1
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Retis-Resendiz AM, Cid-Cruz Y, Velázquez-Hernández DM, Romero-Reyes J, León-Juárez M, García-Gómez E, Camacho-Arroyo I, Vázquez-Martínez ER. cAMP regulates the progesterone receptor gene expression through the protein kinase A pathway during decidualization in human immortalized endometrial stromal cells. Steroids 2024; 203:109363. [PMID: 38182066 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Decidualization, a crucial process for successful pregnancy establishment and maintenance, involves endometrial stromal cell differentiation. This process is orchestrated by estradiol (E2), progesterone, and other stimuli that increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. The intracellular progesterone receptor (PR), encoded by the PGR gene, has a key role in decidualization. This study aimed to understand the role of sex steroids and cAMP in regulating PGR expression during the in vitro decidualization of the human immortalized endometrial stromal cell line, T-HESC. We subjected the cells to individual and combined treatments of E2, medroxyprogesterone (MPA), and cAMP. Additionally, we treated cells with PR and estrogen receptor antagonists and a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. We evaluated the expression of PGR isoforms and decidualization-associated genes by RT-qPCR. Our findings revealed that cAMP induced PGR-B and PGR-AB expression by activating the PKA signaling pathway, while MPA downregulated their expression through the PR. Furthermore, downstream genes involved in decidualization, such as those coding for prolactin (PRL), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP1), and Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), exhibited positive regulation via the cAMP-PKA pathway. Remarkably, MPA-activated PR signaling induced the expression of IGFBP1 and DKK1 but inhibited that of PRL. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the PKA signaling pathway induces PGR gene expression during in vitro decidualization of the T-HESC human endometrial stromal cell line. This study has unraveled some of the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing PGR expression during this fundamental process for implantation and pregnancy maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Monserrat Retis-Resendiz
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPer)-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Yesenia Cid-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPer)-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Dora María Velázquez-Hernández
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPer)-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Jessica Romero-Reyes
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPer)-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Moisés León-Juárez
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPer), Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth García-Gómez
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT)-Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPer)-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPer)-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (INPer)-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 11000, Mexico.
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2
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Malbeteau L, Jacquemetton J, Languilaire C, Corbo L, Le Romancer M, Poulard C. PRMT1, a Key Modulator of Unliganded Progesterone Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179509. [PMID: 36076907 PMCID: PMC9455263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The progesterone receptor (PR) is a key player in major physiological and pathological responses in women, and the signaling pathways triggered following hormone binding have been extensively studied, particularly with respect to breast cancer development and progression. Interestingly, growing evidence suggests a fundamental role for PR on breast cancer cell homeostasis in hormone-depleted conditions, with hormone-free or unliganded PR (uPR) involved in the silencing of relevant genes prior to hormonal stimulation. We herein identify the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT1 as a novel actor in uPR signaling. In unstimulated T47D breast cancer cells, PRMT1 interacts and functions alongside uPR and its partners to target endogenous progesterone-responsive promoters. PRMT1 helps to finely tune the silencing of responsive genes, likely by promoting a proper BRCA1-mediated degradation and turnover of unliganded PR. As such, PRMT1 emerges as a key transcriptional coregulator of PR for a subset of relevant progestin-dependent genes before hormonal treatment. Since women experience periods of hormonal fluctuation throughout their lifetime, understanding how steroid receptor pathways in breast cancer cells are regulated when hormones decline may help to determine how to override treatment failure to hormonal therapy and improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Malbeteau
- Université Lyon 1, F-69000, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052 CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Julien Jacquemetton
- Université Lyon 1, F-69000, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052 CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Languilaire
- Université Lyon 1, F-69000, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052 CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Laura Corbo
- Université Lyon 1, F-69000, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052 CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université Lyon 1, F-69000, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052 CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Université Lyon 1, F-69000, Lyon, France
- Inserm U1052 CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008 Lyon, France
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3
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Gillis NE, Boyd JR, Tomczak JA, Frietze S, Carr F. Thyroid hormone dependent transcriptional programming by TRβ requires SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:1382-1395. [PMID: 35037038 PMCID: PMC8860584 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation in response to thyroid hormone (3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine, T3) is a dynamic and cell-type specific process that maintains cellular homeostasis and identity in all tissues. However, our understanding of the mechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) actions at the molecular level are actively being refined. We used an integrated genomics approach to profile and characterize the cistrome of TRβ, map changes in chromatin accessibility, and capture the transcriptomic changes in response to T3 in normal human thyroid cells. There are significant shifts in TRβ genomic occupancy in response to T3, which are associated with differential chromatin accessibility, and differential recruitment of SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers. We further demonstrate selective recruitment of BAF and PBAF SWI/SNF complexes to TRβ binding sites, revealing novel differential functions in regulating chromatin accessibility and gene expression. Our findings highlight three distinct modes of TRβ interaction with chromatin and coordination of coregulator activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle E Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Joseph R Boyd
