311. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Hickey
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | | | | | - Sumreen Jalal
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Yu Wang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Frank Delfino
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Jing Shan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | | | | | | | - Arthur Kunz
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
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13
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Bugge K, Papaleo E, Haxholm GW, Hopper JTS, Robinson CV, Olsen JG, Lindorff-Larsen K, Kragelund BB. A combined computational and structural model of the full-length human prolactin receptor. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11578. [PMID: 27174498 PMCID: PMC4869255 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prolactin receptor is an archetype member of the class I cytokine receptor family, comprising receptors with fundamental functions in biology as well as key drug targets. Structurally, each of these receptors represent an intriguing diversity, providing an exceptionally challenging target for structural biology. Here, we access the molecular architecture of the monomeric human prolactin receptor by combining experimental and computational efforts. We solve the NMR structure of its transmembrane domain in micelles and collect structural data on overlapping fragments of the receptor with small-angle X-ray scattering, native mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Along with previously published data, these are integrated by molecular modelling to generate a full receptor structure. The result provides the first full view of a class I cytokine receptor, exemplifying the architecture of more than 40 different receptor chains, and reveals that the extracellular domain is merely the tip of a molecular iceberg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Bugge
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Gitte W. Haxholm
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jonathan T. S. Hopper
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Carol V. Robinson
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Johan G. Olsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Birthe B. Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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14
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Oladimeji P, Skerl R, Rusch C, Diakonova M. Synergistic Activation of ERα by Estrogen and Prolactin in Breast Cancer Cells Requires Tyrosyl Phosphorylation of PAK1. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2600-11. [PMID: 26944939 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase PAK1 is activated by estrogen and plays an important role in breast cancer. However, the integration of PAK1 into the estrogen response is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the hormone-induced activation of estrogen receptor (ERα, ESR1). We show that estrogen activated PAK1 through both the ERα and GPER1 membrane receptors. Estrogen-dependent activation of PAK1 required the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues by Etk/Bmx and protein kinase A (PKA) within an assembled signaling complex comprising pTyr-PAK1, Etk/Bmx, the heterotrimer G-protein subunits Gβ1, Gγ2, and/or Gγ5, PAK-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor (βPIX, ARHGEF7), and PKA. Moreover, the PKA RIIβ subunit is a direct target of PAK1, and thus in response to estrogen, the activated pTyr-PAK1 complex reciprocally potentiated PKA activity, suggesting a positive feedback mechanism. We also demonstrate that PKA phosphorylated Ser305-ERα in response to estrogen, but pTyr-PAK1 phosphorylated Ser305-ERα in response to prolactin (PRL), implying that maximal ERα phosphorylation is achieved when cells are exposed to both PRL and estrogen. Furthermore, S305-ERα activation led to enhanced phosphorylation of Ser118-ERα and promoted cell proliferation and tumor growth. Together, these data strongly support a critical interplay between PRL and estrogen via PAK1 and suggest that ligand-independent activation of ERα through PRL/PAK1 may impart resistance to anti-estrogen therapies. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2600-11. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Oladimeji
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Rebekah Skerl
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Courtney Rusch
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Maria Diakonova
- The Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio.
