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Zheng S, Tan Y, Yang S, Quan Z. Evaluation Between Serum Concentrations of Lipocalin-2 and Metabolic Syndrome and its Components in Korean-Chinese and Han-Chinese Individuals from Yanbian Area. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2024. [PMID: 39029476 DOI: 10.1089/met.2024.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the association between the blood concentration of lipocalin-2 (LCN2) in local multiethnic residents and the increased risk for the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture population. Methods: A total of 2078 subjects with (study group) or without (control group) MS (1217 Korean-Chinese and 861 Han-Chinese subjects) were included in this study. MS subjects were divided into five groups according to ethnicity and MS components. They were assessed for smoking history, drinking history, past medical history, general demographic characteristics, and LCN2 concentrations. Results: LCN2 concentrations were higher in all ethnic MS groups than in the control group, and the highest concentrations were detected in Han-Chinese subjects with dyslipidemia. Moreover, LCN2 concentrations were significantly higher in Korean-Chinese individuals with all MS components than in the control group. Logistic regression analyses were conducted. In the unadjusted models, Korean-Chinese and Han-Chinese individuals with high LCN2 concentrations both faced a risk of MS with odds ratios (ORs) of 2.339 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.632-3.352) and 1.523 (95% CI: 1.101-2. 108), respectively. After the adjustment, the risk only remained in Korean-Chinese individuals, with an OR of 1.818 (95% CI: 1.031-3.207). Conclusion: Elevated circulating LCN2 was associated with the increased incidence of MS, and the effect in Korean-Chinese individuals was stronger than that in Han-Chinese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyun Zheng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
| | - Shuhan Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
| | - Zhenyu Quan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
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2
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Sung HK, Tang J, Jahng JWS, Song E, Chan YK, Lone AH, Peterson J, Abdul‐Sater A, Sweeney G. Ischemia-induced cardiac dysfunction is exacerbated in adiponectin-knockout mice due to impaired autophagy flux. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13758. [PMID: 38515365 PMCID: PMC10958170 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Strategies to enhance autophagy flux have been suggested to improve outcomes in cardiac ischemic models. We explored the role of adiponectin in mediating cardiac autophagy under ischemic conditions induced by permanent coronary artery ligation. We studied the molecular mechanisms underlying adiponectin's cardio-protective effects in adiponectin knockout (Ad-KO) compared with wild-type (WT) mice subjected to ischemia by coronary artery ligation and H9c2 cardiomyocyte cell line exposed to hypoxia. Systemic infusion of a cathepsin-B activatable near-infrared probe as a biomarker for autophagy and detection via noninvasive three-dimensional fluorescence molecular tomography combined with computerized tomography to quantitate temporal changes, indicated increased activity in the myocardium of WT mice after myocardial infarction which was attenuated in Ad-KO. Seven days of ischemia increased myocardial adiponectin accumulation and elevated ULK1/AMPK phosphorylation and autophagy assessed by Western blotting for LC3 and p62, an outcome not observed in Ad-KO mice. Cell death, assessed by TUNEL analysis and the ratio of Bcl-2:Bax, plus cardiac dysfunction, measured using echocardiography with strain analysis, were exacerbated in Ad-KO mice. Using cellular models, we observed that adiponectin stimulated autophagy flux in isolated primary adult cardiomyocytes and increased basal and hypoxia-induced autophagy in H9c2 cells. Real-time temporal analysis of caspase-3/7 activation and caspase-3 Western blot indicated that adiponectin suppressed activation by hypoxia. Hypoxia-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and cell death were also attenuated by adiponectin. Importantly, the ability of adiponectin to reduce caspase-3/7 activation and cell death was not observed in autophagy-deficient cells generated by CRISPR-mediated deletion of Atg7. Collectively, our data indicate that adiponectin acts in an autophagy-dependent manner to attenuate cardiomyocyte caspase-3/7 activation and cell death in response to hypoxia in vitro and ischemia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jialing Tang
- Department of BiologyYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Erfei Song
- Department of BiologyYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Yee Kwan Chan
- Department of BiologyYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | | | - Ali Abdul‐Sater
- School of Kinesiology and Health ScienceYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of BiologyYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
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3
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Jung BK, Ryu KY. Lipocalin-2: a therapeutic target to overcome neurodegenerative diseases by regulating reactive astrogliosis. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2138-2146. [PMID: 37779143 PMCID: PMC10618504 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell activation precedes neuronal cell death during brain aging and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Under neuroinflammatory stress conditions, lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin or 24p3, is produced and secreted by activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. Lcn2 expression levels are known to be increased in various cells, including reactive astrocytes, through the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In the central nervous system, as LCN2 exerts neurotoxicity when secreted from reactive astrocytes, many researchers have attempted to identify various strategies to inhibit LCN2 production, secretion, and function to minimize neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death. These strategies include regulation at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels, as well as blocking its functions using neutralizing antibodies or antagonists of its receptor. The suppression of NF-κB signaling is a strategy to inhibit LCN2 production, but it may also affect other cellular activities, raising questions about its effectiveness and feasibility. Recently, LCN2 was found to be a target of the autophagy‒lysosome pathway. Therefore, autophagy activation may be a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the levels of secreted LCN2 and overcome neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we focused on research progress on astrocyte-derived LCN2 in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kwon Jung
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Yul Ryu
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Marques E, Alves Teixeira M, Nguyen C, Terzi F, Gallazzini M. Lipocalin-2 induces mitochondrial dysfunction in renal tubular cells via mTOR pathway activation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113032. [PMID: 37624695 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a critical process in renal epithelial cells upon kidney injury. While its implication in kidney disease progression is established, the mechanisms modulating it remain unclear. Here, we describe the role of Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a protein expressed in injured tubular cells, in mitochondrial dysfunction. We show that LCN2 expression decreases mitochondrial mass and function and induces mitochondrial fragmentation. Importantly, while LCN2 expression favors DRP1 mitochondrial recruitment, DRP1 inhibition antagonizes LCN2's effect on mitochondrial shape. Remarkably, LCN2 promotes mitochondrial fragmentation independently of its secretion or transport iron activity. Mechanistically, intracellular LCN2 expression increases mTOR activity, and rapamycin inhibits LCN2's effect on mitochondrial shape. In vivo, Lcn2 gene inactivation prevents mTOR activation and mitochondrial length decrease observed upon ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury (IRI) in Lcn2+/+ mice. Our data identify LCN2 as a key regulator of mitochondrial dynamics and further elucidate the mechanisms leading to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Marques
- Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies of Chronic Kidney Disease, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, 160 Rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Maraiza Alves Teixeira
- Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies of Chronic Kidney Disease, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, 160 Rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Clément Nguyen
- Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies of Chronic Kidney Disease, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, 160 Rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fabiola Terzi
- Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies of Chronic Kidney Disease, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, 160 Rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Morgan Gallazzini
- Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies of Chronic Kidney Disease, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, 160 Rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France.
