1
|
Wei W, Xu Q, Wu L, Gong G, Tian Y, Huang H, Li Z. Drug development and potential targets for Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116333. [PMID: 38569434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a complex disorder characterized by the excessive secretion of cortisol, with Cushing's disease (CD), particularly associated with pituitary tumors, exhibiting heightened morbidity and mortality. Although transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TSS) stands as the primary treatment for CD, there is a crucial need to optimize patient prognosis. Current medical therapy serves as an adjunctive measure due to its unsatisfactory efficacy and unpredictable side effects. In this comprehensive review, we delve into recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of CS and explore therapeutic options by conducting a critical analysis of potential drug targets and candidates. Additionally, we provide an overview of the design strategy employed in previously reported candidates, along with a summary of structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses and their biological efficacy. This review aims to contribute valuable insights to the evolving landscape of CS research, shedding light on potential avenues for therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Liuyi Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Guangyue Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yucheng Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Huidan Huang
- Center of Drug Screening & Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, PR China.
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li L, Li ZE, Mo YL, Li WY, Li HJ, Yan GH, Qin XZ, Piao LH. Molecular and cellular pruritus mechanisms in the host skin. Exp Mol Pathol 2024; 136:104889. [PMID: 38316203 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2024.104889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Pruritus, also known as itching, is a complex sensation that involves the activation of specific physiological and cellular receptors. The skin is innervated with sensory nerves as well as some receptors for various sensations, and its immune system has prominent neurological connections. Sensory neurons have a considerable impact on the sensation of itching. However, immune cells also play a role in this process, as they release pruritogens. Disruption of the dermal barrier activates an immune response, initiating a series of chemical, physical, and cellular reactions. These reactions involve various cell types, including keratinocytes, as well as immune cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Collective activation of these immune responses confers protection against potential pathogens. Thus, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to pruritus in host skin is crucial for the advancement of effective treatment approaches. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the present knowledge concerning the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying itching signaling in the skin. Additionally, this review explored the integration of these mechanisms with the broader context of itch mediators and the expression of their receptors in the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Department of Anatomy, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Zhi-En Li
- Clinical Medicine, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yun-Li Mo
- Clinical Medicine, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Wan-Yao Li
- Clinical Medicine, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hui-Jing Li
- Clinical Medicine, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Guang-Hai Yan
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Department of Anatomy, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xiang-Zheng Qin
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Department of Anatomy, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Li-Hua Piao
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; Department of Anatomy, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang S, Kahale F, Naderi A, Surico PL, Yin J, Dohlman T, Chen Y, Dana R. Therapeutic Effects of Stimulating the Melanocortin Pathway in Regulating Ocular Inflammation and Cell Death. Biomolecules 2024; 14:169. [PMID: 38397406 PMCID: PMC10886905 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and its binding receptors (the melanocortin receptors) play important roles in maintaining ocular tissue integrity and immune homeostasis. Particularly extensive studies have demonstrated the biological functions of α-MSH in both immunoregulation and cyto-protection. This review summarizes the current knowledge of both the physiological and pathological roles of α-MSH and its receptors in the eye. We focus on recent developments in the biology of α-MSH and the relevant clinical implications in treating ocular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Wang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Francesca Kahale
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| | - Amirreza Naderi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| | - Pier Luigi Surico
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| | - Jia Yin
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| | - Thomas Dohlman
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Traditional textbook physiology has ascribed unitary functions to hormones from the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, mainly in the regulation of effector hormone secretion from endocrine organs. However, the evolutionary biology of pituitary hormones and their receptors provides evidence for a broad range of functions in vertebrate physiology. Over the past decade, we and others have discovered that thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin act directly on somatic organs, including bone, adipose tissue and liver. New evidence also indicates that pituitary hormone receptors are expressed in brain regions, nuclei and subnuclei. These studies have prompted us to attribute the pathophysiology of certain human diseases, including osteoporosis, obesity and neurodegeneration, at least in part, to changes in pituitary hormone levels. This new information has identified actionable therapeutic targets for drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mone Zaidi
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Tony Yuen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Se-Min Kim
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu CLS, Cioanca AV, Gelmi MC, Wen L, Di Girolamo N, Zhu L, Natoli R, Conway RM, Petsoglou C, Jager MJ, McCluskey PJ, Madigan MC. The multifunctional human ocular melanocortin system. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 95:101187. [PMID: 37217094 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Immune privilege in the eye involves physical barriers, immune regulation and secreted proteins that together limit the damaging effects of intraocular immune responses and inflammation. The neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) normally circulates in the aqueous humour of the anterior chamber and the vitreous fluid, secreted by iris and ciliary epithelium, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). α-MSH plays an important role in maintaining ocular immune privilege by helping the development of suppressor immune cells and by activating regulatory T-cells. α-MSH functions by binding to and activating melanocortin receptors (MC1R to MC5R) and receptor accessory proteins (MRAPs) that work in concert with antagonists, otherwise known as the melanocortin system. As well as controlling immune responses and inflammation, a broad range of biological functions is increasingly recognised to be orchestrated by the melanocortin system within ocular tissues. This includes maintaining corneal transparency and immune privilege by limiting corneal (lymph)angiogenesis, sustaining corneal epithelial integrity, protecting corneal endothelium and potentially enhancing corneal graft survival, regulating aqueous tear secretion with implications for dry eye disease, facilitating retinal homeostasis via maintaining blood-retinal barriers, providing neuroprotection in the retina, and controlling abnormal new vessel growth in the choroid and retina. The role of melanocortin signalling in uveal melanocyte melanogenesis however remains unclear compared to its established role in skin melanogenesis. The early application of a melanocortin agonist to downregulate systemic inflammation used adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-based repository cortisone injection (RCI), but adverse side effects including hypertension, edema, and weight gain, related to increased adrenal gland corticosteroid production, impacted clinical uptake. Compared to ACTH, melanocortin peptides that target MC1R, MC3R, MC4R and/or MC5R, but not adrenal gland MC2R, induce minimal corticosteroid production with fewer amdverse systemic effects. Pharmacological advances in synthesising MCR-specific targeted peptides provide further opportunities for treating ocular (and systemic) inflammatory diseases. Following from these observations and a renewed clinical and pharmacological interest in the diverse biological roles of the melanocortin system, this review highlights the physiological and disease-related involvement of this system within human eye tissues. We also review the emerging benefits and versatility of melanocortin receptor targeted peptides as non-steroidal alternatives for inflammatory eye diseases such as non-infectious uveitis and dry eye disease, and translational applications in promoting ocular homeostasis, for example, in corneal transplantation and diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Lin Stanley Wu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Adrian V Cioanca
- Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia; ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Maria C Gelmi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Li Wen
- New South Wales Organ and Tissue Donation Service, Sydney Hospital and Sydney Eye Hospital, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Nick Di Girolamo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Mechanisms of Disease and Translational Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia; ANU Medical School, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - R Max Conway
- Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Constantinos Petsoglou
- Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; New South Wales Organ and Tissue Donation Service, Sydney Hospital and Sydney Eye Hospital, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J McCluskey
- Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michele C Madigan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Save Sight Institute and Ophthalmology, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jia X, Fan S, Dong W, Li S, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Wang S. Setmelanotide optimization through fragment-growing, molecular docking in-silico method targeting MC4 receptor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:15411-15420. [PMID: 37126536 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2204385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as a global issue, but with the complex structures of multiple related important targets and their agonists or antagonists determined, the mechanism of ligand-protein interaction may offer new chances for developing new generation agonists anti-obesity. Based on the molecule surface of the cryo-EM protein structure 7AUE, we tried to replace D-Ala3 with D-Met in setmelanotide as the linker site for fragment-growing with De novo evolution. The simulation results indicate that the derivatives could improve the binding abilities with the melanocortin 4 receptor and the selectivity over the melanocortin 1 receptor. The improved selectivity of the newly designed derivatives is mainly due to the shape difference of the molecular surface at the orthosteric peptide-binding pocket between melanocortin 4 receptor and melanocortin 1 receptor. The new extended fragments could not only enhance the binding affinities but also function as a gripper to seize the pore, making it easier to balance and stabilize the other component of the new derivatives. Although it is challenging to synthesize the compounds designed in silico, this study may perhaps serve as a trigger for additional anti-obesity research.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopu Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weili Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoyong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shi Y, Chen Y, Deng L, Du K, Lu S, Chen T. Structural Understanding of Peptide-Bound G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Peptide-Target Interactions. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1083-1111. [PMID: 36625741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is triggered by ligand binding to their orthosteric sites, which induces ligand-specific conformational changes. Agonists and antagonists bound to GPCR orthosteric sites provide detailed information on ligand-binding modes. Among these, peptide ligands play an instrumental role in GPCR pharmacology and have attracted increased attention as therapeutic drugs. The recent breakthrough in GPCR structural biology has resulted in the remarkable availability of peptide-bound GPCR complexes. Despite the several structural similarities shared by these receptors, they exhibit distinct features in terms of peptide recognition and receptor activation. From this perspective, we have summarized the current status of peptide-bound GPCR structural complexes, largely focusing on the interactions between the receptor and its peptide ligand at the orthosteric site. In-depth structural investigations have yielded valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying peptide recognition. This study would contribute to the discovery of GPCR peptide drugs with improved therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Interventional, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liping Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Kui Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Institute of Energy Metabolism and Health, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Luo P, Feng W, Ma S, Dai A, Wu K, Chen X, Yuan Q, Cai X, Yang D, Wang MW, Eric Xu H, Jiang Y. Structural basis of signaling regulation of the human melanocortin-2 receptor by MRAP1. Cell Res 2023; 33:46-54. [PMID: 36588120 PMCID: PMC9810661 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are regulated by various downstream proteins, of which the melanocortin receptor accessory protein 1 (MRAP1) is closely involved in the regulation of melanocortin receptor 2 (MC2R). Assisted by MRAP1, MC2R responds to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and stimulates glucocorticoid biogenesis and cortisol secretion. MC2R activation plays an essential role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that regulates stress response, while its dysfunction causes glucocorticoid insufficiency- or cortisol excess-associated disorders. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the ACTH-bound MC2R-Gs-MRAP1 complex. Our structure, together with mutagenesis analysis, reveals a unique sharp kink at the extracellular region of MRAP1 and the 'seat-belt' effect of MRAP1 on stabilizing ACTH binding and MC2R activation. Mechanisms of ACTH recognition by MC2R and receptor activation are also demonstrated. These findings deepen our understanding of GPCR regulation by accessory proteins and provide valuable insights into the ab initio design of therapeutic agents targeting MC2R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbo Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyue Chen
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Qingning Yuan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Venkatesh K, Mishra C, Pradhan SK. Integrative molecular characterization and in silico analyses of caprine MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R genes. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Role of the Melanocortin System in Gonadal Steroidogenesis of Zebrafish. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202737. [PMID: 36290123 PMCID: PMC9597712 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In teleost, as in other vertebrates, stress affects reproduction. A key component of the stress response is the pituitary secretion of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which binds to the melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) in the adrenal glands and activates cortisol biosynthesis. In zebrafish, Mc2r was identified in male and female gonads, while ACTH has been shown to have a physiological role in modulating reproductive activity. In this study, the hypothesis that other melanocortins may also affect how the zebrafish gonadal function is explored, specifically steroid biosynthesis, given the presence of members of the melanocortin signaling system in zebrafish gonads. Using cell culture, expression analysis, and cellular localization of gene expression, our new observations demonstrated that melanocortin receptors, accessory proteins, antagonists, and agonists are expressed in both the ovary and testis of zebrafish (n = 4 each sex). Moreover, melanocortin peptides modulate both basal and gonadotropin-stimulated steroid release from zebrafish gonads (n = 15 for males and n = 50 for females). In situ hybridization in ovaries (n = 3) of zebrafish showed mc1r and mc4r in follicular cells and adjacent to cortical alveoli in the ooplasm of previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes. In zebrafish testes (n = 3), mc4r and mc1r were detected exclusively in germ cells, specifically in spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Our results suggest that melanocortins are, directly or indirectly, involved in the endocrine control of vitellogenesis in females, through modulation of estradiol synthesis via autocrine or paracrine actions in zebrafish ovaries. Adult zebrafish testes were sensitive to low doses of ACTH, eliciting testosterone production, which indicates a potential role of this peptide as a paracrine regulator of testicular function.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang X, Su J, Huang T, Wang X, Wu C, Li J, Li J, Zhang J, Wang Y. Characterization of the chicken melanocortin 5 receptor and its potential role in regulating hepatic glucolipid metabolism. Front Physiol 2022; 13:917712. [PMID: 36277187 PMCID: PMC9583845 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.917712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin receptors (MC1R-MC5R) and their accessory proteins (MRAPs) are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including pigmentation, lipolysis, adrenal steroidogenesis, and immunology. However, the physiological roles of MC5R are rarely characterized in vertebrates, particularly in birds. In this work, we cloned the full-length cDNA of chicken MC5R and identified its core promoter region. Functional studies revealed that cMC5R was more sensitive to ACTH/α-MSH than β-MSH/γ-MSH, and was coupled to the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. We demonstrated that MRAP2 decreased MC5R sensitivity to α-MSH, whereas MRAP1 did not have a similar effect, and that both MRAPs significantly reduced MC5R expression on the cell membrane surface. Transcriptome and qPCR data showed that both MRAP1 and MC5R were highly expressed in chicken liver. Additionally, we observed that ACTH might increase hepatic glucose production and decrease lipogenesis in primary hepatocytes, and dose-dependently downregulated the expression levels of ELOVL6 and THRSPA genes. These findings indicated that ACTH may act directly on hepatocytes to regulate glucolipid metabolism, which will help to understand the function of MC5R in avian.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiancheng Su
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianjiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenlei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Busch H, Wan GJ, Niewoehner J, Houston P, Su Y, Clinton C, Panaccio MP. Real-world treatment patterns for repository corticotropin injection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs Context 2022; 11:dic-2021-10-4. [PMID: 35382109 PMCID: PMC8966709 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2021-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Repository corticotropin injection (RCI, Acthar® Gel) is a naturally sourced mixture of adrenocorticotropic hormone analogues and other pituitary peptides with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In a recent clinical trial, RCI was safe and effective for the treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aims to describe real-world use and outcomes of patients with RA who were prescribed RCI in clinical practice through retrospective analysis of an electronic medical record database. Methods Patients with RA who were prescribed RCI were identified through the ColumbusTM electronic medical record repository, representing approximately 100 rheumatology practices. Demographics, medications, comorbidities, disease histories, laboratory evaluations, clinical outcomes and patient-reported outcomes were evaluated from 12 months pre-RCI to 12 months post-RCI initiation. Results The RCI cohort (n=63) comprised predominantly white women, aged 54 years on average, at 6 years from RA diagnosis, with high disease activity at baseline according to Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3) scores. Within the 12 months pre-RCI initiation, 87% of patients were prescribed disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and 67% were prescribed glucocorticoids. Twelve months post-RCI initiation, glucocorticoid, opioid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug prescriptions decreased; disease-modifying antirheumatic drug prescriptions remained stable. Reductions in CDAI, RAPID3, physician global assessment, tender joint count, swollen joint count, and pain visual analogue scale scores were observed 12 months post-RCI initiation. Few discontinuations were due to side effects. Study limitations included small sample size and incomplete electronic medical record data. Conclusion These findings support the safety and effectiveness of RCI for short-term adjunctive treatment of refractory RA and provide patient-management insights from routine clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard Busch
- American Arthritis and Rheumatology Associates LLC, Loxahatchee, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yujie Su
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Cassie Clinton
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Etchevers L, Belotti EM, Díaz PU, Rodríguez FM, Rey F, Salvetti NR, Ortega HH, Amweg AN. MC2R/MRAP2 activation could affect bovine ovarian steroidogenesis potential after ACTH treatment. Theriogenology 2021; 174:102-113. [PMID: 34425302 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stressors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, reducing fertility by interfering with the mechanisms that regulate the timing of events within the follicular phase of the estrous cycle. In the HPA axis, melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) mediates responses to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in concert with melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2). The aims of the present study were: (1) to evaluate the effects of ACTH administered in cows in the preovulatory period on the expression of the MC2R/MRAP2 complex in the dominant follicle; and (2) to analyze the involvement of Extracellular signal Regulated Kinase 1 (ERK1) signaling in the activation of MC2R and the expression of key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of glucocorticoids (GCs) in the dominant follicle. To this end, 100 IU ACTH was administered to Holstein cows from a local dairy farm during pro-estrus every 12 h for four days until ovariectomy, which was performed before ovulation. Protein immunostaining of MC2R was higher in the dominant follicles of ACTH-treated cows (p < 0.05). Also, Western blot analysis showed higher activation of the ERK1 signaling pathway in ACTH-treated cows (p < 0.05). Finally, immunohistochemistry performed in the dominant follicles of ACTH-treated cows detected higher expression of CYP17A1 and CYP21A2 (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the bovine ovary is able to respond locally to ACTH as a consequence of stress altering the expression of relevant steroidogenic enzymes. The results also confirm that the complete GC biosynthesis pathway is present in bovine dominant follicle and therefore GCs could be produced locally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Etchevers
