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Tsoi H, Fung NNC, Man EPS, Leung MH, You CP, Chan WL, Chan SY, Khoo US. SRSF5 Regulates the Expression of BQ323636.1 to Modulate Tamoxifen Resistance in ER-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082271. [PMID: 37190199 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
About 70% of breast cancer patients are oestrogen receptor-positive (ER +ve). Adjuvant endocrine therapy using tamoxifen (TAM) is an effective approach for preventing local recurrence and metastasis. However, around half of the patients will eventually develop resistance. Overexpression of BQ323636.1 (BQ) is one of the mechanisms that confer TAM resistance. BQ is an alternative splice variant of NCOR2. The inclusion of exon 11 generates mRNA for NCOR2, while the exclusion of exon 11 produces mRNA for BQ. The expression of SRSF5 is low in TAM-resistant breast cancer cells. Modulation of SRSF5 can affect the alternative splicing of NCOR2 to produce BQ. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that the knockdown of SRSF5 enhanced BQ expression, and conferred TAM resistance; in contrast, SRSF5 overexpression reduced BQ expression and, thus, reversed TAM resistance. Clinical investigation using a tissue microarray confirmed the inverse correlation of SRSF5 and BQ. Low SRSF5 expression was associated with TAM resistance, local recurrence and metastasis. Survival analyses showed that low SRSF5 expression was associated with poorer prognosis. We showed that SRPK1 can interact with SRSF5 to phosphorylate it. Inhibition of SRPK1 by a small inhibitor, SRPKIN-1, suppressed the phosphorylation of SRSF5. This enhanced the proportion of SRSF5 interacting with exon 11 of NCOR2, reducing the production of BQ mRNA. As expected, SRPKIN-1 reduced TAM resistance. Our study confirms that SRSF5 is essential for BQ expression. Modulating the activity of SRSF5 in ER +ve breast cancer will be a potential approach to combating TAM resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Tsoi
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nicholas Nok-Ching Fung
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ellen P S Man
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man-Hong Leung
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chan-Ping You
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Lok Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sum-Yin Chan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ui-Soon Khoo
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Rosenberg A, Sibley LD. Toxoplasma gondii secreted effectors co-opt host repressor complexes to inhibit necroptosis. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1186-1198.e8. [PMID: 34043960 PMCID: PMC8711274 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii translocates effector proteins into its host cell to subvert various host pathways. T. gondii effector TgIST blocks the transcription of interferon-stimulated genes to reduce immune defense. Interferons upregulate numerous genes, including protein kinase R (PKR), which induce necrosome formation to activate mixed-lineage-kinase-domain-like (MLKL) pseudokinase and induce necroptosis. Whether these interferon functions are targeted by Toxoplasma is unknown. Here, we examine secreted effectors that localize to the host cell nucleus and find that the chronic bradyzoite stage secretes effector TgNSM that targets the NCoR/SMRT complex, a repressor for various transcription factors, to inhibit interferon-regulated genes involved in cell death. TgNSM acts with TgIST to block IFN-driven expression of PKR and MLKL, thus preventing host cell necroptotic death and protecting the parasite's intracellular niche. The mechanism of action of TgNSM uncovers a role of NCoR/SMRT in necroptosis, assuring survival of intracellular cysts and chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rosenberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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3
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Leung MH, Tsoi H, Gong C, Man EPS, Zona S, Yao S, Lam EWF, Khoo US. A Splice Variant of NCOR2, BQ323636.1, Confers Chemoresistance in Breast Cancer by Altering the Activity of NRF2. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030533. [PMID: 32110852 PMCID: PMC7139508 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of female cancer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are vital in regulating signaling pathways that control cell survival and cell proliferation. Chemotherapeutic drugs such as anthracyclines induce cell death via ROS induction. Chemoresistance development is associated with adaptive response to oxidative stress. NRF2 is the main regulator of cytoprotective response to oxidative stress. NRF2 can enhance cell growth, antioxidant expression, and chemoresistance by providing growth advantage for malignant cells. Previously, we identified BQ323636.1 (BQ), a novel splice variant of nuclear co-repressor NCOR2, which can robustly predict tamoxifen resistance in primary breast cancer. In this study, we found that BQ was overexpressed in epirubicin-resistant cells and demonstrated that BQ overexpression could reduce the levels of epirubicin-induced ROS and confer epirubicin resistance. In vivo analysis using tissue microarray of primary breast cancer showed direct correlation between BQ expression and chemoresistance. In vitro experiments showed BQ could modulate NRF2 transcriptional activity and upregulate antioxidants. Luciferase reporter assays showed that although NCOR2 repressed the transcriptional activity of NRF2, the presence of BQ reduced this repressive activity. Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed that NCOR2 could bind to NRF2 and that this interaction was compromised by BQ overexpression, leading to increased transcriptional activity in NRF2. Our findings suggest BQ can regulate the NRF2 signaling pathway via interference with NCOR2 suppressive activity and reveals a novel role for BQ as a modulator of chemoresistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Hong Leung
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (M.-H.L.); (H.T.); (C.G.)