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5
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Javaid HMA, Ko E, Joo EJ, Kwon SH, Park JH, Shin S, Cho KW, Huh JY. TNFα-induced NLRP3 inflammasome mediates adipocyte dysfunction and activates macrophages through adipocyte-derived lipocalin 2. Metabolism 2023; 142:155527. [PMID: 36870601 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obesity is a state of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. Recent studies showed that NLRP3 inflammasome initiates metabolic dysregulation in adipose tissues, primarily through activation of adipose tissue infiltrated macrophages. However, the mechanism of NLRP3 activation and its role in adipocytes remains elusive. Therefore, we aimed to examine the activation of TNFα-induced NLRP3 inflammasome in adipocytes and its role on adipocyte metabolism and crosstalk with macrophages. METHODS The effect of TNFα on adipocyte NLRP3 inflammasome activation was measured. Caspase-1 inhibitor (Ac-YVAD-cmk) and primary adipocytes from NLRP3 and caspase-1 knockout mice were utilized to block NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Biomarkers were measured by using real-time PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and enzyme assay kits. Conditioned media from TNFα-stimulated adipocytes was used to establish the adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to identify the role of NLRP3 as a transcription factor. Mouse and human adipose tissues were collected for correlation analysis. RESULTS TNFα treatment induced NLRP3 expression and caspase-1 activity in adipocytes, partly through autophagy dysregulation. The activated adipocyte NLRP3 inflammasome participated in mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance, as evidenced by the amelioration of these effects in Ac-YVAD-cmk treated 3T3-L1 cells or primary adipocytes isolated from NLRP3 and caspase-1 knockout mice. Particularly, the adipocyte NLRP3 inflammasome was involved in glucose uptake regulation. Also, TNFα induced expression and secretion of lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) in a NLRP3-dependent manner. NLRP3 could bind to the promoter and transcriptionally regulate Lcn2 in adipocytes. Treatment with adipocyte conditioned media revealed that adipocyte-derived Lcn2 was responsible for macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation, working as a second signal. Adipocytes isolated from high-fat diet mice and adipose tissue from obese individuals showed a positive correlation between NLRP3 and Lcn2 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of adipocyte NLRP3 inflammasome activation and novel role of TNFα-NLRP3-Lcn2 axis in adipose tissue. It adds rational for the current development of NLRP3 inhibitors for treating obesity-induced metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eun Ko
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Esther Jin Joo
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyo Kwon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooim Shin
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program of Bioenergy and Biomaterials Graduate School, College of Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kae Won Cho
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Huh
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Wang LH, Wang YY, Liu L, Gong Q. From Diabetes to Diabetic Complications: Role of Autophagy. Curr Med Sci 2023:10.1007/s11596-023-2727-4. [PMID: 37115396 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications reduce quality of life and are life-limiting. At present, diabetes treatment consists of hypoglycemic agents to control blood glucose and the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs to overcome insulin resistance. In diabetes, autophagy is impaired and thus there is poor intracellular environment homeostasis. Pancreatic β-cells and insulin target tissues are protected by enhancing autophagy. Autophagy decreases β-cell apoptosis, promotes β-cell proliferation, and alleviates insulin resistance. Autophagy in diabetes is regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and others. Autophagy enhancers can likely be used as a treatment for diabetes and its complications. This review examines the evidence linking autophagy to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hua Wang
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Yang-Yang Wang
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
| | - Quan Gong
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
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7
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Gupta U, Ghosh S, Wallace CT, Shang P, Xin Y, Nair AP, Yazdankhah M, Strizhakova A, Ross MA, Liu H, Hose S, Stepicheva NA, Chowdhury O, Nemani M, Maddipatla V, Grebe R, Das M, Lathrop KL, Sahel JA, Zigler JS, Qian J, Ghosh A, Sergeev Y, Handa JT, St. Croix CM, Sinha D. Increased LCN2 (lipocalin 2) in the RPE decreases autophagy and activates inflammasome-ferroptosis processes in a mouse model of dry AMD. Autophagy 2023; 19:92-111. [PMID: 35473441 PMCID: PMC9809950 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2062887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), LCN2 (lipocalin 2) is upregulated. Whereas LCN2 has been implicated in AMD pathogenesis, the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report that in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells, LCN2 regulates macroautophagy/autophagy, in addition to maintaining iron homeostasis. LCN2 binds to ATG4B to form an LCN2-ATG4B-LC3-II complex, thereby regulating ATG4B activity and LC3-II lipidation. Thus, increased LCN2 reduced autophagy flux. Moreover, RPE cells from cryba1 KO, as well as sting1 KO and Sting1Gt mutant mice (models with abnormal iron chelation), showed decreased autophagy flux and increased LCN2, indicative of CGAS- and STING1-mediated inflammasome activation. Live cell imaging of RPE cells with elevated LCN2 also showed a correlation between inflammasome activation and increased fluorescence intensity of the Liperfluo dye, indicative of oxidative stress-induced ferroptosis. Interestingly, both in human AMD patients and in mouse models with a dry AMD-like phenotype (cryba1 cKO and KO), the LCN2 homodimer variant is increased significantly compared to the monomer. Sub-retinal injection of the LCN2 homodimer secreted by RPE cells into NOD-SCID mice leads to retinal degeneration. In addition, we generated an LCN2 monoclonal antibody that neutralizes both the monomer and homodimer variants and rescued autophagy and ferroptosis activities in cryba1 cKO mice. Furthermore, the antibody rescued retinal function in cryba1 cKO mice as assessed by electroretinography. Here, we identify a molecular pathway whereby increased LCN2 elicits pathophysiology in the RPE, cells known to drive dry AMD pathology, thus providing a possible therapeutic strategy for a disease with no current treatment options.Abbreviations: ACTB: actin, beta; Ad-GFP: adenovirus-green fluorescent protein; Ad-LCN2: adenovirus-lipocalin 2; Ad-LCN2-GFP: adenovirus-LCN2-green fluorescent protein; LCN2AKT2: AKT serine/threonine kinase 2; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; AMD: age-related macular degeneration; ARPE19: adult retinal pigment epithelial cell line-19; Asp278: aspartate 278; ATG4B: autophagy related 4B cysteine peptidase; ATG4C: autophagy related 4C cysteine peptidase; ATG7: autophagy related 7; ATG9B: autophagy related 9B; BLOC-1: biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 1; BLOC1S1: biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 1 subunit 1; C57BL/6J: C57 black 6J; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; ChQ: chloroquine; cKO: conditional knockout; Cys74: cysteine 74; Dab2: DAB adaptor protein 2; Def: deferoxamine; DHE: dihydroethidium; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; ERG: electroretinography; FAC: ferric ammonium citrate; Fe2+: ferrous; FTH1: ferritin heavy chain 1; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; GST: glutathione S-transferase; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; His280: histidine 280; IFNL/IFNλ: interferon lambda; IL1B/IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; IS: Inner segment; ITGB1/integrin β1: integrin subunit beta 1; KO: knockout; LC3-GST: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3-GST; C-terminal fusion; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; LCN2: lipocalin 2; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MDA: malondialdehyde; MMP9: matrix metallopeptidase 9; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NOD-SCID: nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency; OS: outer segment; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PMEL/PMEL17: premelanosome protein; RFP: red fluorescent protein; rLCN2: recombinant LCN2; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RPE SM: retinal pigmented epithelium spent medium; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium; RSL3: RAS-selective lethal; scRNAseq: single-cell ribonucleic acid sequencing; SD-OCT: spectral domain optical coherence tomography; shRNA: small hairpin ribonucleic acid; SM: spent medium; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STAT1: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TYR: tyrosinase; VCL: vinculin; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvi Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Callen T. Wallace
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anastasia Strizhakova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark A. Ross
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nadezda A. Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olivia Chowdhury
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mihir Nemani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vishnu Maddipatla
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rhonda Grebe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manjula Das
- Molecular Immunology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kira L. Lathrop
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Institut De La Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - J. Samuel Zigler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Yuri Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James T. Handa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claudette M. St. Croix
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zhu J, Jiang S, Jiang X, Luo K, Huang X, Hua F. Association Of Blood Lipocalin-2 Levels with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Horm Metab Res 2022; 54:677-685. [PMID: 36206761 PMCID: PMC9546583 DOI: 10.1055/a-1909-1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is becoming recognized as a pleiotropic mediator of metabolic disorders. However, the relationship between LCN2 and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is not well understood. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore it. A systematic search of Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wan-fang Database was done for relevant articles published up to September 29, 2021. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated to explore the association of LCN2 levels with GDM using Revman 5.3 and Stata 15.1. Fifteen case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. The patients with GDM had significantly higher levels of blood LCN2 than parturients with normal glucose tolerance (SMD=3.41, 95% CI=2.24 to 4.58). Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were conducted to investigate the source of heterogeneity. Likely sources of heterogeneity were age and testing methods. This study found that GDM showed higher blood LCN2 levels than controls. However, caution is warranted on the interpretation of these findings. Standardized LCN2 measurement methods and longitudinal studies are required to disentangle and better understand the relationships observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
University, Changzhou, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang University School of
Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical
Injury Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
University, Changzhou, China
| | - Kaiming Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
University, Changzhou, China
| | - Fei Hua
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
University, Changzhou, China
- Correspondence Dr. Fei Hua Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversityDepartment of EndocrinologyChangzhouChina+86 051968870000
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9
