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Ma J, Liangpunsakul S. Solving the puzzle of fibrosis resolution in alcohol-associated liver disease: An insight from KDM5 demethylases and LXR activation. Hepatology 2024; 80:14-17. [PMID: 38449427 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Medicine Service, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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2
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Fang Z, Liu R, Xie J, He JC. Molecular mechanism of renal lipid accumulation in diabetic kidney disease. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18364. [PMID: 38837668 PMCID: PMC11151220 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of end stage renal disease with unmet clinical demands for treatment. Lipids are essential for cell survival; however, renal cells have limited capability to metabolize overloaded lipids. Dyslipidaemia is common in DKD patients and renal ectopic lipid accumulation is associated with disease progression. Unveiling the molecular mechanism involved in renal lipid regulation is crucial for exploring potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we focused on the mechanism underlying cholesterol, oxysterol and fatty acid metabolism disorder in the context of DKD. Specific regulators of lipid accumulation in different kidney compartment and TREM2 macrophages, a lipid-related macrophages in DKD, were discussed. The role of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors in improving renal lipid accumulation was summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengying Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jingyuan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - John Cijiang He
- Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Renal SectionJames J Peters Veterans Affair Medical CenterBronxNew YorkUSA
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Morito K, Yamagata M, Naka F, Kobayashi K, Ueda H, Morimoto H, Yasukawa T, Takayama K, Uozumi Y, Nagasawa K. Sub-chronic and mild social defeat stress exposure to C57BL/6J mice increases visceral fat mass and causes accumulation of cholesterol and bile acids in the liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 702:149631. [PMID: 38335703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is accompanied by a high metabolic illness comorbidity and patients with atypical depression are a subgroup with particularly high risk of obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined visceral fat deposition, lipid profiles in the liver, and gut microbiota in sub-chronic and mild social defeat stress (sCSDS)-exposed C57BL/6J mice, which exhibit atypical depression-like phenotypes, i.e., increased body weight and food and water intake. We found that visceral fat mass and levels of hepatic cholesterol and bile acids in sCSDS-exposed mice were significantly increased compared to those in controls. The expression of hepatic small heterodimer partner, a negative regulator of cholesterol metabolism, was significantly elevated in sCSDS-exposed mice. We also found that gut microbial diversity and composition including lower relative abundance of Bacteroides spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in sCSDS-exposed mice were different from those in controls. In addition, relative abundance of Bacteroides spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. was significantly and negatively correlated with body weight, visceral fat mass, and hepatic cholesterol and bile acids levels. These results indicate that sCSDS-exposure induces dysbiosis, and thereby contributes to metabolic disorder development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Morito
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamagata
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Futaba Naka
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kayo Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hikari Ueda
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Morimoto
- Technical Development Division, Ako Kasei, Co., Ltd., 329 Sakoshi, Ako, 678-0193, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasukawa
- Technical Development Division, Ako Kasei, Co., Ltd., 329 Sakoshi, Ako, 678-0193, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takayama
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Uozumi
- Technical Development Division, Ako Kasei, Co., Ltd., 329 Sakoshi, Ako, 678-0193, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Environmental Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan.
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Sun Z, Yang J, Zhou J, Zhou J, Feng L, Feng Y, He Y, Liu M, Li Y, Wang G, Li R. Tissue-Specific Oxysterols as Predictors of Antidepressant (Escitalopram) Treatment Response in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:663-672. [PMID: 37881566 PMCID: PMC10593904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing evidence that disturbances in cholesterol metabolism may be involved in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it is not known if cholesterol metabolites present in the brain and periphery can be used to diagnose and predict an MDD patient's response to antidepressant treatment. Methods A total of 176 subjects (85 patients with MDD and 91 healthy control subjects) were included in this study. The expression of peripheral and brain-specific oxysterols and related gene polymorphisms were investigated in all subjects. The severity of depression was measured using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Self-Report, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for all patients with MDD before and after 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment. Results Patients with MDD expressed higher plasma levels of 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) (mainly secreted from the brain) compared with healthy control subjects, and the higher levels of 24OHC were associated with 24OHC synthetase (CYP46A1) gene polymorphisms. In patients with MDD, an improved response to the 12-week antidepressant treatment was associated with a reduction of both 24OHC and 27OHC (mainly secreted from the peripheral system) levels relative to baseline levels. Nonresponders exhibited increased levels of oxysterols at the end of treatment compared with baseline. The superior reduction in oxysterol levels correlated with better outcomes from the antidepressant treatment. Conclusions These data suggest a potential role for oxysterols as diagnostic and treatment response-related indicators for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoli Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Feng