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ho Tsoi
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (M.-H.L.); (H.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Chun Gong
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (M.-H.L.); (H.T.); (C.G.)
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ellen PS Man
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (M.-H.L.); (H.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Stefania Zona
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Shang Yao
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eric W.-F. Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK
- Correspondence: (E.W.-F.L.); (U.-S.K.); Tel.: +44-7594-2810 (E.W.-F.L.); +852-22552664 (U.-S.K.); Fax: +852-2218-5205 (U.-S.K.)
| | - Ui-Soon Khoo
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (M.-H.L.); (H.T.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: (E.W.-F.L.); (U.-S.K.); Tel.: +44-7594-2810 (E.W.-F.L.); +852-22552664 (U.-S.K.); Fax: +852-2218-5205 (U.-S.K.)
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4
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Gong C, Man EPS, Tsoi H, Lee TKW, Lee P, Ma ST, Wong LS, Luk MY, Rakha EA, Green AR, Ellis IO, Lam EWF, Cheung KL, Khoo US. BQ323636.1, a Novel Splice Variant to NCOR2, as a Predictor for Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3681-3691. [PMID: 29420220 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Adjuvant tamoxifen treatment revolutionized the management of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers to prevent cancer recurrence; however, drug resistance compromises its clinical efficacy. The mechanisms underlying tamoxifen resistance are not fully understood, and no robust biomarker is available to reliably predict those who will be resistant. Here, we study BQ323636.1, a novel splice variant of the NCOR2 gene, and evaluate its efficacy in predicting tamoxifen resistance in patients with breast cancer.Experimental Design: A monoclonal anti-BQ323636.1 antibody that specifically recognizes the unique epitope of this splice variant was generated for in vitro mechanistic studies and for in vivo analysis by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays of two independent cohorts of 358 patients with more than 10 years clinical follow-up data, who had ER-positive primary breast cancer and received adjuvant tamoxifen treatment. An orthotopic mouse model was also used.Results: Overexpression of BQ323636.1 conferred resistance to tamoxifen in both in vitro and in an orthotopic mouse model. Mechanistically, coimmunoprecipitation showed BQ323636.1 could bind to NCOR2 and inhibit the formation of corepressor complex for the suppression of ER signaling. Nuclear BQ3232636.1 overexpression in patients samples was significantly associated with tamoxifen resistance (P = 1.79 × 10-6, sensitivity 52.9%, specificity 72.0%). In tamoxifen-treated patients, nuclear BQ323636.1 overexpression was significantly correlated with cancer metastasis and disease relapse. Nuclear BQ323636.1 was also significantly associated with poorer overall survival (P = 1.13 × 10-4) and disease-specific survival (P = 4.02 × 10-5).Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that BQ323636.1 can be a reliable biomarker to predict tamoxifen resistance in patients with ER-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 24(15); 3681-91. ©2018 AACRSee related commentary by Jordan, p. 3480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Gong
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen P S Man
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Tsoi
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Terence K W Lee
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Lee
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sai-Ting Ma
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lai-San Wong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Mai-Yee Luk
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Green
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Academic Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kwok-Leung Cheung
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ui-Soon Khoo
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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5
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Clarisse D, Thommis J, Van Wesemael K, Houtman R, Ratman D, Tavernier J, Offner F, Beck I, De Bosscher K. Coregulator profiling of the glucocorticoid receptor in lymphoid malignancies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109675-109691. [PMID: 29312638 PMCID: PMC5752551 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coregulators cooperate with nuclear receptors, such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), to enhance or repress transcription. These regulatory proteins are implicated in cancer, yet, their role in lymphoid malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), is largely unknown. Here, we report the use and extension of the microarray assay for real-time nuclear receptor coregulator interactions (MARCoNI) technology to detect coregulator associations with endogenous GR in cell lysates. We use MARCoNI to determine the GR coregulator profile of glucocorticoid-sensitive (MM and ALL) and glucocorticoid-resistant (ALL) cells, and identify common and unique coregulators for different cell line comparisons. Overall, we identify SRC-1/2/3, PGC-1α, RIP140 and DAX-1 as the strongest interacting coregulators of GR in MM and ALL cells and show that the interaction strength does not correlate with GR protein levels. Lastly, as a step towards patient samples, we determine the GR coregulator profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We profile the interactions between GR and coregulators in MM and ALL cells and suggest to further explore the GR coregulator profile in hematological patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Clarisse
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab (NRL) and Cytokine Receptor Lab (CRL), VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Thommis
