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Huang XY, Chen JX, Ren Y, Luo HL, Xiang W, He XJ, Li TY. Postnatal feeding with high-fat combined with high-glucose diet induces precocious puberty in Sprague‒Dawley rat pups. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 693:149199. [PMID: 38118311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
With economic development and overnutrition, including high-fat diets (HFD) and high-glucose diets (HGD), the incidence of obesity in children is increasing, and thus, the incidence of precocious puberty is increasing. Therefore, it is of great importance to construct a suitable animal model of overnutrition-induced precocious puberty for further in-depth study. Here, we fed a HFD, HGD, or HFD combined with a HGD to pups after P-21 weaning, while weaned pups fed a normal diet served as the control group. The results showed that HFD combined with a HGD increased the body weight (BW) of weaned rat pups. In addition, a HFD, HGD, and HFD combined with a HGD lowered the age at which vaginal opening occurred and accelerated the vaginal cell cycle. Furthermore, a HFD combined with a HGD increased the weight of the uterus and ovaries of weaned rat pups. Additionally, a HFD combined with a HGD promoted the development of reproductive organs in weaned female rat pups. Ultimately, a HFD combined with a HGD was found to elevate the serum levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), leptin, adiponectin, and oestradiol (E2) and increase hypothalamic GnRH, Kiss-1, and GPR54 expression levels in weaned female rat pups. The current study found that overnutrition, such as that through a HFD combined with HGD, could induce precocious puberty in weaned female rat pups. In addition, a rat model of overnutrition-induced precocious puberty was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Department of Genetics, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ji-Xiong Chen
- Department of Medical Care Center, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Paediatrics, Haikou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Hai-Ling Luo
- Department of Genetics, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Genetics, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, Hainan, China.
| | - Xiao-Jie He
- Department of Paediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Ting-Yu Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.
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Li Y, Zhang H, Li Q, Huang X, Kong X. Association of the KISS1, LIN28B, VDR and ERα gene polymorphisms with early and fast puberty in Chinese girls. Gynecol Endocrinol 2023; 39:2181653. [PMID: 36828304 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2023.2181653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the association of KISS1, LIN28B, vitamin D receptor (VDR), and estrogen receptor α (ERα) gene polymorphisms and the risk of early with fast puberty (EFP) risk, and with hormone levels in EFP cases, in Chinese girls. METHODS The analysis was based on the data of 141 girls with EFP and 152 girls without EFP. Clinical features were documented, and all SNP genotyping was conducted using SNaPshot method. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the association of the SNPs with EFP risk, and with hormone levels in EFP cases. RESULTS There was a significant association between rs7759938-C polymorphism in the LIN28B gene and the risk for EFP in the recessive (TT + CT vs. CC) model (p = 0.040). Remarkably, rs5780218-delA polymorphism in the KISS1 gene and rs2234693-C polymorphism in the ERα gene were significantly associated with peak LH (luteinizing hormone) levels (p = 0.008, 0.045) and peak LH/FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) ratio (p = 0.007, 0.006). Additionally, on 7 of the 8 variant loci the alleles associated with increased levels of both peak LH levels and peak LH/FSH ratio in EFP cases were also associated with increased CPP risk. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that rs7759938-C polymorphism in the LIN28B gene might have a protective effect on EFP susceptibility. The most striking findings of this study is that, rs5780218-delA polymorphism in the KISS1 gene and rs2234693-C polymorphism in the ERα gene influenced levels of GnRH-stimulated peak LH and LH/FSH ratio, and in general CPP risk genes might also contributes to the abnormality of hormonal levels in EFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Huifeng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province/the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xinwei Huang
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyang Kong
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
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The Role of Genetics in Central Precocious Puberty: Confirmed and Potential Neuroendocrine Genetic and Epigenetic Contributors and Their Interactions with Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). ENDOCRINES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines3030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing prevalence of central precocious puberty (CPP), most cases are still diagnosed as “idiopathic” due to the lack of identifiable findings of other diagnostic etiology. We are gaining greater insight into some key genes affecting neurotransmitters and receptors and how they stimulate or inhibit gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, as well as transcriptional and epigenetic influences. Although the genetic contributions to pubertal regulation are more established in the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) literature, cases of CPP have provided the opportunity to learn more about its own genetic influences. There have been clinically confirmed cases of CPP associated with gene mutations in kisspeptin and its receptor (KISS1, KISS1R), Delta-like noncanonical Notch ligand 1 (DLK1), and the now most commonly identified genetic cause of CPP, makorin ring finger protein (MKRN3). In addition to these proven genetic causes, a number of other candidates continue to be evaluated. After reviewing the basic clinical aspects of puberty, we summarize what is known about the various genetic and epigenetic causes of CPP as well as discuss some of the potential effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on some of these processes.