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E M Belotti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - P U Díaz
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - F M Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - F Rey
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - N R Salvetti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - H H Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A N Amweg
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias Del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang H, Chen LN, Yang D, Mao C, Shen Q, Feng W, Shen DD, Dai A, Xie S, Zhou Y, Qin J, Sun JP, Scharf DH, Hou T, Zhou T, Wang MW, Zhang Y. Structural insights into ligand recognition and activation of the melanocortin-4 receptor. Cell Res 2021; 31:1163-1175. [PMID: 34433901 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays a central role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Its high sequence similarity to other MC receptor family members, low agonist selectivity and the lack of structural information concerning MC4R-specific activation have hampered the development of MC4R-seletive therapeutics to treat obesity. Here, we report four high-resolution structures of full-length MC4R in complex with the heterotrimeric Gs protein stimulated by the endogenous peptide ligand α-MSH, FDA-approved drugs afamelanotide (Scenesse™) and bremelanotide (Vyleesi™), and a selective small-molecule ligand THIQ, respectively. Together with pharmacological studies, our results reveal the conserved binding mode of peptidic agonists, the distinctive molecular details of small-molecule agonist recognition underlying receptor subtype selectivity, and a distinct activation mechanism for MC4R, thereby offering new insights into G protein coupling. Our work may facilitate the discovery of selective therapeutic agents targeting MC4R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huibing Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Nan Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyou Mao
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingya Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenbo Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Zhou
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Qin
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Daniel H Scharf
- Department of Microbiology and The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Faruk EM, Alasmari WA, Fouad H, Nafea OE, Hasan RAA. Extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells repair functional and structural rat adrenal gland damage induced by fluoride. Life Sci 2021; 270:119122. [PMID: 33508294 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal glands have striking morpho-biochemical features that render them vulnerable to the effects of toxins. AIMS This study was conducted to explore the therapeutic utility of extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-EVs) against fluoride-induced adrenal toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The work included isolation and further identification of BMSC-EVs by transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometric analysis. Adrenal toxicity in rats was induced by oral administration of 300 ppm of sodium fluoride (NaF) in drinking water for 60 days followed by a single dose injection of BMSC-EVs. The effects of BMSC-EVs against NaF was evaluated by adrenal oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers, hormonal assay of plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) and mRNA gene expression quantitation for adrenal cortical steroidogenic pathway-encoding genes. Histopathological examination of the adrenal tissue was performed. KEY FINDINGS BMSC-EVs were effectively isolated and characterized. NaF exposure decreased adrenal superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, increased adrenal malondialdehyde levels, elevated plasma ACTH, diminished CORT concentrations and downregulated the adrenal cortical steroidogenic pathway-encoding genes. In addition, NaF-induced marked adrenal histopathological lesions. SIGNIFICANCE BMSC-EVs treatment repaired damaged adrenal tissue and recovered its function greatly following NaF consumption. BMSC-EVs reversed the toxic effects of NaF and reprogramed injured adrenal cells by activating regenerative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Mohamed Faruk
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Hanan Fouad
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ola Elsayed Nafea
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rehab Abd Allah Hasan
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls (AFMG), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang M, Pi L, Lei X, Li L, Xu J, Kuang Z, Zhang C, Li L, Zhang C. Functional Characterization of the Internal Symmetry of MRAP2 Antiparallel Homodimer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:750797. [PMID: 34759891 PMCID: PMC8572914 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.750797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors are defined as a series of vital pharmaceutical targets to regulate neuronal appetite and maintain controllable body weight for mammals and teleosts. Melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) functions as an essential accessory player that modulates the surface translocation and binding to a variety of endogenous or synthetic hormones of central melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) signaling. MRAP2 is a single-transmembrane protein and could form a functional symmetric antiparallel homodimer topology. Here, we inverted the N-terminal, transmembrane, and C-terminal domains and generated six distinct conformational variants of the mouse MRAP2 to explore the functional orientations and the internal symmetry of MRAP2 dimers. These remolded MRAP2 mutants showed proper assembly of the antiparallel homodimer and binding to the MC4R, but slightly altered the regulatory profile on the surface expression and the ligand-stimulated cAMP cascades of MC4R. This study elucidated the importance of the orientation of each domain of the single-transmembrane protein and revealed the pharmacological properties of the internal symmetry of the antiparallel homodimer for MRAP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyu Pi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Lei
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Kuang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, ZiBo Central Hospital Affiliated of Binzhou Medical University, Zibo, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Chao Zhang,
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Li, ; Chao Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Molecular cloning and expression analysis of mc5r like genes (mc5rl) in Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila clam) after aerial exposure and low-temperature stress. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8891-8901. [PMID: 33128687 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-5 receptor (mc5r) plays an important role in exocrine function, lipid metabolism, obesity, and stress response in the vertebrate. However, the functions of the mc5r in mollusks have been rarely investigated. We cloned the full length of Ruditapes philippinarum mc5r like gene (mc5rl) and the sequence structure and phylogenetic relationship of mc5rl were analyzed. Besides, we detected the tissue distribution and the expression pattern of R. philippinarum mc5r like (mc5rl) genes after aerial exposure and low-temperature stress. The full-length cDNA of the mc5rl-1 was 2143 bp, consisting of a 1224 bp open reading frame encoding (ORF) 408 amino acids. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of Manila clam mc5rl were highly homologous with mc5r of Crassostrea virginica, Crassostrea gigas, Mizuhopecten yessoensis, and Pecten maximus (32%-36%) and low homologous with vertebrates. The results of the distribution of mc5rl genes showed that mc5rl genes were dominant in the mantle, gonad, and hepatopancreas in R. philippinarum. The expression of mc5rl genes was significantly increased after aerial exposure and low-temperature stress in R. philippinarum in hepatopancreas. Aerial exposure and low-temperature stress could induce mc5rl expressed. Mc5rl might serve as a sensor and promote stress response in R. philippinarum. The cloning and expression characteristics of mc5rl will facilitate the investigation of its function in stress response and other physiological processes in R. philippinarum.
Collapse
|
18
|
Fleischmann R, Furst DE, Connolly-Strong E, Liu J, Zhu J, Brasington R. Repository Corticotropin Injection for Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Despite Aggressive Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Withdrawal Trial. Rheumatol Ther 2020; 7:327-344. [PMID: 32185745 PMCID: PMC7211215 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-020-00199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to assess efficacy and safety of repository corticotropin injection (RCI) in subjects with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) despite treatment with a corticosteroid and one or two disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). METHODS All subjects received open-label RCI (80 U) twice weekly for 12 weeks (part 1); only those with low disease activity [LDA; i.e., Disease Activity Score 28 joint count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) < 3.2] were randomly assigned to receive either RCI (80 U) or placebo twice weekly during the 12-week double-blind period (part 2). The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of subjects who achieved LDA at week 12. Secondary efficacy endpoints included proportions of subjects who maintained LDA during weeks 12 through 24 and achieved Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) ≤ 10 at weeks 12 and 24. Safety was assessed via adverse event reports. RESULTS Of the 259 enrolled subjects, 235 completed part 1; 154 subjects (n = 77 each for RCI and placebo) entered part 2, and 127 (RCI, n = 71; placebo, n = 56) completed. At week 12, 163 subjects (62.9%) achieved LDA and 169 (65.3%) achieved CDAI ≤ 10 (both p < 0.0001). At week 24, 47 (61.0%) RCI-treated and 32 (42.1%) placebo-treated subjects maintained LDA (p = 0.019); 66 (85.7%) RCI-treated and 50 (65.8%) placebo-treated subjects maintained CDAI ≤ 10 (p = 0.004). No unexpected safety signals were observed. CONCLUSIONS RCI was effective and generally safe in patients with active RA despite corticosteroid/DMARD therapy. By week 12, > 60% of patients achieved LDA, which was maintained with 12 additional weeks of treatment. Most patients who achieved LDA maintained it for 3 months after RCI discontinuation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02919761.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Fleischmann
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Metroplex Clinical Research Center, 8144 Walnut Hill Lane, Suite 810, Dallas, TX, 75231, USA.