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jennifer A Tomczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Seth Frietze
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Frances E Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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4
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Zaurin R, Ferrari R, Nacht AS, Carbonell J, Le Dily F, Font-Mateu J, de Llobet Cucalon LI, Vidal E, Lioutas A, Beato M, Vicent GP. A set of accessible enhancers enables the initial response of breast cancer cells to physiological progestin concentrations. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12716-12731. [PMID: 34850111 PMCID: PMC8682742 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report that in T47D breast cancer cells 50 pM progestin is sufficient to activate cell cycle entry and the progesterone gene expression program. At this concentration, equivalent to the progesterone blood levels found around the menopause, progesterone receptor (PR) binds only to 2800 genomic sites, which are accessible to ATAC cleavage prior to hormone exposure. These highly accessible sites (HAs) are surrounded by well-organized nucleosomes and exhibit breast enhancer features, including estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), higher FOXA1 and BRD4 (bromodomain containing 4) occupancy. Although HAs are enriched in RAD21 and CTCF, PR binding is the driving force for the most robust interactions with hormone-regulated genes. HAs show higher frequency of 3D contacts among themselves than with other PR binding sites, indicating colocalization in similar compartments. Gene regulation via HAs is independent of classical coregulators and ATP-activated remodelers, relying mainly on MAP kinase activation that enables PR nuclear engagement. HAs are also preferentially occupied by PR and ERα in breast cancer xenografts derived from MCF-7 cells as well as from patients, indicating their potential usefulness as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Zaurin
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Ana Silvina Nacht
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Jose Carbonell
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Francois Le Dily
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Jofre Font-Mateu
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Lara Isabel de Llobet Cucalon
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Enrique Vidal
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Antonios Lioutas
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Miguel Beato
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.,Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Guillermo P Vicent
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.,Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
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5
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Retis-Resendiz AM, González-García IN, León-Juárez M, Camacho-Arroyo I, Cerbón M, Vázquez-Martínez ER. The role of epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of gene expression in the cyclical endometrium. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:116. [PMID: 34034824 PMCID: PMC8146649 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human endometrium is a highly dynamic tissue whose function is mainly regulated by the ovarian steroid hormones estradiol and progesterone. The serum levels of these and other hormones are associated with three specific phases that compose the endometrial cycle: menstrual, proliferative, and secretory. Throughout this cycle, the endometrium exhibits different transcriptional networks according to the genes expressed in each phase. Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial in the fine-tuning of gene expression to generate such transcriptional networks. The present review aims to provide an overview of current research focused on the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression in the cyclical endometrium and discuss the technical and clinical perspectives regarding this topic. MAIN BODY The main epigenetic mechanisms reported are DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and non-coding RNAs. These epigenetic mechanisms induce the expression of genes associated with transcriptional regulation, endometrial epithelial growth, angiogenesis, and stromal cell proliferation during the proliferative phase. During the secretory phase, epigenetic mechanisms promote the expression of genes associated with hormone response, insulin signaling, decidualization, and embryo implantation. Furthermore, the global content of specific epigenetic modifications and the gene expression of non-coding RNAs and epigenetic modifiers vary according to the menstrual cycle phase. In vitro and cell type-specific studies have demonstrated that epithelial and stromal cells undergo particular epigenetic changes that modulate their transcriptional networks to accomplish their function during decidualization and implantation. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES Epigenetic mechanisms are emerging as key players in regulating transcriptional networks associated with key processes and functions of the cyclical endometrium. Further studies using next-generation sequencing and single-cell technology are warranted to explore the role of other epigenetic mechanisms in each cell type that composes the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. The application of this knowledge will definitively provide essential information to understand the pathological mechanisms of endometrial diseases, such as endometriosis and endometrial cancer, and to identify potential therapeutic targets and improve women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Monserrat Retis-Resendiz
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ixchel Nayeli González-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Moisés León-Juárez
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Miguel Hidalgo, 11000, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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6
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PRMT1 Is Critical for the Transcriptional Activity and the Stability of the Progesterone Receptor. iScience 2020; 23:101236. [PMID: 32563156 PMCID: PMC7305383 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The progesterone receptor (PR) is an inducible transcription factor that plays critical roles in female reproductive processes and in several aspects of breast cancer tumorigenesis. Our report describes the type I protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) as a cofactor controlling progesterone pathway, through the direct methylation of PR. Mechanistic assays in breast cancer cells indicate that PRMT1 methylates PR at the arginine 637 and reduces the stability of the receptor, thereby accelerating its recycling and finally its transcriptional activity. Depletion of PRMT1 decreases the expression of a subset of progesterone-inducible genes, controlling breast cancer cells proliferation and migration. Consistently, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that low expression of PRMT1 predicts a longer survival among the subgroup with high PR. Our study highlights PR methylation as a molecular switch adapting the transcription requirement of breast cells during tumorigenesis.