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Abstract
Pubertal onset is known to result from reactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which is controlled by complex interactions of genetic and nongenetic factors. Most cases of precocious puberty (PP) are diagnosed as central PP (CPP), defined as premature activation of the HPG axis. The cause of CPP in most girls is not identifiable and, thus, referred to as idiopathic CPP (ICPP), whereas boys are more likely to have an organic lesion in the brain. ICPP has a genetic background, as supported by studies showing that maternal age at menarche is associated with pubertal timing in their offspring. A gain of expression in the kisspeptin gene (KISS1), gain-of-function mutation in the kisspeptin receptor gene (KISS1R), loss-of-function mutation in makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3), and loss-of-function mutations in the delta-like homolog 1 gene (DLK1) have been associated with ICPP. Other genes, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 (GABRA1), lin-28 homolog B (LIN28B), neuropeptide Y (NPYR), tachykinin 3 (TAC3), and tachykinin receptor 3 (TACR3), have been implicated in the progression of ICPP, although their relationships require elucidation. Environmental and socioeconomic factors may also be correlated with ICPP. In the progression of CPP, epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and noncoding ribonucleic acids may mediate the relationship between genetic and environmental factors. CPP is correlated with short- and long-term adverse health outcomes, which forms the rationale for research focusing on understanding its genetic and nongenetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Suk Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae Sang Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin Soon Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Mele E, D’Auria R, Scafuro M, Marino M, Fasano S, Viggiano A, Pierantoni R, Santoro A, Meccariello R. Differential Expression of Kisspeptin System and Kisspeptin Receptor Trafficking during Spermatozoa Transit in the Epididymis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020295. [PMID: 35205340 PMCID: PMC8871750 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus–pituitary–testis axis controls the production of spermatozoa, and the kisspeptin system, comprising Kiss1 and Kiss1 receptor (Kiss1R), is the main central gatekeeper. The activity of the kisspeptin system also occurs in testis and spermatozoa, but currently the need of peripheral kisspeptin to produce gametes is not fully understood. Hence, we characterized kisspeptin system in rat spermatozoa and epididymis caput and cauda and analyzed the possible presence of Kiss1 in the epididymal fluid. The presence of Kiss1 and Kiss1R in spermatozoa collected from epididymis caput and cauda was evaluated by Western blot; significant high Kiss1 levels in the caput (p < 0.001 vs. cauda) and constant levels of Kiss1R proteins were observed. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the localization of Kiss1R in sperm head shifts from the posterior region in the epididymis caput to perforatorium in the epididymis cauda. In spermatozoa-free epididymis, Western blot revealed higher expression of Kiss1 and Kiss1R in caput (p < 0.05 vs. cauda). Moreover, immunohistochemistry revealed that Kiss1 and Kiss1R proteins were mainly localized in the secretory epithelial cell types and in contractile myoid cells, respectively. Finally, both dot blot and Elisa revealed the presence of Kiss1 in the epididymal fluid collected from epididymis cauda and caput, indicating that rat epididymis and spermatozoa possess a complete kisspeptin system. In conclusion, we reported for the first time in rodents Kiss1R trafficking in spermatozoa during the epididymis transit and Kiss1 measure in the epididymal fluid, thus suggesting a possible role for the system in spermatozoa maturation and storage within the epididymis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mele
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples Parthenope, Via Medina 40, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Raffaella D’Auria
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (R.D.); (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Marika Scafuro
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marianna Marino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (R.D.); (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Silvia Fasano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Costantinpoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.F.); (R.P.)
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (R.D.); (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Riccardo Pierantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Costantinpoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.F.); (R.P.)
| | - Antonietta Santoro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (R.D.); (M.M.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Rosaria Meccariello
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples Parthenope, Via Medina 40, 80133 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (R.M.)
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Calcaterra V, Verduci E, Magenes VC, Pascuzzi MC, Rossi V, Sangiorgio A, Bosetti A, Zuccotti G, Mameli C. The Role of Pediatric Nutrition as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Precocious Puberty. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1353. [PMID: 34947884 PMCID: PMC8706413 DOI: 10.3390/life11121353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a critical phase of growth and development characterized by a complex process regulated by the neuroendocrine system. Precocious puberty (PP) is defined as the appearance of physical and hormonal signs of pubertal development at an earlier age than is considered normal. The timing of puberty has important public health, clinical, and social implications. In fact, it is crucial in psychological and physical development and can impact future health. Nutritional status is considered as one of the most important factors modulating pubertal development. This narrative review presents an overview on the role of nutritional factors as determinants of the timing of sexual maturation, focusing on early-life and childhood nutrition. As reported, breast milk seems to have an important protective role against early puberty onset, mainly due to its positive influence on infant growth rate and childhood overweight prevention. The energy imbalance, macro/micronutrient food content, and dietary patterns may modulate the premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, inducing precocious activation of puberty. An increase in knowledge on the mechanism whereby nutrients may influence puberty will be useful in providing adequate nutritional recommendations to prevent PP and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Carlotta Magenes