| | - Daniel E Furst
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Peter Morton Medical Building, 200, UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 365-B, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Jingyu Liu
- Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, 1425 US-206, Bedminster, NJ, 07921, USA
| | - Julie Zhu
- Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, 1425 US-206, Bedminster, NJ, 07921, USA
| | - Richard Brasington
- Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4921 Parkview Place, Suite C, 5th Floor, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Andoh T, Akasaka C, Shimizu K, Lee JB, Yoshihisa Y, Shimizu T. Involvement of α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone-Thromboxane A 2 System on Itching in Atopic Dermatitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1775-1785. [PMID: 31220451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is an endogenous peptide hormone involved in cutaneous pigmentation in atopic dermatitis (AD) with severe itching. α-MSH elicits itch-related responses in mice. We, therefore, investigated whether α-MSH was involved in itching in AD. In the skin of AD patients and mice with atopy-like dermatitis, α-MSH and the prohormone convertase 2, which is the key processing enzyme for the production of α-MSH, were distributed mainly in keratinocytes. In the skin of mice with dermatitis, melanocortin receptors (MC1R and MC5R) were expressed at the mRNA level and were distributed in the dermis. In the dorsal root ganglion of mice with dermatitis, mRNAs encoding MC1R, MC3R, and MC5R were also expressed. MC1R antagonist agouti-signaling protein inhibited spontaneous scratching in mice with dermatitis. In healthy mice, intradermal α-MSH elicited itch-associated responses, which were inhibited by thromboxane (TX) A2 receptor antagonist ONO-3708. In mouse keratinocytes, α-MSH increased the production of TXA2, which was inhibited by adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ-22536 and Ca2+ chelator EGTA. In mouse keratinocytes treated with siRNA for MC1R and/or MC5R, α-MSH-induced TXA2 production was decreased. α-MSH increased intracellular Ca2+ ion concentration in dorsal root ganglion neurons and keratinocytes. These results suggest that α-MSH is involved in itching during AD and may elicit itching through the direct action of primary afferents and TXA2 production by keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsugunobu Andoh
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Akasaka
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Jung-Bum Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Bio-resources, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshihisa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tadamichi Shimizu
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Theiler-Schwetz V, Zaufel A, Schlager H, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Fickert P, Zollner G. Bile acids and glucocorticoid metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:243-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
21
|
Cal L, Suarez-Bregua P, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Braasch I, Rotllant J. Fish pigmentation and the melanocortin system. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 211:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
22
|
Singh RK, Kumar P, Mahalingam K. Molecular genetics of human obesity: A comprehensive review. C R Biol 2017; 340:87-108. [PMID: 28089486 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its related health complications is a major problem worldwide. Hypothalamus and their signalling molecules play a critical role in the intervening and coordination with energy balance and homeostasis. Genetic factors play a crucial role in determining an individual's predisposition to the weight gain and being obese. In the past few years, several genetic variants were identified as monogenic forms of human obesity having success over common polygenic forms. In the context of molecular genetics, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) approach and their findings signified a number of genetic variants predisposing to obesity. However, the last couple of years, it has also been noticed that alterations in the environmental and epigenetic factors are one of the key causes of obesity. Hence, this review might be helpful in the current scenario of molecular genetics of human obesity, obesity-related health complications (ORHC), and energy homeostasis. Future work based on the clinical discoveries may play a role in the molecular dissection of genetic approaches to find more obesity-susceptible gene loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kumar Singh
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632014 Vellore, India
| | - Permendra Kumar
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632014 Vellore, India
| | - Kulandaivelu Mahalingam
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, 632014 Vellore, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ghaddhab C, Vuissoz JM, Deladoëy J. From Bioinactive ACTH to ACTH Antagonist: The Clinical Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:17. [PMID: 28228747 PMCID: PMC5296294 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a pituitary hormone derived from a larger peptide, the proopiomelanocortin (POMC), as are the MSHs (α-MSH, β-MSH, and γ-MSH) and the β-LPH-related polypeptides (Figure 1A). ACTH drives adrenal steroidogenesis and growth of the adrenal gland. ACTH is a 39 amino acid polypeptide that binds and activates its cognate receptor [melanocortin receptor 2 (MC2R)] through the two regions H6F7R8W9 and K15K16R17R18P19. Most POMC-derived polypeptides contain the H6F7R8W9 sequence that is conserved through evolution. This explains the difficulties in developing selective agonists or antagonists to the MCRs. In this review, we will discuss the clinical aspects of the role of ACTH in physiology and disease, and potential clinical use of selective ACTH antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiraz Ghaddhab
- Endocrinology Service and Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Marc Vuissoz
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children’s Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johnny Deladoëy
- Endocrinology Service and Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Johnny Deladoëy,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Babischkin JS, Aberdeen GW, Pepe GJ, Albrecht ED. Estrogen Suppresses Interaction of Melanocortin 2 Receptor and Its Accessory Protein in the Primate Fetal Adrenal Cortex. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4588-4601. [PMID: 27779913 PMCID: PMC5133357 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that fetal adrenal fetal zone (FZ) volume and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) levels were increased, whereas definitive and transitional zone (DZ/TZ) volume was unaltered, in baboons in which estrogen levels were suppressed by the administration of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. The interaction of the melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) with its accessory protein (MRAP) is essential for trafficking MC2R to the adrenal cell surface for binding to ACTH. The present study determined whether the estrogen-dependent regulation of fetal adrenocortical development is mediated by ACTH and/or expression/interaction of MC2R and MRAP. Fetal pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA and plasma ACTH levels and fetal adrenal MC2R-MRAP interaction were assessed in baboons in which estrogen was suppressed/restored by letrozole/letrozole plus estradiol administration during the second half of gestation. Although fetal pituitary proopiomelanocortin and plasma ACTH levels and fetal adrenal MC2R and MRAP protein levels were unaltered, MC2R-MRAP interaction was 2-fold greater (P < .05) in the DZ/TZ in letrozole-treated baboons than in untreated animals and restored by letrozole plus estradiol treatment. We propose that the increasing levels of estradiol with advancing pregnancy suppress interaction of MC2R with MRAP, thereby diminishing MC2R movement to the cell membrane in the DZ/TZ. This would be expected to reduce progenitor cell proliferation in the DZ and migration to the FZ, thereby restraining FZ growth and DHAS production to maintain fetal adrenal DHAS and placental estradiol levels in a physiological range late in gestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery S Babischkin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (J.S.B., G.W.A., E.D.A.), Center for Studies in Reproduction, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; and Department of Physiological Sciences (G.J.P.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23501
| | - Graham W Aberdeen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (J.S.B., G.W.A., E.D.A.), Center for Studies in Reproduction, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; and Department of Physiological Sciences (G.J.P.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23501
| | - Gerald J Pepe
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (J.S.B., G.W.A., E.D.A.), Center for Studies in Reproduction, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; and Department of Physiological Sciences (G.J.P.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23501
| | - Eugene D Albrecht
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (J.S.B., G.W.A., E.D.A.), Center for Studies in Reproduction, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; and Department of Physiological Sciences (G.J.P.), Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23501
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
α-MSH and Foxc2 promote fatty acid oxidation through C/EBPβ negative transcription in mice adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36661. [PMID: 27819350 PMCID: PMC5098202 DOI: 10.1038/srep36661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and Forkhead box C2 protein (Foxc2) enhance lipolysis in multiple tissues. However, their relationship in adipose fatty acid oxidation (FAO) remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that α-MSH and Foxc2 increased palmitate oxidation to CO2 in white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). C/EBPβ expression was reduced by α-MSH and Foxc2. FFA level was elevated by α-MSH and pc-Foxc2 treatment along with increased FAO in white and brown adipocytes. The expression of FAO key enzymes, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) were increased in α-MSH and pc-Foxc2 group. Combination of α-MSH and Foxc2 treatment synergistically promoted FAO through increasing the activity of CPT-1 and phosphorylation of ACC. We found C/EBPβ bind to MC5R and Foxc2 promoter regions and inhibited FAO. cAMP level was increased by α-MSH and Foxc2 individually treated or combined treatment. Furthermore, cAMP/PKA pathway-specific inhibitor (H89) blocked the FAO, despite in α-MSH and Foxc2 both added group. While forskolin, the cAMP agonist, promoted FAO and enhanced the effect of α-MSH and Foxc2. Collectively, α-MSH and Foxc2 mutual promote FAO in WAT and BAT via cAMP/PKA signal pathway. And C/EBPβ as a transcription suppressor inhibits α-MSH and Foxc2 expression and FAO.