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi He
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rena Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Xin Y, Li X, Zhu X, Lin X, Luo M, Xiao Y, Ruan Y, Guo H. Stigmasterol Protects Against Steatohepatitis Induced by High-Fat and High-Cholesterol Diet in Mice by Enhancing the Alternative Bile Acid Synthesis Pathway. J Nutr 2023; 153:1903-1914. [PMID: 37269906 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic cholesterol accumulation is a significant risk factor in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to steatohepatitis. However, the precise mechanism by which stigmasterol (STG) mitigates this process remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism underlying the protective effect of STG in mice with NAFLD progressing to steatohepatitis while being fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed an HFHC diet for 16 wk to establish the NAFLD model. Subsequently, the mice received STG or a vehicle via oral gavage while continuing the HFHC diet for an additional 10 wk. The study evaluated hepatic lipid deposition and inflammation as well as the expression of key rate-limiting enzymes involved in the bile acid (BA) synthesis pathways. BAs in the colonic contents were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Compared with the vehicle control group, STG significantly reduced hepatic cholesterol accumulation (P < 0.01) and suppressed the gene expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin-18 (P < 0.05) in the livers of HFHC diet-fed mice. The total fecal BA content in the STG group was nearly double that of the vehicle control group. Additionally, the administration of STG increased the concentrations of representative hydrophilic BAs in the colonic contents (P < 0.05) along with the upregulation of gene and protein expression of CYP7B1 (P < 0.01). Furthermore, STG enhanced the α-diversity of the gut microbiota and partially reversed the alterations in the relative abundance of the gut microbiota induced by the HFHC diet. CONCLUSIONS STG mitigates steatohepatitis by enhancing the alternative pathway for BA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaozhuan Lin
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mengliu Luo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yunjun Xiao
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongdui Ruan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| | - Honghui Guo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
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An Unexpected Enzyme in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Angiotensin II Upregulates Cholesterol-25-Hydroxylase Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043968. [PMID: 36835391 PMCID: PMC9965395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) is a vasoactive peptide hormone, which, under pathological conditions, contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Oxysterols, including 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), the product of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), also have detrimental effects on vascular health by affecting vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We investigated AngII-induced gene expression changes in VSMCs to explore whether AngII stimulus and 25-HC production have a connection in the vasculature. RNA-sequencing revealed that Ch25h is significantly upregulated in response to AngII stimulus. The Ch25h mRNA levels were elevated robustly (~50-fold) 1 h after AngII (100 nM) stimulation compared to baseline levels. Using inhibitors, we specified that the AngII-induced Ch25h upregulation is type 1 angiotensin II receptor- and Gq/11 activity-dependent. Furthermore, p38 MAPK has a crucial role in the upregulation of Ch25h. We performed LC-MS/MS to identify 25-HC in the supernatant of AngII-stimulated VSMCs. In the supernatants, 25-HC concentration peaked 4 h after AngII stimulation. Our findings provide insight into the pathways mediating AngII-induced Ch25h upregulation. Our study elucidates a connection between AngII stimulus and 25-HC production in primary rat VSMCs. These results potentially lead to the identification and understanding of new mechanisms in the pathogenesis of vascular impairments.
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Reiss AB, Teboul I, Kasselman L, Ahmed S, Carsons SE, De Leon J. Methotrexate effects on adenosine receptor expression in peripheral monocytes of persons with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. J Investig Med 2022; 70:1433-1437. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-2022-002355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial (CIRT) was designed to assess whether low-dose methotrexate (LD-MTX) would reduce future cardiac events in patients with metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who are post-myocardial infarction (MI) or have multivessel disease. Our previous work indicates that MTX confers atheroprotection via adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) activation. In order for A2AR ligation to reduce cardiovascular events, A2AR levels would need to be preserved during MTX treatment. This study was conducted to determine whether LD-MTX alters peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) adenosine receptor expression in persons at risk for cardiovascular events. Post-MI T2DM CIRT patients were randomized to LD-MTX or placebo (n=10/group). PBMC isolated from blood drawn at enrollment and after 6 weeks were evaluated for expression of adenosine receptors and reverse cholesterol transporters by real-time PCR. Fold change between time points was calculated using factorial analyses of variance. Compared with placebo, the LD-MTX group exhibited a trend toward an increase in A2AR (p=0.06), while A3R expression was significantly decreased (p=0.01) after 6 weeks. Cholesterol efflux gene expression did not change significantly. Persistence of A2AR combined with A3R downregulation indicates that failure of MTX to be atheroprotective in CIRT was not due to loss of adenosine receptors on PBMC (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01594333).
