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Harrison NJ, Connolly E, Gascón Gubieda A, Yang Z, Altenhein B, Losada Perez M, Moreira M, Sun J, Hidalgo A. Regenerative neurogenic response from glia requires insulin-driven neuron-glia communication. eLife 2021; 10:58756. [PMID: 33527895 PMCID: PMC7880684 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how injury to the central nervous system induces de novo neurogenesis in animals would help promote regeneration in humans. Regenerative neurogenesis could originate from glia and glial neuron-glia antigen-2 (NG2) may sense injury-induced neuronal signals, but these are unknown. Here, we used Drosophila to search for genes functionally related to the NG2 homologue kon-tiki (kon), and identified Islet Antigen-2 (Ia-2), required in neurons for insulin secretion. Both loss and over-expression of ia-2 induced neural stem cell gene expression, injury increased ia-2 expression and induced ectopic neural stem cells. Using genetic analysis and lineage tracing, we demonstrate that Ia-2 and Kon regulate Drosophila insulin-like peptide 6 (Dilp-6) to induce glial proliferation and neural stem cells from glia. Ectopic neural stem cells can divide, and limited de novo neurogenesis could be traced back to glial cells. Altogether, Ia-2 and Dilp-6 drive a neuron-glia relay that restores glia and reprogrammes glia into neural stem cells for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neale J Harrison
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Connolly
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Gascón Gubieda
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zidan Yang
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria Losada Perez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moreira
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Sun
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Hidalgo
- Structural Plasticity & Regeneration Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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2
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Ma L, Semick SA, Chen Q, Li C, Tao R, Price AJ, Shin JH, Jia Y, Brandon NJ, Cross AJ, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Jaffe AE, Weinberger DR, Straub RE. Schizophrenia risk variants influence multiple classes of transcripts of sorting nexin 19 (SNX19). Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:831-843. [PMID: 30635639 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many genomic loci associated with risk for schizophrenia, but unambiguous identification of the relationship between disease-associated variants and specific genes, and in particular their effect on risk conferring transcripts, has proven difficult. To better understand the specific molecular mechanism(s) at the schizophrenia locus in 11q25, we undertook cis expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) mapping for this 2 megabase genomic region using postmortem human brain samples. To comprehensively assess the effects of genetic risk upon local expression, we evaluated multiple transcript features: genes, exons, and exon-exon junctions in multiple brain regions-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), hippocampus, and caudate. Genetic risk variants strongly associated with expression of SNX19 transcript features that tag multiple rare classes of SNX19 transcripts, whereas they only weakly affected expression of an exon-exon junction that tags the majority of abundant transcripts. The most prominent class of SNX19 risk-associated transcripts is predicted to be overexpressed, defined by an exon-exon splice junction between exons 8 and 10 (junc8.10) and that is predicted to encode proteins that lack the characteristic nexin C terminal domain. Risk alleles were also associated with either increased or decreased expression of multiple additional classes of transcripts. With RACE, molecular cloning, and long read sequencing, we found a number of novel SNX19 transcripts that further define the set of potential etiological transcripts. We explored epigenetic regulation of SNX19 expression and found that DNA methylation at CpG sites near the primary transcription start site and within exon 2 partially mediate the effects of risk variants on risk-associated expression. ATAC sequencing revealed that some of the most strongly risk-associated SNPs are located within a region of open chromatin, suggesting a nearby regulatory element is involved. These findings indicate a potentially complex molecular etiology, in which risk alleles for schizophrenia generate epigenetic alterations and dysregulation of multiple classes of SNX19 transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stephen A Semick
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amanda J Price
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yankai Jia
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J Brandon
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Boston, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Alan J Cross
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Boston, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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3