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab (NRL) and Cytokine Receptor Lab (CRL), VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karlien Van Wesemael
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International B.V., 's Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Dariusz Ratman
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab (NRL) and Cytokine Receptor Lab (CRL), VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Current/Present address: Roche Global IT Solutions, Roche-Polska, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab (NRL) and Cytokine Receptor Lab (CRL), VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fritz Offner
- Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Beck
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Health Sciences, Odisee University College, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab (NRL) and Cytokine Receptor Lab (CRL), VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Hirano K, Yoshida H, Aya K, Kawamura M, Hayashi M, Hobo T, Sato-Izawa K, Kitano H, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Matsuoka M. SMALL ORGAN SIZE 1 and SMALL ORGAN SIZE 2/DWARF AND LOW-TILLERING Form a Complex to Integrate Auxin and Brassinosteroid Signaling in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:590-604. [PMID: 28069545 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although auxin and brassinosteroid (BR) synergistically control various plant responses, the molecular mechanism underlying the auxin-BR crosstalk is not well understood. We previously identified SMOS1, an auxin-regulated APETALA2-type transcription factor, as the causal gene of the small organ size 1 (smos1) mutant that is characterized by a decreased final size of various organs in rice. In this study, we identified another smos mutant, smos2, which shows the phenotype indistinguishable from smos1. SMOS2 was identical to the previously reported DWARF AND LOW-TILLERING (DLT), which encodes a GRAS protein involved in BR signaling. SMOS1 and SMOS2/DLT physically interact to cooperatively enhance transcriptional transactivation activity in yeast and in rice nuclei. Consistently, the expression of OsPHI-1, a direct target of SMOS1, is upregulated only when SMOS1 and SMOS2/DLT proteins are both present in rice cells. Taken together, our results suggest that SMOS1 and SMOS2/DLT form a keystone complex on auxin-BR signaling crosstalk in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Hirano
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Koichiro Aya
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kawamura
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tokunori Hobo
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kanna Sato-Izawa
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kitano
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Matsuoka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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7
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Short S, Peterkin T, Guille M, Patient R, Sharpe C. Short linear motif acquisition, exon formation and alternative splicing determine a pathway to diversity for NCoR-family co-repressors. Open Biol 2016; 5:rsob.150063. [PMID: 26289800 PMCID: PMC4554918 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate NCoR-family co-repressors play central roles in the timing of embryo and stem cell differentiation by repressing the activity of a range of transcription factors. They interact with nuclear receptors using short linear motifs (SLiMs) termed co-repressor for nuclear receptor (CoRNR) boxes. Here, we identify the pathway leading to increasing co-repressor diversity across the deuterostomes. The final complement of CoRNR boxes arose in an ancestral cephalochordate, and was encoded in one large exon; the urochordates and vertebrates then split this region between 10 and 12 exons. In Xenopus, alternative splicing is prevalent in NCoR2, but absent in NCoR1. We show for one NCoR1 exon that alternative splicing can be recovered by a single point mutation, suggesting NCoR1 lost the capacity for alternative splicing. Analyses in Xenopus and zebrafish identify that cellular context, rather than gene sequence, predominantly determines species differences in alternative splicing. We identify a pathway to diversity for the NCoR family beginning with the addition of a SLiM, followed by gene duplication, the generation of alternatively spliced isoforms and their differential deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Short
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Tessa Peterkin
- The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Matthew Guille
- Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK European Xenopus Resource Centre, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Roger Patient
- The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Colin Sharpe
- Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK European Xenopus Resource Centre, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
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8
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Qu C, He D, Lu X, Dong L, Zhu Y, Zhao Q, Jiang X, Chang P, Jiang X, Wang L, Zhang Y, Bi L, He J, Peng Y, Su J, Zhang H, Huang H, Li Y, Zhou S, Qu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Z. Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK1) regulates HCC progression and WNT/β-catenin activation. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1076-1089. [PMID: 26778753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In this study, we investigated the role of salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) and its possible mechanisms in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry, luciferase reporter, Chromatin immunoprecipitation, in vitro kinase assays and a mouse model were used to examine the role of SIK1 on the β-catenin signaling pathway. RESULTS SIK1 was significantly downregulated in HCC compared with normal controls. Its introduction in HCC cells markedly suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor growth and lung metastasis in xenograft tumor models. The effect of SIK1 on tumor development occurs at least partially through regulation of β-catenin, as evidenced by the fact that SIK1 overexpression leads to repression of β-catenin transcriptional activity, while SIK1 depletion has the opposite effect. Mechanistically, SIK1 phosphorylates the silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT) at threonine (T)1391, which promotes the association of nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR)/SMRT with transducin-beta-like protein 1 (TBL1)/transducing-beta-like 1 X-linked receptor 1 (TBLR1) and disrupts the binding of β-catenin to the TBL1/TBLR1 complex, thereby inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. However, SMRT-T1391A reverses the phenotype of SIK1 and promotes β-catenin transactivation. Twist1 is identified as a critical factor downstream of SIK1/β-catenin axis, and Twist1 knockdown (Twist1(KD)) reverses SIK1(KD)-mediated changes, whereas SIK1(KD)/Twist1(KD) double knockdown cells were less efficient in establishing tumor growth and metastasis than SIK1(KD) cells. The promoter activity of SIK1 were negatively regulated by Twist1, indicating that a double-negative feedback loop exists. Importantly, levels of SIK1 inversely correlate with Twist1 expression in human HCC specimens. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the critical roles of SIK1 and its targets in the regulation of HCC development and provides potential new candidates for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - De He
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Baoan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research)Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuekun Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengyu Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinping Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lizhe Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lirong Bi
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian He
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research)Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Peng
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research)Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing Su
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research)Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Medicine, College of Clinical Science, Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research)Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sufang Zhou
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research)Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yaqin Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research)Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research)Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Surgery, Robert-Wood-Johnson Medical School University Hospital, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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9
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di Masi A, Leboffe L, De Marinis E, Pagano F, Cicconi L, Rochette-Egly C, Lo-Coco F, Ascenzi P, Nervi C. Retinoic acid receptors: from molecular mechanisms to cancer therapy. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 41:1-115. [PMID: 25543955 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the major bioactive metabolite of retinol or vitamin A, induces a spectrum of pleiotropic effects in cell growth and differentiation that are relevant for embryonic development and adult physiology. The RA activity is mediated primarily by members of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subfamily, namely RARα, RARβ and RARγ, which belong to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors. RARs form heterodimers with members of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) subfamily and act as ligand-regulated transcription factors through binding specific RA response elements (RAREs) located in target genes promoters. RARs also have non-genomic effects and activate kinase signaling pathways, which fine-tune the transcription of the RA target genes. The disruption of RA signaling pathways is thought to underlie the etiology of a number of hematological and non-hematological malignancies, including leukemias, skin cancer, head/neck cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, glioblastoma and neuroblastoma. Of note, RA and its derivatives (retinoids) are employed as potential chemotherapeutic or chemopreventive agents because of their differentiation, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-oxidant effects. In humans, retinoids reverse premalignant epithelial lesions, induce the differentiation of myeloid normal and leukemic cells, and prevent lung, liver, and breast cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that regulate the RA and retinoid signaling pathways. Moreover, mechanisms through which deregulation of RA signaling pathways ultimately impact on cancer are examined. Finally, the therapeutic effects of retinoids are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra di Masi
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Roma I-00146, Italy
| | - Loris Leboffe
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Roma I-00146, Italy
| | - Elisabetta De Marinis
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100
| | - Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100
| | - Laura Cicconi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Roma I-00133, Italy; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncohematology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, 306, Roma I-00142, Italy
| | - Cécile Rochette-Egly
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104 - Inserm U 964, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, Illkirch Cedex F-67404, France.
| | - Francesco Lo-Coco
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Roma I-00133, Italy; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncohematology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, 306, Roma I-00142, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, Roma I-00146, Italy.
| | - Clara Nervi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100.