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8
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Yang JW, Ji HF. Phytosterols as bioactive food components against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-12. [PMID: 34871105 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2006137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols are bioactive food components widely present in cell membranes of plants, especially in nuts and oilseeds. In recent years, many studies have shown that phytosterols possess therapeutic potentials for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This review summarizes the effects of phytosterols from in vitro and in vivo studies to lower the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG), and the evidence supporting the potential of phytosterols against NAFLD. The potential mechanisms by which phytosterols improve NAFLD may include (i) competition with cholesterol; (ii) regulation of key factors involved in cholesterol and TG metabolism; and (iii) inhibition of liver inflammation and (iv) regulation of liver fatty acid composition. In summary, phytosterols are potential natural ingredients with good safety profile against NAFLD, which deserve more future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fang Ji
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Dubland JA, Allahverdian S, Besler KJ, Ortega C, Wang Y, Pryma CS, Boukais K, Chan T, Seidman MA, Francis GA. Low LAL (Lysosomal Acid Lipase) Expression by Smooth Muscle Cells Relative to Macrophages as a Mechanism for Arterial Foam Cell Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e354-e368. [PMID: 33792344 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.316063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Dubland
- Departments of Medicine (J.A.D., S.A., K.J.B., C.O., C.S.P., K.B., T.C., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sima Allahverdian
- Departments of Medicine (J.A.D., S.A., K.J.B., C.O., C.S.P., K.B., T.C., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Katrina J Besler
- Departments of Medicine (J.A.D., S.A., K.J.B., C.O., C.S.P., K.B., T.C., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carleena Ortega
- Departments of Medicine (J.A.D., S.A., K.J.B., C.O., C.S.P., K.B., T.C., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Y.W.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Collin S Pryma
- Departments of Medicine (J.A.D., S.A., K.J.B., C.O., C.S.P., K.B., T.C., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kamel Boukais
- Departments of Medicine (J.A.D., S.A., K.J.B., C.O., C.S.P., K.B., T.C., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Teddy Chan
- Departments of Medicine (J.A.D., S.A., K.J.B., C.O., C.S.P., K.B., T.C., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael A Seidman
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada (M.A.S.)
| | - Gordon A Francis
- Departments of Medicine (J.A.D., S.A., K.J.B., C.O., C.S.P., K.B., T.C., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Jia W, Wei M, Rajani C, Zheng X. Targeting the alternative bile acid synthetic pathway for metabolic diseases. Protein Cell 2020; 12:411-425. [PMID: 33252713 PMCID: PMC8106556 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is profoundly involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, in part by regulating bile acid (BA) metabolism and affecting multiple BA-receptor signaling pathways. BAs are synthesized in the liver by multi-step reactions catalyzed via two distinct routes, the classical pathway (producing the 12α-hydroxylated primary BA, cholic acid), and the alternative pathway (producing the non-12α-hydroxylated primary BA, chenodeoxycholic acid). BA synthesis and excretion is a major pathway of cholesterol and lipid catabolism, and thus, is implicated in a variety of metabolic diseases including obesity, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Additionally, both oxysterols and BAs function as signaling molecules that activate multiple nuclear and membrane receptor-mediated signaling pathways in various tissues, regulating glucose, lipid homeostasis, inflammation, and energy expenditure. Modulating BA synthesis and composition to regulate BA signaling is an interesting and novel direction for developing therapies for metabolic disease. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings on the role of BA synthetic pathways, with a focus on the role of the alternative pathway, which has been under-investigated, in treating hyperglycemia and fatty liver disease. We also discuss future perspectives to develop promising pharmacological strategies targeting the alternative BA synthetic pathway for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China. .,School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Meilin Wei
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Cynthia Rajani
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Xiaojiao Zheng
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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11
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Elyasi A, Voloshyna I, Ahmed S, Kasselman LJ, Behbodikhah J, De Leon J, Reiss AB. The role of interferon-γ in cardiovascular disease: an update. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:975-988. [PMID: 32699989 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death, globally, and its prevalence is only expected to rise due to the increasing incidence of co-morbidities such as obesity and diabetes. Medical treatment of CVD is directed primarily at slowing or reversing the underlying atherosclerotic process by managing circulating lipids with an emphasis on control of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. However, over the past several decades, there has been increasing recognition that chronic inflammation and immune system activation are important contributors to atherosclerosis. This shift in focus has led to the elucidation of the complex interplay between cholesterol and cellular secretion of cytokines involved in CVD pathogenesis. Of the vast array of cytokine promoting atherosclerosis, interferon (IFN)-γ is highly implicated and, therefore, of great interest. METHODS Literature review was performed to further understand the effect of IFN-γ on the development of atherosclerotic CVD. RESULTS IFN-γ, the sole member of the type II IFN family, is produced by T cells and macrophages, and has been found to induce production of other cytokines and to have multiple effects on all stages of atherogenesis. IFN-γ activates a variety of signaling pathways, most commonly the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, to induce oxidative stress, promote foam cell accumulation, stimulate smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration into the arterial intima, enhance platelet-derived growth factor expression, and destabilize plaque. These are just a few of the contributions of IFN-γ to the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic CVD. CONCLUSION Given the pivotal role of IFN-γ in the advancement of CVD, activation of its signaling pathways is being explored as a driver of atherosclerosis. Manipulation of this key cytokine may lead to novel therapeutic avenues for CVD prevention and treatment. A number of therapies are being explored with IFN-γ as the potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Elyasi
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Iryna Voloshyna
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Saba Ahmed
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Lora J Kasselman
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Jennifer Behbodikhah
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Joshua De Leon
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Allison B Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 101 Mineola Boulevard, Suite 4-004, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA.
