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Yang Y, Lu X, Liu N, Ma S, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Yang K, Jiang M, Zheng Z, Qiao Y, Hu Q, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Xiong M, Liu L, Jiang X, Reddy P, Dong X, Xu F, Wang Q, Zhao Q, Lei J, Sun S, Jing Y, Li J, Cai Y, Fan Y, Yan K, Jing Y, Haghani A, Xing M, Zhang X, Zhu G, Song W, Horvath S, Rodriguez Esteban C, Song M, Wang S, Zhao G, Li W, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Qu J, Zhang W, Liu GH. Metformin decelerates aging clock in male monkeys. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)00914-0. [PMID: 39270656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
In a rigorous 40-month study, we evaluated the geroprotective effects of metformin on adult male cynomolgus monkeys, addressing a gap in primate aging research. The study encompassed a comprehensive suite of physiological, imaging, histological, and molecular evaluations, substantiating metformin's influence on delaying age-related phenotypes at the organismal level. Specifically, we leveraged pan-tissue transcriptomics, DNA methylomics, plasma proteomics, and metabolomics to develop innovative monkey aging clocks and applied these to gauge metformin's effects on aging. The results highlighted a significant slowing of aging indicators, notably a roughly 6-year regression in brain aging. Metformin exerts a substantial neuroprotective effect, preserving brain structure and enhancing cognitive ability. The geroprotective effects on primate neurons were partially mediated by the activation of Nrf2, a transcription factor with anti-oxidative capabilities. Our research pioneers the systemic reduction of multi-dimensional biological age in primates through metformin, paving the way for advancing pharmaceutical strategies against human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyong Lu
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kuan Yang
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zikai Zheng
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yicheng Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinchao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Chongqing Fifth People's Hospital, Chongqing 400060, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Muzhao Xiong
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixiao Liu
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pradeep Reddy
- Altos Labs San Diego Institute of Science, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xueda Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fanshu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiaoran Wang
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jinghui Lei
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Shuhui Sun
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ying Jing
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; Aging Biomarker Consortium (ABC), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yusheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanling Fan
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaowen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yaobin Jing
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; International Center for Aging and Cancer, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Amin Haghani
- Altos Labs San Diego Institute of Science, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mengen Xing
- Oujiang Laboratory, Center for Geriatric Medicine and Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research for Mental Disorders, The First-Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guodong Zhu
- Institute of Gerontology, Guangzhou Geriatric Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Oujiang Laboratory, Center for Geriatric Medicine and Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research for Mental Disorders, The First-Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Steve Horvath
- Altos Labs San Diego Institute of Science, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Moshi Song
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Si Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Aging Biomarker Consortium (ABC), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guoguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; National Medical Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing 100053, China; Beijing Municipal Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China; Aging Biomarker Consortium (ABC), Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Aging Biomarker Consortium (ABC), Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Aging Biomarker Consortium (ABC), Beijing 100101, China.
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2
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Wang K, Dang X, Wang Y, Yang Q, Zhang T, Yang P, Yuan L, Xu R, Dang Y, Nan Y. Qianggu concentrate: unlocking bone protection power via antioxidative SIRT1/NRF2/HO-1 pathways in type 2 diabetic osteoporosis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1426767. [PMID: 39175549 PMCID: PMC11338786 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1426767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Qianggu Concentrate (QGHJ), a traditional Chinese medicine, is extensively used to treat Type 2 Diabetic Osteoporosis (T2DOP). Despite its widespread use, research on its therapeutic mechanisms within T2DOP is notably scarce. Objective To explore QGHJ's osteoprotection in T2DOP rats and BMSCs, focusing on the antioxidant activation of SIRT1/NRF2/HO-1 and NRF2 nuclear migration. Methods QGHJ constituent analysis was performed using UPLC-HRMS. Safety, bone-health efficacy, and glucose metabolic effects in T2DOP rats were evaluated via general condition assessments, biomarker profiling, micro-CT, biomechanics, staining methods, and ELISA, supplemented by RT-qPCR and Western blot. BMSCs' responses to QGHJ under oxidative stress, including viability, apoptosis, and osteogenic differentiation, were determined using CCK-8, flow cytometry, ALP/ARS staining, and molecular techniques. The modulation of the SIRT1/NRF2/HO-1 pathway by QGHJ was explored through oxidative stress biomarkers, immunofluorescence, and Western blot assays. Results UPLC-HRMS identified flavonoids, monoterpenes, and isoflavones as QGHJ's key compounds. In