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Martina Chiara Pascuzzi
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Virginia Rossi
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Arianna Sangiorgio
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Alessandra Bosetti
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mameli
- Pediatric Department, “Vittore Buzzi” Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (V.C.M.); (M.C.P.); (V.R.); (A.S.); (A.B.); (G.Z.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Bo T, Wen J, Gao W, Tang L, Liu M, Wang D. Influence of HFD-induced precocious puberty on neurodevelopment in mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:86. [PMID: 34530850 PMCID: PMC8447761 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00604-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precocious puberty is frequently associated with obesity, which will lead to long-term effects, especially on growth and reproduction. However, the effect of precocious puberty on children's neurodevelopment is still unknown. OBJECTIVES Here we evaluated the effect of High fat diet (HFD)-induced precocious puberty on neurodevelopment and behaviors of animals. METHODS Ovaries sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) using standard techniques. Behavioral tests included elevated plus maze (EPM), open field exploration, Y-Maze, marble burying test, and novelty- suppressed feeding. The expression of genes related to puberty and neural development was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS Our results showed HFD-induced precocious puberty increased the risk-taking behavior and decreased memory of mice. The content of Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and Arginine vasopressin (AVP) in hypothalamus were higher in HFD group than control group. Although the recovery of normal diet will gradually restore the body fat and other physiological index of mice, the anxiety increases in adult mice, and the memory is also damaged. CONCLUSIONS These findings describe the sensitivity of mice brain to HFD-induced precocious puberty and the irrecoverability of neural damage caused by precocious puberty. Therefore, avoiding HFD in childhood is important to prevent precocious puberty and neurodevelopmental impairment in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingbei Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Wen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Wenting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liqiu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Meccariello R, Fasano S, Pierantoni R. Kisspeptins, new local modulators of male reproduction: A comparative overview. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 299:113618. [PMID: 32950583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a complex process that leads to the production of male gametes within the testis through the coordination of mitotic, meiotic and differentiation events, under a deep control of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine modulators along the Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis. The kisspeptin system plays a fundamental role along the HPG axis as it is the main positive modulator upstream of the hypothalamic neurons that secrete the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), the decapeptide that supports pituitary gonadotropins and the production of gonadal sex steroid. Currently, kisspeptins and their receptor, KISS1R, have a recognized activity in the central control of puberty onset, sex maturation, reproduction and sex-steroid feedback mechanisms in both animal models and human. However, kisspeptin signaling has been widely reported in peripheral tissues, particularly in the testis of mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates, with functions related to Leydig cells physiology and steroid biosynthesis, spermatogenesis progression and spermatozoa functions, but its mandatory role within the testis is still a matter of discussion. This review provides a summary of the main intratesticular effects of kisspeptin in vertebrates, via a comparative approach. Particular emphasis was devoted to data from the anuran amphibian Pelophylax esculentus, the first animal model in which the direct intratesticular activity of kisspeptin was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Meccariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fasano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pierantoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
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Martins Trevisan C, Naslavsky MS, Monfardini F, Wang J, Zatz M, Peluso C, Pellegrino R, Mafra F, Hakonarson H, Ferreira FM, Nakaya H, Christofolini DM, Montagna E, Crandall KA, Barbosa CP, Bianco B. Variants in the Kisspeptin-GnRH Pathway Modulate the Hormonal Profile and Reproductive Outcomes. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1012-1022. [PMID: 32352843 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin has been identified as a key regulatory protein in the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which subsequently increases gonadotropin secretion during puberty to establish reproductive function and regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The effects of variants in the KISS1, KISS1R, and GNRHR genes and their possible association with assisted reproduction outcomes remain to be elucidated. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to investigate the associations of the genetic diversity at the candidate loci for KISS1, KISS1R, and GNRHR with the hormonal profiles and reproductive outcomes in 86 women who underwent in vitro fertilization treatments. Variants in the KISS1 and KISS1R genes were associated with luteinizing hormone (rs35431622:T>C), anti-Mullerian hormone (rs71745629delT), follicle-stimulating hormone (rs73507529:C>A), and estradiol (rs73507527:G>A, rs350130:A>G, and rs73507529:C>A) levels, as well as with reproductive outcomes such as the number of oocytes retrieved (s35431622:T>C), metaphasis II oocytes (rs35431622:T>C), and embryos (rs1132506:G>C). Additionally, variants in the GNRHR UTR3' (rs1038426:C>A, rs12508464:A>C, rs13150734:C>A, rs17635850:A>G, rs35683646:G>A, rs35610027:C>G, rs35845954:T>C, rs17635749:C>T, and rs7666201:C>T) were associated with low prolactin levels. A conjoint analysis of clinical, hormonal, and genetic variables using a generalized linear model identified two variants of the KISS1 gene (rs71745629delT and rs1132506:G>C) that were significantly associated with hormonal variations and reproductive outcomes. The findings suggest that variants in KISS1, KISS1R, and GNRHR genes can modulate hormone levels and reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Martins Trevisan