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12
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Excessive early-life cholesterol exposure may have later-life consequences for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:229-236. [PMID: 32290895 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The in utero and immediate postnatal environments are recognized as critical windows of developmental plasticity where offspring are highly susceptible to changes in the maternal metabolic milieu. Maternal hypercholesterolemia (MHC) is a pathological condition characterized by an exaggerated rise in maternal serum cholesterol during pregnancy which can program metabolic dysfunction in offspring, including dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. Although there is currently no established reference range MHC, a loosely defined cutoff point for total cholesterol >280 mg/dL in the third trimester has been suggested. There are several unanswered questions regarding this condition particularly with regard to how the timing of cholesterol exposure influences hepatic lipid dysfunction and the mechanisms through which these adaptations manifest in adulthood. Gestational hypercholesterolemia increased fetal hepatic lipid concentrations and altered lipid regulatory mRNA and protein content. These early changes in hepatic lipid metabolism are evident in the postweaning environment and persist into adulthood. Further, changes to hepatic epigenetic signatures including microRNA (miR) and DNA methylation are observed in utero, at weaning, and are evident in adult offspring. In conclusion, early exposure to cholesterol during critical developmental periods can predispose offspring to the early development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which is characterized by altered regulatory function beginning in utero and persisting throughout the life cycle.
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Wang Y, Dubland JA, Allahverdian S, Asonye E, Sahin B, Jaw JE, Sin DD, Seidman MA, Leeper NJ, Francis GA. Smooth Muscle Cells Contribute the Majority of Foam Cells in ApoE (Apolipoprotein E)-Deficient Mouse Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:876-887. [PMID: 30786740 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the most abundant cells in human atherosclerotic lesions and are suggested to contribute at least 50% of atheroma foam cells. In mice, SMCs contribute fewer total lesional cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of SMCs to total foam cells in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice, and the utility of these mice to model human SMC foam cell biology and interventions. Approach and Results- Using flow cytometry, foam cells in the aortic arch of ApoE-/- mice were characterized based on the expression of leukocyte-specific markers. Nonleukocyte foam cells increased from 37% of total foam cells in 27-week-old to 75% in 57-week-old male ApoE-/- mice fed a chow diet and were ≈70% in male and female ApoE-/- mice following 6 weeks of Western diet feeding. A similar contribution to total foam cells by SMCs was found using SMC-lineage tracing ApoE-/- mice fed the Western diet for 6 or 12 weeks. Nonleukocyte foam cells contributed a similar percentage of total atheroma cholesterol and exhibited lower expression of the cholesterol exporter ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) when compared with leukocyte-derived foam cells. Conclusions- Consistent with previous studies of human atheromas, we present evidence that SMCs contribute the majority of atheroma foam cells in ApoE-/- mice fed a Western diet and a chow diet for longer periods. Reduced expression of ABCA1, also seen in human intimal SMCs, suggests a common mechanism for formation of SMC foam cells across species, and represents a novel target to enhance atherosclerosis regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, CA (Y.W., N.J.L.)
| | - Joshua A Dubland
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sima Allahverdian
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Enyinnaya Asonye
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Basak Sahin
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jen Erh Jaw
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Don D Sin
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael A Seidman
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.A.S.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University, CA (Y.W., N.J.L.)