vivo, QGHJ proved safe and effective for T2DOP rats, enhancing bone mineral density, microenvironment, and biomechanical properties without impairing vital organs. It modulated bone markers PINP, TRACP 5b, RUNX2 and PPARγ, favoring bone anabolism and reduced catabolism, thus optimizing bone integrity. QGHJ also regulated glycemia and mitigated insulin resistance. In vitro, it preserved BMSCs' viability amidst oxidative stress, curbed apoptosis, and fostered osteogenesis with regulated RUNX2/PPARγ expression. Mechanistic insights revealed QGHJ activated the SIRT1/NRF2/HO-1 pathway, augmented NRF2 nuclear translocation, and enhanced the antioxidative response, promoting bone health under stress. Conclusion In T2DOP rat and BMSCs oxidative stress models, QGHJ's bone protection is anchored in its antioxidative mechanisms via the SIRT1/NRF2/HO-1 pathway activation and NRF2 nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiang Dang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yinchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yinchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yinchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rongming Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuqi Dang
- Department of Endocrinology, Yinchuan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yi Nan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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3
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Zhou H, Lin X, Feng S, Zhu S, Zhou H, Chen H, Youwu H, Wang Z, Wang R, Shao X, Wang J. Metformin mitigates adipogenesis of fibro-adipogenic progenitors after rotator cuff tears via activating mTOR/ULK1-mediated autophagy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1590-C1603. [PMID: 38586878 PMCID: PMC11371331 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00034.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Muscular fatty infiltration is a common issue after rotator cuff tears (RCTs), which impair shoulder function. Females suffer a higher prevalence and a more severe degree of muscular fatty infiltration after RCT when compared with males, with the underlying mechanisms remaining unclear. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) are the primary source of muscular fatty infiltration following RCT. Our findings disclose that gender-specific disparities in muscular fatty infiltration are linked to mTOR/ULK1-mediated autophagy of FAPs. Decreased autophagic activity contributes to adipogenic differentiation in female FAPs after RCT. Furthermore, metformin could enhance mTOR/ULK1-mediated autophagic processes of FAPs, thereby alleviating fatty infiltration and improving shoulder functionality after RCT. Together, our study reveals that gender differences in muscular fatty infiltration arise from distinct autophagic activities. Metformin could be a promising noninvasive intervention to ameliorate muscular fatty infiltration of RCT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current study demonstrated that gender-specific disparities in muscular fatty infiltration are attributed to mTOR/ULK1-mediated autophagy of FAPs. Decreased autophagic activity contributes to adipogenic differentiation in female FAPs after RCT. Moreover, metformin could enhance mTOR/ULK1-mediated autophagic processes of FAPs, thereby alleviating fatty infiltration and improving shoulder functionality after RCT. Therefore, metformin could be a promising noninvasive intervention to ameliorate muscular fatty infiltration of RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzuan Lin
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujing Feng
- Department of Sports Medicine, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Zhu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhou
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - He Youwu
- Department of Hand Plastic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zekai Wang
- Department of Life Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ru Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiexiang Shao
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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4
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Liu H, Chang Z, Liu S, Zhu R, Ma J, Lu X, Li L, Zhang Z. MEDAG expression in vitro and paeoniflorin alleviates bone loss by regulating the MEDAG/AMPK/PPARγ signaling pathway in vivo. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24241. [PMID: 38226230 PMCID: PMC10788805 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Osteoporosis (OP) is characterized by reduced bone mass and impaired bone microstructure. Paeoniflorin (PF) is isolated from peony root with anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and bone-protective effects. Up to now, the mechanism of anti-OP in PF has not been completely clarified. Methods The expression of MEDAG in osteoclasts, osteoblasts and adipocytes was detected by RT-qPCR. The OVX mouse model was constructed, and oral administration of PF was performed for 15 weeks. Bone microstructure was detected by H&E staining and a micro-CT system, and expression of signaling proteins examined by Western blot and immunohistochemical staining. ELISA and biochemical kits were used to quantify serum metabolite levels. Key findings MEDAG were upregulated in osteoclasts and adipocytes, and downregulated in osteoblasts. PF administration effectively alleviated OVX-induced bone loss, and histological changes in femur tissues. Moreover, PF significantly reduced serum TRAP, CTX-1, P1NP, BALP, and LDL-C levels and increased HDL-C. In addition, PF inhibited the expression of MEDAG, cathepsin K, NFATc1, PPARγ, and C/EBPα and increased p-AMPKα, OPG and Runx2. Conclusions MEDAG is a potential target for bone diseases, and PF might attenuate OVX-induced osteoporosis via MEDAG/AMPK/PPARγ signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Liu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyue Chang
- The 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuling Liu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyuan Zhu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Ma