Collapse
|
26
|
A novel role for pigment genes in the stress response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Sci Rep 2016; 6:28969. [PMID: 27373344 PMCID: PMC4931468 DOI: 10.1038/srep28969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In many vertebrate species visible melanin-based pigmentation patterns correlate with high stress- and disease-resistance, but proximate mechanisms for this trait association remain enigmatic. Here we show that a missense mutation in a classical pigmentation gene, melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R), is strongly associated with distinct differences in steroidogenic melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) mRNA expression between high- (HR) and low-responsive (LR) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We also show experimentally that cortisol implants increase the expression of agouti signaling protein (ASIP) mRNA in skin, likely explaining the association between HR-traits and reduced skin melanin patterning. Molecular dynamics simulations predict that melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP), needed for MC2R function, binds differently to the two MC1R variants. Considering that mRNA for MC2R and the MC1R variants are present in head kidney cells, we hypothesized that MC2R activity is modulated in part by different binding affinities of the MC1R variants for MRAP. Experiments in mammalian cells confirmed that trout MRAP interacts with the two trout MC1R variants and MC2R, but failed to detect regulation of MC2R signaling, possibly due to high constitutive MC1R activity.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kleinau G, Müller A, Biebermann H. Oligomerization of GPCRs involved in endocrine regulation. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:R59-80. [PMID: 27151573 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
More than 800 different human membrane-spanning G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) serve as signal transducers at biological barriers. These receptors are activated by a wide variety of ligands such as peptides, ions and hormones, and are able to activate a diverse set of intracellular signaling pathways. GPCRs are of central importance in endocrine regulation, which underpins the significance of comprehensively studying these receptors and interrelated systems. During the last decade, the capacity for multimerization of GPCRs was found to be a common and functionally relevant property. The interaction between GPCR monomers results in higher order complexes such as homomers (identical receptor subtype) or heteromers (different receptor subtypes), which may be present in a specific and dynamic monomer/oligomer equilibrium. It is widely accepted that the oligomerization of GPCRs is a mechanism for determining the fine-tuning and expansion of cellular processes by modification of ligand action, expression levels, and related signaling outcome. Accordingly, oligomerization provides exciting opportunities to optimize pharmacological treatment with respect to receptor target and tissue selectivity or for the development of diagnostic tools. On the other hand, GPCR heteromerization may be a potential reason for the undesired side effects of pharmacological interventions, faced with numerous and common mutual signaling modifications in heteromeric constellations. Finally, detailed deciphering of the physiological occurrence and relevance of specific GPCR/GPCR-ligand interactions poses a future challenge. This review will tackle the aspects of GPCR oligomerization with specific emphasis on family A GPCRs involved in endocrine regulation, whereby only a subset of these receptors will be discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (IEPE)Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (IEPE)Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (IEPE)Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Romeo RD, Patel R, Pham L, So VM. Adolescence and the ontogeny of the hormonal stress response in male and female rats and mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:206-216. [PMID: 27235079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent development is marked by many changes in neuroendocrine function, resulting in both immediate and long-term influences on an individual's physiology and behavior. Stress-induced hormonal responses are one such change, with adolescent animals often showing different patterns of hormonal reactivity following a stressor compared with adults. This review will describe the unique ways in which adolescent animals respond to a variety of stressors and how these adolescent-related changes in hormonal responsiveness can be further modified by the sex and previous experience of the individual. Potential central and peripheral mechanisms that contribute to these developmental shifts in stress reactivity are also discussed. Finally, the short- and long-term programming effects of chronic stress exposure during adolescence on later adult hormonal responsiveness are also examined. Though far from a clear understanding of the neurobehavioral consequences of these adolescent-related shifts in stress reactivity, continued study of developmental changes in stress-induced hormonal responses may shed light on the increased vulnerability to physical and psychological dysfunctions that often accompany a stressful adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell D Romeo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States.
| | - Ravenna Patel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Laurie Pham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Veronica M So
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gómez-SanMiguel AB, Villanúa MÁ, Martín AI, López-Calderón A. D-TRP(8)-γMSH Prevents the Effects of Endotoxin in Rat Skeletal Muscle Cells through TNFα/NF-KB Signalling Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155645. [PMID: 27177152 PMCID: PMC4866687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis induces anorexia and muscle wasting secondary to an increase in muscle proteolysis. Melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH) is a family of peptides that have potent anti-inflammatory effects. Melanocortin receptor-3 (MC3-R) has been reported as the predominant anti-inflammatory receptor for melanocortins. The aim of this work was to analyse whether activation of MC3-R, by administration of its agonist D-Trp(8)-γMSH, is able to modify the response of skeletal muscle to inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) or TNFα. Adult male rats were injected with 250 μg/kg LPS and/or 500 μg/kg D-Trp(8)-γMSH 17:00 h and at 8:00 h the following day, and euthanized 4 hours afterwards. D-Trp(8)-γMSH decreased LPS-induced anorexia and prevented the stimulatory effect of LPS on hypothalamic IL-1β, COX-2 and CRH as well as on serum ACTH and corticosterone. Serum IGF-I and its expression in liver and gastrocnemius were decreased in rats injected with LPS, but not in those that also received D-Trp(8)-γMSH. However, D-Trp(8)-γMSH was unable to modify the effect of LPS on IGFBP-3. In the gastrocnemius D-Trp(8)-γMSH blocked LPS-induced decrease in pAkt, pmTOR, MHC I and MCH II, as well as the increase in pNF-κB(p65), FoxO1, FoxO3, LC3b, Bnip-3, Gabarap1, atrogin-1, MuRF1 and in LC3a/b lipidation. In L6 myotube cultures, D-Trp(8)-γMSH was able to prevent TNFα-induced increase of NF-κB(p65) phosphorylation and decrease of Akt phosphorylation as well as of IGF-I and MHC I expression. These data suggest that MC3-R activation prevents the effect of endotoxin on skeletal wasting by modifying inflammation, corticosterone and IGF-I responses and also by directly acting on muscle cells through the TNFα/NF-κB(p65) pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Gómez-SanMiguel
- Department of Physiology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Villanúa
- Department of Physiology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Martín
- Department of Physiology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción López-Calderón
- Department of Physiology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gallo-Payet N. 60 YEARS OF POMC: Adrenal and extra-adrenal functions of ACTH. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:T135-56. [PMID: 26793988 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plays a pivotal role in homeostasis and stress response and is thus the major component of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. After a brief summary of ACTH production from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and on ACTH receptor properties, the first part of the review covers the role of ACTH in steroidogenesis and steroid secretion. We highlight the mechanisms explaining the differential acute vs chronic effects of ACTH on aldosterone and glucocorticoid secretion. The second part summarizes the effects of ACTH on adrenal growth, addressing its role as either a mitogenic or a differentiating factor. We then review the mechanisms involved in steroid secretion, from the classical Cyclic adenosine monophosphate second messenger system to various signaling cascades. We also consider how the interaction between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton may trigger activation of signaling platforms potentially stimulating or repressing the steroidogenic potency of ACTH. Finally, we consider the extra-adrenal actions of ACTH, in particular its role in differentiation in a variety of cell types, in addition to its known lipolytic effects on adipocytes. In each section, we endeavor to correlate basic mechanisms of ACTH function with the pathological consequences of ACTH signaling deficiency and of overproduction of ACTH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Clemson CM, Yost J, Taylor AW. The Role of Alpha-MSH as a Modulator of Ocular Immunobiology Exemplifies Mechanistic Differences between Melanocortins and Steroids. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2016; 25:179-189. [PMID: 26807874 PMCID: PMC5769144 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2015.1092560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortins are a highly conserved family of peptides and receptors that includes multiple proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides and five defined melanocortin receptors. The melanocortins have an important role in maintaining immune homeostasis and in suppressing inflammation. Within the healthy eye, the melanocortins have a central role in preventing inflammation and maintaining immune privilege. A central mediator of the anti-inflammatory activity is the non-steroidogenic melanocortin peptide alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. In this review we summarize the major findings of melanocortin regulation of ocular immunobiology with particular interest in the ability of melanocortin to induce immune tolerance and cytoprotection. The melanocortins have therapeutic potential because their mechanisms of action in regulating immunity are distinctly different from the actions of steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Clemson
- a Autoimmune and Rare Diseases , Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals , Hayward , CA , USA
| | - John Yost
- a Autoimmune and Rare Diseases , Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals , Hayward , CA , USA
| | - Andrew W Taylor
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shimizu K, Andoh T, Yoshihisa Y, Shimizu T. Histamine Released from Epidermal Keratinocytes Plays a Role in α-Melanocyte–Stimulating Hormone-Induced Itching in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:3003-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
33
|