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7
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Hilton HN, Clarke CL, Graham JD. Estrogen and progesterone signalling in the normal breast and its implications for cancer development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 466:2-14. [PMID: 28851667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone are master regulators of the development and function of a broad spectrum of human tissues, including the breast, reproductive and cardiovascular systems, brain and bone. Acting through the nuclear estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), both play complex and essential coordinated roles in the extensive development of the lobular alveolar epithelial structures of the normal breast during puberty, the normal menstrual cycle and pregnancy. The past decade has seen major advances in understanding the mechanisms of action of estrogen and progesterone in the normal breast and in the delineation of the complex hierarchy of cell types regulated by ovarian hormones in this tissue. There is evidence for a role for both ER and PR in driving breast cancer, and both are favourable prognostic markers with respect to outcome. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms of action of ER and PR in the normal breast, and implications for the development and management of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N Hilton
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Christine L Clarke
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - J Dinny Graham
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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8
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Proietti CJ, Cenciarini ME, Elizalde PV. Revisiting progesterone receptor (PR) actions in breast cancer: Insights into PR repressive functions. Steroids 2018; 133:75-81. [PMID: 29317254 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) is a master regulator in female reproductive tissues that controls developmental processes and proliferation and differentiation during the reproductive cycle and pregnancy. PR also plays a role in progression of endocrine-dependent breast cancer. As a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-dependent transcription factors, the main action of PR is to regulate networks of target gene expression in response to binding its cognate steroid hormone, progesterone. Liganded-PR transcriptional activation has been thoroughly studied and associated mechanisms have been described while progesterone-mediated repression has remained less explored. The present work summarizes recent advances in the understanding of how PR-mediated repression is accomplished in breast cancer cells and highlights the significance of fully understanding the determinants of context-dependent PR action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia J Proietti
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina.
| | - Mauro E Cenciarini
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Patricia V Elizalde
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
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9
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Mazina MY, Kovalenko EV, Derevyanko PK, Nikolenko JV, Krasnov AN, Vorobyeva NE. One signal stimulates different transcriptional activation mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:178-189. [PMID: 29410380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation is often represented as a "one-step process" that involves the simultaneous recruitment of co-activator proteins, leading to a change in gene status. Using Drosophila developmental ecdysone-dependent genes as a model, we demonstrated that activation of transcription is instead a continuous process that consists of a number of steps at which different phases of transcription (initiation or elongation) are stimulated. Thorough evaluation of the behaviour of multiple transcriptional complexes during the early activation process has shown that the pathways by which activation proceeds for different genes may vary considerably, even in response to the same induction signal. RNA polymerase II recruitment is an important step that is involved in one of the pathways. RNA polymerase II recruitment is accompanied by the recruitment of a significant number of transcriptional coactivators as well as slight changes in the chromatin structure. The second pathway involves the stimulation of transcriptional elongation as its key step. The level of coactivator binding to the promoter shows almost no increase, whereas chromatin modification levels change significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Yu Mazina
- Group of Transcriptional Complexes Dynamics, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Elena V Kovalenko
- Group of Transcriptional Complexes Dynamics, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Polina K Derevyanko
- Group of Transcriptional Complexes Dynamics, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Julia V Nikolenko
- Group of Studying an Association of Transcription and mRNA Transport, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Aleksey N Krasnov
- Group of Studying an Association of Transcription and mRNA Transport, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Nadezhda E Vorobyeva
- Group of Transcriptional Complexes Dynamics, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.
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10
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Arnal JF, Lenfant F, Metivier R, Flouriot G, Henrion D, Adlanmerini M, Fontaine C, Gourdy P, Chambon P, Katzenellenbogen B, Katzenellenbogen J. Membrane and Nuclear Estrogen Receptor Alpha Actions: From Tissue Specificity to Medical Implications. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1045-1087. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) has been recognized now for several decades as playing a key role in reproduction and exerting functions in numerous nonreproductive tissues. In this review, we attempt to summarize the in vitro studies that are the basis of our current understanding of the mechanisms of action of ERα as a nuclear receptor and the key roles played by its two activation functions (AFs) in its transcriptional activities. We then depict the consequences of the selective inactivation of these AFs in mouse models, focusing on the prominent roles played by ERα in the reproductive tract and in the vascular system. Evidence has accumulated over the two last decades that ERα is also associated with the plasma membrane and activates non-nuclear signaling from this site. These rapid/nongenomic/membrane-initiated steroid signals (MISS) have been characterized in a variety of cell lines, and in particular in endothelial cells. The development of selective pharmacological tools that specifically activate MISS and the generation of mice expressing an ERα protein impeded for membrane localization have begun to unravel the physiological role of MISS in vivo. Finally, we discuss novel perspectives for the design of tissue-selective ER modulators based on the integration of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of MISS actions of estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Arnal
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Raphaël Metivier
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Gilles Flouriot
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Daniel Henrion
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Marine Adlanmerini
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Coralie Fontaine
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Pierre Gourdy
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Pierre Chambon
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - Benita Katzenellenbogen
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
| | - John Katzenellenbogen