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Lu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Bajetto A, Pattarozzi A, Sirito R, Barbieri F, Florio T. Metformin potentiates immunosuppressant activity and adipogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111078. [PMID: 37844465 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Metformin, a first-line drug for type-2 diabetes, displays pleiotropic effects on inflammation, aging, and cancer. Obesity triggers a low-grade chronic inflammation leading to insulin resistance, characterized by increased pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by adipocytes and infiltrated immune cells, which contributes to metabolic syndrome. We investigated metformin's differentiation and immunoregulatory properties of human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC), as cellular basis of its beneficial role in metabolic dysfunctions. Isolation, characterization and multilineage differentiation of UC-MSC were performed using standard protocols and flow-cytometry. Metformin effects on UC-MSC growth was assessed by colony formation and MTT assay, gene and protein expression by qRT-PCR, and western blot analysis. Proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultured with metformin-treated UC-MSC-conditioned media was evaluated by dye dilution assay. We show that metformin decreases proliferation and colony formation of UC-MSCs and enhances their adipogenic lineage commitment. Metformin (3 mM) increases PPARγ and downregulates FABP4 mRNA both in basal and in adipogenic culture conditions; however, the modulation of PPARγ expression is unrelated to the antiproliferative effects. Moreover, metformin inhibits UC-MSC inflammatory activity reducing the expression of IL-6, MCP-1, and COX-2. Conditioned media, collected from metformin-treated UC-MSCs, down-regulate CD3+ T lymphocyte growth in stimulated PBMCs and, in particular, reduce the CD8+ T cell population. These results indicate that metformin may favor new adipocyte formation and potentiate immune suppressive properties of UC-MSCs. Thus, adipose tissue regeneration and anti-inflammatory activity may represent possible mechanisms by which metformin exerts its positive effect on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Bajetto
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pattarozzi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sirito
- Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Evangelical Hospital, 16122 Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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6
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Khanna S, Shaw L, Hyman MJ, Zhang J, Hariprasad S, Soo J, Flores A, Skondra D. Association of metformin use with risk of newly onset neovascular age-related macular degeneration development. Retina 2023; 44:00006982-990000000-00499. [PMID: 38408173 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate if metformin use reduces the odds of developing new neovascular AMD (nAMD). METHODS This is a case-control study of 86,930 subjects with new diagnoses of nAMD and 86,918 matched controls using the Merative™ Marketscan® Research Databases. Subjects were analyzed using multivariable conditional logistic regression to identify the risks of various exposures on developing nAMD. A subgroup analysis of 22,117 diabetic cases and 21,616 diabetic controls was also performed. RESULTS Metformin use was associated with reduced odds ratio (OR) of developing nAMD (OR 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.91-0.98) in full sample and diabetic cohort particularly in patients without any diabetic retinopathy (DR) -an effect that persisted after Bonferroni correction. In the diabetic cohort without DR, reduced OR was observed at 24-month cumulative doses of 1 to 300g, 301 to 630g, and 631 to 1080g. CONCLUSIONS Metformin use was associated with reduced OR of nAMD, particularly in patients without DR. The protective effect was noted for 24-month cumulative doses below 1080g. Metformin may be a novel preventive strategy for nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Chicago Pritzker, School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- The Retina Institute, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lincoln Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Chicago Pritzker, School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Max J Hyman
- University of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jason Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Chicago Pritzker, School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Seenu Hariprasad
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Chicago Pritzker, School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jackie Soo
- University of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrea Flores
- University of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, University of Chicago Pritzker, School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Zhang YM, Zong HC, Qi YB, Chang LL, Gao YN, Zhou T, Yin T, Liu M, Pan KJ, Chen WG, Guo HR, Guo F, Peng YM, Wang M, Feng LY, Zang Y, Li Y, Li J. Anxiolytic effect of antidiabetic metformin is mediated by AMPK activation in mPFC inhibitory neurons. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3955-3965. [PMID: 37798418 PMCID: PMC10730396 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02283-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic patients receiving the antidiabetic drug metformin have been observed to exhibit a lower prevalence of anxiety disorders, yet the precise mechanism behind this phenomenon is unclear. In our study, we found that anxiety induces a region-specific reduction in AMPK activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Concurrently, transgenic mice with brain-specific AMPK knockout displayed abnormal anxiety-like behaviors. Treatment with metformin or the overexpression of AMPK restored normal AMPK activity in the mPFC and mitigated social stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, the specific genetic deletion of AMPK in the mPFC not only instigated anxiety in mice but also nullified the anxiolytic effects of metformin. Brain slice recordings revealed that GABAergic excitation and the resulting inhibitory inputs to mPFC pyramidal neurons were selectively diminished in stressed mice. This reduction led to an excitation-inhibition imbalance, which was effectively reversed by metformin treatment or AMPK overexpression. Moreover, the genetic