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Sharbatdar Y, Mousavian R, Noorbakhsh Varnosfaderani SM, Aziziyan F, Liaghat M, Baziyar P, Yousefi Rad A, Tavakol C, Moeini AM, Nabi-Afjadi M, Zalpoor H, Kazemi-Lomedasht F. Diabetes as one of the long-term COVID-19 complications: from the potential reason of more diabetic patients' susceptibility to COVID-19 to the possible caution of future global diabetes tsunami. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:1029-1052. [PMID: 37079169 PMCID: PMC10116486 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
According to recent researches, people with diabetes mellitus (type 1 and 2) have a higher incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by a SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this regard, COVID-19 may make diabetic patients more sensitive to hyperglycemia by modifying the immunological and inflammatory responses and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) predisposing the patients to severe COVID-19 and potentially lethal results. Actually, in addition to COVID-19, diabetic patients have been demonstrated to have abnormally high levels of inflammatory cytokines, increased virus entrance, and decreased immune response. On the other hand, during the severe stage of COVID-19, the SARS-CoV-2-infected patients have lymphopenia and inflammatory cytokine storms that cause damage to several body organs such as β cells of the pancreas which may make them as future diabetic candidates. In this line, the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, which is activated by a number of mediators, plays a substantial part in cytokine storms through various pathways. In this pathway, some polymorphisms also make the individuals more competent to diabetes via infection with SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, during hospitalization of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, the use of some drugs may unintentionally lead to diabetes in the future via increasing inflammation and stress oxidative. Thus, in this review, we will first explain why diabetic patients are more susceptible to COVID-19. Second, we will warn about a future global diabetes tsunami via the SARS-CoV-2 as one of its long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Sharbatdar
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur, University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ronak Mousavian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Science Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Liaghat
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun Branch, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Payam Baziyar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Ali Yousefi Rad
- Department of Biochemistry, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Chanour Tavakol
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mansour Moeini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Kazemi-Lomedasht
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Detka J, Głombik K. Insights into a possible role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of depression. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1020-1032. [PMID: 34003475 PMCID: PMC8413152 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent mood disorder and one of the major health concerns in modern society. Moreover, it is characterized by a high prevalence of coexistence with many other diseases including metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Currently used antidepressant drugs, which mostly target brain monoaminergic neurotransmission, have limited clinical efficacy. Although the etiology of depression has not been fully elucidated, current scientific data emphasize the role of neurotrophic factors deficiencies, disturbed homeostasis between the nervous system and the immune and endocrine systems, as well as disturbances in brain energy metabolism and dysfunctions in the gut-brain axis as important factors in the pathogenesis of this neuropsychiatric disorder. Therefore, therapeutic options that could work in a way other than classic antidepressants are being sought to increase the effectiveness of the treatment. Interestingly, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), used in the treatment of T2DM and obesity, are known to show pro-cognitive and neuroprotective properties, and exert modulatory effects on immune, endocrine and metabolic processes in the central nervous system. This review article discusses the potential antidepressant effects of GLP-1RAs, especially in the context of their action on the processes related to neuroprotection, inflammation, stress response, energy metabolism, gut-brain crosstalk and the stability of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Detka
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Głombik
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Cracow, Poland