- I2MC, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1048, Université de Toulouse 3 and CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Equipe SP@RTE UMR 6290 CNRS, Institut de Genétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irest–INSERM UMR 1085), Equipe TREC, Rennes, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 6214, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Angers,
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11
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Wright RHG, Fernandez-Fuentes N, Oliva B, Beato M. Insight into the machinery that oils chromatin dynamics. Nucleus 2016; 7:532-539. [PMID: 27893319 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2016.1255392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The packaging of genetic information in form of chromatin within the nucleus provides cells with the ability to store and protect massive amounts of information within a compact space. Storing information within chromatin allows selective access to specific DNA sequences by regulating the various levels of chromatin structure from nucleosomes, to chromatin fibers, loops and topological associating domains (TADs) using mechanisms that are being progressively unravelled. However, a relatively unexplored aspect is the energetic cost of changing the chromatin configuration to gain access to DNA information. Among the enzymes responsible for regulating chromatin access are the ATP-dependent chromatin remodellers that act on nucleosomes and use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to make chromatin DNA more accessible. It is assumed that the ATP used by these enzymes is provided by the mitochondria or by cytoplasmic glycolysis. We hypothesize that though this may be the case for cells in steady state, when gene expression has to be globally reprogramed in response to externals signals or stress conditions, the cell directs energy production to the cell nucleus, where rapid chromatin reorganization is needed for cell survival. We discovered that in response to hormones a nuclear ATP synthesis mechanism is activated that utilizing ADP-ribose and pyrophosphate as substrates. 1 This extra view aims to put this process within its historical context, to describe the enzymatic steps in detail, to propose a possible structure of the ATP synthesising enzyme, and to shed light on how this may link to other reactions within the cell providing a perspective for future lines of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni H G Wright
- a Gene Regulation Stem Cells and Cancer Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Barcelona , Spain.,b University Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Narcis Fernandez-Fuentes
- c Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University , Aberystwyth , United Kingdom
| | | | - Miguel Beato
- a Gene Regulation Stem Cells and Cancer Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Barcelona , Spain.,b University Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona , Spain
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12
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Mazina MY, Nikolenko JV, Fursova NA, Nedil'ko PN, Krasnov AN, Vorobyeva NE. Early-late genes of the ecdysone cascade as models for transcriptional studies. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3593-601. [PMID: 26506480 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The DHR3 and Hr4 early-late genes of the ecdysone cascade are described as models for transcriptional studies in Drosophila cells. In a set of experiments, it became clear that these genes are a convenient and versatile system for research into the physiological conditions upon 20-hydroxyecdysone induction. DHR3 and Hr4 gene transcription is characterized by fast activation kinetics, which enables transcriptional studies without the influence of indirect effects. A limited number of activated genes (only 73 genes are induced one hour after treatment) promote the selectivity of transcriptional studies via 20-hydroxyecdysone induction. DHR3 and Hr4 gene expression is dose dependent, is completely controlled by the hormone titer and decreases within hours of 20-hydroxyecdysone withdrawal. The DHR3 and Hr4 gene promoters become functional within 20 minutes after induction, which makes them useful tools for investigation if the early activation process. Their transcription is controlled by the RNA polymerase II pausing mechanism, which is widespread in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster but is still underinvestigated. Uniform expression activation of the DHR3 and Hr4 genes in a cell population was confirmed at both the RNA and protein levels. Homogeneity of the transcription response makes DHR3/Hr4 system valuable for investigation of the protein dynamics during transcription induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Yu Mazina
- a Department of Transcription Regulation and Chromatin Dynamic ; Institute of Gene Biology , Russian Academy of Sciences ; Moscow , Russia
| | - Julia V Nikolenko
- a Department of Transcription Regulation and Chromatin Dynamic ; Institute of Gene Biology , Russian Academy of Sciences ; Moscow , Russia
| | - Nadezda A Fursova
- a Department of Transcription Regulation and Chromatin Dynamic ; Institute of Gene Biology , Russian Academy of Sciences ; Moscow , Russia
| | - Petr N Nedil'ko
- a Department of Transcription Regulation and Chromatin Dynamic ; Institute of Gene Biology , Russian Academy of Sciences ; Moscow , Russia
| | - Aleksey N Krasnov
- a Department of Transcription Regulation and Chromatin Dynamic ; Institute of Gene Biology , Russian Academy of Sciences ; Moscow , Russia
| | - Nadezhda E Vorobyeva
- a Department of Transcription Regulation and Chromatin Dynamic ; Institute of Gene Biology , Russian Academy of Sciences ; Moscow , Russia
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13
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Grimm SL, Hartig SM, Edwards DP. Progesterone Receptor Signaling Mechanisms. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3831-49. [PMID: 27380738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) is a master regulator in female reproductive tissues that controls developmental processes and proliferation and differentiation during the reproductive cycle and pregnancy. PR also plays a role in progression of endocrine-dependent breast cancer. As a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-dependent transcription factors, the main action of PR is to regulate networks of target gene expression in response to binding its cognate steroid hormone, progesterone. This paper summarizes recent advances in understanding the structure-function properties of the receptor protein and the tissue/cell-type-specific PR signaling pathways that contribute to the biological actions of progesterone in the normal breast and in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Grimm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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14