- Discipline of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Populational Genetics, Department of Collective Health, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michel Satya Naslavsky
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico Monfardini
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Wang
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayana Zatz
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Peluso
- Discipline of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Populational Genetics, Department of Collective Health, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Pellegrino
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fernanda Mafra
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frederico Moraes Ferreira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Maria Christofolini
- Discipline of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Populational Genetics, Department of Collective Health, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erik Montagna
- Postgraduation Program in Health Sciences, Research and Innovation, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Caio Parente Barbosa
- Discipline of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Populational Genetics, Department of Collective Health, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Bianco
- Discipline of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Populational Genetics, Department of Collective Health, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
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Livadas S, Chrousos GP. Molecular and Environmental Mechanisms Regulating Puberty Initiation: An Integrated Approach. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:828. [PMID: 31920956 PMCID: PMC6915095 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the initiation of puberty, one of the cornerstones of human evolution, have not been fully elucidated as yet. However, recently, an accumulating body of evidence has helped unravel several critical aspects of the process. It is clear that a change in the pattern of pituitary gonadotropin secretion serves as a hormonal trigger for puberty induction. This change is directly guided by the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generation, a phenomenon regulated by the Kisspeptin-Neurokinin-Dynorphin (KNDy) system also in the hypothalamus. This represents the kisspeptin molecule, which is crucial in augmenting GnRH secretion at puberty, whose secretion is fine-tuned by the opposing signals neurokinin B and dynorphin. Recently, the novel kisspeptin inhibitory signal MKRN3 was described, whose role in puberty initiation provided further insight into the mechanistic aspects of pubertal onset. Furthermore, the description of higher inhibitory and stimulatory signals acting upstream of the KNDy neurons suggested that the trigger point of puberty is located upstream of the KNDy system and the GnRH pulse generator. However, the mechanism of pubertal onset should not be considered as an isolated closed loop system. On the contrary, it is influenced by such factors as adipose tissue, gastrointestinal function, adrenal androgen production, energy sensing, and physical and psychosocial stress. Also, fetal and early life stressful events, as well as exposure to endocrine disruptors, may play important roles in pubertal initiation, the latter primarily through epigenetic modifications. Here we present the available data in the field and attempt to provide an integrated view of this unique and crucial phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarantis Livadas
- Endocrine Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece
- *Correspondence: Sarantis Livadas
| | - George P. Chrousos
- UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- George P. Chrousos
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Leka-Emiri S, Chrousos GP, Kanaka-Gantenbein C. The mystery of puberty initiation: genetics and epigenetics of idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP). J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:789-802. [PMID: 28251550 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is a major developmental stage. Damaging mutations, considered as "mistakes of nature", have contributed to the unraveling of the networks implicated in the normal initiation of puberty. Genes involved in the abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis development, in the normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH), in the X-linked or autosomal forms of Kallmann syndrome and in precocious puberty have been identified (GNRH1, GNRHR, KISS1, GPR54, FGFR1, FGF8, PROK2, PROKR2, TAC3, TACR3, KAL1, PROK2, PROKR2, CHD7, LEP, LEPR, PC1, DAX1, SF-1, HESX-1, LHX3, PROP-1). Most of them were found to play critical roles in HPG axis development and regulation, the embryonic GnRH neuronal migration and secretion, the regulation and action of the hypothalamic GnRH. However, the specific neural and molecular mechanisms triggering GnRH secretion remain one of the scientific enigmas. Although GnRH neurons are probably capable of autonomously generating oscillations, many gonadal steroid-dependent and -independent mechanisms have also been proposed. It is now well proven that the secretion of GnRH is regulated by kisspeptin as well as by permissive or opposing signals mediated by neurokinin B and dynorphin. These three supra-GnRH regulators compose the kisspeptin-neurokinin B-dynorphin neuronal (KNDy) system, a key player in pubertal onset and progression. Moreover, an ongoing increasing number of inhibitory, stimulatory and permissive networks acting upstream on GnRH neurons, such as GABA, NPY, LIN28B, MKRN3 and others integrate diverse hormonal and peripheral signals and have been proposed as the "gate-keepers" of puberty, while epigenetic modifications play also an important role in puberty initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Leka-Emiri
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Aghia Sofia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Vigil P, Del Río JP, Carrera BÁ, ArÁnguiz FC, Rioseco H, Cortés ME. Influence of sex steroid hormones on the adolescent brain and behavior: An update. LINACRE QUARTERLY 2016; 83:308-329. [PMID: 27833209 DOI: 10.1080/00243639.2016.1211863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This review explains the main effects exerted by sex steroids and other hormones on the adolescent brain. During the transition from puberty to adolescence, these hormones participate in the organizational phenomena that structurally shape some brain circuits. In adulthood, this will propitiate some specific behavior as responses to the hormones now activating those neural circuits. Adolescence is, then, a critical "organizational window" for the brain to develop adequately, since steroid hormones perform important functions at this stage. For this reason, the adolescent years are very important for future behaviors in human beings. Changes