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Gu X, Liu L, Shen Q, Xing D. Photoactivation of ERK/CREB/VMAT2 pathway attenuates MPP + -induced neuronal injury in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Signal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Mathew RS, Tatarakis A, Rudenko A, Johnson-Venkatesh EM, Yang YJ, Murphy EA, Todd TP, Schepers ST, Siuti N, Martorell AJ, Falls WA, Hammack SE, Walsh CA, Tsai LH, Umemori H, Bouton ME, Moazed D. A microRNA negative feedback loop downregulates vesicle transport and inhibits fear memory. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 28001126 PMCID: PMC5293492 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SNARE-mediated vesicular transport pathway plays major roles in synaptic remodeling associated with formation of long-term memories, but the mechanisms that regulate this pathway during memory acquisition are not fully understood. Here we identify miRNAs that are up-regulated in the rodent hippocampus upon contextual fear-conditioning and identify the vesicular transport and synaptogenesis pathways as the major targets of the fear-induced miRNAs. We demonstrate that miR-153, a member of this group, inhibits the expression of key components of the vesicular transport machinery, and down-regulates Glutamate receptor A1 trafficking and neurotransmitter release. MiR-153 expression is specifically induced during LTP induction in hippocampal slices and its knockdown in the hippocampus of adult mice results in enhanced fear memory. Our results suggest that miR-153, and possibly other fear-induced miRNAs, act as components of a negative feedback loop that blocks neuronal hyperactivity at least partly through the inhibition of the vesicular transport pathway. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22467.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Mathew
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Antonis Tatarakis
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Andrii Rudenko
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, United States
| | - Erin M Johnson-Venkatesh
- Department of Neurology, FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Yawei J Yang
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Elisabeth A Murphy
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Travis P Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Scott T Schepers
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Nertila Siuti
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Anthony J Martorell
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, United States
| | - William A Falls
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | | | - Christopher A Walsh
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States.,Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Mark E Bouton
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Danesh Moazed
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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5
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Xu H, Cai T, Carmona GN, Abuhatzira L, Notkins AL. Small cell lung cancer growth is inhibited by miR-342 through its effect of the target gene IA-2. J Transl Med 2016; 14:278. [PMID: 27670444 PMCID: PMC5037891 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are tumors of neuroendocrine origin. Previous in vitro studies from our laboratory showed that SCLC expresses high levels of the transmembrane dense core vesicle protein IA-2 (islet cell antigen-2) as compared to normal lung cells. IA-2, through its effect on dense core vesicles (DCVs), is known to be involved in the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters. It is believed that the dysregulated release of the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh) by DCVs has an autocrine effect on SCLC cell growth. Recently, we found that IA-2 is a target of the microRNA miR-342 and that miR-342 mimics suppress the expression of IA-2. The present experiments were initiated to see whether IA-2 and/or miR-342 affect the growth of SCLC. Methods SCLC cell growth was evaluated following the knockdown of endogenous IA-2 with RNAi or by overexpressing miR-342 with a mimic. The secretion and content of ACh in SCLC cells was analyzed using a human acetylcholine ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kit. Results The knockdown of endogenous IA-2 by RNAi reduced SCLC cell growth within 4 days by 40 % or more. Similar results were obtained when these cell lines were transfected with a miR-342 mimic. The knockdown of IA-2 by RNAi or miR-342 with a mimic also resulted in a significant decrease in the secretion of ACh, one of the autocrine hormones secreted by SCLC. Further studies revealed that the growth of SCLC cell lines that had been treated with the miR-342 mimic was restored to nearly normal levels by treatment with ACh. Conclusion Our studies show for the first time that both miR-342 and its target gene IA-2 are involved in the growth process of SCLC cells and act by their effect on autocrine secretion. These findings point to possible new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of autocrine-induced tumor proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Xu
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B30/Rm106, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tao Cai
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B30/Rm106, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gilberto N Carmona