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Hu W, Li M, Sun W, Li Q, Xi H, Qiu Y, Wang R, Ding Q, Wang Z, Yu Y, Lei H, Mao Y, Zhu YZ. Hirsutine ameliorates hepatic and cardiac insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice and in vitro models. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:105917. [PMID: 34597809 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Closely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hepatic steatosis and cardiac hypertrophy resulting from chronic excess intake can exacerbate insulin resistance (IR). The current study aims to investigate the pharmacological effects of hirsutine, one indole alkaloid isolated from Uncaria rhynchophylla, on improving hepatic and cardiac IR, and elucidate the underlying mechanism. T2DM and IR in vivo were established by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding for 3 months in C57BL/6 J mice. In vitro IR models were induced by high-glucose and high-insulin (HGHI) incubation in HepG2 and H9c2 cells. Hirsutine administration for 8 weeks improved HFD-induced peripheral hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance and IR by OGTT and ITT assays, and simultaneously attenuated hepatic steatosis and cardiac hypertrophy by pathological observation. The impaired p-Akt expression was activated by hirsutine in liver and heart tissues of HFD mice, and also in the models in vitro. Hirsutine exhibited the effects on enhancing glucose consumption and uptake in IR cell models via activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, which was blocked by PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Moreover, the effect of hirsutine on promoting glucose uptake and GLUT4 expression in HGHI H9c2 cells was also prevented by Compound C, an inhibitor of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Enhancement of glycolysis might be another factor of hirsutine showing its effects on glycemic control. Collectively, it was uncovered that hirsutine might exert beneficial effects on regulating glucose homeostasis, thus improving hepatic and cardiac IR, and could be a promising compound for treating diet-induced T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Wuyi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qixiu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Xi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanye Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Qian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Heping Lei
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yicheng Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Jang HM, Lee JY, An HS, Ahn YJ, Jeong EA, Shin HJ, Kim KE, Lee J, Koh JS, Roh GS. LCN2 deficiency ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 588:8-14. [PMID: 34933182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective anticancer drug with the side effect of irreparable cardiomyopathy. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) has been identified as an important regulator of oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease pathophysiology. Here, we demonstrate that LCN2 deletion increases autophagic flux in the DOX-treated hearts. Mice were injected intraperitoneally six times with 30 mg/kg DOX. Echocardiography showed that DOX-treated wild-type (WT) mice had markedly weaker cardiac function compared to saline-treated WT mice. In DOX-treated LCN2 knockout (KO) mice, cardiac function was partially restored. Histological analysis showed a reduction in cardiomyocyte diameter in DOX-treated WT mice that was ameliorated in DOX-treated LCN2KO mice. Cardiac levels of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, LCN2, heme oxygenase-1, and NAD (P) H dehydrogenase were markedly greater in DOX-treated WT mice than in DOX-treated LCN2KO mice. Light chain 3B (LC3B)II expression was higher in DOX-treated WT mice, but lower in DOX-treated LCN2KO mice when compared to saline-treated WT mice. Less co-localization of LC3B and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 was observed in DOX-treated WT mice than in DOX-treated LCN2KO mice. LCN2 co-localized with LC3B-stained cells in the DOX-treated WT mouse heart, but not in the DOX-treated LCN2KO mouse heart. These findings indicate that the cardiotoxic effect of DOX is due to autophagosome accumulation mediated by LCN2 upregulation and that LCN2 may inhibit autophagic flux, leading to DOX-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Min Jang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52727, South Korea
| | - Jong Youl Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52727, South Korea
| | - Hyeong Seok An
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52727, South Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Ahn
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52727, South Korea
| | - Eun Ae Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52727, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Shin
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52727, South Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52727, South Korea
| | - Jaewoong Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52727, South Korea
| | - Jin Sin Koh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52727, South Korea
| | - Gu Seob Roh
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52727, South Korea.
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11
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Liu S, Zhang Y, Yang F, Gu J, Zhang R, Kuang Y, Mai W, Zheng C, Yu Y, Lu R, Zeng L, Cao H, Long Y. Modified Cangfu Daotan decoction ameliorates polycystic ovary syndrome with insulin resistance via NF-κB/LCN-2 signaling pathway in inflammatory microenvironment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:975724. [PMID: 36440213 PMCID: PMC9686851 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.975724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the possible connection between the insulin resistance-targeting protein adipokine lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) and NF-κB signaling pathway in the inflammatory microenvironment in PCOS-IR model rats to determine the pharmacological mechanism of modified Cangfu Daotan decoction (MCDD) intervention for PCOS-IR. We used a high-fat diet (42 days) combined with letrozole (1 mg/kg/day, 42 days) to establish a PCOS-IR rat model. From the third week after modeling, the rats were given continuous administration of MCDD (high dose with 31.68 g/kg, medium dose with 15.84 g/kg, and low dose with 7.92 g/kg) for 28 days. Serum, ovarian tissue, liver, and adipose tissue were collected after the last gavage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Masson staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blot experiments were performed to detect various indicators. Our results showed that MCDD could reduce body weight and abdominal fat weight; restore normal estrous cycle and ovarian function; alleviate fatty liver; regulate HOMA-IR and OGTT index; reduce serum inflammatory factor levels, LCN-2 level, and gene expression; and regulate the insulin signal transduction and NF-κB pathways in PCOS-IR rats. Thus, MCDD may play a role in improving ovarian function in PCOS-IR rats by downregulating NF-κB/LCN-2 proteins and upregulating the gene expression of Insr/Irs-1/Glut4 in the insulin signaling pathway in the inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuowen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingna Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruyue Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Kuang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wantong Mai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengbo Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruling Lu
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongling Long
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Yongling Long,
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12
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Hu L, Li Y, Lin X, Huo Y, Zhang H, Wang H. Structure‐Based Programming of Supramolecular Assemblies in Living Cells for Selective Cancer Cell Inhibition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province School of Science Westlake University Institute of Natural Sciences Westlake Institute for Advanced Study 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province School of Science Westlake University Institute of Natural Sciences Westlake Institute for Advanced Study 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Xinhui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province School of Science Westlake University Institute of Natural Sciences Westlake Institute for Advanced Study 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yucheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province School of Science Westlake University Institute of Natural Sciences Westlake Institute for Advanced Study 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province School of Science Westlake University Institute of Natural Sciences Westlake Institute for Advanced Study 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Huaimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province School of Science Westlake University Institute of Natural Sciences Westlake Institute for Advanced Study 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
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13
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Dekens DW, Eisel ULM, Gouweleeuw L, Schoemaker RG, De Deyn PP, Naudé PJW. Lipocalin 2 as a link between ageing, risk factor conditions and age-related brain diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101414. [PMID: 34325073 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic (neuro)inflammation plays an important role in many age-related central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and vascular dementia. Inflammation also characterizes many conditions that form a risk factor for these CNS disorders, such as physical inactivity, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an inflammatory protein shown to be involved in different age-related CNS diseases, as well as risk factor conditions thereof. Lcn2 expression is increased in the periphery and the brain in different age-related CNS diseases and also their risk factor conditions. Experimental studies indicate that Lcn2 contributes to various neuropathophysiological processes of age-related CNS diseases, including exacerbated neuroinflammation, cell death and iron dysregulation, which may negatively impact cognitive function. We hypothesize that increased Lcn2 levels as a result of age-related risk factor conditions may sensitize the brain and increase the risk to develop age-related CNS diseases. In this review we first provide a comprehensive overview of the known functions of Lcn2, and its effects in the CNS. Subsequently, this review explores Lcn2 as a potential (neuro)inflammatory link between different risk factor conditions and the development of age-related CNS disorders. Altogether, evidence convincingly indicates Lcn2 as a key constituent in ageing and age-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doortje W Dekens
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie Gouweleeuw
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Regien G Schoemaker
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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14
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Sun WX, Lou K, Chen LJ, Liu SD, Pang SG. Lipocalin-2: a role in hepatic gluconeogenesis via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1753-1765. [PMID: 33423221 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence is accumulating that lipocalin2 (LCN2) is implicated in insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis, but the underlying possible mechanisms remain unclear. This study is to investigate the possible linkage between LCN2 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or forkhead transcription factor O1 (FoxO1), which influences insulin sensitivity and gluconeogenesis in liver. METHODS LCN2 knockout (LCN2KO) mice and wild-type littermates were used to evaluate the effect of LCN2 on insulin sensitivity and hepatic gluconeogenesis through pyruvate tolerance test (PTT), glucose tolerance test (ipGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, respectively. LCN2KO mice and WT mice in vivo, and in vitro HepG2 cells were co-transfected with adenoviral FoxO1-siRNA (Ad-FoxO1-siRNA) or adenovirus expressing constitutively active form of AMPK (Ad-CA-AMPK), or dominant negative adenovirus AMPK (Ad-DN-AMPK), the relative mRNA and protein levels of two key gluconeogenic enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) were measured. RESULTS Improved insulin sensitivity and inhibited gluconeogenesis in the LCN2KO mice were confirmed by pyruvate tolerance tests and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Nuclear FoxO1 and its downstream genes PEECK and G6P were decreased in the livers of the LCN2KO mice, and AMPK activity was stimulated and directly phosphorylated FoxO1. In vitro, AMPK activity was inhibited in HepG2 cells overexpressing LCN2 leading to a decrease in phosphorylated FoxO1 and an increase in nuclear FoxO1. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that LCN2 regulates insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism through inhibiting AMPK activity, and regulating FoxO1 and its downstream genes PEPCK/G6P, which regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-X Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Taishan Vocational College of Nursing, Taian, 271000, China
| | - K Lou
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - L-J Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Rongjun General Hospital, 23 Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong Province, China
| | - S-D Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Rongjun General Hospital, 23 Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong Province, China.