that occur or fail to occur during adolescence will determine behaviors for the rest of one's lifetime. Consequently, understanding the link between adolescent behavior and brain development as influenced by sex steroids and other hormones and compounds is very important in order to interpret various psycho-affective pathologies. Lay Summary : The effect of steroid hormones on the development of the adolescent brain, and therefore, on adolescent behavior, is noticeable. This review presents their main activational and organizational effects. During the transition from puberty to adolescence, organizational phenomena triggered by steroids structurally affect the remodeling of brain circuits. Later in adulthood, these changes will be reflected in behavioral responses to such hormones. Adolescence can then be seen as a fundamental "organizational window" during which sex steroids and other hormones and compounds play relevant roles. The understanding of the relationship between adolescent behavior and the way hormones influence brain development help understand some psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Vigil
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicerrectoría de Comunicaciones, Santiago, Chile; Biomedical Division, Reproductive Health Research Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Del Río
- Biomedical Division, Reproductive Health Research Institute, Santiago, Chile; Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - BÁrbara Carrera
- Biomedical Division, Reproductive Health Research Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Hernán Rioseco
- Biomedical Division, Reproductive Health Research Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel E Cortés
- Biomedical Division, Reproductive Health Research Institute, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Facultad de Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Santiago, Chile
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Albers-Wolthers CHJ, de Gier J, Rutten VPMG, van Kooten PJS, Leegwater PAJ, Schaefers-Okkens AC, Kooistra HS. The effects of kisspeptin agonist canine KP-10 and kisspeptin antagonist p271 on plasma LH concentrations during different stages of the estrous cycle and anestrus in the bitch. Theriogenology 2016; 86:589-95. [PMID: 27020879 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin (KP) plays a key role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis via the release of GnRH. As normal KP signaling is essential for reproductive function, it could be an interesting new target for therapeutic interventions, e.g., nonsurgical contraception in dogs. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effect of KP-10 administration on plasma LH concentration in different stages of the reproductive cycle and to investigate the suitability of p271 as KP antagonist in the bitch. Two groups of six adult Beagle bitches were used. In one group, plasma LH concentration was determined before (40 and 0 minutes) and 10, 20, 40, and 60 minutes after the intravenous administration of 0.5-μg/kg body weight (BW) canine KP-10. In the other group, the bitches received a continuous intravenous infusion with p271 (50 μg/kg BW/h) for 3 hours, and 0.5-μg/kg BW canine KP-10 was administered intravenously 2 hours after the start of the p271 infusion. Their plasma LH concentration was determined before (-40 and 0 minutes) and 30, 60, 90, 120, 130, 140, 160, and 180 minutes after the start of the p271 infusion. In both groups, the experiments were performed during the follicular phase, the first and second half of the luteal phase, and during anestrus. Canine KP-10 induced an increase of plasma LH concentration during all estrous cycle stages and anestrus. There was no difference in LH response between the two groups. The lowest LH response was seen during the follicular phase and the highest response during anestrus. The area under the curve (AUC) for LH and LH increment in the follicular phase were lower than those in anestrus. The AUC LH and LH increment in the first half of the luteal phase were lower than those in the second half of the luteal phase and anestrus. The AUC LH and LH increment in the second half of the luteal phase were not different from those in anestrus. Continuous administration of the antagonist p271 did not alter basal plasma LH concentration and could not prevent or lower the LH response to KP-10 in any of the cycle stages and anestrus. It can be concluded that the LH response to KP-10 is dependent on estrous cycle stage and that peripheral administrated p271 cannot be used as KP antagonist in the dog. This provides new insight in reproductive endocrinology of the bitch, which is important when KP signaling is considered for therapeutic interventions, such as for estrus induction or nonsurgical contraception in the bitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H J Albers-Wolthers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - J de Gier
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, The Netherlands; Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - P J S van Kooten
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, The Netherlands
| | - P A J Leegwater
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands
| | - A C Schaefers-Okkens
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands
| | - H S Kooistra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands
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A missense mutation in MKRN3 in a Danish girl with central precocious puberty and her brother with early puberty. Pediatr Res 2015; 78:709-11. [PMID: 26331766 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) results from the premature reactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis leading to development of secondary sexual characteristics prior to 8 y in girls or 9 y in boys. Since the initial discovery of mutations in the maternally imprinted MKRN3 gene in 2013, several case reports have described mutations in this gene in ICPP patients from different populations, highlighting the importance of MKRN3 as a regulator of pubertal onset. METHODS We screened 29 Danish girls with ICPP for mutations in MKRN3. Expression of MKRN3 in human hypothalamic complementary DNA (cDNA) was investigated by PCR. RESULTS One paternally inherited rare variant, c.1034G>A (p.Arg345His), was identified in one girl with ICPP and in her brother with early puberty. The variant is predicted to be deleterious by three different in silico prediction programs. Expression of MKRN3 was confirmed in adult human hypothalamus. CONCLUSION Our results are in line with previous studies in which paternally inherited MKRN3 mutations have been found both in males and in females with ICPP or early puberty. Our report further expands the set of MKRN3 mutations identified in ICPP patients across diverse populations, thus supporting the major regulatory function of MKRN3 in pubertal onset.