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Krasnov AN, Mazina MY, Nikolenko JV, Vorobyeva NE. On the way of revealing coactivator complexes cross-talk during transcriptional activation. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:15. [PMID: 26913181 PMCID: PMC4765067 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional activation is a complex, multistage process implemented by hundreds of proteins. Many transcriptional proteins are organized into coactivator complexes, which participate in transcription regulation at numerous genes and are a driver of this process. The molecular action mechanisms of coactivator complexes remain largely understudied. Relevant publications usually deal with the involvement of these complexes in the entire process of transcription, and only a few studies are aimed to elucidate their functions at its particular stages. This review summarizes available information on the participation of key coactivator complexes in transcriptional activation. The timing of coactivator complex binding/removal has been used for restructuring previously described information about the transcriptional process. Several major stages of transcriptional activation have been distinguished based on the presence of covalent histone modifications and general transcriptional factors, and the recruitment and/or removal phases have been determined for each coactivator included in analysis. Recruitment of Mediator, SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable and NUcleosome Remodeling Factor complexes during transcription activation has been investigated thoroughly; CHD and INOsitol auxotrophy 80 families are less well studied. In most cases, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the removal of certain coactivator complexes after the termination of their functions at the promoters are still not understood. On the basis of the summarized information, we propose a scheme that illustrates the involvement of coactivator complexes in different stages of the transcription activation process. This scheme may help to gain a deeper insight into the molecular mechanism of functioning of coactivator complexes, find novel participants of the process, and reveal novel structural or functional connections between different coactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey N Krasnov
- Department of Transcription Regulation and Chromatin Dynamic, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - Marina Yu Mazina
- Department of Transcription Regulation and Chromatin Dynamic, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - Julia V Nikolenko
- Department of Transcription Regulation and Chromatin Dynamic, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - Nadezhda E Vorobyeva
- Department of Transcription Regulation and Chromatin Dynamic, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
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15
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Voutsadakis IA. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Regulation of EMT Factors by Steroid Nuclear Receptors in Breast Cancer: A Review and in Silico Investigation. J Clin Med 2016; 5:E11. [PMID: 26797644 PMCID: PMC4730136 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid Nuclear Receptors (SNRs) are transcription factors of the nuclear receptor super-family. Estrogen Receptor (ERα) is the best-studied and has a seminal role in the clinic both as a prognostic marker but also as a predictor of response to anti-estrogenic therapies. Progesterone Receptor (PR) is also used in the clinic but with a more debatable prognostic role and the role of the four other SNRs, ERβ, Androgen Receptor (AR), Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) and Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR), is starting only to be appreciated. ERα, but also to a certain degree the other SNRs, have been reported to be involved in virtually every cancer-enabling process, both promoting and impeding carcinogenesis. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and the reverse Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition (MET) are such carcinogenesis-enabling processes with important roles in invasion and metastasis initiation but also establishment of tumor in the metastatic site. EMT is governed by several signal transduction pathways culminating in core transcription factors of the process, such as Snail, Slug, ZEB1 and ZEB2, and Twist, among others. This paper will discuss direct regulation of these core transcription factors by SNRs in breast cancer. Interrogation of publicly available databases for binding sites of SNRs on promoters of core EMT factors will also be included in an attempt to fill gaps where other experimental data are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sault Area Hospital, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6B 0A8, Canada.
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, QC P3E 2C6, Canada.
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16
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Liao R, Mizzen CA. Interphase H1 phosphorylation: Regulation and functions in chromatin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1859:476-85. [PMID: 26657617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many metazoan cell types differentially express multiple non-allelic amino acid sequence variants of histone H1. Although early work revealed that H1 variants, collectively, are phosphorylated during interphase and mitosis, differences between individual H1 variants in the sites they possess for mitotic and interphase phosphorylation have been elucidated only relatively recently. Here, we review current knowledge on the regulation and function of interphase H1 phosphorylation, with a particular emphasis on how differences in interphase phosphorylation among the H1 variants of mammalian cells may enable them to have differential effects on transcription and other chromatin processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Liao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA
| | - Craig A Mizzen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA.
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17
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Vicent GP, Wright RHG, Beato M. Linker histones in hormonal gene regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1859:520-5. [PMID: 26518266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present review, we summarize advances in our knowledge on the role of the histone H1 family of proteins in breast cancer cells, focusing on their response to progestins. Histone H1 plays a dual role in gene regulation by hormones, both as a structural component of chromatin and as a dynamic modulator of transcription. It contributes to hormonal regulation of the MMTV promoter by stabilizing a homogeneous nucleosome positioning, which reduces basal transcription whereas at the same time promoting progesterone receptor binding and nucleosome remodeling. These combined effects enhance hormone dependent gene transcription, which eventually requires H1 phosphorylation and displacement. Various isoforms of histone H1 have specific functions in differentiated breast cancer cells and compact nucleosomal arrays to different extents in vitro. Genome-wide studies show that histone H1 has a key role in chromatin dynamics of hormone regulated genes. A complex sequence of enzymatic events, including phosphorylation by CDK2, PARylation by PARP1 and the ATP-dependent activity of NURF, are required for H1 displacement and gene de-repression, as a prerequisite for further nucleosome remodeling. Similarly, during hormone-dependent gene repression a dedicated enzymatic mechanism controls H1 deposition at promoters by a complex containing HP1γ, LSD1 and BRG1, the ATPase of the BAF complex. Thus, a broader vision of the histone code should include histone H1, as the linker histone variants actively participate in the regulation of the chromatin structure. How modifications of the core histones tails affect H1 modifications and vice versa is one of the many questions that remains to be addressed to provide a more comprehensive view of the histone cross-talk mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Vicent
- Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R H G Wright
- Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Beato
- Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Hilton HN, Graham JD, Clarke CL. Minireview: Progesterone Regulation of Proliferation in the Normal Human Breast and in Breast Cancer: A Tale of Two Scenarios? Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1230-42. [PMID: 26266959 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone (P), which signals through the P receptor (PR), is critical in normal development of the breast, but its signaling axis is also a major driver of breast cancer risk. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of P signaling in the normal human breast, with a focus on the importance of the balance between autocrine and paracrine signaling. To date, most data (which derive largely from mouse models or human breast cancer cell line studies) have demonstrated that the vast majority of PR+ cells appear to act as "sensor" cells, which respond to P stimulation by translating these hormonal cues into paracrine signals. However, growing evidence suggests that, dependent on the cellular context, P may also signal in an autocrine manner in a subset of cells in the normal mouse mammary gland and human breast. It has been suggested that it may be dysregulation of this autocrine signaling, resulting in a "switch" from a predominance of paracrine signaling to autocrine signaling in PR+ cells, which is an early event during breast tumorigenesis. This review summarizes current evidence in the literature that demonstrates the mechanisms through which P acts in the normal human breast, as well as highlighting the important questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N Hilton
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - J Dinny Graham
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Christine L Clarke
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
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Le Dily F, Beato M. TADs as modular and dynamic units for gene regulation by hormones. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2885-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Ceballos-Chávez M, Subtil-Rodríguez A, Giannopoulou EG, Soronellas D, Vázquez-Chávez E, Vicent GP, Elemento O, Beato M, Reyes JC. The chromatin Remodeler CHD8 is required for activation of progesterone receptor-dependent enhancers. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005174. [PMID: 25894978 PMCID: PMC4403880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While the importance of gene enhancers in transcriptional regulation is well established, the mechanisms and the protein factors that determine enhancers activity have only recently begun to be unravelled. Recent studies have shown that progesterone receptor (PR) binds regions that display typical features of gene enhancers. Here, we show by ChIP-seq experiments that the chromatin remodeler CHD8 mostly binds promoters under proliferation conditions. However, upon progestin stimulation, CHD8 re-localizes to PR enhancers also enriched in p300 and H3K4me1. Consistently, CHD8 depletion severely impairs progestin-dependent gene regulation. CHD8 binding is PR-dependent but independent of the pioneering factor FOXA1. The SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex is required for PR-dependent gene activation. Interestingly, we show that CHD8 interacts with the SWI/SNF complex and that depletion of BRG1 and BRM, the ATPases of SWI/SNF complex, impairs CHD8 recruitment. We also show that CHD8 is not required for H3K27 acetylation, but contributes to increase accessibility of the enhancer to DNaseI. Furthermore, CHD8 was required for RNAPII recruiting to the enhancers and for transcription of enhancer-derived RNAs (eRNAs). Taken together our data demonstrate that CHD8 is involved in late stages of PR enhancers activation. A lot of research has been devoted during the last decades to understand the mechanisms that control gene promoters activity, however, much less is known about enhancers. Only recently, the use of genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques has revealed the existence of more than 400,000 enhancers in the human genome. We are starting to understand the importance of these regulatory elements and how they are activated or repressed. In this work we discover that the chromatin remodeler CHD8 is recruited to Progesteron Receptor-dependent enhancers upon hormone treatment. CHD8 is required for late steps in the activation of these enhancers, including transcription of the enhancers and synthesis of eRNA (long noncoding RNAs derived form the enhancers).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ceballos-Chávez
- Molecular Biology Department, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Alicia Subtil-Rodríguez
- Molecular Biology Department, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
- * E-mail: (ASR); (JCR)
| | - Eugenia G. Giannopoulou
- Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, New York, United States of America
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and the David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Soronellas
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Vázquez-Chávez
- Molecular Biology Department, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Guillermo P. Vicent
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivier Elemento
- HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Miguel Beato
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José C. Reyes
- Molecular Biology Department, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
- * E-mail: (ASR); (JCR)
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21
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Izzo F, Mercogliano F, Venturutti L, Tkach M, Inurrigarro G, Schillaci R, Cerchietti L, Elizalde PV, Proietti CJ. Progesterone receptor activation downregulates GATA3 by transcriptional repression and increased protein turnover promoting breast tumor growth. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:491. [PMID: 25479686 PMCID: PMC4303201 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The transcription factor GATA3 is involved in mammary gland development and is crucial for the maintenance of the differentiated status of luminal epithelial cells. The role of GATA3 in breast cancer as a tumor suppressor has been established, although insights into the mechanism of GATA3 expression loss are still required. Methods Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to study progestin modulation of recruitment of transcription factors to GATA3 promoter. We performed western blot and reverse RT-qPCR experiments to explore progestin regulation of GATA3 protein and mRNA expression respectively. Confocal microscopy and in vitro phosphorylation studies were conducted to examine progestin capacity to induce GATA3 serine phosphorylation in its 308 residue. GATA3 participation in progestin-induced breast cancer growth was addressed in in vitro proliferation and in vivo tumor growth experiments. Results In this study, we demonstrate that progestin-activated progesterone receptor (PR) reduces GATA3 expression through regulation at the transcriptional and post-translational levels in breast cancer cells. In the former mechanism, the histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 is co-recruited with activated PR to a putative progesterone response element in the GATA3 proximal promoter, increasing H3K27me3 levels and inducing chromatin compaction, resulting in decreased GATA3 mRNA levels. This transcriptional regulation is coupled with increased GATA3 protein turnover through progestin-induced GATA3 phosphorylation at serine 308 followed by 26S proteasome-mediated degradation. Both molecular mechanisms converge to accomplish decreased GATA3 expression levels in breast cancer cells upon PR activation. In addition, we demonstrated that decreased GATA3 levels are required for progestin-induced upregulation of cyclin A2, which mediates the G1 to S phase transition of the cell cycle and was reported to be associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Finally, we showed that downregulation of GATA3 is required for progestin stimulation of both in vitro cell proliferation and in vivo tumor growth. Conclusions In the present study, we reveal that progestin-induced PR activation leads to loss of GATA3 expression in breast cancer cells through transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Importantly, we demonstrate that GATA3 downregulation is required for progestin-induced upregulation of cyclin A2 and for progestin-induced in vitro and in vivo breast cancer cell growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-014-0491-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Izzo
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, 1428 ADN, Argentina.