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10
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Rochette-Egly C. Retinoic acid signaling and mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation: Cross talk between genomic and non-genomic effects of RA. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:66-75. [PMID: 24768681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the active derivative of vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin, plays key roles in cell growth and differentiation by activating nuclear receptors, RARs (α, β and γ), which are ligand dependent regulators of transcription. The past years highlighted several novelties in the field that increased the complexity of RA effects. Indeed, in addition to its classical genomic effects, RA also has extranuclear and non-transcriptional effects. RA induces the rapid and transient activation of kinase cascades, which are integrated in the nucleus via the phosphorylation of RARs at a conserved serine residue located in the N-terminal domain and their coregulators. In order to investigate the relevance of RARs' phosphorylation in cell differentiation, mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells were used as a model. When treated with RA, these pluripotent cells give rise to neuronal cells. Cells invalidated for each RAR were generated as well as stable rescue lines expressing RARs mutated in phosphor acceptor sites. Such a strategy revealed that RA-induced neuronal differentiation involves the RARγ2 subtype and requires RARγ2 phosphorylation. Moreover, in gene expression profiling experiments, the phosphorylated form of RARγ2 was found to regulate a small subset of genes through binding a novel RA response element consisting of two direct repeats with a 7 base pair spacer. These new findings suggest an important role for RAR phosphorylation during cell differentiation, and pave the way for further investigations with other cell types and during embryonic development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Linking transcription to physiology in lipodomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Rochette-Egly
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), INSERM, U964; CNRS, UMR7104; Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.
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11
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Piskunov A, Al Tanoury Z, Rochette-Egly C. Nuclear and extra-nuclear effects of retinoid acid receptors: how they are interconnected. Subcell Biochem 2014; 70:103-127. [PMID: 24962883 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9050-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR α, β and γ) and their isoforms are ligand-dependent regulators of transcription Transcription , which mediate the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (RA), the active endogenous metabolite of Vitamin A. They heterodimerize with Retinoid X Receptors (RXRs α, β and γ), and regulate the expression of a battery of target genes Target genes involved in cell growth and differentiation Differentiation . During the two last decades, the description of the crystallographic structures of RARs, the characterization of the polymorphic response elements of their target genes Target genes , and the identification of the multiprotein complexes involved in their transcriptional activity have provided a wealth of information on their pleiotropic effects. However, the regulatory scenario became even more complicated once it was discovered that RARs are phosphoproteins and that RA can activate kinase signaling cascades via a pool of RARs present in membrane lipid rafts. Now it is known that these RA-activated kinases Kinases translocate to the nucleus where they phosphorylate RARs and other retinoid signaling factors. The phosphorylation Phosphorylation state of the RARs dictates whether the transcriptional programs which are known to be induced by RA are facilitated and/or switched on. Thus, kinase signaling pathways appear to be crucial for fine-tuning the appropriate physiological activity of RARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Piskunov
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), INSERM, U964, CNRS, UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP 10142, 67404, Illkirch Cedex, France,
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12
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors are transcription factors that regulate gene expression through the ligand-controlled recruitment of a diverse group of proteins known as coregulators. Most nuclear receptor coregulators function in large multi-protein complexes that modify chromatin and thereby regulate the transcription of target genes. Structural and functional studies are beginning to reveal how these complexes are assembled bringing together multiple functionalities that mediate: recruitment to specific genomic loci through interaction with transcription factors; recruitment of enzymatic activities that either modify or remodel chromatin and targeting the complexes to their chromatin substrate. These activities are regulated by post-translational modifications, alternative splicing and small signalling molecules. This review focuses on our current understanding of coregulator complexes and aims to highlight the common principles that are beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Millard
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN. UK
| | - Peter J. Watson
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN. UK
| | - Louise Fairall
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN. UK
| | - John W.R. Schwabe
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN. UK
- Correspondence to:
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13
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Mottis A, Mouchiroud L, Auwerx J. Emerging roles of the corepressors NCoR1 and SMRT in homeostasis. Genes Dev 2013; 27:819-35. [PMID: 23630073 DOI: 10.1101/gad.214023.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is strongly influenced by the accessibility of nucleosomal DNA or the state of chromatin compaction. In this context, coregulators, including both coactivators and corepressors, are pivotal intermediates that bridge chromatin-modifying enzymes and transcription factors. NCoR1 (nuclear receptor corepressor) and SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor) are among the best-characterized corepressors from a molecular point of view. These coregulators have conserved orthologs in lower organisms, which underscores their functional importance. Here we summarize the results from recent in vivo studies that reveal the wide-ranging roles of NCoR1 and SMRT in developmental as well as homeostatic processes, including metabolism, inflammation, and circadian rhythms. We also discuss the potential implications of NCoR1 and SMRT regulation of pathways ranging from genomic stability and carcinogenesis to metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Mottis
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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14
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Lin HY, Su YF, Hsieh MT, Lin S, Meng R, London D, Lin C, Tang HY, Hwang J, Davis FB, Mousa SA, Davis PJ. Nuclear monomeric integrin αv in cancer cells is a coactivator regulated by thyroid hormone. FASEB J 2013; 27:3209-16. [PMID: 23640055 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-227132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone induces tumor cell and blood vessel cell proliferation via a cell surface receptor on heterodimeric integrin αvβ3. We investigated the role of thyroid hormone-induced internalization of nuclear integrin αv monomer. Physiological concentration of thyroxine (free T4, 10(-10) M), but not 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3), induced cellular internalization and nuclear translocation of integrin αv monomer in human non-small-cell lung cancer (H522) and ovarian carcinoma (OVCAR-3) cells. T4 did not complex with integrin αv monomer during its internalization. The αv monomer was phosphorylated by activated ERK1/2 when it heterodimerized with integrin β3 in vitro. Nuclear αv complexed with transcriptional coactivator proteins, p300 and STAT1, and with corepressor proteins, NCoR and SMRT. Nuclear αv monomer in T4-exposed cells, but not integrin β3, bound to promoters of specific genes that have important roles in cancer cells, including estrogen receptor-α, cyclooxygenase-2, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and thyroid hormone receptor β1 in chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. In summary, monomeric αv is a novel coactivator regulated from the cell surface by thyroid hormone for the expression of genes involved in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. This study also offers a mechanism for modulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone that is adjunctive to the nuclear hormone receptor (TR)-T3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yun Lin
- Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Shin St., Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Choi HK, Yoo JY, Jeong MH, Park SY, Shin DM, Jang SW, Yoon HG, Choi KC. Protein kinase A phosphorylates NCoR to enhance its nuclear translocation and repressive function in human prostate cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1159-65. [PMID: 23129261 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates diverse protein substrates to modulate their function. In this study, we found that PKA specifically phosphorylates the RD1 (repression domain 1) domain of nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR). We demonstrated that the Serine-70 of NCoR is identified the critical amino acid for PKA-dependent NCoR phosphorylation. Importantly, we found that PKA-dependent phosphorylation enhances the nuclear translocation of NCoR. More importantly, the activation of PKA enhanced the repressive activity of NCoR in a reporter assay and potentiated the antagonist activity in the androgen receptor (AR)-mediated transcription. Taken together, these results uncover a regulatory mechanism by which PKA positively modulates NCoR function in transcriptional regulation in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Kyoung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences Korea, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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16
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Al Tanoury Z, Piskunov A, Rochette-Egly C. Vitamin A and retinoid signaling: genomic and nongenomic effects. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1761-75. [PMID: 23440512 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r030833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A or retinol is arguably the most multifunctional vitamin in the human body, as it is essential from embryogenesis to adulthood. The pleiotropic effects of vitamin A are exerted mainly by one active metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), which regulates the expression of a battery of target genes through several families of nuclear receptors (RARs, RXRs, and PPARβ/δ), polymorphic retinoic acid (RA) response elements, and multiple coregulators. It also involves extranuclear and nontranscriptional effects, such as the activation of kinase cascades, which are integrated in the nucleus via the phosphorylation of several actors of RA signaling. However, vitamin A itself proved recently to be active and RARs to be present in the cytosol to regulate translation and cell plasticity. These new concepts expand the scope of the biologic functions of vitamin A and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Al Tanoury