Cai M, Marelli UK, Bao J, Beck JG, Opperer F, Rechenmacher F, McLeod KR, Zingsheim MR, Doedens L, Kessler H, Hruby VJ. Systematic Backbone Conformational Constraints on a Cyclic Melanotropin Ligand Leads to Highly Selective Ligands for Multiple Melanocortin Receptors. J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26218460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human melanocortin receptors (hMCRs) have been challenging targets to develop ligands that are explicitly selective for each of their subtypes. To modulate the conformational preferences of the melanocortin ligands and improve the biofunctional agonist/antagonist activities and selectivities, we have applied a backbone N-methylation approach on Ac-Nle-c[Asp-His-D-Nal(2')-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2 (Ac-Nle(4)-c[Asp(5),D-Nal(2')(7),Lys(10)]-NH2), a nonselective cyclic peptide antagonist at hMC3R and hMC4R and an agonist at hMC1R and hMC5R. Systematic N-methylated derivatives of Ac-Nle(4)-c[Asp(5),D-Nal(2')(7),Lys(10)]-NH2, with all possible backbone N-methylation combinations, have been synthesized and examined for their binding and functional activities toward melanocortin receptor subtypes 1, 3, 4, and 5 (hMCRs). Several N-methylated analogues are selective and potent agonists or antagonists for hMC1R or hMC5R or have selective antagonist activity for hMC3R. The selective hMC1R ligands show strong binding for human melanoma cells. We have also discovered the first universal antagonist (compound 19) for all subtypes of hMCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minying Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Udaya Kiran Marelli
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Johannes G Beck
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Opperer
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Rechenmacher
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Kaitlyn R McLeod
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Morgan R Zingsheim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Lucas Doedens
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Department Chemie, Technische Universität München , 85747 Garching, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Victor J Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rodrigues AR, Almeida H, Gouveia AM. Intracellular signaling mechanisms of the melanocortin receptors: current state of the art. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1331-45. [PMID: 25504085 PMCID: PMC11113477 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is composed by the agonists adrenocorticotropic hormone and α, β and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and two naturally occurring antagonists, agouti and agouti-related protein. These ligands act by interaction with a family of five melanocortin receptors (MCRs), assisted by MCRs accessory proteins (MRAPs). MCRs stimulation activates different signaling pathways that mediate a diverse array of physiological processes, including pigmentation, energy metabolism, inflammation and exocrine secretion. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of MCRs signaling, highlighting the differences among the five receptors. MCRs signal through G-dependent and independent mechanisms and their functional coupling to agonists at the cell surface is regulated by interacting proteins, namely MRAPs and β-arrestins. The knowledge of the distinct modulation pattern of MCRs signaling and function may be helpful for the future design of novel drugs able to combine specificity, safety and effectiveness in the course of their therapeutic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Rodrigues
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Talaber G, Tuckermann JP, Okret S. ACTH controls thymocyte homeostasis independent of glucocorticoids. FASEB J 2015; 29:2526-34. [PMID: 25733567 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-268508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for decades that lowering the circulating glucocorticoid (GC) concentration as in Addison's disease or after removing the adrenals results in thymus enlargement, largely due to thymocyte expansion. This has been attributed to the loss of the proapoptotic effects on thymocytes by adrenal GCs. Here, we test this concept and report that ACTH directly controls thymic growth post-adrenalectomy (ADX) independent of the proapoptotic effect of GCs. This was supported by the finding that ADX caused thymus enlargement and a 1.7-fold (P < 0.001) increase in thymocyte number in GR(LckCre) mice resistant to GC-induced thymocyte apoptosis, similar to the increase seen in wild-type mice (2.2-fold; P < 0.01). We show by immunostaining that melanocortin receptor subtype 2, which selectively binds ACTH, is partly expressed on the thymic epithelium. Furthermore, ACTH in comparison to vehicle induced a 2.0-fold (P < 0.01) increase in fetal thymic organ culture thymocyte numbers in vitro and enhanced 2.2-fold (P < 0.05) the expression of delta-like ligand 4, a factor that supports T-cell development. Additionally, adrenalectomized GR(LckCre) mice treated with ACTH under conditions that repressed endogenous ACTH secretion showed increased thymocyte cellularity (1.9-fold; P < 0.01) and splenic naive T-cell numbers (2.5-fold; P < 0.001) compared to when treated with PBS. Altogether, our results show that ACTH directly controls thymocyte homeostasis independent of GCs. These results revise the old paradigm behind compensatory thymus growth following ADX, now demonstrating that ACTH has a central role in regulating thymocyte expansion when systemic GC concentration is low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Talaber
- *Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden; and Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Peter Tuckermann
- *Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden; and Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sam Okret
- *Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden; and Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review fundamentals in adrenal gland histophysiology. Key findings regarding the important signaling pathways involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis and adrenal growth are summarized. We illustrate how adrenal gland morphology and function are deeply interconnected in which novel signaling pathways (Wnt, Sonic hedgehog, Notch, β-catenin) or ionic channels are required for their integrity. Emphasis is given to exploring the mechanisms and challenges underlying the regulation of proliferation, growth, and functionality. Also addressed is the fact that while it is now well-accepted that steroidogenesis results from an enzymatic shuttle between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, key questions still remain on the various aspects related to cellular uptake and delivery of free cholesterol. The significant progress achieved over the past decade regarding the precise molecular mechanisms by which the two main regulators of adrenal cortex, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and angiotensin II act on their receptors is reviewed, including structure-activity relationships and their potential applications. Particular attention has been given to crucial second messengers and how various kinases, phosphatases, and cytoskeleton-associated proteins interact to ensure homeostasis and/or meet physiological demands. References to animal studies are also made in an attempt to unravel associated clinical conditions. Many of the aspects addressed in this article still represent a challenge for future studies, their outcome aimed at providing evidence that the adrenal gland, through its steroid hormones, occupies a central position in many situations where homeostasis is disrupted, thus highlighting the relevance of exploring and understanding how this key organ is regulated. © 2014 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 4:889-964, 2014.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Filipeanu CM. Temperature-Sensitive Intracellular Traffic of α2C-Adrenergic Receptor. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 132:245-65. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
38
|
Serova LI, Laukova M, Alaluf LG, Sabban EL. Blockage of melanocortin-4 receptors by intranasal HS014 attenuates single prolonged stress-triggered changes in several brain regions. J Neurochem 2014; 131:825-35. [PMID: 25087915 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin receptor four (MC4R) is implicated in regulation of stress-related functions. We previously demonstrated that intranasal infusion of MC4R antagonist HS014, shortly before single prolonged stress (SPS) animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder, lessened the development of anxiety- and depression-like behavior depending on the dose. Here, we evaluated effects of HS014 on SPS-elicited changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and expression of several genes of interest in mediobasal hypothalamus, hippocampus, and locus coeruleus. Rats were given intranasal infusion of HS014 (3.5 ng or 100 μg) and 30 min later subjected to SPS stressors. Short-term responses of HS014 rats in comparison with vehicle-treated, evident 30 min following SPS stressors, included smaller rise in plasma corticosterone (100 μg HS014), absence of induction of corticotrophin-releasing hormone mRNA in mediobasal hypothalamus and of mRNA for tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β hydroxylase in locus coeruleus. Long-term responses found 7 days after SPS stressors, included lower induction corticotrophin-releasing hormone mRNA levels in the mediobasal hypothalamus without effect on mRNAs for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP5), a component of GR co-chaperone complex; and no induction of GR protein in ventral hippocampus. Thus, antagonism of MC4R prior to SPS attenuates development of several abnormalities in gene expression in regions implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder. Blockade of brain melanocortine receptor 4 (MC4R) with intranasal infusion of the MC4R antagonist HS014 to rats prior to single prolonged stress (SPS) leads to faster termination of stress responses (30 min later) and prevents or attenuates SPS-triggered abnormal gene expression related to post-traumatic stress disorder (7 days later). Targeting of brain MC4R is a promising strategy to protect HPA axis, LC-NE (locus coeruleus-norepinephrine) systems and hippocampus from overstimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bouw E, Huisman M, Neggers SJCMM, Themmen APN, van der Lely AJ, Delhanty PJD. Development of potent selective competitive-antagonists of the melanocortin type 2 receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 394:99-104. [PMID: 25017734 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cushing's disease, a hypercortisolemic state induced by an ACTH overexpressing pituitary adenoma, causes increased morbidity and mortality. Selective antagonism of the melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R) may be a novel treatment modality. Five structurally related peptides with modified HFRW sites but intact putative MC2R binding sites were tested for antagonistic activity at MC1R, MC2R/MRAP, MC3R, MC4R and MC5R. Two of these peptides (GPS1573 and GPS1574) dose-dependently antagonized ACTH-stimulated MC2R activity (IC50s of 66±23 nM and 260±1 nM, respectively). GPS1573 and 1574 suppressed the Rmax but not EC50 of ACTH on MC2R, indicating non-competitive antagonism. These peptides did not antagonize α-MSH stimulation of MC1R and antagonized MC3, 4 and 5R at markedly lower potency. GP1573 and GPS1574 antagonize MC4R with IC50s of 950 nM and 3.7 μM, respectively. In conclusion, two peptide antagonists were developed with selectivity for MC2R, forming a platform for development of a medical treatment for Cushing's disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/genetics