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15
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Gorvin CM. The prolactin receptor: Diverse and emerging roles in pathophysiology. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 2015; 2:85-91. [PMID: 29204371 PMCID: PMC5685068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigations over two decades have revised understanding of the prolactin hormone. Long thought to be merely a lactogenic hormone, its list of functions has been extended to include: reproduction, islet differentiation, adipocyte control and immune modulation. Prolactin functions by binding cell-surface expressed prolactin receptor, initiating signaling cascades, primarily utilizing Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT). Pathway disruption has been implicated in tumorigenesis, reproductive abnormalities, and diabetes. Prolactin can also be secreted from extrapituitary sources adding complexity to understanding of its physiological functions. This review aims to describe how prolactin exerts its pathophysiological roles by endocrine and autocrine means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gorvin
- Academic Endocrine Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
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16
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Drewe J, Bucher KA, Zahner C. A systematic review of non-hormonal treatments of vasomotor symptoms in climacteric and cancer patients. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:65. [PMID: 25713759 PMCID: PMC4331402 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The cardinal climacteric symptoms of hot flushes and night sweats affect 24-93% of all women during the physiological transition from reproductive to post-reproductive life. Though efficacious, hormonal therapy and partial oestrogenic compounds are linked to a significant increase in breast cancer. Non-hormonal treatments are thus greatly appreciated. This systematic review of published hormonal and non-hormonal treatments for climacteric, and breast and prostate cancer-associated hot flushes, examines clinical efficacy and therapy-related cancer risk modulation. A PubMed search included literature up to June 19, 2014 without limits for initial dates or language, with the search terms, (hot flush* OR hot flash*) AND (clinical trial* OR clinical stud*) AND (randomi* OR observational) NOT review). Retrieved references identified further papers. The focus was on hot flushes; other symptoms (night sweats, irritability, etc.) were not specifically screened. Included were some 610 clinical studies where a measured effect of the intervention, intensity and severity were documented, and where patients received treatment of pharmaceutical quality. Only 147 of these references described studies with alternative non-hormonal treatments in post-menopausal women and in breast and prostate cancer survivors; these results are presented in Additional file 1. The most effective hot flush treatment is oestrogenic hormones, or a combination of oestrogen and progestins, though benefits are partially outweighed by a significantly increased risk for breast cancer development. This review illustrates that certain non-hormonal treatments, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, gabapentin/pregabalin, and Cimicifuga racemosa extracts, show a positive risk-benefit ratio. Key pointsSeveral non-hormonal alternatives to hormonal therapy have been established and registered for the treatment of vasomotor climacteric symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women. There are indications that non-hormonal treatments are useful alternatives in patients with a history of breast and prostate cancer. However, confirmation by larger clinical trials is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Drewe
- Max Zeller AG, Seeblickstr. 4, 8590 Romanshorn, Switzerland
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17
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O'Leary KA, Shea MP, Schuler LA. Modeling prolactin actions in breast cancer in vivo: insights from the NRL-PRL mouse. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 846:201-20. [PMID: 25472540 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12114-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Elevated exposure to prolactin (PRL) is epidemiologically associated with an increased risk of aggressive ER+ breast cancer. To understand the underlying mechanisms and crosstalk with other oncogenic factors, we developed the NRL-PRL mouse. In this model, mammary expression of a rat prolactin transgene raises local exposure to PRL without altering estrous cycling. Nulliparous females develop metastatic, histotypically diverse mammary carcinomas independent from ovarian steroids, and most are ER+. These characteristics resemble the human clinical disease, facilitating study of tumorigenesis, and identification of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A O'Leary
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,
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18
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Hammer A, Oladimeji P, De Las Casas LE, Diakonova M. Phosphorylation of tyrosine 285 of PAK1 facilitates βPIX/GIT1 binding and adhesion turnover. FASEB J 2014; 29:943-59. [PMID: 25466889 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-259366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The p21-activated serine-threonine kinase (PAK1) regulates cell motility and adhesion. We have previously shown that the prolactin (PRL)-activated tyrosine kinase JAK2 phosphorylates PAK1 in vivo and in vitro and identified tyrosines 153, 201, and 285 in PAK1 as sites of JAK2 tyrosyl phosphorylation. Here, we further investigate the role of the tyrosyl phosphorylated PAK1 (pTyr-PAK1) in regulation of cell adhesion. We use human breast cancer T47D cell lines that stably overexpress PAK1 wild type or PAK1 Y3F mutant in which these 3 JAK2 phosphorylation sites were mutated to phenylalanine. We demonstrate that PRL/JAK2-dependent phosphorylation of these tyrosines promotes a motile phenotype in the cells upon adhesion, participates in regulation of cell adhesion on collagen IV, and is required for maximal PAK1 kinase activity. Down-regulation of PAK1 abolishes the effect of PAK1 on cell adhesion. We show that the tyrosyl phosphorylation of PAK1 promotes PAK1 binding to β-PAK1-interacting guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (βPIX) and G protein-coupled receptor kinase-interacting target 1 (GIT1), phosphorylation of paxillin on Ser273, and formation and distribution of adhesion complexes. Using phosphospecific antibodies (Abs) directed to single phosphorylated tyrosines on PAK1, we identified Tyr285 as a site of PRL-dependent phosphorylation of PAK1 by JAK2. Furthermore, using PAK1 Y285F mutant, we provide evidence for a role of pTyr285 in cell adhesion, enhanced βPIX/GIT1 binding, and adhesion turnover. Our immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrates that pTyr285- PAK1 may modulate PAK1 signaling during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Hammer