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, CNRS, UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
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17
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You SH, Lim HW, Sun Z, Broache M, Won KJ, Lazar MA. Nuclear receptor co-repressors are required for the histone-deacetylase activity of HDAC3 in vivo. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:182-7. [PMID: 23292142 PMCID: PMC3565028 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is an epigenome-modifying enzyme that is required for normal mouse development and tissue-specific functions. In vitro, HDAC3 protein itself has minimal enzyme activity but gains its histone-deacetylation function from stable association with the conserved deacetylase-activating domain (DAD) contained in nuclear receptor co-repressors NCOR1 and SMRT. Here we show that HDAC3 enzyme activity is undetectable in mice bearing point mutations in the DAD of both NCOR1 and SMRT (NS-DADm), despite having normal levels of HDAC3 protein. Local histone acetylation is increased, and genomic HDAC3 recruitment is reduced though not abrogated. Notably, NS-DADm mice are born and live to adulthood, whereas genetic deletion of HDAC3 is embryonic lethal. These findings demonstrate that nuclear receptor co-repressors are required for HDAC3 enzyme activity in vivo and suggest that a deacetylase-independent function of HDAC3 may be required for life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hee You
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hee-Woong Lim
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Molly Broache
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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18
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Watson PJ, Fairall L, Schwabe JW. Nuclear hormone receptor co-repressors: structure and function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:440-9. [PMID: 21925568 PMCID: PMC3315023 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Co-repressor proteins, such as SMRT and NCoR, mediate the repressive activity of unliganded nuclear receptors and other transcription factors. They appear to act as intrinsically disordered "hub proteins" that integrate the activities of a range of transcription factors with a number of histone modifying enzymes. Although these co-repressor proteins are challenging targets for structural studies due to their largely unstructured character, a number of structures have recently been determined of co-repressor interaction regions in complex with their interacting partners. These have yielded considerable insight into the mechanism of assembly of these complexes, the structural basis for the specificity of the interactions and also open opportunities for targeting these interactions therapeutically.
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19
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Soriano FX, Hardingham GE. In cortical neurons HDAC3 activity suppresses RD4-dependent SMRT export. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21056. [PMID: 21695276 PMCID: PMC3111469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional corepressor SMRT controls neuronal responsiveness of several transcription factors and can regulate neuroprotective and neurogenic pathways. SMRT is a multi-domain protein that complexes with HDAC3 as well as being capable of interactions with HDACs 1, 4, 5 and 7. We previously showed that in rat cortical neurons, nuclear localisation of SMRT requires histone deacetylase activity: Inhibition of class I/II HDACs by treatment with trichostatin A (TSA) causes redistribution of SMRT to the cytoplasm, and potentiates the activation of SMRT-repressed nuclear receptors. Here we have sought to identify the HDAC(s) and region(s) of SMRT responsible for anchoring it in the nucleus under normal circumstances and for mediating nuclear export following HDAC inhibition. We show that in rat cortical neurons SMRT export can be triggered by treatment with the class I-preferring HDAC inhibitor valproate and the HDAC2/3-selective inhibitor apicidin, and by HDAC3 knockdown, implicating HDAC3 activity as being required to maintain SMRT in the nucleus. HDAC3 interaction with SMRT's deacetylation activation domain (DAD) is known to be important for activation of HDAC3 deacetylase function. Consistent with a role for HDAC3 activity in promoting SMRT nuclear localization, we found that inactivation of SMRT's DAD by deletion or point mutation triggered partial redistribution of SMRT to the cytoplasm. We also investigated whether other regions of SMRT were involved in mediating nuclear export following HDAC inhibition. TSA- and valproate-induced SMRT export was strongly impaired by deletion of its repression domain-4 (RD4). Furthermore, over-expression of a region of SMRT containing the RD4 region suppressed TSA-induced export of full-length SMRT. Collectively these data support a model whereby SMRT's RD4 region can recruit factors capable of mediating nuclear export of SMRT, but whose function and/or recruitment is suppressed by HDAC3 activity. Furthermore, they underline the fact that HDAC inhibitors can cause reorganization and redistribution of corepressor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc X Soriano
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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20