| | - S-G Pang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong Province, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, China.
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Li X, Wan T, Li Y. Role of FoxO1 in regulating autophagy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:707. [PMID: 34007316 PMCID: PMC8120662 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major chronic disease that is characterized by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular recycling pathway and is involved in regulating intracellular homeostasis. Transcription factor Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) also regulates fundamental cellular processes, including cell differentiation, metabolism and apoptosis, and proliferation to cellular stress. Increasing evidence suggest that autophagy and FoxO1 are involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM, including β-cell viability, apoptosis, insulin secretion and peripheral insulin resistance. Recent studies have demonstrated that FoxO1 improves insulin resistance by regulating target tissue autophagy. The present review summarizes current literature on the role of autophagy and FoxO1 in T2DM. The participation of FoxO1 in the development and occurrence of T2DM via autophagy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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16
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Hu L, Li Y, Lin X, Huo Y, Zhang H, Wang H. Structure-Based Programming of Supramolecular Assemblies in Living Cells for Selective Cancer Cell Inhibition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21807-21816. [PMID: 34189812 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on the design, synthesis, and assembly of an enzymatic programmable peptide system inspired by endocytic processes to induce molecular assemblies formation spatiotemporally in living cancer cells, resulting in glioblastoma cell death mainly in necroptosis. Our results indicate the stability and glycosylation of molecules play an essential role in determining the final bioactivity. Detailed mechanistic studies by CLSM, Flow cytometry, western blot, and Bio-EM suggest the site-specific formation of assemblies, which could induce the LMP and activate the downstream cell death pathway. Moreover, we also demonstrate that our strategy can boost the activity of commercial chemotherapy drug by escaping lysosome sequestration. We expected this work would be expanded towards artificial intelligent biomaterials for cancer therapy and imaging precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinhui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yucheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huaimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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17
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Meagher P, Civitarese R, Lee X, Gordon M, Bugyei-Twum A, Desjardins JF, Kabir G, Zhang Y, Kosanam H, Visram A, Leong-Poi H, Advani A, Connelly KA. The Goto Kakizaki rat: Impact of age upon changes in cardiac and renal structure, function. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252711. [PMID: 34166385 PMCID: PMC8224913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with diabetes are at a high risk for developing cardiac dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease or hypertension, a condition known as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Contributing to heart failure is the presence of diabetic kidney disease. The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is a non-obese, non-hypertensive model of type 2 diabetes that, like humans, shares a susceptibility locus on chromosome 10. Herein, we perform a detailed analysis of cardio-renal remodeling and response to renin angiotensin system blockade in GK rats to ascertain the validity of this model for further insights into disease pathogenesis. METHODS Study 1: Male GK rats along with age matched Wistar control animals underwent longitudinal assessment of cardiac and renal function for 32 weeks (total age 48 weeks). Animals underwent regular echocardiography every 4 weeks and at sacrifice, early (~24 weeks) and late (~48 weeks) timepoints, along with pressure volume loop analysis. Histological and molecular characteristics were determined using standard techniques. Study 2: the effect of renin angiotensin system (RAS) blockade upon cardiac and renal function was assessed in GK rats. Finally, proteomic studies were conducted in vivo and in vitro to identify novel pathways involved in remodeling responses. RESULTS GK rats developed hyperglycaemia by 12 weeks of age (p<0.01 c/w Wistar controls). Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function demonstrated preserved systolic function by 48 weeks of age. Invasive studies demonstrated left ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary congestion and impaired diastolic function. Renal function was preserved with evidence of hyperfiltration. Cardiac histological analysis demonstrated myocyte hypertrophy (p<0.05) with evidence of significant interstitial fibrosis (p<0.05). RT qPCR demonstrated activation of the fetal gene program, consistent with cellular hypertrophy. RAS blockade resulted in a reduction blood pressure(P<0.05) cardiac interstitial fibrosis (p<0.05) and activation of fetal gene program. No significant change on either systolic or diastolic function was observed, along with minimal impact upon renal structure or function. Proteomic studies demonstrated significant changes in proteins involved in oxidative phosp4horylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, beta-oxidation, and PI3K/Akt signalling (all p<0.05). Further, similar changes were observed in both LV samples from GK rats and H9C2 cells incubated in high glucose media. CONCLUSION By 48 weeks of age, the diabetic GK rat demonstrates evidence of preserved systolic function and impaired relaxation, along with cardiac hypertrophy, in the presence of hyperfiltration and elevated protein excretion. These findings suggest the GK rat demonstrates some, but not all features of diabetes induced "cardiorenal" syndrome. This has implications for the use of this model to assess preclinical strategies to treat cardiorenal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Meagher
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Civitarese
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xavier Lee
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark Gordon
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Antoinette Bugyei-Twum
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Desjardins
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Golam Kabir
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yanling Zhang
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hari Kosanam
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aylin Visram
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Howard Leong-Poi
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew Advani
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kim A. Connelly
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Loss of Function of von Hippel-Lindau Trigger Lipocalin 2-Dependent Inflammatory Responses in Cultured and Primary Renal Tubular Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5571638. [PMID: 34257811 PMCID: PMC8245224 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5571638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mutations in the tumor suppressor gene von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) can result in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chronic inflammation and are a significant predisposing factor for the development of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). To study VHL's role in ccRCC formation, we previously developed a novel conditional knockout mouse model that mimicked the features of kidney inflammation and fibrosis that lead to cyst formation and hyperplasia. However, due to VHL's complex cellular functions, the mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. Here, we used the HK-2 cells and mouse primary renal tubule cells (mRTCs) carrying VHL mutations as models to study the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of ROS accumulation. We also studied the role of lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in regulating macrophage recruitment by HK-2 cells. We measured the level of ROS in HK-2 cells in the presence or absence of LCN2 knockdown and found that the VHL mutation caused ROS overproduction, but an LCN2 knockdown could attenuate the process. VHL was also found to mediate the in vitro and in vivo expression and secretion of LCN2. Thus, VHL likely affects ROS production in an LCN2-dependent manner. Our findings also suggest that LCN2 sensitizes the inflammatory response of HK-2 cells and the chemotactic abilities of macrophage RAW264.7 cells. By demonstrating that the loss of function of von Hippel-Lindau triggers lipocalin 2-dependent inflammatory responses in cultured and primary renal tubular cells, our results offer novel insights into a potential therapeutic approach for interfering with the development of ccRCC.