- Departments of *Biological Sciences and Pathology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter Oladimeji
- Departments of *Biological Sciences and Pathology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Luis E De Las Casas
- Departments of *Biological Sciences and Pathology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria Diakonova
- Departments of *Biological Sciences and Pathology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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19
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Wang Z, Hou X, Qu B, Wang J, Gao X, Li Q. Pten regulates development and lactation in the mammary glands of dairy cows. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102118. [PMID: 25009983 PMCID: PMC4092105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pten is a tumor suppressor gene regulating many cellular processes, including growth, adhesion, and apoptosis. In the aim of investigating the role of Pten during mammary gland development and lactation of dairy cows, we analyzed Pten expression levels in the mammary glands of dairy cows by using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. Dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs) were used to study the function of Pten in vitro. We determined concentrations of β-casein, triglyceride, and lactose in the culture medium following Pten overexpression and siRNA inhibition. To determine whether Pten affected DCMEC viability and proliferation, cells were analyzed by CASY-TT and flow cytometry. Genes involved in lactation-related signaling pathways were detected. Pten expression was also assessed by adding prolactin and glucose to cell cultures. When Pten was overexpressed, proliferation of DCMECs and concentrations for β-casein, triglyceride, and lactose were significantly decreased. Overexpression of Pten down-regulated expression of MAPK, CYCLIN D1, AKT, MTOR, S6K1, STAT5, SREBP1, PPARγ, PRLR, and GLUT1, but up-regulated 4EBP1 in DCMECs. The Pten siRNA inhibition experiments revealed results that opposed those from the gene overexpression experiments. Introduction of prolactin (PRL) increased secretion of β-casein, triglyceride, and lactose, but decreased Pten expression levels. Introduction of glucose also increased β-casein and triglyceride concentrations, but did not significantly alter Pten expression levels. The Pten mRNA and protein expression levels were decreased 0.3- and 0.4-fold in mammary glands of lactating cows producing high quality milk (milk protein >3.0%, milk fat >3.5%), compared with those cows producing low quality milk (milk protein <3.0%, milk fat <3.5%). In conclusion, Pten functions as an inhibitor during mammary gland development and lactation in dairy cows. It can down-regulate DCMECs secretion of β-casein, triglyceride, and lactose, and plays a critical role in lactation related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoming Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Qu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qingzhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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The transcriptional responsiveness of LKB1 to STAT-mediated signaling is differentially modulated by prolactin in human breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:415. [PMID: 24913037 PMCID: PMC4064823 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver kinase 1 (LKB1) is an important multi-tasking protein linked with metabolic signaling, also controlling polarity and cytoskeletal rearrangements in diverse cell types including cancer cells. Prolactin (PRL) and Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins have been associated with breast cancer progression. The current investigation examines the effect of PRL and STAT-mediated signaling on the transcriptional regulation of LKB1 expression in human breast cancer cells. Methods MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and T47D human breast cancer cells, and CHO-K1 cells transiently expressing the PRL receptor (long form), were treated with 100 ng/ml of PRL for 24 hours. A LKB1 promoter-luciferase construct and its truncations were used to assess transcriptional changes in response to specific siRNAs or inhibitors targeting Janus activated kinase 2 (JAK2), STAT3, and STAT5A. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were applied to quantify changes in mRNA and protein levels. Electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to examine STAT3 and STAT5A binding to the LKB1 promoter. Results Consistent with increases in mRNA, the LKB1 promoter was up-regulated by PRL in MDA-MB-231 cells, a response that was lost upon distal promoter truncation. A putative GAS element that could provide a STAT binding site mapped to this region, and its mutation decreased PRL-responsiveness. PRL-mediated increases in promoter activity required signaling through STAT3 and STAT5A, also involving JAK2. Both STATs imparted basally repressive effects in MDA-MB-231 cells. PRL increased in vivo binding of STAT3, and more definitively, STAT5A, to the LKB1 promoter region containing the GAS site. In T47D cells, PRL down-regulated LKB1 transcriptional activity, an effect that was reversed upon culture in phenol red-free media. Interleukin 6, a cytokine activating STAT signaling in diverse cell types, also increased LKB1 mRNA levels and promoter activity in MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusions LKB1 is differentially regulated by PRL at the level of transcription in representative human breast cancer cells. Its promoter is targeted by STAT proteins, and the cellular estrogen receptor status may affect PRL-responsiveness. The hormonal and possibly cytokine-mediated control of LKB1 expression is particularly relevant in aggressive breast cancer cells, potentially promoting survival under energetically unfavorable conditions.