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Cortés ME, Carrera B, Rioseco H, Pablo del Río J, Vigil P. The Role of Kisspeptin in the Onset of Puberty and in the Ovulatory Mechanism: A Mini-review. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2015; 28:286-91. [PMID: 26231608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The onset of puberty has been a fascinating topic for reproductive endocrinologists for decades; however, its underlying physiological mechanisms have remained elusive until recently. The discovery and understanding of the effects exerted by the peptide hormone kisspeptin have shed light on this research area. This review is aimed to discuss the functions of kisspeptin, with special focus on its role in the onset of puberty and in the ovulatory mechanism. The points under discussion are (1) the characteristics of kisspeptin and its receptor, (2) the relevance of this hormone and its interaction with leptin in the onset of puberty, (3) the role of kisspeptin in the ovulatory mechanism based on its differential expression at hypothalamic nuclei, which is modulated by sex steroid hormones, and (4) the clinical relevance of kisspeptin and its antagonists in new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of various reproductive pathologies. All of this explains the revolution that kisspeptin has caused among researchers working in the field of gynecological endocrinology and reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel E Cortés
- Universidad Bernardo OHiggins, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Santiago, Chile; Reproductive Health Research Institute, Biomedical Division, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Bárbara Carrera
- Reproductive Health Research Institute, Biomedical Division, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernán Rioseco
- Reproductive Health Research Institute, Biomedical Division, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo del Río
- Reproductive Health Research Institute, Biomedical Division, Santiago, Chile; Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pilar Vigil
- Reproductive Health Research Institute, Biomedical Division, Santiago, Chile; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicerrectoría de Comunicaciones y Educación Continua, Santiago, Chile
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Chianese R, Ciaramella V, Fasano S, Pierantoni R, Meccariello R. Kisspeptin drives germ cell progression in the anuran amphibian Pelophylax esculentus: a study carried out in ex vivo testes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 211:81-91. [PMID: 25452028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin, via Gpr54 receptor, regulates puberty onset in most vertebrates. Thus, the direct involvement of kisspeptin activity in testis physiology was investigated in the anuran amphibian, Pelophylax esculentus. In this vertebrate gpr54 mRNA has been localized in both interstitial compartment and spermatogonia (SPG), whereas SPG proliferation requires the cooperation between estradiol and testicular Gonadotropin releasing hormone (Gnrh). In the pre-reproductive period, dose response curve to assess the effects of Kisspeptin-10 (Kp-10) was carried out in vitro (dose range: 10(-9)-10(-6)M; incubation times: 1 and 4h); proliferative activity and germ cell progression were evaluated by expression analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna), estrogen receptor beta (erβ), Gnrh system (gnrh1, gnrh2, gnrhr1, r2, r3) and by the count of empty, mitotic and meiotic tubules. All selected markers were up regulated at 4h Kp-10 incubation. Histological analysis also proved the increase of mitotic activity and the progression of spermatogenesis. Besides Kp-10 modulation of testicular Gnrh system, in vitro treatment with 17β-estradiol (10(-6)M) ± the antagonist ICI182-780 (10(-5)M) revealed gnrh2 and gnrhr3 estrogen dependent expression. In the reproductive period, testes were incubated for 1 and 4h with Kp-10 (10(-7)M) or Kp-10 (10(-7)M)+kisspeptin antagonist [Kp-234 (10(-6)M)]. Results obtained in the pre-reproductive period were confirmed and Kp-234 completely counteracted Kp-10 effects. In conclusion, Kp-10 modulated the expression of pcna, erβ, gnrhs and gnrhrs, inducing the progression of the spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Chianese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Sezione "F. Bottazzi", Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Ciaramella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Sezione "F. Bottazzi", Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fasano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Sezione "F. Bottazzi", Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Pierantoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Sezione "F. Bottazzi", Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Meccariello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università di Napoli Parthenope, Via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
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Soliman A, De Sanctis V, Elalaily R, Bedair S. Advances in pubertal growth and factors influencing it: Can we increase pubertal growth? Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 18:S53-S62. [PMID: 25538878 PMCID: PMC4266869 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.145075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a period of development characterized by partially concurrent changes which includes growth acceleration, alteration in body composition and appearance of secondary sex characteristics. Puberty is characterized by an acceleration and then deceleration in skeletal growth. The initiation, duration and amount of growth vary considerably during the growth spurt. Pubertal growth and biological maturation are dynamic processes regulated by a variety of genetic and environmental factors. Changes in skeletal maturation and bone mineral accretion concomitant with the stage of pubertal development constitute essential components in the evaluation of growth during this pubertal period. Genetic, endocrine and nutritional factors and ethnicity contribute variably to the amount of growth gained during this important period of rapid changes. Many studies investigated the possibility of increasing pubertal growth to gain taller final adult height in adolescents with idiopathic short stature (ISS). The pattern of pubertal growth, its relation to sex maturity rating and factors affecting them has been addressed in this review. The results of different trials to increase final adult height of adolescents using different hormones have been summarized. These data enables Endocrinologists to give in-depth explanations to patients and families about the efficacy and clinical significance as well as the safety of using these therapies in the treatment of adolescents with ISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vincenzo De Sanctis