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Bhusal A, Lee WH, Suk K. Lipocalin-2 in Diabetic Complications of the Nervous System: Physiology, Pathology, and Beyond. Front Physiol 2021; 12:638112. [PMID: 33613327 PMCID: PMC7892766 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.638112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a 25 kDa secreted protein that belongs to the family of lipocalins, a group of transporters of small hydrophobic molecules such as iron, fatty acids, steroids, and lipopolysaccharide in circulation. LCN2 was previously found to be involved in iron delivery, pointing toward a potential role for LCN2 in immunity. This idea was further validated when LCN2 was found to limit bacterial growth during infections in mice by sequestering iron-laden siderophores. Recently, LCN2 was also identified as a critical regulator of energy metabolism, glucose and lipid homeostasis, and insulin function. Furthermore, studies using Lcn2 knockout mice suggest an important role for LCN2 in several biobehavioral responses, including cognition, emotion, anxiety, and feeding behavior. Owing to its expression and influence on multiple metabolic and neurological functions, there has emerged a great deal of interest in the study of relationships between LCN2 and neurometabolic complications. Thorough investigation has demonstrated that LCN2 is involved in several neurodegenerative diseases, while more recent studies have shown that LCN2 is also instrumental for the progression of diabetic complications like encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. Preliminary findings have shown that LCN2 is also a promising drug target and diagnostic marker for the treatment of neuropathic complications from diabetes. In particular, future translational research related to LCN2, such as the development of small-molecule inhibitors or neutralizing antibodies against LCN2, appears essential for exploring its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Wang JT, Yu ZY, Tao YH, Liu YC, Wang YM, Guo QL, Xue JZ, Wen XH, Zhang Q, Xu XD, He CF, Xue WJ, Guo JC, Zhou HG. A novel palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acid (5-PAHSA) plays a neuroprotective role by inhibiting phosphorylation of the m-TOR-ULK1 pathway and regulating autophagy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:484-496. [PMID: 33459523 PMCID: PMC7941174 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can lead to brain dysfunction and a series of neurological complications. Previous research demonstrated that a novel palmitic acid (5‐PAHSA) exerts effect on glucose tolerance and chronic inflammation. Autophagy was important in diabetic‐related neurodegeneration. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether 5‐PAHSA has specific therapeutic effects on neurological dysfunction in diabetics, particularly with regard to autophagy. Methods 5‐PAHSA was successfully synthesized according to a previously described protocol. We then carried out a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments using PC12 cells under diabetic conditions, and DB/DB mice, respectively. PC12 cells were treated with 5‐PAHSA for 24 h, while mice were administered with 5‐PAHSA for 30 days. At the end of each experiment, we analyzed glucolipid metabolism, autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress, cognition, and a range of inflammatory factors. Results Although there was no significant improvement in glucose metabolism in mice administered with 5‐PAHSA, ox‐LDL decreased significantly following the administration of 5‐PAHSA in serum of DB/DB mice (p < 0.0001). We also found that the phosphorylation of m‐TOR and ULK‐1 was suppressed in both PC12 cells and DB/DB mice following the administration of 5‐PAHSA (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), although increased levels of autophagy were only observed in vitro (p < 0.05). Following the administration of 5‐PAHSA, the concentration of ROS decreased in PC12 cells and the levels of CRP increased in high‐dose group of 5‐PAHSA (p < 0.01). There were no significant changes in terms of apoptosis, other inflammatory factors, or cognition in DB/DB mice following the administration of 5‐PAHSA. Conclusion We found that 5‐PAHSA can enhance autophagy in PC12 cells under diabetic conditions. Our data demonstrated that 5‐PAHSA inhibits phosphorylation of the m‐TOR‐ULK1 pathway and suppressed oxidative stress in PC12 cells, and exerted influence on lipid metabolism in DB/DB mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Tao Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Yu Yu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Hong Tao
- Department of Medical Examination Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Chao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Mei Wang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Lin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Xue
- Department of Neurology, Fifth Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Changshu Second People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Changshu, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Die Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Feng He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Chun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hou-Guang Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology of Huashan Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Antimicrobial peptides: bridging innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:2966-2975. [PMID: 33237697 PMCID: PMC7752697 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecules produced by a myriad of cells and play important roles not only in protecting against infections and sustaining skin barrier homeostasis but also in contributing to immune dysregulation under pathological conditions. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that AMPs, including cathelicidin (LL-37), human β-defensins, S100 proteins, lipocalin 2, and RNase 7, are highly expressed in psoriatic skin lesions. These peptides broadly regulate immunity by interacting with various immune cells and linking innate and adaptive immune responses during the progression of psoriasis. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding AMPs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis with a main focus on their immunomodulatory abilities.
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Pei J, Xiao Z, Guo Z, Pei Y, Wei S, Wu H, Wang D. Sustained Stimulation of β 2AR Inhibits Insulin Signaling in H9C2 Cardiomyoblast Cells Through the PKA-Dependent Signaling Pathway. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3887-3898. [PMID: 33116735 PMCID: PMC7585860 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s268028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the role of β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in insulin signaling transduction in H9C2 cardiomyoblast cells to understand the formation of the β2AR-insulin receptor (IR) protein complex and its role in insulin-induced Glut4 expression. METHODS H9C2 cells were treated with various protein inhibitors (CGP, β1AR inhibitor CGP20712; ICI, β2AR inhibitor ICI 118,551; PKI, PKA inhibitor myristoylated PKI; PD 0325901, MEK inhibitor; SP600125, JNK inhibitor) with or without insulin or isoproterenol (ISO) before RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and quantitative-PCR (Q-PCR). Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation and His-tag pull-down assay were carried out to investigate the formation of the β2AR-IR protein complex. The intracellular concentrations of cAMP in H9C2 cells were tested by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the phosphorylation of JNK was tested by Western blot. RESULTS Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the most significantly enriched processes in the domain of molecular function (MF) were catalytic activity and binding, whereas in the domain of biological processes (BP) were metabolic process and cellular process. Furthermore, the enriched processes in the domain of cellular components (CC) were cell and cell parts. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the most significant pathways that have been altered included the PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Q-PCR, which was performed to verify the gene expression levels exhibited consistent results. In evaluating the signaling pathways, the sustained stimulation of β2AR by ISO inhibited insulin signalling, and the effect was primarily through the cAMP-PKA-JNK pathway and MEK/JNK signaling pathway. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation and His-tag pull-down assay revealed that β2AR, IR, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), Grb2-associated binding protein 1 (GAB1) and Grb2 existed in the same protein complex. CONCLUSION The sustained stimulation of β2AR might inhibit insulin signaling transduction through the cAMP-PKA-JNK and MEK/JNK pathways in H9C2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Pei
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengpan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Yechun Pei
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tropical Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan570228, People's Republic of China