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21
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O'Leary KA, Jallow F, Rugowski DE, Sullivan R, Sinkevicius KW, Greene GL, Schuler LA. Prolactin activates ERα in the absence of ligand in female mammary development and carcinogenesis in vivo. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4483-92. [PMID: 24064365 PMCID: PMC3836081 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of estrogen receptor positive (ERα+) breast cancers to antiestrogens is a major factor in the mortality of this disease. Although activation of ERα in the absence of ligand is hypothesized to contribute to this resistance, the potency of this mechanism in vivo is not clear. Epidemiologic studies have strongly linked prolactin (PRL) to both development of ERα+ breast cancer and resistance to endocrine therapies. Here we employed genetically modified mouse models to examine the ability of PRL and cross talk with TGFα to activate ERα, using a mutated ERα, ERα(G525L), which is refractory to endogenous estrogens. We demonstrate that PRL promotes pubertal ERα-dependent mammary ductal elongation and gene expression in the absence of estrogen, which are abrogated by the antiestrogen, ICI 182,780 (ICI). PRL and TGFα together reduce sensitivity to estrogen, and 30% of their combined stimulation of ductal proliferation is inhibited by ICI, implicating ligand-independent activation of ERα as a component of their interaction. However, PRL/TGFα-induced heterogeneous ERα+ tumors developed more rapidly in the presence of ICI and contained altered transcripts for surface markers associated with epithelial subpopulations and increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b expression. Together, these data support strong interactions between PRL and estrogen on multiple levels. Ligand-independent activation of ERα suggests that PRL may contribute to resistance to antiestrogen therapies. However, these studies also underscore ERα-mediated moderation of tumor phenotype. In light of the high expression of PRL receptors in ERα+ cancers, understanding the actions of PRL and cross talk with other oncogenic factors and ERα itself has important implications for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A O'Leary
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, 2015 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
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22
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Rider L, Oladimeji P, Diakonova M. PAK1 regulates breast cancer cell invasion through secretion of matrix metalloproteinases in response to prolactin and three-dimensional collagen IV. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1048-64. [PMID: 23744893 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p21-Activated serine-threonine kinase (PAK1) is implicated in breast cancer. We have shown previously that PAK1 is tyrosyl phosphorylated by prolactin (PRL)-activated Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK2). Although a role for both PRL and PAK1 in breast cancer is widely acknowledged, the mechanism remains poorly understood. In the present study, PRL-activated PAK1 stimulates the invasion of TMX2-28 human breast cancer cells through Matrigel. Three-dimensional (3D) collagen IV stimulates the secretion of the matrix proteases, metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and -3 that is further enhanced by the PRL-dependent tyrosyl phosphorylation of PAK1. 3D collagen IV also stimulates the expression and secretion of MMP-2, but in contrast to MMP-1 and -3, PRL/PAK1 signaling down-regulates MMP-2 expression and secretion. In contrast, MMP-9 expression and secretion are stimulated by 3D collagen I, not collagen IV, and are not affected by PRL but are down-regulated by PAK1. MMP-1 and -3 are required and MMP-2 contributes to PRL-dependent invasion. ERK1/2 signaling appears to be required for the enhanced expression and secretion of MMP-1 and -3 and enhanced PRL-dependent invasion. p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 pathways participate in production of MMP-1 and -3 as well as in PRL/PAK1-dependent cell invasion. Together, these data illustrate the complex interaction between the substratum and PRL/PAK1 signaling in human breast cancer cells and suggest a pivotal role for PRL-dependent PAK1 tyrosyl phosphorylation in MMP secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Rider
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, USA
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Michel E, Rohrer Bley C, Kowalewski MP, Feldmann SK, Reichler IM. Prolactin--to be reconsidered in canine mammary tumourigenesis? Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 12:93-105. [PMID: 22738741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammary tumours represent the most common neoplastic disease of the female dog, and the incidence in female dogs is much higher than in women. Whereas the influence of sexual steroids on breast cancer (BC) development in dogs has been studied, very little is known about the role of prolactin (PRL). New studies show that until recently, the importance of PRL in human BC development and progression has been highly underestimated. PRL plays a role in promoting benign as well as malignant neoplastic cell growth in BC in vitro and in vivo. Sporadic publications proposed a tumour promotor role in the dog. The goal of this review is to summarize our knowledge about PRL and human BC as well as canine mammary tumourigenesis, and propose future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Michel