| | - Gordon A Francis
- From the Departments of Medicine (Y.W., J.A.D., S.A., E.A., B.S., J.E.J., D.D.S., G.A.F.), Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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14
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Biological mechanisms and related natural modulators of liver X receptor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 113:108778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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15
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Levy D, de Melo TC, Ruiz JL, Bydlowski SP. Oxysterols and mesenchymal stem cell biology. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:223-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Wang X, Shi L, Joyce S, Wang Y, Feng Y. MDG-1, a Potential Regulator of PPARα and PPARγ, Ameliorates Dyslipidemia in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091930. [PMID: 28885549 PMCID: PMC5618579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a serious epidemic disease caused by lipid metabolism disorder, which is harmful to human health. MDG-1, a β-d-fructan polysaccharide extracted from Ophiopogon japonicus, has been shown to improve abnormal blood lipid levels and alleviate diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism on hyperlipidemia is largely unknown. In this study, male C57BL/6 mice were randomly separated into three groups, respectively: low-fat diet (Con), high-fat diet (HFD), and high-fat diet plus 5‰ MDG-1 (HFD + MDG-1). Body weight was measured and the serum lipid levels were analyzed. Using gene microarray, various core pathways, together with levels of gene expression within hepatocytes, were analyzed. RT-PCR was used to confirm the identity of the differentially expressed genes. MDG-1 could prevent obesity in HFD-induced mice and improve abnormal serum lipids. Besides, MDG-1 could regulate hyperlipidemia symptoms, specifically, and decrease fasting blood glucose, improve glucose tolerance, and ameliorate insulin resistance. According to results from gene microarray, most of the identified pathways were involved in the digestion and absorption of fat, biosynthesis, and catabolism of fatty acids as well as the secretion and biological synthesis of bile acids. Furthermore, MDG-1 may act upon peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) α and γ, activating PPARα whilst inhibiting PPARγ, thus having a potent hypolipidemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Linlin Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Sun Joyce
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Yuan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yi Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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17
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Monzel JV, Budde T, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE, Schwebe M, Bien-Möller S, Lütjohann D, Kroemer HK, Jedlitschky G, Grube M. Doxorubicin enhances oxysterol levels resulting in a LXR-mediated upregulation of cardiac cholesterol transporters. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 144:108-119. [PMID: 28807695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The anthracycline-mediated cardiotoxicity is still not completely understood. To examine the impact of cholesterol metabolism and transport in this context, cholesterol and oxysterol levels as well as the expression of the cholesterol transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 were analyzed in doxorubicin-treated HL-1 murine cardiomyocytes as well as in mouse model for acute doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Doxorubicin-treated HL-1 cells exhibited enhanced cholesterol (153±20% of control), oxysterol (24S-hydroxycholesterol: 206±29% of control) and cholesterol precursor levels (lathosterol: 122±12% of control; desmosterol: 188±10% of control) indicating enhanced cholesterol synthesis. Moreover, abca1 and abcg1 were upregulated on mRNA, protein and functional level caused by a doxorubicin-mediated activation of the nuclear receptor LXR. In addition, the oxysterols not only induced the abca1 and abcg1 in HL-1 cells but also enhanced the expression of endothelin-1 and transforming growth factor-β, which have already been identified as important factors in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. These in vitro findings were verified in a murine model for acute doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, demonstrating elevated cardiac (2.1±0.2vs. 3.6±1.0ng/mg) and systemic cholesterol levels (105.0±8.4vs. 130.0±4.3mg/dl), respectively, as well as enhanced oxysterol levels such as cardiac 24S-hydroxycholesterol (2.1±0.2vs. 3.6±1.0ng/mg). In line with these findings cardiac mRNA expression of abca1 (303% of control) and abcg1 (161% of control) was induced. Taken together, our data demonstrate enhanced cholesterol and oxysterol levels by doxorubicin, resulting in a LXR-dependent upregulation of abca1 and abcg1. In this context, the cytotoxic effects of oxysterols and their impact on cardiac gene expression should be considered as an important factor in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith V Monzel
- Dept. of Pharmacology at the Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Dept. of Pharmacology at the Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Schwebe
- Dept. of Pharmacology at the Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Bien-Möller
- Dept. of Pharmacology at the Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Heyo K Kroemer
- Dept. of Pharmacology at the Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gabriele Jedlitschky
- Dept. of Pharmacology at the Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus Grube
- Dept. of Pharmacology at the Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany.
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18
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Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. They are essential for promotion of the absorption of lipids, cholesterol, and lipid-soluble vitamins from the intestines. BAs are hormones that regulate nutrient metabolism by activating nuclear receptors (farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor, vitamin D) and G protein-coupled receptors (e.g., TGR5, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2)) in the liver and intestines. In the liver, S1PR2 activation by conjugated BAs activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and AKT signaling pathways, and nuclear sphingosine kinase 2. The latter produces sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an inhibitor of histone deacetylases 1/2, which allows for the differential up-regulation of expression of genes involved in the metabolism of sterols and lipids. We discuss here the emerging concepts of the interactions of BAs, FXR, insulin, S1P signaling and nutrient metabolism.