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B30/Rm106, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Liron Abuhatzira
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B30/Rm106, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Abner L Notkins
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B30/Rm106, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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6
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Xu H, Abuhatzira L, Carmona GN, Vadrevu S, Satin LS, Notkins AL. The Ia-2β intronic miRNA, miR-153, is a negative regulator of insulin and dopamine secretion through its effect on the Cacna1c gene in mice. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2298-306. [PMID: 26141787 PMCID: PMC6754265 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS miR-153 is an intronic miRNA embedded in the genes that encode IA-2 (also known as PTPRN) and IA-2β (also known as PTPRN2). Islet antigen (IA)-2 and IA-2β are major autoantigens in type 1 diabetes and are important transmembrane proteins in dense core and synaptic vesicles. miR-153 and its host genes are co-regulated in pancreas and brain. The present experiments were initiated to decipher the regulatory network between miR-153 and its host gene Ia-2β (also known as Ptprn2). METHODS Insulin secretion was determined by ELISA. Identification of miRNA targets was assessed using luciferase assays and by quantitative real-time PCR and western blots in vitro and in vivo. Target protector was also employed to evaluate miRNA target function. RESULTS Functional studies revealed that miR-153 mimic suppresses both glucose- and potassium-induced insulin secretion (GSIS and PSIS, respectively), whereas miR-153 inhibitor enhances both GSIS and PSIS. A similar effect on dopamine secretion also was observed. Using miRNA target prediction software, we found that miR-153 is predicted to target the 3'UTR region of the calcium channel gene, Cacna1c. Further studies confirmed that Cacna1c mRNA and protein are downregulated by miR-153 mimics and upregulated by miR-153 inhibitors in insulin-secreting freshly isolated mouse islets, in the insulin-secreting mouse cell line MIN6 and in the dopamine-secreting cell line PC12. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION miR-153 is a negative regulator of both insulin and dopamine secretion through its effect on Cacna1c expression, which suggests that IA-2β and miR-153 have opposite functional effects on the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Xu
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Liron Abuhatzira
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gilberto N Carmona
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Suryakiran Vadrevu
- Brehm Diabetes Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Leslie S Satin
- Brehm Diabetes Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Abner L Notkins
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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7
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Harashima SI, Horiuchi T, Wang Y, Notkins AL, Seino Y, Inagaki N. Sorting nexin 19 regulates the number of dense core vesicles in pancreatic β-cells. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 3:52-61. [PMID: 24843546 PMCID: PMC4014933 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2011.00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction: Insulinoma‐associated protein 2 (IA‐2) regulates insulin secretion and the number of dense core vesicles (DCV). However, the mechanism of regulation of DCV number by IA‐2 is unknown. We examined the effect of sorting nexin 19 (SNX19), an IA‐2 interacting protein, on insulin secretion and the number of dense core vesicles (DCV). Materials and Methods: Stable SNX19 knockdown (SNX19KD) MIN6, a mouse pancreatic β‐cell line, and stable SNX19‐reintroduced SNX19KD MIN6 were established. Quantification of DCV, and lysosomes was carried out using electron micrographs. The half‐life of DCV was detected by pulse‐chase experiment. Results: Insulin secretion and content were decreased in stable SNX19KD MIN6 cells compared with those in control MIN6 cells. Electron micrographs showed that DCV number in SNX19KD cells was decreased by approximately 75% and that DCV size was decreased by approximately 40% compared with those in control cells, respectively. Furthermore, when SNX19 was reintroduced in SNX19KD cells, insulin content, insulin secretion and DCV number were increased. The half‐life of DCV was decreased in SNX19KD cells, but was increased in SNX19KD cells in which SNX19 was reintroduced. The number of lysosomes and the activity of lysosome enzyme cathepsin D were increased by approximately threefold in SNX19KD cells compared with those in control cells. In contrast, they were decreased to approximately half to one‐third in SNX19‐reintroduced SNX19KD cells. Conclusions: SNX19 regulates the number of DCV and insulin content by stabilizing DCV in β‐cells. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2011.00138.x, 2012)
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Harashima
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Takahiko Horiuchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Abner Louis Notkins
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yutaka Seino
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto
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8