- Section of Small Animal Reproduction, Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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The WSXWS motif in cytokine receptors is a molecular switch involved in receptor activation: insight from structures of the prolactin receptor. Structure 2012; 20:270-82. [PMID: 22325776 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is activated by binding of prolactin in a 2:1 complex, but the activation mechanism is poorly understood. PRLR has a conserved WSXWS motif generic to cytokine class I receptors. We have determined the nuclear magnetic resonance solution structure of the membrane proximal domain of the human PRLR and find that the tryptophans of the motif adopt a T-stack conformation in the unbound state. By contrast, in the hormone bound state, a Trp/Arg-ladder is formed. The conformational change is hormone-dependent and influences the receptor-receptor dimerization site 3. In the constitutively active, breast cancer-related receptor mutant PRLR(I146L), we observed a stabilization of the dimeric state and a change in the dynamics of the motif. Here we demonstrate a structural link between the WSXWS motif, hormone binding, and receptor dimerization and propose it as a general mechanism for class 1 receptor activation.
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Harvey PW. Hypothesis: prolactin is tumorigenic to human breast: dispelling the myth that prolactin-induced mammary tumors are rodent-specific. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:1-9. [PMID: 22095846 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The commonly held assumption that rodent mammary tumors resulting from elevated prolactin are species-specific, or not biologically relevant to humans, is incorrect. Substantial epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence now exists confirming the role of prolactin in human breast cancer. This evidence is evaluated and the argument presented that the tumorigenic risk from prolactin is therefore not species-specific to rodents but directly applies to humans. Further, as the mechanisms of prolactin-induced mammary tumor promotion and development appear analogous between rodents and humans, mammary tumorigenic findings in rodent carcinogenicity bioassays are both predictive and biologically relevant to the human response. Toxicologists and regulators need to consider this in carcinogenicity risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Harvey
- Covance Laboratories, Otley Road, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK.
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Harvey PW. Prolactin-Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis Is Not a Rodent-Specific Response. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:1020-2. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623311419526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Harvey
- Toxicology Department, Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, United Kingdom
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Wu ZS, Yang K, Wan Y, Qian PX, Perry JK, Chiesa J, Mertani HC, Zhu T, Lobie PE. Tumor expression of human growth hormone and human prolactin predict a worse survival outcome in patients with mammary or endometrial carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E1619-29. [PMID: 21849525 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Evidence suggests that human GH (hGH) and human prolactin (hPRL) possess an autocrine or paracrine oncogenic role in mammary and endometrial carcinoma. However, especially for hGH, the prognostic relevance of tumor expression of these hormones is not well defined. OBJECTIVE We investigated the potential association of tumor mRNA and protein expression of hGH and hPRL with the clinicopathological features of mammary and endometrial carcinoma. The prognostic relevance of the individual or combined expression of hGH and hPRL in mammary and endometrial carcinoma was also determined. DESIGN The expression of hGH and hPRL was analyzed in histopathological samples of mammary and endometrial carcinoma, and the respective normal tissues, by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis was performed to examine the association of tumor hGH and hPRL expression with relapse-free survival and overall survival of patients. RESULTS hGH expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 status, and proliferative index in mammary carcinoma and with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics grade, myometrial invasion, and ovarian metastases in endometrial carcinoma. hPRL expression was associated with lymph node metastasis, tumor grade, and tumor stage in mammary carcinoma and with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage and myometrial invasion in endometrial carcinoma. Both hGH and hPRL expression, individually and combined, are associated with worse relapse-free survival and overall survival in patients with mammary or endometrial carcinoma. CONCLUSION Tumor expression of both hGH or hPRL in mammary or endometrial carcinoma is associated with a large and significant difference in survival outcome for patients with these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Sheng Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