| | - Florencia Mercogliano
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, 1428 ADN, Argentina.
| | - Leandro Venturutti
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, 1428 ADN, Argentina.
| | - Mercedes Tkach
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, 1428 ADN, Argentina.
| | | | - Roxana Schillaci
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, 1428 ADN, Argentina.
| | | | - Patricia V Elizalde
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, 1428 ADN, Argentina.
| | - Cecilia J Proietti
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, 1428 ADN, Argentina.
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22
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Schumacher M, Mattern C, Ghoumari A, Oudinet JP, Liere P, Labombarda F, Sitruk-Ware R, De Nicola AF, Guennoun R. Revisiting the roles of progesterone and allopregnanolone in the nervous system: resurgence of the progesterone receptors. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 113:6-39. [PMID: 24172649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone is commonly considered as a female reproductive hormone and is well-known for its role in pregnancy. It is less well appreciated that progesterone and its metabolite allopregnanolone are also male hormones, as they are produced in both sexes by the adrenal glands. In addition, they are synthesized within the nervous system. Progesterone and allopregnanolone are associated with adaptation to stress, and increased production of progesterone within the brain may be part of the response of neural cells to injury. Progesterone receptors (PR) are widely distributed throughout the brain, but their study has been mainly limited to the hypothalamus and reproductive functions, and the extra-hypothalamic receptors have been neglected. This lack of information about brain functions of PR is unexpected, as the protective and trophic effects of progesterone are much investigated, and as the therapeutic potential of progesterone as a neuroprotective and promyelinating agent is currently being assessed in clinical trials. The little attention devoted to the brain functions of PR may relate to the widely accepted assumption that non-reproductive actions of progesterone may be mainly mediated by allopregnanolone, which does not bind to PR, but acts as a potent positive modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A) receptors. The aim of this review is to critically discuss effects of progesterone on the nervous system via PR, and of allopregnanolone via its modulation of GABA(A) receptors, with main focus on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schumacher
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - C Mattern
- M et P Pharma AG, Emmetten, Switzerland
| | - A Ghoumari
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - J P Oudinet
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - P Liere
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - F Labombarda
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Sitruk-Ware
- Population Council and Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - A F De Nicola
- Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Guennoun
- UMR 788 Inserm and University Paris-Sud, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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23
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Vicent GP, Nacht AS, Zaurin R, Font-Mateu J, Soronellas D, Le Dily F, Reyes D, Beato M. Unliganded progesterone receptor-mediated targeting of an RNA-containing repressive complex silences a subset of hormone-inducible genes. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1179-97. [PMID: 23699411 DOI: 10.1101/gad.215293.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A close chromatin conformation precludes gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Genes activated by external cues have to overcome this repressive state by locally changing chromatin structure to a more open state. Although much is known about hormonal gene activation, how basal repression of regulated genes is targeted to the correct sites throughout the genome is not well understood. Here we report that in breast cancer cells, the unliganded progesterone receptor (PR) binds genomic sites and targets a repressive complex containing HP1γ (heterochromatin protein 1γ), LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase 1), HDAC1/2, CoREST (corepressor for REST [RE1 {neuronal repressor element 1} silencing transcription factor]), KDM5B, and the RNA SRA (steroid receptor RNA activator) to 20% of hormone-inducible genes, keeping these genes silenced prior to hormone treatment. The complex is anchored via binding of HP1γ to H3K9me3 (histone H3 tails trimethylated on Lys 9). SRA interacts with PR, HP1γ, and LSD1, and its depletion compromises the loading of the repressive complex to target chromatin-promoting aberrant gene derepression. Upon hormonal treatment, the HP1γ-LSD1 complex is displaced from these constitutively poorly expressed genes as a result of rapid phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser 10 mediated by MSK1, which is recruited to the target sites by the activated PR. Displacement of the repressive complex enables the loading of coactivators needed for chromatin remodeling and activation of this set of genes, including genes involved in apoptosis and cell proliferation. These results highlight the importance of the unliganded PR in hormonal regulation of breast cancer cells.