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19
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Sarkar A, Das J, Ghosh P. p-TsOH-Catalyzed one-pot transformation of di- and trihydroxy steroids towards diverse A/B-ring oxo-functionalization. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01878a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A milder, facile, and greener transformative protocol, specifically on solid supports, to yield A-ring and/or B-ring oxo-functionalized steroids has been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Sarkar
- Natural Products and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- North Bengal University
- Darjeeling-734013
- India
| | - Jayanta Das
- Natural Products and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- North Bengal University
- Darjeeling-734013
- India
| | - Pranab Ghosh
- Natural Products and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- North Bengal University
- Darjeeling-734013
- India
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20
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Bao X, Cai Y, Wang Y, Zhao J, He X, Yu D, Huang J, Jing S, Du Z, Yang T, Warner M, Gustafsson JA, Fan X. Liver X Receptor β Is Involved in Formalin-Induced Spontaneous Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1467-1481. [PMID: 26846362 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the liver X receptor(LXR) β modulates inflammatory pain. However, the molecular mechanisms through which LXRβ modulates pain are unclear. Here, we found that LXRβ-null mice responded more strongly to acute noxious stimuli than wild-type (WT) littermates (in the hot plate and Hargreaves tests) and had augmented tonic inflammatory pain (in the formalin test). This increased reactivity to inflammatory pain was accompanied by enhanced formalin-evoked Fos and pERK staining of second-order nociceptive neurons. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of CGRP, SP, and IB4 was increased in the lamina I-II of the lumbar dorsal horns in formalin-injected LXRβ knockout (KO) mice compared with the WT controls. In addition, LXRβ deletion in the mice enhanced the formalin-induced inflammation with more activated microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cord. Furthermore, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β ,TNF-α) as well as NFκB in the formalin-injected paw were elevated by the loss of LXRβ. Taken together, these data indicate that LXRβ is involved in acute as well as inflammatory pain, and thus, it may be considered as a new target for the development of analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.,Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yulong Cai
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xie He
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiande Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Margaret Warner
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Jan-Ake Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Novum, Novum, 141 86, Sweden.
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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21
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Jia Y, Wu C, Kim J, Kim B, Lee SJ. Astaxanthin reduces hepatic lipid accumulations in high-fat-fed C57BL/6J mice via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and inhibition of PPAR gamma and Akt. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 28:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Ma D, Liu W, Wang Y. ApoA-I or ABCA1 expression suppresses fatty acid synthesis by reducing 27-hydroxycholesterol levels. Biochimie 2014; 103:101-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Saadane A, Mast N, Charvet CD, Omarova S, Zheng W, Huang SS, Kern TS, Peachey NS, Pikuleva IA. Retinal and nonocular abnormalities in Cyp27a1(-/-)Cyp46a1(-/-) mice with dysfunctional metabolism of cholesterol. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2403-19. [PMID: 25065682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol elimination from nonhepatic cells involves metabolism to side-chain oxysterols, which serve as transport forms of cholesterol and bioactive molecules modulating a variety of cellular processes. Cholesterol metabolism is tissue specific, and its significance has not yet been established for the retina, where cytochromes P450 (CYP27A1 and CYP46A1) are the major cholesterol-metabolizing enzymes. We generated Cyp27a1(-/-)Cyp46a1(-/-) mice, which were lean and had normal serum cholesterol and glucose levels. These animals, however, had changes in the retinal vasculature, retina, and several nonocular organs (lungs, liver, and spleen). Changes in the retinal vasculature included structural abnormalities (retinal-choroidal anastomoses, arteriovenous shunts, increased permeability, dilation, nonperfusion, and capillary degeneration) and cholesterol deposition and oxidation in the vascular wall, which also exhibited increased adhesion of leukocytes and activation of the complement pathway. Changes in the retina included increased content of cholesterol and its metabolite, cholestanol, which were focally deposited at the apical and basal sides of the retinal pigment epithelium. Retinal macrophages of Cyp27a1(-/-)Cyp46a1(-/-) mice were activated, and oxidative stress was noted in their photoreceptor inner segments. Our findings demonstrate the importance of retinal cholesterol metabolism for maintenance of the normal retina, and suggest new targets for diseases affecting the retinal vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Saadane
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Casey D Charvet
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Saida Omarova