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Idelman G, Jacobson EM, Tuttle TR, Ben-Jonathan N. Lactogens and estrogens in breast cancer chemoresistance. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:411-422. [PMID: 21731573 PMCID: PMC3125604 DOI: 10.1586/eem.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumor resistance to chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer is a major impediment to treatment success. Resistance can be induced by the drugs themselves or result from the action of internal factors. The role of hormones in chemoresistance has received little attention. This article focuses on two classes of hormones: lactogens and estrogens. Lactogens include prolactin, growth hormone and placental lactogen, all of which can activate the prolactin receptor. Estrogens include endogenous steroids and nonsteroidal compounds from the environment termed endocrine disruptors, all of which can activate 'classical' estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), as well as other types of receptors. Both lactogens and estrogens antagonize cytotoxicity of multiple chemotherapeutic agents through complementary mechanisms. The implications of chemoresistance by these hormones to patients with breast cancer, and the potential benefits of developing combinatorial anti-lactogen/anti-estrogen treatment regimens, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Idelman
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, 7315 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
| | - Eric M Jacobson
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, 7315 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
| | - Traci R Tuttle
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, 7315 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
| | - Nira Ben-Jonathan
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, 7315 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
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Bauernhofer T, Pichler M, Wieckowski E, Stanson J, Aigelsreiter A, Griesbacher A, Groselj-Strele A, Linecker A, Samonigg H, Langner C, Whiteside TL. Prolactin receptor is a negative prognostic factor in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1641-8. [PMID: 21505459 PMCID: PMC3101909 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The influence of human prolactin (hPRL) on the development of breast and other types of cancer is well established. Little information, however, exists on the effects of hPRL on squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHNs). Methods: In this study, we evaluated prolactin receptor (PRLR) expression in SCCHN cell lines and assessed by immunohistochemistry the expression in 89 patients with SCCHNs. The PRLR expression was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics as well as clinical outcome. The effect of hPRL treatment on tumour cell growth was evaluated in vitro. Results: Immunoreactivity for PRLR was observed in 85 out of 89 (95%) tumours. Multivariate COX regression analysis confirmed high levels of PRLR expression (>25% of tumour cells) to be an independent prognostic factor with respect to overall survival (HR=3.70, 95% CI: 1.14–12.01; P=0.029) and disease-free survival (P=0.017). Growth of PRLR-positive cancer cells increased in response to hPRL treatment. Conclusion: Our data indicate that hPRL is an important growth factor for SCCHN. Because of PRLR expression in a vast majority of tumour specimens and its negative impact on overall survival, the receptor represents a novel prognosticator and a promising drug target for patients with SCCHNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bauernhofer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, Graz A-8036, Austria.
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Linher-Melville K, Zantinge S, Sanli T, Gerstein H, Tsakiridis T, Singh G. Establishing a relationship between prolactin and altered fatty acid β-oxidation via carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 in breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:56. [PMID: 21294903 PMCID: PMC3041778 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammary carcinomas have been associated with a high-fat diet, and the rate of breast cancer in overweight post-menopausal women is up to 50% higher than in their normal-weight counterparts. Epidemiological studies suggest that prolactin (PRL) plays a role in the progression of breast cancer. The current study examined breast cancer as a metabolic disease in the context of altered fatty acid catabolism by examining the effect of PRL on carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1), an enzyme that shuttles long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix for β-oxidation. The effect of PRL on the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) energy sensing pathway was also investigated. METHODS MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and 184B5 normal breast epithelial cells treated with 100 ng/ml of PRL for 24 hr were used as in vitro models. Real-time PCR was employed to quantify changes in mRNA levels and Western blotting was carried out to evaluate changes at the protein level. A non-radioactive CPT1 enzyme activity assay was established and siRNA transfections were performed to transiently knock down specific targets in the AMPK pathway. RESULTS PRL stimulation increased the expression of CPT1A (liver isoform) at the mRNA and protein levels in both breast cancer cell lines, but not in 184B5 cells. In response to PRL, a 20% increase in CPT1 enzyme activity was observed in MDA-MB-231 cells. PRL treatment resulted