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Carmona GN, Nishimura T, Schindler CW, Panlilio LV, Notkins AL. The dense core vesicle protein IA-2, but not IA-2β, is required for active avoidance learning. Neuroscience 2014; 269:35-42. [PMID: 24662847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The islet-antigens IA-2 and IA-2β are major autoantigens in type-1 diabetes and transmembrane proteins in dense core vesicles (DCV). Recently we showed that deletion of both IA-2 and IA-2β alters the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters and impairs behavior and learning. The present study was designed to evaluate the contribution to learning of each of these genes by using single knockout (SKO) and double knockout (DKO) mice in an active avoidance test. After 5 days of training, wild-type (WT) mice showed 60-70% active avoidance responses, whereas the DKO mice showed only 10-15% active avoidance responses. The degree of active avoidance responses in the IA-2 SKO mice was similar to that of the DKO mice, but in contrast, the IA-2β SKO mice behaved like WT mice showing 60-70% active avoidance responses. Molecular studies revealed a marked decrease in the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII) in the striatum and hippocampus of the IA-2 SKO and DKO mice, but not in the IA-2β SKO mice. To evaluate the role of CREB and CAMKII in the SKO and DKO mice, GBR-12909, which selectively blocks the dopamine uptake transporter and increases CREB and CAMKII phosphorylation, was administered. GBR-12909 restored the phosphorylation of CREB and CAMKII and increased active avoidance learning in the DKO and IA-2 SKO to near the normal levels found in the WT and IA-2β SKO mice. We conclude that in the absence of the DCV protein IA-2, active avoidance learning is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Carmona
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Nishimura
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C W Schindler
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L V Panlilio
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A L Notkins
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Mandemakers W, Abuhatzira L, Xu H, Caromile LA, Hébert SS, Snellinx A, Morais VA, Matta S, Cai T, Notkins AL, De Strooper B. Co-regulation of intragenic microRNA miR-153 and its host gene Ia-2 β: identification of miR-153 target genes with functions related to IA-2β in pancreas and brain. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1547-56. [PMID: 23595248 PMCID: PMC3671108 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We analysed the genomic organisation of miR-153, a microRNA embedded in genes that encode two of the major type 1 diabetes autoantigens, islet-associated protein (IA)-2 and IA-2β. We also identified miR-153 target genes that correlated with IA-2β localisation and function. METHODS A bioinformatics approach was used to identify miR-153's genomic organisation. To analyse the co-regulation of miR-153 and IA-2β, quantitative PCR analysis of miR-153 and Ia-2β (also known as Ptprn2) was performed after a glucose stimulation assay in MIN6B cells and isolated murine pancreatic islets, and also in wild-type Ia-2 (also known as Ptprn), Ia-2β single knockout and Ia-2/Ia-2β double knockout mouse brain and pancreatic islets. Bioinformatics identification of miR-153 target genes and validation via luciferase reporter assays, western blotting and quantitative PCR were also carried out. RESULTS Two copies of miR-153, miR-153-1 and miR-153-2, are localised in intron 19 of Ia-2 and Ia-2β, respectively. In rodents, only miR-153-2 is conserved. We demonstrated that expression of miR-153-2 and Ia-2β in rodents is partially co-regulated as demonstrated by a strong reduction of miR-153 expression levels in Ia-2β knockout and Ia-2/Ia-2β double knockout mice. miR-153 levels were unaffected in Ia-2 knockout mice. In addition, glucose stimulation, which increases Ia-2 and Ia-2β expression, also significantly increased expression of miR-153. Several predicted targets of miR-153 were reduced after glucose stimulation in vitro, correlating with the increase in miR-153 levels. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study suggests the involvement of miR-153, IA-2β and miR-153 target genes in a regulatory network, which is potentially relevant to insulin and neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Mandemakers
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49-bus 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, LIND and Universitaire Ziekenhuizen, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L. Abuhatzira
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - H. Xu
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - L. A. Caromile
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - S. S. Hébert
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49-bus 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, LIND and Universitaire Ziekenhuizen, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Present Address: Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHUQ (CHUL), RC-9800, 2705 boul. Laurier, Québec, QC Canada
| | - A. Snellinx
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49-bus 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, LIND and Universitaire Ziekenhuizen, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V. A. Morais