deletion of AMPK in the mPFC resulted in a similar defect in GABAergic inhibitory transmission and a consequent hypo-inhibition of mPFC pyramidal neurons. We also generated a mouse model with AMPK knockout specific to GABAergic neurons. The anxiety-like behaviors in this transgenic mouse demonstrated the unique role of AMPK in the GABAergic system in relation to anxiety. Therefore, our findings suggest that the activation of AMPK in mPFC inhibitory neurons underlies the anxiolytic effects of metformin, highlighting the potential of this primary antidiabetic drug as a therapeutic option for treating anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hai-Chao Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying-Bei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liu-Liu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ya-Nan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kai-Jun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Wen-Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Hao-Ran Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fei Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Department of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan-Min Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin-Yin Feng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Department of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Lin Gang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Department of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Tsuihang New District, Zhongshan, Guangzhou, 528400, China.
- Drug Discovery Shandong Laboratory, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, China.
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8
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Hu M, Chen Y, Ma T, Jing L. Repurposing Metformin in hematologic tumor: State of art. Curr Probl Cancer 2023; 47:100972. [PMID: 37364455 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2023.100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is an ancient drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and many studies now suggested that metformin can be used as an adjuvant drug in the treatment of many types of tumors. The mechanism of action of metformin for tumor treatment mainly involves: 1. activation of AMPK signaling pathway 2. inhibition of DNA damage repair in tumor cells 3. downregulation of IGF-1 expression 4. inhibition of chemoresistance and enhancement of chemotherapy sensitivity in tumor cells 5. enhancement of antitumor immunity 6. inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Metformin also plays an important role in the treatment of hematologic tumors, especially in leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma (MM). The combination of metformin and chemotherapy enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy, and metformin reduces the progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to MM. The purpose of this review is to summarize the anticancer mechanism of metformin and the role and mechanism of action of metformin in hematologic tumors. We mainly summarize the studies related to metformin in hematologic tumors, including cellular experiments and animal experiments, as well as controlled clinical studies and clinical trials. In addition, we also focus on the possible side effects of metformin. Although a large number of preclinical and clinical studies have been performed and the role of metformin in preventing the progression of MGUS to MM has been demonstrated, metformin has not been approved for the treatment of hematologic tumors, which is related to the adverse effects of its high-dose application. Low-dose metformin reduces adverse effects and has been shown to alter the tumor microenvironment and enhance antitumor immune response, which is one of the main directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
| | - Li Jing
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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9
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Soni S, Yadav P, Mandal CC. Metformin ameliorates BMP2 induced adipocyte-like property in breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 672:201-208. [PMID: 37406485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Neighboring adipocytes of tumor cells/cancer associated adipocytes supply many factors and fatty acids as fuel to cancer cells for inducing cancer progression and development. Epithelial breast cancer cells also differentiate into several cell types to meet various demands. This study reports that breast cancer cells exhibit inherent adipocyte-like property which is further enhanced in presence of BMP2. Antidiabetic metformin inhibits BMP2 induced adipocyte-like potential in breast cancer cells. Interestingly, breast cancer cells not only show lipid accumulation but also have ability to release lipid content. Thus, this study centers around the presence of the adipocyte cell-like property in breast cancer cells, the significance of BMP2 and metformin that may be explored in designing therapeutics against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Soni
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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10
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Ahn D, Kwon J, Song S, Lee J, Yoon S, Chung SJ. Methyl Syringate Stimulates Glucose Uptake by Inhibiting Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Relevant to Insulin Resistance. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1372. [PMID: 37374154 DOI: 10.3390/life13061372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), particularly PTPN1, PTPN2, PTPN6, PTPN9, PTPN11, PTPRS, and DUSP9, are involved in insulin resistance. Therefore, these PTPs could be promising targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Our previous studies revealed that PTPN2 and PTPN6 are potential antidiabetic targets. Therefore, the identification of dual-targeting inhibitors of PTPN2 and PTPN6 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment or prevention of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we demonstrate that methyl syringate inhibits the catalytic activity of PTPN2 and PTPN6 in vitro, indicating that methyl syringate acts as a dual-targeting inhibitor of PTPN2 and PTPN6. Furthermore, methyl syringate treatment significantly increased glucose uptake in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Additionally, methyl syringate markedly enhanced phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in 3T3L1 adipocytes. Taken together, our results suggest that methyl syringate, a dual-targeting inhibitor of PTPN2 and PTPN6, is a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment or prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohee Ahn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihee Kwon