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Design
- Gene Expression
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/chemical synthesis
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/drug therapy
- Protein Binding
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2/chemistry
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 2/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/chemistry
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/chemistry
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptors, Melanocortin/chemistry
- Receptors, Melanocortin/genetics
- Receptors, Melanocortin/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Transfection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Bouw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Huisman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Axel P N Themmen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A J van der Lely
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patric J D Delhanty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kobayashi Y, Mizusawa K, Arai Y, Chiba H, Takahashi A. Inhibitory effects of β-endorphin on cortisol release from goldfish (Carassius auratus) head kidney: an in vitro study. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 204:126-34. [PMID: 24837496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
β-Endorphin (β-END) is an endogenous opioid peptide derived from the common precursor proopiomelanocortin, together with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). Although the roles of ACTH and MSH in fish are well known, the roles of circulating β-END have not been elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated the biological roles of β-END in the goldfish. First, we cloned the cDNAs of the delta opioid receptor (DOR), kappa opioid receptor (KOR), and mu opioid receptor (MOR) from the brain of the goldfish. Second, we analyzed the tissues that expressed these genes by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Among the several tissues that contained the opioid gene transcripts, the mRNAs of DOR, KOR, and MOR were detected in interrenal cells of the head kidney, which produce cortisol. On the basis of these results, the effects of β-END on cortisol release were examined in vitro. β-END alone suppressed the basal release of cortisol in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, β-END inhibited the cortisol-releasing activity of ACTH1-24. Therefore, it is probable that the role of β-END in the interrenal cells is the suppression of cortisol release. Interestingly, the suppression of cortisol release was not observed with N-acetyl-β-END, indicating that acetylation decreases the activity of β-END in interrenal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kanta Mizusawa
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuta Arai
- Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Chiba
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Takahashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cortés R, Agulleiro MJ, Navarro S, Guillot R, Sánchez E, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) interplays with the zebrafish melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) but has no effect on its pharmacological profile. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 201:30-6. [PMID: 24709359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is probably one of the most complex hormonal systems since it integrates agonist, encoded in the proopiomelanocortin precursor, endogenous antagonist, agouti signaling protein and agouti-related protein, five different G-protein coupled receptors and two accessory proteins. These accessory proteins interact with melanocortin receptors to allow traffic to the plasma membrane or to regulate the pharmacological profile. The MC1R fill the extension locus, which is primarily responsible for the regulation of pigmentation. In zebrafish, both MC1R and MRAP2 system are expressed in the skin. We demonstrate that zebrafish MC1R physically, or closely, interacts with the MRAP2 system, although this interaction did not result in modification of the studied pharmacological profile. However, progressive fasting induced skin darkening but also an upregulation of the MRAP2 expression in the skin, suggesting an unknown role for MRAP2a that could involve receptor desensitization processes. We also demonstrate that crowding stress induces skin darkening and a downregulation of MC1R expression in the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Cortés
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Maria Josep Agulleiro
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Sandra Navarro
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Raúl Guillot
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Elisa Sánchez
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Romeo RD, Minhas S, Svirsky SE, Hall BS, Savenkova M, Karatsoreos IN. Pubertal shifts in adrenal responsiveness to stress and adrenocorticotropic hormone in male rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 42:146-52. [PMID: 24636511 PMCID: PMC3959666 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Studies have indicated significant pubertal-related differences in hormonal stress reactivity. We report here that prepubertal (30 days) male rats display a more protracted stress-induced corticosterone response than adults (70 days), despite showing relatively similar levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Additionally, we show that adrenal expression of the ACTH receptor, melanocortin 2 receptor (Mc2r), is higher in prepubertal compared to adult animals, and that expression of melanocortin receptor accessory protein (Mrap), a molecule that chaperones MC2R to the cell surface, is greater in prepubertal males following stress. Given that these data suggest a pubertal shift in adrenal sensitivity to ACTH, we directly tested this possibility by injecting prepubertal and adult males with 6.25 or 9.375μg/kg of exogenous rat ACTH and measured their hormone levels 30 and 60min post-injection. As these doses resulted in different circulating levels of ACTH at these two ages, we performed regression analyses to assess the relationship between circulating ACTH and corticosterone concentrations. We found no difference between the ages in the correlation between ACTH and corticosterone levels at the 30min time point. However, 60min following the ACTH injection, we found prepubertal rats had significantly higher corticosterone concentrations at lower levels of ACTH compared to adults. These data suggest that prolonged exposure to ACTH leads to greater corticosterone responsiveness prior to puberty, and indicate that changes in adrenal sensitivity to ACTH may, in part, contribute to the protracted hormonal stress response in prepubertal rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell D. Romeo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program Barnard College of Columbia University New York, NY 10027
,Correspondence to: Russell D. Romeo, Ph.D., Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, Tel: (212)854-5903, Fax: (212)854-3601
| | - Sumeet Minhas
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program Barnard College of Columbia University New York, NY 10027
| | - Sarah E. Svirsky
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program Barnard College of Columbia University New York, NY 10027
| | - Baila S. Hall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program Barnard College of Columbia University New York, NY 10027
| | - Marina Savenkova
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Ilia N. Karatsoreos
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rodrigues AR, Almeida H, Gouveia AM. Alpha-MSH signalling via melanocortin 5 receptor promotes lipolysis and impairs re-esterification in adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1267-75. [PMID: 24046867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system has a clear effect on the mobilisation of stored lipids in adipocytes. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5R) on alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)-induced lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To this end, MC5R expression was decreased by small interfering RNA (siRNA), which significantly impaired the alpha-MSH stimulation of lipolysis, as determined by glycerol and nonesterified fatty-acid (NEFA) quantification. The functional role of alpha-MSH/MC5R on triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis was mediated by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), perilipin 1 (PLIN1) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that phosphorylated HSL clearly surrounded lipid droplets in alpha-MSH-stimulated adipocytes, whereas PLIN1 left the immediate periphery of lipids. These observations were lost when the expression of MC5R was suppressed. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, alpha-MSH-activated MC5R signals through the cAMP/PKA and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways. PKA was fundamental for HSL and PLIN1 activation and lipolysis regulation. ERK1/2 inhibition strongly interfered with the release of NEFAs but not glycerol. In addition, the intracellular TG levels, which were decreased after MC5R activation, were restored after ERK1/2 inhibition, indicating that these kinases are involved in NEFA re-esterification rather than lipolysis regulation. This notion is also supported by the observation that the alpha-MSH-mediated activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was abolished in the presence of ERK1/2 inhibitors. Altogether, these results indicate that alpha-MSH-activated MC5R regulates two tightly coupled pathways in adipocytes: lipolysis and re-esterification. The global effect is a decrease in adipocyte fat mass, which is important for strategies to ameliorate obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Rodrigues
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rodrigues AR, Sousa D, Almeida H, Gouveia AM. Structural determinants regulating cell surface targeting of melanocortin receptors. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 51:R23-32. [PMID: 23907004 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin receptors (MCRs) belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor family of transmembrane proteins. They recognize specific ligands named melanocortins that are mainly produced in the pituitary and hypothalamus. Newly synthesized MCRs at the endoplasmic reticulum are subjected to quality control mechanisms that screen for the correct structure, folding or processing, essential for their proper cell surface expression. Some motifs, located at the N- or C-terminus or even on transmembrane and in loop regions, have been implicated in these biological processes. This article reviews these specific domains and the role of accessory proteins and post-translation modifications in MCRs' targeting to cell surface. Additionally, promising approaches involving pharmacological stabilization of misfolded and misrouted mutant MCRs, which improve their forward transport, are reported. Understanding the MCRs' structural determinants fundamental for their proper cell surface integration is essential for correcting abnormalities found in some diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Rodrigues