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wenchao Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Suber S Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Neal S Peachey
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Medicine, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Zhang X, Liu J, Su W, Wu J, Wang C, Kong X, Gustafsson JÅ, Ding J, Ma X, Guan Y. Liver X receptor activation increases hepatic fatty acid desaturation by the induction of SCD1 expression through an LXRα-SREBP1c-dependent mechanism. J Diabetes 2014; 6:212-20. [PMID: 23945440 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver X receptors (LXRs) including LXRα and LXRβ are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand activated transcription factors, which serve as lipid sensors to regulate expression of genes controlling many aspects of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. The liver is the central organ in controlling lipid metabolism. In the present study, we aimed at elucidating the role of LXR activation in hepatic fatty acid homeostasis. METHODS We treated C57BL/6 mice with a synthetic non-selective LXR agonist TO901317. Fatty acid profile of lipid esters in the livers was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot were used to determine the expression of SREBP1c and SCD1 in TO901317-treated livers and HepG2 cells. RESULTS Oral administration of TO901317 resulted in increased fatty acid desaturation in the liver, with concomitant increase in hepatic stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) expression. TO901317-induced SCD1 expression was observed in LXRβ-/- mice, but not in LXRα-/- mice. Furthermore, TO901317 significantly increased expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), the deficiency of which almost completely abolished the induction of SCD1 by TO901317. This drug induced both SREBP1c and SCD1 expression in HepG2 cells. Overexpression of SREBP1c resulted in a significant increase in SCD1 promoter activity and expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present studies demonstrate that pan-LXR activation increases hepatic fatty acid desaturation via the induction of SCD1 expression in an LXRα-dependent and SREBP1c-mediated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Shenzhen University Diabetes Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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Zhang Q, Ma AZS, Song ZY, Wang C, Fu XD. Nifedipine enhances cholesterol efflux in RAW264.7 macrophages. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014; 27:425-31. [PMID: 23812592 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies have shown that nifedipine protects against atherosclerotic progression, but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we examined if nifedipine increases macrophage cholesterol efflux, a pathway known to inhibit atherogenesis. METHODS We evaluated the ability of different doses of nifedipine to affect cholesterol efflux in RAW264.7 macrophages and its relationship with mRNA and protein levels of several well-characterized proteins involved in cholesterol efflux, including ABCA1, ABCG1, SR-BI and LXRα, using quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and siRNA techniques. RESULTS Nifedipne at 1, 10, and 100 nmol/L increased apoA-I-mediated cholesterol efflux from 2.55 % to 5.65 %, 6.20 %, and 6.10 %, as well as HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux from 31.0 % to 42.5 %, 46.0 %, and 43.5 %, respectively, in RAW264.7 macrophages (p < 0.05), which was associated with increased mRNA expression levels of ABCA1, ABCG1, SR-BI, and LXRα (405 %, 381 %, 336 %; 890 %, 960 %, 1002 %; 285 %, 325 %, 336 %; 482 %, 445 %, 405 %, respectively, p < 0.05), and with increased protein levels of ABCA1, ABCG1, SR-BI, and LXRα (428 %, 492 %, 361 %; 288 %, 331 %, 365 %; 283 %, 320 %, 505 %; 581 %, 678 %, 608 %, respectively, p < 0.05). SiRNA-mediated silencing of LXRα revealed that LXRα was involved in these increases and the enhanced cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSION Nifedipine may protect against atherosclerosis partly by promoting macrophage cholesterol efflux through the stimulation of LXRα-dependent expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Cholesterol in the retina: the best is yet to come. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 41:64-89. [PMID: 24704580 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Historically understudied, cholesterol in the retina is receiving more attention now because of genetic studies showing that several cholesterol-related genes are risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and because of eye pathology studies showing high cholesterol content of drusen, aging Bruch's membrane, and newly found subretinal lesions. The challenge before us is determining how the cholesterol-AMD link is realized. Meeting this challenge will require an excellent understanding these genes' roles in retinal physiology and how chorioretinal cholesterol is maintained. In the first half of this review, we will succinctly summarize physico-chemical properties of cholesterol, its distribution in the human body, general principles of maintenance and metabolism, and differences in cholesterol handling in human and mouse that impact on experimental approaches. This information will provide a backdrop to the second part of the review focusing on unique aspects of chorioretinal cholesterol homeostasis, aging in Bruch's membrane, cholesterol in AMD lesions, a model for lesion biogenesis, a model for macular vulnerability based on vascular biology, and alignment of AMD-related genes and pathobiology using cholesterol and an atherosclerosis-like progression as unifying features. We conclude with recommendations for the most important research steps we can take towards delineating the cholesterol-AMD link.