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric and Adolescent Outpatients Clinic, Quisisana Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rania Elalaily
- Department of Primary Health Care, AbuNakhla Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Bedair
- Department of Radiology AlKhor Hospital, Hamad Medical Center, Doha, Qatar
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Grachev P, Millar RP, O'Byrne KT. The role of neurokinin B signalling in reproductive neuroendocrinology. Neuroendocrinology 2014; 99:7-17. [PMID: 24356581 DOI: 10.1159/000357734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The KNDy neuropeptides, kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin A (Dyn), have been implicated in regulating pulsatile luteinising hormone (LH) secretion. Studies of the interactions between KNDy signalling systems, however, are currently few. Although the stimulatory effect of kisspeptin and the inhibitory effect of Dyn on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator are widely accepted, the effects of NKB in rodents are variable and sometimes controversial. Literature describing increased LH secretion in response to NKB receptor agonism predominates and is in line with human physiology, as well as the pathophysiology of pubertal failure associated with disruption of NKB signalling. However, the robust suppression of the LH pulse, induced by the same treatment under hypoestrogenic conditions, may hold clues as to the mechanisms of reproductive inhibition under pathological conditions. This review discusses the recent evidence for this paradox and outlines a revised working model incorporating the mechanisms by which KNDy neuropeptides modulate the reproductive axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grachev
- Division of Women's Health, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Lee Y, Styne D. Influences on the onset and tempo of puberty in human beings and implications for adolescent psychological development. Horm Behav 2013; 64:250-61. [PMID: 23998669 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Puberty and Adolescence". Historical records reveal a secular trend toward earlier onset of puberty in both males and females, often attributed to improvements in nutrition and health status. The trend stabilized during the mid 20th century in many countries, but recent studies describe a recurrence of a decrease in age of pubertal onset. There appears to be an associated change in pubertal tempo in girls, such that girls who enter puberty earlier have a longer duration of puberty. Puberty is influenced by genetic factors but since these effects cannot change dramatically over the past century, environmental effects, including endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and perinatal conditions offer alternative etiologies. Observations that the secular trends in puberty in girls parallel the obesity epidemic provide another plausible explanation. Early puberty has implications for poor behavioral and psychosocial outcomes as well as health later in life. Irrespective of the underlying cause of the ongoing trend toward early puberty, experts in the field have debated whether these trends should lead clinicians to reconsider a lower age of normal puberty, or whether such a new definition will mask a pathologic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lee
- University of California Davis Medical Center, 2516 Stockton Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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20
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2013; 20:74-9. [PMID: 23247096 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32835cb529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to summarize recent advances regarding the genetic components of the complex and coordinated process of puberty, an update of the genes implicated in disorders of puberty, the endocrinologic changes of puberty, and influences of environment in the light of our current understanding of the mechanism of the onset of puberty. RECENT FINDINGS The timing of puberty varies greatly in the general population among ethnic groups throughout the world, suggesting the genetic control of puberty. Several studies on the pathological conditions of pubertal onset provide unique information about the interactions of either the genetic susceptibility of or environmental influences on hypothalamic control of pubertal onset. However, these findings suggested that no isolated pathway or external factor is solely responsible for the neuroendocrine control of puberty. SUMMARY Puberty is initiated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus followed by a complex sequence of endocrine changes and is regulated by both genetic and environmental factors. New attempts to use genetics and genomics might enhance our understanding of the spectrum of pubertal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Bianco SDC, Kaiser UB. Molecular biology of the kisspeptin receptor: signaling, function, and mutations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 784:133-58. [PMID: 23550005 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6199-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R) signaling is essential for the hallmark increase in pulsatile GnRH secretion characteristic of the onset of puberty in humans and experimental animals. Loss-of-function mutations in KISS1R are associated with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in humans. Also, mutations with confirmed association with idiopathic central precocious puberty were identified in kisspeptin and KISS1R. These observations underscore the role of KISS1R signaling for normal pubertal development. Moreover, investigation of the mechanisms underlying the gain-of-function mutation in KISS1R indicates that the duration of KISS1R signaling is critical for the role of this receptor in timing the onset of puberty in humans. These findings further endorse the need to uncover the mechanisms, as well as yet-unknown proteins, involved in each step of KISS1R signaling. This knowledge is expected to advance our understanding of normal and abnormal pubertal development, as well as to help uncover the role of KISS1R signaling in non-hypothalamic tissues such as the placenta. This chapter discusses recent advances in the investigation of KISS1R signaling and function, as well as potential pathophysiological implications of naturally occurring mutations in this receptor identified in humans with reproductive disorders.