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Alessi J, de Oliveira GB, Schaan BD, Telo GH. Dexamethasone in the era of COVID-19: friend or foe? An essay on the effects of dexamethasone and the potential risks of its inadvertent use in patients with diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020; 12:80. [PMID: 32922517 PMCID: PMC7476640 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disclosure in the media of a benefit with the use of dexamethasone in patients with COVID-19 infection sets precedents for self-medication and inappropriate use of corticosteroids. METHODS This is a critical interpretive synthesis of the data available in the literature on the effects of the use of corticosteroids and the impact that their indiscriminate use may have on patients with diabetes. Reviews and observational and experimental studies published until June 18, 2020 were selected. RESULTS Corticosteroids are substances derived from cholesterol metabolism that interfere with multiple aspects of glucose homeostasis. Interactions between corticoid receptors and target genes seem to be among the mechanisms responsible for the critical functions of glucocorticoids for survival and anti-inflammatory effects observed with these medications. Corticosteroids increase hepatic gluconeogenesis, reduce peripheral use of glucose and increase insulin levels. Previous studies have shown that glucocorticoids have a pro-adipogenic function, increasing deposition of abdominal fat, and lead to glucose intolerance and hypertriglyceridemia. In addition, these drugs play a role in controlling liver metabolism and can lead to the development of hepatic steatosis. Glucocorticoids reduce the recruitment of osteoblasts and increase the number of osteoclasts, which results in increased bone resorption and greater bone fragility. Moreover, these medications cause water and sodium retention and increase the response to circulating vasoconstrictors, which results in increased blood pressure levels. Chronic or high-dose use of corticosteroids can, by itself, lead to the onset of diabetes. For those who were already diagnosed with diabetes, studies show that chronic use of corticosteroids leads to a 94% higher risk of hospitalization due to diabetes complications. In addition to the direct effects on glycemic control, the effects on arterial pressure control, lipids and bone metabolism also have a potential for severe consequences in patients with diabetes. CONCLUSION Fear and uncertainty toward a potentially serious infection may lead people to self-medication and the inappropriate and abusive use of corticosteroids. More than ever, it is necessary for health professionals to be alert and able to predict damages related to the use of these drugs, which is the first step to minimize the potential damages to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Alessi
- Medical Science Program: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital São Lucas-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovana B. de Oliveira
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Beatriz D. Schaan
- Medical Science Program: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment (IATS), CNPq, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela H. Telo
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital São Lucas-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment (IATS), CNPq, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Medicine and Health Sciences Program, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Gil-Lozano M, Wu WK, Martchenko A, Brubaker PL. High-Fat Diet and Palmitate Alter the Rhythmic Secretion of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 by the Rodent L-cell. Endocrinology 2016; 157:586-99. [PMID: 26646204 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Secretion of the incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), by the intestinal L-cell is rhythmically regulated by an independent molecular clock. However, the impact of factors known to affect the activity of similar cell-autonomous clocks, such as circulating glucocorticoids and high-fat feeding, on GLP-1 secretory patterns remains to be elucidated. Herein the role of the endogenous corticosterone rhythm on the pattern of GLP-1 and insulin nutrient-induced responses was examined in corticosterone pellet-implanted rats. Moreover, the impact of nutrient excess on the time-dependent secretion of both hormones was assessed in rats fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet. Finally, the effects of the saturated fatty acid, palmitate, on the L-cell molecular clock and GLP-1 secretion were investigated in vitro using murine GLUTag L-cells. Diurnal variations in GLP-1 and insulin nutrient-induced responses were maintained in animals lacking an endogenous corticosterone rhythm, suggesting that glucocorticoids are not the predominant entrainment factor for L-cell rhythmic activity. In addition to hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and disorganization of feeding behavior, high-fat high-sucrose-fed rats showed a total abrogation of the diurnal variation in GLP-1 and insulin nutrient-induced responses, with comparable levels of both hormones at the normal peak (5:00 pm) and trough (5:00 am) of their daily pattern. Finally, palmitate incubation induced profound derangements in the rhythmic expression of circadian oscillators in GLUTag L-cells and severely impaired the secretory activity of these cells. Collectively our findings demonstrate that obesogenic diets disrupt the rhythmic activity of the L-cell, partially through a direct effect of specific nutritional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gil-Lozano
- Departments of Physiology (M.G.-L., W.K.W., A.M., P.L.B.) and Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - W Kelly Wu
- Departments of Physiology (M.G.-L., W.K.W., A.M., P.L.B.) and Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Alexandre Martchenko
- Departments of Physiology (M.G.-L., W.K.W., A.M., P.L.B.) and Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Departments of Physiology (M.G.-L., W.K.W., A.M., P.L.B.) and Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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