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49-bus 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, LIND and Universitaire Ziekenhuizen, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S. Matta
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49-bus 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, LIND and Universitaire Ziekenhuizen, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T. Cai
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - A. L. Notkins
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - B. De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49-bus 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, LIND and Universitaire Ziekenhuizen, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics-CB4, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease–VIB11, Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49-bus 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Punia S, Rumery KK, Yu EA, Lambert CM, Notkins AL, Weaver DR. Disruption of gene expression rhythms in mice lacking secretory vesicle proteins IA-2 and IA-2β. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E762-76. [PMID: 22785238 PMCID: PMC3468428 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00513.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulinoma-associated protein (IA)-2 and IA-2β are transmembrane proteins involved in neurotransmitter secretion. Mice with targeted disruption of both IA-2 and IA-2β (double-knockout, or DKO mice) have numerous endocrine and physiological disruptions, including disruption of circadian and diurnal rhythms. In the present study, we have assessed the impact of disruption of IA-2 and IA-2β on molecular rhythms in the brain and peripheral oscillators. We used in situ hybridization to assess molecular rhythms in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of wild-type (WT) and DKO mice. The results indicate significant disruption of molecular rhythmicity in the SCN, which serves as the central pacemaker regulating circadian behavior. We also used quantitative PCR to assess gene expression rhythms in peripheral tissues of DKO, single-knockout, and WT mice. The results indicate significant attenuation of gene expression rhythms in several peripheral tissues of DKO mice but not in either single knockout. To distinguish whether this reduction in rhythmicity reflects defective oscillatory function in peripheral tissues or lack of entrainment of peripheral tissues, animals were injected with dexamethasone daily for 15 days, and then molecular rhythms were assessed throughout the day after discontinuation of injections. Dexamethasone injections improved gene expression rhythms in liver and heart of DKO mice. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that peripheral tissues of DKO mice have a functioning circadian clockwork, but rhythmicity is greatly reduced in the absence of robust, rhythmic physiological signals originating from the SCN. Thus, IA-2 and IA-2β play an important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, likely through their participation in neurochemical communication among SCN neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohan Punia
- Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Morer A, Chae W, Henegariu O, Bothwell ALM, Leckman JF, Kawikova I. Elevated expression of MCP-1, IL-2 and PTPR-N in basal ganglia of Tourette syndrome cases. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:1069-73. [PMID: 20193755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-infectious autoimmunity has been implicated in pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome (TS) but no evidence of inflammation in central nervous system has been reported yet. We evaluated the expression of genes encoding selected inflammatory factors in post-mortem specimen of adult TS patients: interferon-γ (a cytokine released from CD8 and Thelper 1 CD4 subset of T lymphocytes), interleukin-2 (IL-2, a growth factor derived from T lymphocytes), interleukin-1 β (a cytokine involved in initiation of inflammation), monocyte chemotactic factor -1 (MCP-1, a marker of chronic inflammation) and CD45 (pan-leukocytic marker). For validation purposes, we determined expression of three genes that were previously reported to be elevated in post-mortem specimen of other TS cases: protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-N (PTPR-N), PTPR-U and recoverin. METHODS Total RNA was isolated from formalin fixed brain tissue sections of basal ganglia area from four patients with TS and four control subjects, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis was employed to quantitatively evaluate gene expression of the selected genes. RESULTS Significantly increased expression of MCP-1, IL-2 and PTPR-N was observed in TS cases (6.5-fold, 2.3-fold and 16.1-fold increase, respectively, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Elevated expression of MCP-1 and IL-2 supports the possibility of chronic inflammatory processes in the basal ganglia. Replication of elevated expression of PTPR-N in TS specimen suggests that pathway(s) involving this molecule may be important in TS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Morer
- Department of Immunobiology, Child Study Center of Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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