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Sonigo C, Binart N. Overview of the impact of kisspeptin on reproductive function. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2012; 73:448-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2012.07.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kaur KK, Allahbadia G, Singh M. Kisspeptins in human reproduction-future therapeutic potential. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012; 29:999-1011. [PMID: 23015158 PMCID: PMC3492584 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kisspeptins (Kps), were first found to regulate the hypothalamopituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) axis in 2003, when two groups-demonstrated that mutations of GPR54 causes idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) characterized by delayed puberty. Objective of this review is to highlight both animal and human discoveries in KISS1/GPR54 system in last decade and extrapolate the therapeutic potential in humans from till date human studies. DESIGN A systematic review of international scientific literature by a search of PUBMED and the authors files was done for Kp in reproduction, metabolic control & signal transduction. SETTING None Patient(s): In human studies--normal subjects patients with HH, or HA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Effects of Kp on puberty, brain sexual maturation, regulation of GnRH secretion, metabolic control of GnRH Neurons (N). RESULTS Kps/GPR54 are critical for brain sexual maturation, puberty and regulation of reproduction. Kps have been implicated in mediating signals to GnRH N--positive and negative feedback, metabolic input. Ability of Kp neurons to coordinate signals impinging on the HPG axis makes it one of most important regulators of reproductive axis since GnRH N's lack many receptors, with Kp neurons serving as upstream modulators. CONCLUSIONS Kps have proven as pivotal regulators of the reproduction, with the ability to integrate signals from both internal and external sources. Knowledge about signaling mechanisms involved in Kp stimulation of GnRH and with human studies has made it possible that therapeutically available Kp agonists/antagonists may be used for treatment of delayed puberty/HH, Hypothalamic amenorrhea and in prevention of spread of malignant ovarian/gonadal malignancies along with uses in some eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulvinder Kochar Kaur
- Dr Kulvinder Kaur Centre for Human Reproduction, 721, G.T.B. Nagar, Jalandhar, 144001 Punjab India
| | - Gautam Allahbadia
- Rotunda-A Centre for Human reproduction, 672, Kalpak Garden, Perry Cross Road, Near Otter’s Club, Bandra (W), 400040 Mumbai, India
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Swami Satyanand Hospital, Near Nawi Kachehri, Baradri, Ladowali Road, Jalandhar, Punjab India
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Kemirembe K, Liebmann K, Bootes A, Smith WA, Suzuki Y. Amino acids and TOR signaling promote prothoracic gland growth and the initiation of larval molts in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44429. [PMID: 22984508 PMCID: PMC3440373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molting in arthropods is orchestrated by a series of endocrine changes that occur towards the end of an instar. However, little is understood about the mechanisms that trigger these endocrine changes. Here, nutritional inputs were manipulated to investigate the minimal nutritional inputs required for a Manduca sexta larva to initiate a molt. Amino acids were found to be necessary for a larva to molt, indicating the involvement of an amino acid sensitive pathway. Feeding rapamycin, an inhibitor of the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling, delayed the onset of a molt and resulted in abnormally larger larvae. Rapamycin also suppressed the growth of the prothoracic glands relative to the whole body growth, and this was accompanied by suppression of ecdysone production and secretion. Higher doses of rapamycin also slowed the growth rate, indicating that TOR signaling also plays a role in systemic growth. TOR signaling therefore couples the nutritional status of the larva to the endocrine system to regulate the timing of a molt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Kemirembe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kate Liebmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abigail Bootes
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wendy A. Smith
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hwang JS. The genes associated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone-dependent precocious puberty. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2012; 55:6-10. [PMID: 22359524 PMCID: PMC3282217 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2012.55.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human puberty is a complex, coordinated biological process with multiple levels of regulations. The timing of puberty varies greatly in children and is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The key genes of pubertal onset, KISS1, GPR54, GNRH1 and GNRHR, may be major causal factors underlying gonadotropin-releasing hormone-dependent precocious puberty (GDPP). Two gain-of-function mutations in KISS1 and GPR54 have been identified recently as genetic causes of GDPP. GNRH1 and GNRHR are also gene candidates for GDPP; however no mutations have been identified in these genes. Presently potential genetic causes like LIN28B continues to appear; many areas of research await exploration in this context. In this review, I focus primarily on the genetic causes of GDPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Soon Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Bianco SDC. A potential mechanism for the sexual dimorphism in the onset of puberty and incidence of idiopathic central precocious puberty in children: sex-specific kisspeptin as an integrator of puberty signals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:149. [PMID: 23248615 PMCID: PMC3521239 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The major determinants of the variability in pubertal maturation are reported to be genetic and inherited. Nonetheless, nutritional status contributes significantly to this variability. Malnutrition delays puberty whereas obesity has been associated to a rise in Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty (ICPP) in girls. However, epidemiology data indicate that contribution of obesity to early puberty varies significantly among ethnic groups, and that obesity-independent inheritable genetic factors are the strongest predictors of early puberty in any ethnic group. In fact, two human mutations with confirmed association to ICPP have been identified in children with no history of obesity. These mutations are in kisspeptin and kisspeptin receptor, a ligand/receptor pair with a major role on the onset of puberty and female cyclicity after puberty. Progressive increases in kisspeptin expression in hypothalamic nuclei known to regulate reproductive function has been associated to the onset of puberty, and hypothalamic expression of kisspeptin is reported to be sexually dimorphic in many species, which include humans. The hypothalamus of females is programmed to express significantly higher levels of kisspeptin than their male counterparts. Interestingly, incidence of ICPP and delayed puberty in children is markedly sexually dimorphic, such that ICPP is at least 10-fold more frequent in females, whereas prevalence of delayed puberty is about 5-fold higher in males. These observations are consistent with a possible involvement of sexually dimorphic kisspeptin signaling in the sexual dimorphism of normal puberty and of pubertal disorders in children of all ethnicities. This review discusses the likelihood of such associations, as well as a potential role of kisspeptin as the converging target of environmental, metabolic, and hormonal signals, which would be integrated in order to optimize reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy D. C. Bianco
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA
- *Correspondence: Suzy D. C. Bianco, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, BCRI, Suite 607, 1580 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA. e-mail:
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