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Currò D, Vergani E, Bruno C, Comi S, D'Abate C, Mancini A. Plasmatic lipocalin-2 levels in chronic low-grade inflammation syndromes: Comparison between metabolic syndrome, total and partial adult growth hormone deficiency. Biofactors 2020; 46:629-636. [PMID: 32196782 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a secreted glycoprotein involved in several chronic inflammatory processes. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) are known as chronic inflammatory conditions. The primary objective of this observational cross-sectional study was to compare LCN2 plasmatic levels in these clinical settings, whereas the secondary objective was to investigate any possible correlation between LCN2 and BMI and/or indexes of insulin sensitivity/resistance. Seventy-four patients were divided as follows: Group A, MetS (18 patients, 13 females and 5 males, mean ± SEM age 45.1 ± 4.11 years, BMI 31.22 ± 1.73 kg/m2 ); Group B, total GHD (18 patients, 8 females and 10 males, age 52.44 ± 2.61 years, BMI 30.49 ± 1.87 kg/m2 ); Group C, Partial GHD (pGHD; 19 patients, 13 females and 6 males, age 48.63 ± 2.19 years, BMI 29.11 ± 1.85 kg/m2 ); Group D, Controls (19 patients, 13 females and 6males, age 40.26 ± 2.87 years, BMI 23.25 ± 0.95 kg/m2 ). They were evaluated for glucose and insulin, HOMA-index, QUICKI-index, Total/low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, IGF-1, and LCN2. LCN2 plasmatic levels were significantly increased in MetS, while no significant differences with controls were found in total and pGHD. LCN2 levels did not correlate with BMI. A significant positive correlation between LCN2 and HOMA-index was found in controls, while a trend-like, yet not significant, a positive correlation was observed in pGHD. Our data show an increase in LCN2 plasmatic levels in MetS. Different inflammatory patterns characterize MetS and GHD. The correlation between HOMA index and LCN2 in normal subjects and possibly in pGHD ones suggests a modulatory action of LCN2 on insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Currò
- Istituto di Farmacologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Farmacologia, Direzione Sanitaria, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vergani
- UOC Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- UOC Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Comi
- UOC Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia D'Abate
- UOC Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Mancini
- UOC Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
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Yin X, Huo Y, Liu L, Pan Y, Liu S, Wang R. Serum Levels and Placental Expression of NGAL in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:8760563. [PMID: 32377189 PMCID: PMC7199580 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8760563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels in the serum and term placentas and its potential role in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS A total of 49 GDM subjects and 39 age-matched women with normal pregnancies were recruited. We examined serum concentrations of NGAL and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in maternal blood and cord blood and their expression levels in the term placentas and umbilical cord. RESULTS Serum NGAL levels were significantly higher in GDM patients than in normal pregnant controls both in the maternal blood (4.80 ± 1.99 vs. 3.66 ± 1.13, P=0.001) and the cord blood (4.70 ± 2.08 vs. 3.85 ± 1.44, P=0.027). Moreover, serum NGAL levels exhibited a positive correlation with various parameters of insulin resistance. Maternal serum NGAL levels positively correlated with the NGAL levels found in the cord blood of the control (r = 0.399, P=0.012) and the GDM subjects (r = 0.349, P=0.014). Finally, the expression of NGAL protein levels in the placenta (1.22 ± 0.39 vs. 0.65 ± 0.23, P < 0.001) and umbilical cord (0.65 ± 0.23 vs. 0.25 ± 0.10, P < 0.001) were higher in GDM women than those noted in the control subjects. In the GDM group, maternal serum NGAL levels exhibited a positive correlation with placental NGAL mRNA and protein levels (r = 0.848, P=0.008; r = 0.636, P=0.011, respectively). CONCLUSIONS NGAL may be an important adipokine involved in GDM and fetal development. The oversecretion of NGAL from the placenta may contribute to the elevated levels of serum NGAL in gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Yan Huo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Yixing Pan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Suxin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Runfang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
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Corraliza-Gomez M, Sanchez D, Ganfornina MD. Lipid-Binding Proteins in Brain Health and Disease. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1152. [PMID: 31787919 PMCID: PMC6854030 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A proper lipid management is paramount for a healthy brain. Lipid homeostasis alterations are known to be causative or risk factors for many neurodegenerative diseases, or key elements in the recovery from nervous system injuries of different etiology. In addition to lipid biogenesis and catabolism, non-enzymatic lipid-binding proteins play an important role in brain function and maintenance through aging. Among these types of lipoproteins, apolipoprotein E has received much attention due to the relationship of particular alleles of its gene with the risk and progression of Alzheimer's disease. However, other lipid-binding proteins whose role in lipid homeostasis and control are less known need to be brought to the attention of both researchers and clinicians. The aim of this review is to cover the knowledge of lipid-managing proteins in the brain, with particular attention to new candidates to be relevant for brain function and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Corraliza-Gomez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Diego Sanchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria D Ganfornina
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
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Bhusal A, Rahman MH, Lee WH, Bae YC, Lee IK, Suk K. Paradoxical role of lipocalin-2 in metabolic disorders and neurological complications. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113626. [PMID: 31476294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as 24p3 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is a 25-kDa secreted protein implicated in various metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Early studies suggest the protective function of LCN2 in which it acts as a bacteriostatic agent that competes with bacteria for iron-bound siderophores. However, both detrimental and beneficial roles of LCN2 have recently been documented in metabolic and neuroinflammatory diseases. Metabolic inflammation, as observed in diabetes and obesity, has been closely associated with the upregulation of LCN2 in blood plasma and several tissues in both humans and rodents, suggesting its pro-diabetic and pro-obesogenic role. On the contrary, other studies imply an anti-diabetic and anti-obesogenic role of LCN2 whereby a deficiency in the Lcn2 gene results in the impairment of insulin sensitivity and enhances the high-fat-diet-induced expansion of fat. A similar dual role of LCN2 has also been reported in various animal models for neurological disorders. In the midst of these mixed findings, there is no experimental evidence to explain why LCN2 shows such a contrasting role in the various studies. This debate needs to be resolved (or reconciled) and an integrated view on the topic is desirable. Herein, we attempt to address this issue by reviewing the recent findings on LCN2 in metabolic disorders and assess the potential cellular or molecular mechanisms underlying the dual role of LCN2. We further discuss the possibilities and challenges of targeting LCN2 as a potential therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders and neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 PLUS KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Yu H, Liu Z, Lu J, Yang X, Yan XX, Mi Y, Hua L, Li Y, Jing ZC, Du J. Lipocalin-2 Predicts Long-Term Outcome of Normotensive Patients with Acute Pulmonary Embolism. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019; 20:101-110. [PMID: 31385242 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09525-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE) are accompanied by heterogeneously adverse events. Responding to tissue injury, lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) is elevated in experimental APE model and associated with short-term prognosis. However, the prognostic value of LCN-2 in normotensive patients with APE for long-term major adverse events (MAEs) remains unknown. We evaluated the association of plasma LCN-2 levels with the median 467-day outcome in 170 normotensive patients with APE. We also assessed whether LCN-2 could improve risk stratification. MAEs consisted of mortality or recurrence of venous thromboembolism. During follow-up, 17 (10%) patients suffered from MAEs. These patients had higher LCN-2 levels compared with patients without MAEs (median: 13.97 vs. 8.55 ng/ml, P = 0.01). The proportion of MAEs in the intermediate-low-risk group (14.0%) was higher than that in the intermediate-high-risk group (5.3%). LCN-2 levels independently had prognostic value for MAEs in overall (HR = 3.40, 95% CI 1.46-7.90) and intermediate-risk group (HR = 3.88, 95% CI 1.63-9.23). LCN-2 also showed incremental value in overall (ΔC-index: 0.13, 95% CI 0.02-0.24; category-based NRI = 0.25, 95% CI 0.07-0.42) and intermediate-risk patients (ΔC-index: 0.13, 95% CI 0.05-0.31; category-based NRI = 0.44, 95% CI 0.24-0.65). Adding LCN-2 (cut-off value = 11 ng/ml) to the current risk algorithm improved MAEs of intermediate-risk reclassification (intermediate-high vs. intermediate-low = 25.6% vs. 6.0%, P = 0.002). Elevated plasma LCN-2 levels predict long-term MAEs among normotensive patients with APE. LCN-2 might be a useful biomarker for risk stratification in the intermediate-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixu Yu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuohui Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Yang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Xin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy Medical Sciences, No. 167, Beilishi Road, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yuhong Mi
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lu Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy Medical Sciences, No. 167, Beilishi Road, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China. .,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhi-Cheng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy Medical Sciences, No. 167, Beilishi Road, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China. .,Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China.