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Songyi Song
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Yoon
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Kwangju Women's University, Gwangju 62396, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang J Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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11
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Wang S, Wang J, Wang S, Tao R, Yi J, Chen M, Zhao Z. mTOR Signaling Pathway in Bone Diseases Associated with Hyperglycemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119198. [PMID: 37298150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between bone and glucose metabolism has highlighted hyperglycemia as a potential risk factor for bone diseases. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus worldwide and its subsequent socioeconomic burden, there is a pressing need to develop a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in hyperglycemia-mediated bone metabolism. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that senses extracellular and intracellular signals to regulate numerous biological processes, including cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. As mounting evidence suggests the involvement of mTOR in diabetic bone disease, we provide a comprehensive review of its effects on bone diseases associated with hyperglycemia. This review summarizes key findings from basic and clinical studies regarding mTOR's roles in regulating bone formation, bone resorption, inflammatory responses, and bone vascularity in hyperglycemia. It also provides valuable insights into future research directions aimed at developing mTOR-targeted therapies for combating diabetic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiale Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuangwen Wang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ran Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianru Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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12
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Al-Azab M, Idiiatullina E, Safi M, Hezam K. Enhancers of mesenchymal stem cell stemness and therapeutic potency. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114356. [PMID: 37040673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a range of cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, and adipocytes. Multiple preclinical investigations and clinical trials employed enhanced MSCs-dependent therapies in treatment of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. They have demonstrated considerable and prospective therapeutic potentials even though the large-scale use remains a problem. Several strategies have been used to improve the therapeutic potency of MSCs in cellular therapy. Treatment of MSCs utilizing pharmaceutical compounds, cytokines, growth factors, hormones, and vitamins have shown potential outcomes in boosting MSCs' stemness. In this study, we reviewed the current advances in enhancing techniques that attempt to promote MSCs' therapeutic effectiveness in cellular therapy and stemness in vivo with potential mechanisms and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Al-Azab
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Elina Idiiatullina
- Department of Immunology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China; Department of Therapy and Nursing, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa 450008, Russia
| | - Mohammed Safi
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Kamal Hezam
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, 6350 Taiz, Yemen
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13
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Ziqubu K, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Mthembu SXH, Mabhida SE, Jack BU, Nyambuya TM, Nkambule BB, Basson AK, Tiano L, Dludla PV. Anti-Obesity Effects of Metformin: A Scoping Review Evaluating the Feasibility of Brown Adipose Tissue as a Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032227. [PMID: 36768561 PMCID: PMC9917329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is increasingly recognized as the major therapeutic target to promote energy expenditure and ameliorate diverse metabolic complications. There is a general interest in understanding the pleiotropic effects of metformin against metabolic complications. Major electronic databases and search engines such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane library were used to retrieve and critically discuss evidence reporting on the impact of metformin on regulating BAT thermogenic activity to ameliorate complications linked with obesity. The summarized evidence suggests that metformin can reduce body weight, enhance insulin sensitivity, and improve glucose metabolism by promoting BAT thermogenic activity in preclinical models of obesity. Notably, this anti-diabetic agent can affect the expression of major thermogenic transcriptional factors such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) to improve BAT mitochondrial function and promote energy expenditure. Interestingly, vital molecular markers involved in glucose metabolism and energy regulation such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are similarly upregulated by metformin treatment in preclinical models of obesity. The current review also discusses the clinical relevance of BAT and thermogenesis as therapeutic targets. This review explored critical components including effective dosage and appropriate intervention period, consistent with the beneficial effects of metformin against obesity-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Sithandiwe E. Mazibuko-Mbeje
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.E.M.-M.); (P.V.D.); Tel.: +27-21-938-0333 (P.V.D.)