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lee DJ, Taylor AW. Both MC5r and A2Ar are required for protective regulatory immunity in the spleen of post-experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4103-11. [PMID: 24043903 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ocular microenvironment uses a poorly defined mela5 receptor (MC5r)-dependent pathway to recover immune tolerance following intraocular inflammation. This dependency is seen in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), a mouse model of endogenous human autoimmune uveitis, with the emergence of autoantigen-specific regulatory immunity in the spleen that protects the mice from recurrence of EAU. In this study, we found that the MC5r-dependent regulatory immunity increased CD11b(+)F4/80(+)Ly-6C(low)Ly-6G(+)CD39(+)CD73(+) APCs in the spleen of post-EAU mice. These MC5r-dependent APCs require adenosine 2A receptor expression on T cells to activate EAU-suppressing CD25(+)CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Therefore, in the recovery from autoimmune disease, the ocular microenvironment induces tolerance through a melanocortin-mediated expansion of Ly-6G(+) regulatory APCs in the spleen that use the adenosinergic pathway to promote activation of autoantigen-specific regulatory T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kim NS, Kim YJ, Cho SY, Lee TR, Kim SH. Transcriptional activation of melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein by PPARγ in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:401-6. [PMID: 23994134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in rodents decreases lipid accumulation and body weight. Melanocortin receptor 2 (MC2R) and MC2R accessory protein (MRAP) are specific receptors for ACTH in adipocytes. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a role in the transcriptional regulation of metabolic pathways such as adipogenesis and β-oxidation of fatty acids. In this study we investigated the transcriptional regulation of MRAP expression during differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Stimulation with ACTH affected lipolysis in murine mature adipocytes via MRAP. Putative peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) was identified in the MRAP promoter region. In chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays, we observed binding of PPARγ to the MRAP promoter. The mutagenesis experiments showed that the -1209/-1198 region of the MRAP promoter could function as a PPRE site. These results suggest that PPARγ is required for transcriptional activation of the MRAP gene during adipogenesis, which contributes to understanding of the molecular mechanism of lipolysis in adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Soo Kim
- Department of Biology, Research Institute for Basic Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Emaresi G, Ducrest AL, Bize P, Richter H, Simon C, Roulin A. Pleiotropy in the melanocortin system: expression levels of this system are associated with melanogenesis and pigmentation in the tawny owl (Strix aluco). Mol Ecol 2013; 22:4915-30. [PMID: 24033481 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive function of melanin-based coloration is a long-standing debate. A recent genetic model suggested that pleiotropy could account for covariations between pigmentation, behaviour, morphology, physiology and life history traits. We explored whether the expression levels of genes belonging to the melanocortin system (MC1R, POMC, PC1/3, PC2 and the antagonist ASIP), which have many pleiotropic effects, are associated with melanogenesis (through variation in the expression of the genes MITF, SLC7A11, TYR, TYRP1) and in turn melanin-based coloration. We considered the tawny owl (Strix aluco) because individuals vary continuously from light to dark reddish, and thus, colour variation is likely to stem from differences in the levels of gene expression. We measured gene expression in feather bases collected in nestlings at the time of melanin production. As expected, the melanocortin system was associated with the expression of melanogenic genes and pigmentation. Offspring of darker reddish fathers expressed PC1/3 to lower levels but tended to express PC2 to higher levels. The convertase enzyme PC1/3 cleaves the POMC prohormone to obtain ACTH, while the convertase enzyme PC2 cleaves ACTH to produce α-melanin-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). ACTH regulates glucocorticoids, hormones that modulate stress responses, while α-MSH induces eumelanogenesis. We therefore conclude that the melanocortin system, through the convertase enzymes PC1/3 and PC2, may account for part of the interindividual variation in melanin-based coloration in nestling tawny owls. Pleiotropy may thus account for the covariation between phenotypic traits involved in social interactions (here pigmentation) and life history, morphology, behaviour and physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Emaresi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Asai M, Ramachandrappa S, Joachim M, Shen Y, Zhang R, Nuthalapati N, Ramanathan V, Strochlic DE, Ferket P, Linhart K, Ho C, Novoselova TV, Garg S, Ridderstråle M, Marcus C, Hirschhorn JN, Keogh JM, O’Rahilly S, Chan LF, Clark AJ, Farooqi IS, Majzoub JA. Loss of function of the melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 is associated with mammalian obesity. Science 2013; 341:275-8. [PMID: 23869016 PMCID: PMC3788688 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortin receptor accessory proteins (MRAPs) modulate signaling of melanocortin receptors in vitro. To investigate the physiological role of brain-expressed melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2), we characterized mice with whole-body and brain-specific targeted deletion of Mrap2, both of which develop severe obesity at a young age. Mrap2 interacts directly with melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r), a protein previously implicated in mammalian obesity, and it enhances Mc4r-mediated generation of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate, suggesting that alterations in Mc4r signaling may be one mechanism underlying the association between Mrap2 disruption and obesity. In a study of humans with severe, early-onset obesity, we found four rare, potentially pathogenic genetic variants in MRAP2, suggesting that the gene may also contribute to body weight regulation in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Asai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Pathology, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shwetha Ramachandrappa
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Joachim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yuan Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Nikhil Nuthalapati
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Visali Ramanathan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David E. Strochlic
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Peter Ferket
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Kirsten Linhart
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Caroline Ho
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tatiana V. Novoselova
- William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology Queen Mary, University of London Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sumedha Garg
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Ridderstråle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden and Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Claude Marcus
- Department for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Division of Pediatrics, National Childhood Obesity Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Julia M. Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Li F. Chan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology Queen Mary, University of London Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Adrian J. Clark
- William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology Queen Mary, University of London Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph A. Majzoub
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Valsalan R, Krishnan A, Almén MS, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB. Early vertebrate origin of melanocortin 2 receptor accessory proteins (MRAPs). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 188:123-32. [PMID: 23370304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) accessory proteins, MRAP, along with its homolog, MRAP2, are two among a growing number of G protein-coupled receptor accessory proteins that have been identified in recent years. These proteins interact directly with MC2R and are essential for trafficking of this receptor from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface, where it mediates the effects of ACTH. lthough earlier studies have identified MRAP and MRAP2 subtypes in distant species, an overall evolutionary analysis of these families is still missing. Here, we performed a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the MRAP and MRAP2 homologs based on whole genome sequences. We systematically mined and analyzed the genomes of metazoans to identify these genes. Overall, we identified 70 sequences of MRAP and MRAP2 from 44 species belonging to several vertebrate lineages, including at least 40 new sequences previously not reported in the literature. Herein, we provide evidence that MRAP2 is likely to be the ancestor of the MRAP family because MRAP2-like protein, but not MRAP, was identified in Petromyzon marinus (sea lamprey), which belong to an ancient basal vertebrate lineage. Later in vertebrate evolution, MRAP2 duplicated and gave rise to MRAP in an event before the emergence of actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes). However, we observed losses of MRAP in sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish), amphibians and reptiles while both subtypes are present in chicken and most mammals studied. Synteny analysis showed a conserved synteny within same lineages and an inversion of gene order between lineages. An evolutionary rate shift analysis indicated that these genes were under high purifying selection. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution and gene repertoire of MRAP and MRAP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravisankar Valsalan
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cerdá-Reverter JM, Agulleiro MJ, Cortés R, Sánchez E, Guillot R, Leal E, Fernández-Durán B, Puchol S, Eley M. Involvement of melanocortin receptor accessory proteins (MRAPs) in the function of melanocortin receptors. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 188:133-6. [PMID: 23410915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system integrates different agonists, competitive or inverse agonists, and receptors. Recent investigations have also discovered a specific system of melanocortin receptor accessory proteins (MRAPs) that are involved in the regulation of the functional expression of these receptors. MRAP1 mutations are responsible for type 2 familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD2), a rare autosomal disorder characterized by high plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) levels but severe cortisol deficiency. ACTH binds melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R), a G protein-coupled receptor, in the adrenal gland to promote corticosteroid synthesis. In the absence of MRAP1, MC2R cannot translocate from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane and ACTH-induced signaling is extinguished. A second MRAP protein, called MRAP2, also modulates MC2R activity. MRAPs also interact with the other melanocortin receptors, adjusting their pharmacological properties. In this paper, we briefly review the MRAP system and its interaction with melanocortin receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Cerdá-Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Torre de la Sal, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|