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Iron induces insulin resistance in cardiomyocytes via regulation of oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4668. [PMID: 30874600 PMCID: PMC6420583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron overload is associated with various pathological changes which contribute to heart failure. Here, we examined mechanisms via which iron alters cardiomyocyte insulin sensitivity. Treatment of primary adult and neonatal cardiomyocytes as well as H9c2 cells with iron decreased insulin sensitivity determined via Western blotting or immunofluorescent detection of Akt and p70S6K phosphorylation and glucose uptake. Using CellROX deep red or DCF-DA probes we also observed that iron increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and that pretreatment with the superoxide dismutase mimetic MnTBAP reduced ROS production and attenuated iron-induced insulin resistance. SKQ1 and allopurinol but not apocynin reduced iron-induced ROS suggesting mitochondria and xanthine oxidase contribute to cellular ROS in response to iron. Western blotting for LC3-I, LC3-II and P62 levels as well as immunofluorescent co-detection of autophagosomes with Cyto-ID and lysosomal cathepsin activity indicated that iron attenuated autophagic flux without altering total expression of Atg7 or beclin-1 and phosphorylation of mTORC1 and ULK1. This conclusion was reinforced via protein accumulation detected using Click-iT HPG labelling after iron treatment. The adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon increased autophagic flux and improved insulin sensitivity both alone and in the presence of iron. We created an autophagy-deficient cell model by overexpressing a dominant-negative Atg5 mutant in H9c2 cells and this confirmed that reduced autophagy flux correlated with less insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, our study showed that iron promoted a cascade of ROS production, reduced autophagy and insulin resistance in cardiomyocytes.
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Qiu S, Chen X, Pang Y, Zhang Z. Lipocalin-2 protects against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice through autophagy activation mediated by HIF1α and NF-κb crosstalk. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:244-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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30
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Guiteras R, Sola A, Flaquer M, Manonelles A, Hotter G, Cruzado JM. Exploring macrophage cell therapy on Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:841-851. [PMID: 30407737 PMCID: PMC6349346 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatively activated macrophages (M2) have regenerative properties and shown promise as cell therapy in chronic kidney disease. However, M2 plasticity is one of the major hurdles to overcome. Our previous studies showed that genetically modified macrophages stabilized by neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) were able to preserve their M2 phenotype. Nowadays, little is known about M2 macrophage effects in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The aim of the study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of both bone marrow‐derived M2 (BM‐фM2) and ф‐NGAL macrophages in the db/db mice. Seventeen‐week‐old mice with established DKD were divided into five treatment groups with their controls: D+BM‐фM2; D+ф‐BM; D+ф‐NGAL; D+ф‐RAW; D+SHAM and non‐diabetic (ND) (db/‐ and C57bl/6J) animals. We infused 1 × 106 macrophages twice, at baseline and 2 weeks thereafter. BM‐фM2 did not show any therapeutic effect whereas ф‐NGAL significantly reduced albuminuria and renal fibrosis. The ф‐NGAL therapy increased the anti‐inflammatory IL‐10 and reduced some pro‐inflammatory cytokines, reduced the proportion of M1 glomerular macrophages and podocyte loss and was associated with a significant decrease of renal TGF‐β1. Overall, our study provides evidence that ф‐NGAL macrophage cell therapy has a therapeutic effect on DKD probably by modulation of the renal inflammatory response caused by the diabetic milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Guiteras
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Ciències Clíniques, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Sola
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Ciències Clíniques, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Flaquer
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Ciències Clíniques, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Manonelles
- Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Hotter
- Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Ischemia and Inflammation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Cruzado
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Ciències Clíniques, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Song J, Kim OY. Perspectives in Lipocalin-2: Emerging Biomarker for Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis for Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Nutr Res 2018; 7:1-10. [PMID: 29423384 PMCID: PMC5796918 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2018.7.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily was reported to participate in various biological processes including cell migration, cell survival, inflammatory responses, and insulin sensitivity. LCN2 is expressed in the multiple tissues such as kidney, liver, uterus, and bone marrow. The receptors for LCN2 were additionally found in microglia, astrocytes, epithelial cells, and neurons, but the role of LCN2 in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been fully understood yet. Recently, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies reported the association between LCN2 and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we reviewed the significant evidences showing that LCN2 contributes to the onset and progression of AD. It may suggest that the manipulation of LCN2 in the CNS would be a crucial target for regulation of the pathogenesis and risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.,Human Life Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Oh Yoen Kim
- Human Life Research Center, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Brain Busan 21 Project, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
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32
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Eicosapentaenoic acid protects cardiomyoblasts from lipotoxicity in an autophagy-dependent manner. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 34:177-189. [PMID: 28741157 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The cardiovascular health benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have been demonstrated previously; however, the exact mechanism underlying them remains unclear. Our previous study found that lipotoxicity induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via the inhibition of autophagy. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated whether EPA attenuated lipotoxicity-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis through autophagy regulation. The role of EPA in mitochondrial dynamics was analyzed as well. METHODS To explore how EPA protected against lipotoxicity-induced myocardial injury, cardiomyoblast (H9C2) cells were left untreated or were treated with 400 μM palmitic acid (PAM) and/or 80 μM EPA for 24 h. RESULTS Excessive PAM treatment induced apoptosis. EPA reduced this PAM-induced apoptosis; however, EPA was unable to ameliorate the effects of PAM when autophagy was blocked by 3-methyladenine and bafilomycin A1. PAM blocked the autophagic flux, thus causing the accumulation of autophagosomes and acid vacuoles, whereas EPA restored the autophagic flux. PAM caused a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and an increase in saturated fatty acid content in the mitochondrial membrane, while EPA was incorporated in the mitochondrial membrane and caused a significant increase in the PUFA content. PAM also decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, whereas EPA enhanced it. Finally, PAM elevated the expressions of autophagy-related proteins (LC3I, LC3II, p62) and mitochondrial fission protein (Drp1), whereas EPA inhibited their elevation under PAM treatment. CONCLUSIONS EPA reduces lipotoxicity-induced cardiomyoblast apoptosis through its effects on autophagy.