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Rajendran P, Delage B, Dashwood WM, Yu TW, Wuth B, Williams DE, Ho E, Dashwood RH. Histone deacetylase turnover and recovery in sulforaphane-treated colon cancer cells: competing actions of 14-3-3 and Pin1 in HDAC3/SMRT corepressor complex dissociation/reassembly. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:68. [PMID: 21624135 PMCID: PMC3127849 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are currently undergoing clinical evaluation as anti-cancer agents. Dietary constituents share certain properties of HDAC inhibitor drugs, including the ability to induce global histone acetylation, turn-on epigenetically-silenced genes, and trigger cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, or differentiation in cancer cells. One such example is sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from the glucosinolate precursor glucoraphanin, which is abundant in broccoli. Here, we examined the time-course and reversibility of SFN-induced HDAC changes in human colon cancer cells. Results Cells underwent progressive G2/M arrest over the period 6-72 h after SFN treatment, during which time HDAC activity increased in the vehicle-treated controls but not in SFN-treated cells. There was a time-dependent loss of class I and selected class II HDAC proteins, with HDAC3 depletion detected ahead of other HDACs. Mechanism studies revealed no apparent effect of calpain, proteasome, protease or caspase inhibitors, but HDAC3 was rescued by cycloheximide or actinomycin D treatment. Among the protein partners implicated in the HDAC3 turnover mechanism, silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT) was phosphorylated in the nucleus within 6 h of SFN treatment, as was HDAC3 itself. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed SFN-induced dissociation of HDAC3/SMRT complexes coinciding with increased binding of HDAC3 to 14-3-3 and peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase 1 (Pin1). Pin1 knockdown blocked the SFN-induced loss of HDAC3. Finally, SFN treatment for 6 or 24 h followed by SFN removal from the culture media led to complete recovery of HDAC activity and HDAC protein expression, during which time cells were released from G2/M arrest. Conclusion The current investigation supports a model in which protein kinase CK2 phosphorylates SMRT and HDAC3 in the nucleus, resulting in dissociation of the corepressor complex and enhanced binding of HDAC3 to 14-3-3 or Pin1. In the cytoplasm, release of HDAC3 from 14-3-3 followed by nuclear import is postulated to compete with a Pin1 pathway that directs HDAC3 for degradation. The latter pathway predominates in colon cancer cells exposed continuously to SFN, whereas the former pathway is likely to be favored when SFN has been removed within 24 h, allowing recovery from cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rajendran
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-6512, USA
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21
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Oberoi J, Fairall L, Watson PJ, Yang JC, Czimmerer Z, Kampmann T, Goult BT, Greenwood JA, Gooch JT, Kallenberger BC, Nagy L, Neuhaus D, Schwabe JW. Structural basis for the assembly of the SMRT/NCoR core transcriptional repression machinery. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:177-84. [PMID: 21240272 PMCID: PMC3232451 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic transcriptional repressors function by recruiting large coregulatory complexes that target histone deacetylase enzymes to gene promoters and enhancers. Transcriptional repression complexes, assembled by the corepressor NCoR and its homolog SMRT, are crucial in many processes, including development and metabolic physiology. The core repression complex involves the recruitment of three proteins, HDAC3, GPS2 and TBL1, to a highly conserved repression domain within SMRT and NCoR. We have used structural and functional approaches to gain insight into the architecture and biological role of this complex. We report the crystal structure of the tetrameric oligomerization domain of TBL1, which interacts with both SMRT and GPS2, and the NMR structure of the interface complex between GPS2 and SMRT. These structures, together with computational docking, mutagenesis and functional assays, reveal the assembly mechanism and stoichiometry of the corepressor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeen Oberoi
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester. LE1 9HN
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge. CB2 0QH
| | - Louise Fairall
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester. LE1 9HN
| | - Peter J. Watson
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester. LE1 9HN
| | - Ji-Chun Yang
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge. CB2 0QH
| | - Zsolt Czimmerer
- Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Building, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1. H-4032 Hungary
| | - Thorsten Kampmann
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester. LE1 9HN
| | - Benjamin T. Goult
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester. LE1 9HN
| | - Jacquie A. Greenwood
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester. LE1 9HN
| | - John T. Gooch
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge. CB2 0QH
| | | | - Laszlo Nagy
- Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Building, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1. H-4032 Hungary
| | - David Neuhaus
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge. CB2 0QH
| | - John W.R. Schwabe
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester. LE1 9HN
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