| | - Sinenhlanhla X. H. Mthembu
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Sihle E. Mabhida
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Babalwa U. Jack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Tawanda M. Nyambuya
- Department of Health Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Bongani B. Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Albertus K. Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa
- Correspondence: (S.E.M.-M.); (P.V.D.); Tel.: +27-21-938-0333 (P.V.D.)
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14
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Kim HJ, Kim DH, Um SH. The Novel Inhibitory Effect of YM976 on Adipocyte Differentiation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020205. [PMID: 36672141 PMCID: PMC9856710 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyrimidine derivative YM976 (4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,7-diethylpyrido(2,3-d)-pyrimidin-2(1H)-one) exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic effects. Considering that accumulation of lipids in adipose tissue is accompanied by inflammation, we investigated whether YM976 affects adipocyte differentiation. We found that YM976 significantly decreased lipid accumulation without cytotoxicity and reduced the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) as well as their lipogenic regulators including fatty acid synthase (FASN) and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) in 3T3-L1 cells induced for differentiation. YM976 mainly inhibited the early stage of adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, intracellular cAMP level was elevated by YM976 resulting in increased phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Conversely, decreasing the levels of AMPK or treatment with Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, lessened the suppressive effects of YM976 on PPARγ transcriptional activity and adipogenesis. Thus, our results suggest YM976 as a novel potential compound for controlling lipid accumulation and formation of adipocytes in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Um
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence (BICS) at Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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15
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Ye L, Hu P, Feng LP, Huang LL, Wang Y, Yan X, Xiong J, Xia HL. Protective Effects of Ferulic Acid on Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010281. [PMID: 36615475 PMCID: PMC9821889 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disease in which protein, fat, carbohydrates and other substances are metabolized in a disorderly way. Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenolic acid found in many vegetables, fruits, cereals and Chinese herbs that has a strong effect on ameliorating MetS. However, no review has summarized the mechanisms of FA in treating MetS. This review collected articles related to the effects of FA on ameliorating the common symptoms of MetS, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and obesity, from different sources involving Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar, etc. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms of FA in improving various metabolic disorders according to the collected articles. FA ameliorates diabetes via the inhibition of the expressions of PEPCK, G6Pase and GP, the upregulation of the expressions of GK and GS, and the activation of the PI3K/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathway. The decrease of blood pressure is related to the endothelial function of the aortas and RAAS. The improvement of the lipid spectrum is mediated via the suppression of the HMG-Co A reductase, by promoting the ACSL1 expression and by the regulation of the factors associated with lipid metabolism. Furthermore, FA inhibits obesity by upregulating the MEK/ERK pathway, the MAPK pathway and the AMPK signaling pathway and by inhibiting SREBP-1 expression. This review can be helpful for the development of FA as an appreciable agent for MetS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Pan Hu
- Chengdu Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chengdu 610016, China
- Correspondence: (P.H.); (H.-L.X.); Tel.: +86-182-2442-7340 (P.H.); +86-135-6889-9011 (H.-L.X.)
| | - Li-Ping Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li-Lu Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Chengdu Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chengdu 610016, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Chengdu Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chengdu 610016, China
| | - Hou-Lin Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Correspondence: (P.H.); (H.-L.X.); Tel.: +86-182-2442-7340 (P.H.); +86-135-6889-9011 (H.-L.X.)