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33
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Ríos-Luci C, García-Alonso S, Díaz-Rodríguez E, Nadal-Serrano M, Arribas J, Ocaña A, Pandiella A. Resistance to the Antibody-Drug Conjugate T-DM1 Is Based in a Reduction in Lysosomal Proteolytic Activity. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4639-4651. [PMID: 28687619 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that was approved recently to treat HER2+ breast cancers. Despite its impressive clinical efficacy in many patients, intrinsic and acquired resistance to T-DM1 has emerged as a challenge. To identify mechanisms of T-DM1 resistance, we isolated several resistant HER2+ clones exhibiting stable drug refractoriness in vitro and in vivo Genomic comparisons showed substantial differences among three of the isolated clones, indicating several potential mechanisms of resistance to T-DM1. However, we observed no differences in HER2 levels and signaling among the resistant models and parental HER2+ cells. Bioinformatics studies suggested that intracellular trafficking of T-DM1 could underlie resistance to T-DM1, and systematic analysis of the path followed by T-DM1 showed that the early steps in the internalization of the drug were unaltered. However, in some of the resistant clones, T-DM1 accumulated in lysosomes. In these clones, lysosomal pH was increased and the proteolytic activity of these organelles was deranged. These results were confirmed in T-DM1-resistant cells from patient-derived HER2+ samples. We postulate that resistance to T-DM1 occurs through multiple mechanisms, one of which is impaired lysosomal proteolytic activity. Because other ADC may use the same internalization-degradation pathway to deliver active payloads, strategies aimed at restoring lysosomal functionality might overcome resistance to ADC-based therapies and improve their effectiveness. Cancer Res; 77(17); 4639-51. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ríos-Luci
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sara García-Alonso
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | - Joaquín Arribas
- Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, UAB, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Unidad de Investigación Traslacional Hospital Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain. .,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), an innate immune protein, has emerged as a critical iron regulatory protein during physiological and inflammatory conditions. As a bacteriostatic factor, Lcn2 obstructs the siderophore iron-acquiring strategy of bacteria and thus inhibits bacterial growth. As part of host nutritional immunity, Lcn2 facilitates systemic, cellular, and mucosal hypoferremia during inflammation, in addition to stabilizing the siderophore-bound labile iron pool. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the interaction between Lcn2 and iron, and its effects in various inflammatory diseases. Lcn2 exerts mostly a protective role in infectious and inflammatory bowel diseases, whereas both beneficial and detrimental functions have been documented in neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, renal disorders, skin disorders, and cancer. Further animal and clinical studies are necessary to unveil the multifaceted roles of Lcn2 in iron dysregulation during inflammation and to explore its therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; .,Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
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35
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Moschen AR, Adolph TE, Gerner RR, Wieser V, Tilg H. Lipocalin-2: A Master Mediator of Intestinal and Metabolic Inflammation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:388-397. [PMID: 28214071 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is released by various cell types and is an attractive biomarker of inflammation, ischemia, infection, and kidney damage. Both intestinal and metabolic inflammation, as observed in obesity and related disorders, are associated with increased LCN2 synthesis. While LCN2 in the intestinal tract regulates the composition of the gut microbiota and shows anti-inflammatory activities, it also exhibits proinflammatory activities in other experimental settings. In animal models of metabolic inflammation, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), increased LCN2 expression favors inflammation via the recruitment of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines. A better understanding of this crucial marker of innate immunity might pave the way for targeting this pathway in future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Wieser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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36
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Sung HK, Chan YK, Han M, Jahng JWS, Song E, Danielson E, Berger T, Mak TW, Sweeney G. Lipocalin-2 (NGAL) Attenuates Autophagy to Exacerbate Cardiac Apoptosis Induced by Myocardial Ischemia. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2125-2134. [PMID: 27800610 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2; also termed neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)) levels correlate positively with heart failure (HF) yet mechanisms via which Lcn2 contributes to the pathogenesis of HF remain unclear. In this study, we used coronary artery ligation surgery to induce ischemia in wild-type (wt) mice and this induced a significant increase in myocardial Lcn2. We then compared wt and Lcn2 knockout (KO) mice and observed that wt mice showed greater ischemia-induced caspase-3 activation and DNA damage measured by TUNEL than Lcn2KO mice. Analysis of autophagy by LC3 and p62 Western blotting, LC3 immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that Lcn2 KO mice had a greater ischemia-induced increase in autophagy. Lcn2KO were protected against ischemia-induced cardiac functional abnormalities measured by echocardiography. Upon treating a cardiomyocyte cell line (h9c2) with Lcn2 and examining AMPK and ULK1 phosphorylation, LC3 and p62 by Western blot as well as tandem fluorescent RFP/GFP-LC3 puncta by immunofluorescence, MagicRed assay for lysosomal cathepsin activity and TEM we demonstrated that Lcn2 suppressed autophagic flux. Lcn2 also exacerbated hypoxia-induced cytochromc c release from mitochondria and caspase-3 activation. We generated an autophagy-deficient H9c2 cell model by overexpressing dominant-negative Atg5 and found significantly increased apoptosis after Lcn2 treatment. In summary, our data indicate that Lcn2 can suppress the beneficial cardiac autophagic response to ischemia and that this contributes to enhanced ischemia-induced cell death and cardiac dysfunction. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2125-2134, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyoung Sung
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yee Kwan Chan
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meng Han
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Erfei Song
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Danielson
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Thorsten Berger
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research and Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Pascua-Maestro R, Diez-Hermano S, Lillo C, Ganfornina MD, Sanchez D. Protecting cells by protecting their vulnerable lysosomes: Identification of a new mechanism for preserving lysosomal functional integrity upon oxidative stress. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006603. [PMID: 28182653 PMCID: PMC5325589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental insults such as oxidative stress can damage cell membranes. Lysosomes are particularly sensitive to membrane permeabilization since their function depends on intraluminal acidic pH and requires stable membrane-dependent proton gradients. Among the catalog of oxidative stress-responsive genes is the Lipocalin Apolipoprotein D (ApoD), an extracellular lipid binding protein endowed with antioxidant capacity. Within the nervous system, cell types in the defense frontline, such as astrocytes, secrete ApoD to help neurons cope with the challenge. The protecting role of ApoD is known from cellular to organism level, and many of its downstream effects, including optimization of autophagy upon neurodegeneration, have been described. However, we still cannot assign a cellular mechanism to ApoD gene that explains how this protection is accomplished. Here we perform a comprehensive analysis of ApoD intracellular traffic and demonstrate its role in lysosomal pH homeostasis upon paraquat-induced oxidative stress. By combining single-lysosome in vivo pH measurements with immunodetection, we demonstrate that ApoD is endocytosed and targeted to a subset of vulnerable lysosomes in a stress-dependent manner. ApoD is functionally stable in this acidic environment, and its presence is sufficient and necessary for lysosomes to recover from oxidation-induced alkalinization, both in astrocytes and neurons. This function is accomplished by preventing lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Two lysosomal-dependent biological processes, myelin phagocytosis by astrocytes and optimization of neurodegeneration-triggered autophagy in a Drosophila in vivo model, require ApoD-related Lipocalins. Our results uncover a previously unknown biological function of ApoD, member of the finely regulated and evolutionary conserved gene family of extracellular Lipocalins. They set a lipoprotein-mediated regulation of lysosomal membrane integrity as a new mechanism at the hub of many cellular functions, critical for the outcome of a wide variety of neurodegenerative diseases. These results open therapeutic opportunities by providing a route of entry and a repair mechanism for lysosomes in pathological situations. This work is the result of our search for the mechanism of action of Apolipoprotein D (ApoD), a neuroprotective lipid-binding protein that confers cell resistance to oxidative stress. ApoD is one of the few genes consistently over-expressed in the aging brain of all vertebrate species, and no nervous system disease has been found concurring without ApoD over-expression. All evidence supports ApoD as an endogenous mechanism of protection. We demonstrate here that this extracellular lipid binding protein is endocytosed and targeted in a finely controlled way to subsets of lysosomes in need of protection, those most sensitive to oxidative stress. ApoD reveals the existence of biologically relevant lysosomal heterogeneity that conditions the oxidation state of cells, their phagocytic or autophagic capacity, and the final output in neurodegenerative conditions. The stable presence of ApoD in lysosomes is sufficient and necessary for lysosomes to recover from oxidation-induced membrane permeabilization and loss of proton gradients. ApoD-mediated control of lysosomal membrane integrity represents a new cell-protection mechanism at the hub of many cellular functions, and is critical for the outcome of a wide variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutic opportunities open, by providing a route of entry and a repair mechanism for lysosomes in pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pascua-Maestro
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sergio Diez-Hermano
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Concepción Lillo
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria D. Ganfornina
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MDG); (DS)
| | - Diego Sanchez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MDG); (DS)
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38
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Asimakopoulou A, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) Expression in Hepatic Malfunction and Therapy. Front Physiol 2016; 7:430. [PMID: 27729871 PMCID: PMC5037186 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted protein that belongs to the Lipocalins, a group of transporters of small lipophilic molecules such as steroids, lipopolysaccharides, iron, and fatty acids in circulation. Two decades after its discovery and after a high variety of published findings, LCN2's altered expression has been assigned to critical roles in several pathological organ conditions, including liver injury and steatosis, renal damage, brain injury, cardiomyopathies, muscle-skeletal disorders, lung infection, and cancer in several organs. The significance of this 25-kDa lipocalin molecule has been impressively increased during the last years. Data from several studies indicate the role of LCN2 in physiological conditions as well as in response to cellular stress and injury. LCN2 in the liver shows a protective role in acute and chronic injury models where its expression is highly elevated. Moreover, LCN2 expression is being considered as a potential strong biomarker for pathological conditions, including rheumatic diseases, cancer in human organs, hepatic steatosis, hepatic damage, and inflammation. In this review, we summarize experimental and clinical findings linking LCN2 to the pathogenesis of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Asimakopoulou
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
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