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Scorletti E, Byrne CD. Omega-3 fatty acids, hepatic lipid metabolism, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Annu Rev Nutr 2014; 33:231-48. [PMID: 23862644 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids belong to a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are known to have important beneficial effects on metabolism and inflammation. Such effects may confer a benefit in specific chronic noncommunicable diseases that are becoming very prevalent in Westernized societies [e.g., nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)]. Typically, with a Westernized diet, long-chain omega-6 fatty acid consumption is markedly greater than omega-3 fatty acid consumption. The potential consequences of an alteration in the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid consumption are increased production of proinflammatory arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids and impaired regulation of hepatic and adipose function, predisposing to NAFLD. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver fat-related conditions that originates with ectopic fat accumulation in liver (hepatic steatosis) and progresses, with the development of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). If the adipose tissue is inflamed with widespread macrophage infiltration, the production of adipokines may act to exacerbate liver inflammation and NASH. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment may have beneficial effects in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, adipose tissue function, and inflammation. Recent studies testing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids in NAFLD are showing promise and suggesting that these fatty acids may be useful in the treatment of NAFLD. To date, further research is needed in NAFLD to (a) establish the dose of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment, (b) determine the duration of therapy, and (c) test whether there is benefit on the different component features of NAFLD (hepatic fat, inflammation, and fibrosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scorletti
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Human Development and Health Academic Unit, University of Southampton and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Southampton University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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Allahverdian S, Chehroudi AC, McManus BM, Abraham T, Francis GA. Contribution of intimal smooth muscle cells to cholesterol accumulation and macrophage-like cells in human atherosclerosis. Circulation 2014; 129:1551-9. [PMID: 24481950 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.005015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) contribute to the foam cell population in arterial plaque, and express lower levels of the cholesterol exporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in comparison with medial arterial SMCs. The relative contribution of SMCs to the total foam cell population and their expression of ABCA1 in comparison with intimal monocyte-derived macrophages, however, are unknown. Although the expression of macrophage markers by SMCs following lipid loading has been described, the relevance of this phenotypic switch by SMCs in human coronary atherosclerosis has not been determined. METHODS AND RESULTS Human coronary artery sections from hearts explanted at the time of transplantation were processed to clearly delineate intracellular and extracellular lipids and allow costaining for cell-specific markers. Costaining for oil red O and the SMC-specific marker SM α-actin of foam cell-rich lesions revealed that 50±7% (average±standard error of the mean, n=14 subjects) of total foam cells were SMC derived. ABCA1 expression by intimal SMCs was significantly reduced between early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions, with no loss in ABCA1 expression by myeloid lineage cells. Costaining with the macrophage marker CD68 and SM α-actin revealed that 40±6% (n=15) of CD68-positive cells originated as SMCs in advanced human coronary atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest SMCs contain a much larger burden of the excess cholesterol in human coronary atherosclerosis than previously known, in part, because of their relative inability to release excess cholesterol via ABCA1 in comparison with myeloid lineage cells. Our results also indicate that many cells identified as monocyte-derived macrophages in human atherosclerosis are in fact SMC derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Allahverdian
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Institute for Heart + Lung Health, Providence Health Care Research Institute at St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (S.A., A.C.C., B.M.M., G.A.F.), and Department of Research Resources, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA (T.A.)
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Kawamoto H, Ohmori Y, Maekawa M, Shimada M, Mano N, Iida T. An efficient synthesis of 4α- and 4β-hydroxy- 7-dehydrocholesterol, biomarkers for patients with and animal models of the Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 175-176:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xu P, Li D, Tang X, Bao X, Huang J, Tang Y, Yang Y, Xu H, Fan X. LXR Agonists: New Potential Therapeutic Drug for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:715-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Arnal-Levron M, Chen Y, Delton-Vandenbroucke I, Luquain-Costaz C. Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate reduces oxysterol formation and apoptosis in macrophages exposed to oxidized LDL. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:115-21. [PMID: 23542536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cardiovascular complication of diseases associated with increased oxidative stress that favors oxidation of circulating low density lipoproteins (LDLs). Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) is considered as highly atherogenic as it induces a strong accumulation of cholesterol in subendothelial macrophages leading to the formation of foam cells and emergence of atherosclerotic plaque. OxLDL is enriched in oxidation products of cholesterol called oxysterols, some of which have been involved in the ability of oxLDL to induce cellular oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, mainly by apoptosis. Little is known about the possible contribution of cell-generated oxysterols toward LDL-associated oxysterols in cellular accumulation of oxysterols and related apoptosis. Using both radiochemical and mass analyzes, we showed that oxLDL greatly enhanced oxysterol production by RAW macrophages in comparison with unloaded cells or cells loaded with native LDL. Most oxysterols were produced by non-enzymatic routes (7-ketocholesterol and 7α/β-hydroyxycholesterol) but enzymatically formed 7α-, 25- and 27-hydroxycholesterol were also quantified. Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP) is a unique phospholipid preferentially found in late endosomes. We and others have highlighted the role of BMP in the regulation of intracellular cholesterol metabolism/traffic in macrophages. We here report that cellular BMP accumulation was associated with a significantly lower production of oxysterols upon oxLDL exposure. Of note, potent pro-apoptotic 7-ketocholesterol was the most markedly decreased. OxLDL-induced cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis were consistently attenuated in BMP-enriched cells. Taken together, our data suggest that BMP exerts a protective action against the pro-apoptotic effect of oxLDL via a reduced production of intracellular pro-apoptotic oxysterols.
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