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Ballaré C, Zaurin R, Vicent GP, Beato M. More help than hindrance: nucleosomes aid transcriptional regulation. Nucleus 2013; 4:189-94. [PMID: 23756349 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.25108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge of modern human biology is to understand how a differentiated somatic cell integrates the response to external signals in the complex context of basic metabolic and tissue-specific gene expression programs. This requires exploring two interconnected basic processes: the signaling network and the global function of the key transcription factors on which signaling acts to modulate gene expression. An apparently simple model to study these questions has been steroid hormones action, since their intracellular receptors both initiate signaling and are the key transcription factors orchestrating the cellular response. We have used progesterone action in breast cancer cells to elucidate the intricacies of progesterone receptor (PR) signaling crosstalk with protein kinases, histone modifying enzymes and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes. ( 1) Recently we have described the cistrome of PR in these cells at different times after addition of hormone and its relationship to chromatin structure. ( 2) The role of chromatin in transcription factor binding to the genome is still debated, but the dominant view is that factors bind preferentially to nucleosome-depleted regions, usually identified as DNaseI-hypersensitive sites (DHS). In contrast with this vision, we have shown that PR requires nucleosomes for optimal binding and function. In breast cancer cells treated with progestins we identified 25,000 PR binding sites (PRbs), the majority encompassing several copies of the hexanucleotide TGTYCY, highly abundant in the genome. We found that strong functional PRbs accumulate around progesterone-induced genes mainly in enhancers, are enriched in DHS but exhibit high nucleosome occupancy. Progestin stimulation results in remodeling of these nucleosomes with displacement of histones H1 and H2A/H2B dimers. Our results strongly suggest that nucleosomes play crucial role in PR binding and hormonal gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ballaré
- Gene Regulation Stem Cells and Cancer Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation CRG, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Bertucci PY, Nacht AS, Alló M, Rocha-Viegas L, Ballaré C, Soronellas D, Castellano G, Zaurin R, Kornblihtt AR, Beato M, Vicent GP, Pecci A. Progesterone receptor induces bcl-x expression through intragenic binding sites favoring RNA polymerase II elongation. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:6072-86. [PMID: 23640331 PMCID: PMC3695497 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid receptors were classically described for regulating transcription by binding to target gene promoters. However, genome-wide studies reveal that steroid receptors-binding sites are mainly located at intragenic regions. To determine the role of these sites, we examined the effect of progestins on the transcription of the bcl-x gene, where only intragenic progesterone receptor-binding sites (PRbs) were identified. We found that in response to hormone treatment, the PR is recruited to these sites along with two histone acetyltransferases CREB-binding protein (CBP) and GCN5, leading to an increase in histone H3 and H4 acetylation and to the binding of the SWI/SNF complex. Concomitant, a more relaxed chromatin was detected along bcl-x gene mainly in the regions surrounding the intragenic PRbs. PR also mediated the recruitment of the positive elongation factor pTEFb, favoring RNA polymerase II (Pol II) elongation activity. Together these events promoted the re-distribution of the active Pol II toward the 3′-end of the gene and a decrease in the ratio between proximal and distal transcription. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which PR regulates gene expression by facilitating the proper passage of the polymerase along hormone-dependent genes.
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26
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Ballaré C, Castellano G, Gaveglia L, Althammer S, González-Vallinas J, Eyras E, Le Dily F, Zaurin R, Soronellas D, Vicent G, Beato M. Nucleosome-Driven Transcription Factor Binding and Gene Regulation. Mol Cell 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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27
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Yang SH, Sharrocks AD, Whitmarsh AJ. MAP kinase signalling cascades and transcriptional regulation. Gene 2012; 513:1-13. [PMID: 23123731 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The MAP kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways play fundamental roles in a wide range of cellular processes and are often deregulated in disease states. One major mode of action for these pathways is in controlling gene expression, in particular through regulating transcription. In this review, we discuss recent significant advances in this area. In particular we focus on the mechanisms by which MAPKs are targeted to the nucleus and chromatin, and once there, how they impact on chromatin structure and subsequent gene regulation. We also discuss how systems biology approaches have contributed to our understanding of MAPK signaling networks, and also how the MAPK pathways intersect with other regulatory pathways in the nucleus. Finally, we summarise progress in studying the physiological functions of key MAPK transcriptional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Hsi Yang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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28
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Meyer CA, Tang Q, Liu XS. Minireview: applications of next-generation sequencing on studies of nuclear receptor regulation and function. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1651-9. [PMID: 22930692 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing technologies have expanded the experimental possibilities for studying the genome-wide regulation of transcription by nuclear receptors, their collaborating transcription factors, and coregulators. These technologies allow investigators to obtain abundance and DNA sequence information in a single experiment. In this review, we highlight proven and potential uses of next-generation sequencing in the study of gene regulation by nuclear receptors. We also provide suggestions on how to effectively leverage this technology in a collaborative environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford A Meyer
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Biostatistics and Computational Biology, 450 Brookline Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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29
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Graham JD, Clarke CL. Preview: MCE special issue on molecular mechanisms of action in progesterone signalling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 357:1-3. [PMID: 22326765 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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