in increased phosphorylation of the α catalytic subunit of AMPK at Thr172, as well as phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) at Ser79. A siRNA against liver kinase B1 (LKB1) reversed these effects in breast cancer cells. PRL partially restored CPT1 activity in breast cancer cells in which CPT1A, LKB1, or AMPKα-1 were knocked down. CONCLUSIONS PRL enhances fatty acid β-oxidation by stimulating CPT1 expression and/or activity in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. These PRL-mediated effects are partially dependent on the LKB1-AMPK pathway, although the regulation of CPT1 is also likely to be influenced by other mechanisms. Ultimately, increased CPT1 enzyme activity may contribute to fueling the high energy demands of cancer cells. Targeting metabolic pathways that are governed by PRL, which has already been implicated in the progression of breast cancer, may be of therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Linher-Melville
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To record risk factors for breast cancer in women with schizophrenia and recommend preventive actions. METHOD A PubMed literature search (from 2005 to 2010) was conducted, using the search terms 'schizophrenia', 'antipsychotics', 'breast cancer' and 'risk factors'. RESULTS Several risk factors of relevance to schizophrenia were identified: obesity, elevated prolactin levels, low participation in mammography screening, high prevalence of diabetes, comparatively low parity, low incidence of breastfeeding, social disadvantage, high levels of smoking and alcohol consumption, low activity levels. CONCLUSION Awareness of breast cancer risk should lead to more accurate risk ascertainment, stronger linkage with primary care, regular monitoring and screening, judicious choice and low dose of antipsychotic treatment, concomitant use of adjunctive cognitive and psychosocial therapies, referral to diet and exercise programmes as well as smoking and drinking cessation programmes, avoidance of hormonal treatment and discussion with patient and family about the pros and cons of preventive measures in high-risk women. Psychiatrists are in a position to reverse many of the identified risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Seeman
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Arendt LM, Rugowski DE, Grafwallner-Huseth TA, Garcia-Barchino MJ, Rui H, Schuler LA. Prolactin-induced mouse mammary carcinomas model estrogen resistant luminal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R11. [PMID: 21276249 PMCID: PMC3109579 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumors that express estrogen receptor alpha (ERα+) comprise 75% of breast cancers in women. While treatments directed against this receptor have successfully lowered mortality rates, many primary tumors initially or later exhibit resistance. The paucity of murine models of this "luminal" tumor subtype has hindered studies of factors that promote their pathogenesis and modulate responsiveness to estrogen-directed therapeutics. Since epidemiologic studies closely link prolactin and the development of ERα+ tumors in women, we examined characteristics of the aggressive ERα+ and ERα- carcinomas which develop in response to mammary prolactin in a murine transgenic model (neu-related lipocalin- prolactin (NRL-PRL)). To evaluate their relationship to clinical tumors, we determined phenotypic relationships among these carcinomas, other murine models of breast cancer, and features of luminal tumors in women. Methods We examined a panel of prolactin-induced tumors for characteristics relevant to clinical tumors: histotype, ERα/progesterone receptor (PR) expression and estrogen responsiveness, Activating Protein 1 (AP-1) components, and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and AKT. We compared levels of transcripts in the ERα-associated "luminal" signature that defines this subtype of tumors in women and transcripts enriched in various mammary epithelial lineages to other well-studied genetically modified murine models of breast cancer. Finally, we used microarray analyses to compare prolactin-induced ERα+ and ERα- tumors, and examined responsiveness to estrogen and the anti-estrogen, Faslodex, in vivo. Results Prolactin-induced carcinomas were markedly diverse with respect to histotype, ERα/PR expression, and activated signaling cascades. They constituted a heterogeneous, but distinct group of murine mammary tumors, with molecular features of the luminal subtype of human breast cancer. In contrast to morphologically normal and hyperplastic structures in NRL-PRL females, carcinomas were insensitive to ERα-mediated signals. These tumors were distinct from mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-neu tumors, and contained elevated transcripts for factors associated with luminal/alveolar expansion and differentiation, suggesting that they arose from physiologic targets of prolactin. These features were shared by ERα+ and ERα- tumors, suggesting a common origin, although the former exhibited transcript profiles reflecting greater differentiation. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that prolactin can promote diverse carcinomas in mice, many of which resemble luminal breast cancers, providing a novel experimental model to examine the pathogenesis, progression and treatment responsiveness of this tumor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Arendt
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Abstract
A substantial body of evidence supports a role for the growth hormone (GH)-IGF-1 axis in cancer incidence and progression. This includes epidemiological evidence relating elevated plasma IGF-1 to cancer incidence as well as a lack of cancers in GH/IGF-1 deficiency. Rodent models lacking GH or its receptor are strikingly resistant to the induction of a wide range of cancers, and treatment with the GH antagonist pegvisomant slows tumor progression. While GH receptor expression is elevated in many cancers, autocrine GH is present in several types, and overexpression of autocrine GH can induce cell transformation. While the mechanism of autocrine action is not clear, it does involve both STAT5 and STAT3 activation, and probably nuclear translocation of the GH receptor. Development of a more potent GH receptor antagonist or secretion inhibitor is warranted for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- a The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J Waters
- a The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
- b
| | - Andrew J Brooks
- a The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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Eilon T, Barash I. Forced activation of Stat5 subjects mammary epithelial cells to DNA damage and preferential induction of the cellular response mechanism during proliferation. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:616-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yu Z, Zhao LX, Jiang CL, Duan Y, Wong L, Carver KC, Schuler LA, Shen B. Bafilomycins produced by an endophytic actinomycete Streptomyces sp. YIM56209. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 64:159-62. [PMID: 21102599 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Yu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA
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Varghese B, Swaminathan G, Plotnikov A, Tzimas C, Yang N, Rui H, Fuchs SY. Prolactin inhibits activity of pyruvate kinase M2 to stimulate cell proliferation. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:2356-65. [PMID: 20962042 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogenic and prosurvival effects underlie the tumorigenic roles of prolactin (PRL) in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. PRL signaling is mediated through its receptor (PRLr). A proteomics screen identified the pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a glycolytic enzyme known to play an important role in tumorigenesis, as a protein that constitutively interacts with PRLr. Treatment of cells with PRL inhibited pyruvate kinase activity and increased the lactate content in human cells in a manner that was dependent on the abundance of PRLr, activation of Janus kinase 2, and tyrosine phosphorylation of the intracellular domain of PRLr. Knockdown of PKM2 attenuated PRL-stimulated cell proliferation. The extent of this proliferation was rescued by the knock-in of the wild-type PKM2 but not of its mutant insensitive to PRL-mediated inhibition. We discuss a hypothesis that the inhibition of PKM2 by PRL contributes to the PRL-stimulated cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bentley Varghese
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4539, USA
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Clinicopathological significance of prolactin receptor expression in colorectal carcinoma and corresponding metastases. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:961-71. [PMID: 20453834 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of human prolactin and its receptor, the prolactin receptor, in colorectal cancer is largely unknown. Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of prolactin receptor expression, its association with clinicopathological variables, as well as its prognostic value, comparing results of primary tissues with those of corresponding metastases. In all, 373 primary colorectal cancer and 171 corresponding metastases were evaluated for prolactin receptor expression by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray technique. Immunoreactivity was semiquantitatively scored as either focal (<10% of tumor cells positive), moderate (10-50%), or extensive (>50%). Prolactin receptor expression was related to clinicopathological parameters as well as patient outcome. To substantiate our findings, prolactin receptor expression was additionally assessed in HT-29 and SW-480 colorectal cancer cell lines using western blot. Prolactin receptor expression was observed in 360 out of 373 (97%) primary tumors, with 21 (6%) cases showing focal, 55 (15%) moderate, and 284 (76%) extensive expression, respectively. Extensive prolactin receptor expression was significantly associated with tumor size (P=0.002) and grade (P<0.001) as well as histological subtype (P<0.001). Somer's D coefficients for concordance of primary tumors with corresponding lymph node and distant metastases were D=0.719 (P<0.001) and D=0.535 (P=0.001), respectively. Extensive prolactin receptor expression was significantly associated with disease progression (P=0.03) and cancer-specific survival (P=0.04) in patients with high-grade cancers. In conclusion, prolactin receptor expression is common in colorectal cancer, with high concordance between primary tumors and corresponding metastases. In view of evolving targeted therapy concepts in colorectal cancer, widespread prolactin receptor expression may offer a therapeutic perspective in affected patients.
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