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16
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Felgueiras R, Neto AC, Rodrigues AR, Gouveia AM, Almeida H, Neves D. Anti-oxidant effect of metformin through AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3- independent GPx1 expression in the heart of mice with endometriosis. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2022; 43:405-414. [PMID: 35796227 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2022-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endometriosis is a gynecological disease associated with an imbalance between oxidative species production and anti-oxidative defenses. In women, endometriosis has been reported to associate with increased incidence of cardiovascular events. As such, this study aimed to analyze the oxidation-responsive AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3 pathway in the heart of a mouse model of endometriosis. The effect of metformin, an insulin-sensitizing and anti-oxidative drug with already shown positive results in endometriotic tissue was studied. METHODS Thirty-six female B6CBA/F1 mice were divided into 4 groups (Control-C, Surgery-induced Endometriosis and Metformin-EM (50 mg/kg/day orally administrated for 3 months), Endometriosis-E and Metformin-M). Immunofluorescent labelling of SIRT1 and SIRT3 was performed in the heart tissue. Assessment of expression of AMPKα, SIRT1, PGC-1α, SIRT3, SOD2, and GPx1 was performed by Western Blotting. The quantification of microRNA(miR)-34a, miR-195, miR-217, miR-155 and miR-421, involved in the regulation of expression of SIRT1 and SIRT3, was performed by Real-Time PCR. RESULTS Data showed an increase in phospho-AMPKα and in GPx1 expression in the EM group when compared to the C group, but not in the total AMPK, SIRT1, PGC-1α, SIRT3 and SOD2, suggesting a GPx1 expression increase independently of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3 pathway. MicroRNAs, excepting miR-217, showed a consistent trend of increase in the M group. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that endometriosis does not significantly affect the expression of the components of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α/SIRT3 pathway in the heart. However, it indicates that an oxidative condition underlying endometriosis is required for metformin to evidence an increment in the expression of the anti-oxidative enzyme GPx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Felgueiras
- Department of Biomedicine-Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C Neto
- Department of Biomedicine-Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
| | - Adriana R Rodrigues
- Department of Biomedicine-Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra M Gouveia
- Department of Biomedicine-Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
| | - Henrique Almeida
- Department of Biomedicine-Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
| | - Delminda Neves
- Department of Biomedicine-Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Porto, Portugal
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Zhao Z, Wang C, Jia J, Wang Z, Li L, Deng X, Cai Z, Yang L, Wang D, Ma S, Zhao L, Tu Z, Yuan G. Regulatory network of metformin on adipogenesis determined by combining high-throughput sequencing and GEO database. Adipocyte 2022; 11:56-68. [PMID: 34974794 PMCID: PMC8741290 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.2013417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose differentiation and excessive lipid accumulation are the important characteristics of obesity. Metformin, as a classic hypoglycaemic drug, has been proved to reduce body weight in type 2 diabetes, the specific mechanism has not been completely clear. A few studies have explored its effect on adipogenesis in vitro, but the existing experimental results are ambiguous. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were used to explore the effects of metformin on the morphological and physiological changes of lipid droplets during adipogenesis. A high throughput sequencing was used to examine the effects of metformin on the transcriptome of adipogenesis. Considering the inevitable errors among independent experiments, we performed integrated bioinformatics analysis to identify important genes involved in adipogenesis and reveal potential molecular mechanisms. During the process of adipogenesis, metformin visibly relieved the morphological and functional changes. In addition, metformin reverses the expression pattern of genes related to adipogenesis at the transcriptome level. Combining with integrated bioinformatics analyses to further identify the potential targeted genes regulated by metformin during adipogenesis. The present study identified novel changes in the transcriptome of metformin in the process of adipogenesis that might shed light on the underlying mechanism by which metformin impedes the progression of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jue Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhensheng Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suxian Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhigang Tu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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18
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Chen B, He Q, Yang J, Pan Z, Xiao J, Chen W, Chi W, Li M, Li S, Zeng J, Chen C, Wang F, Pang X, Yi Y, Tu H, Wang H, Chen P. Metformin suppresses Oxidative Stress induced by High Glucose via Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in Type 2 Diabetic Osteoporosis. Life Sci 2022; 312:121092. [PMID: 36279968 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin (MET) is widely used as a first-line hypoglycemic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and was also confirmed to have a therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetic osteoporosis (T2DOP). However, the potential mechanisms of MET in the treatment of T2DOP are unclear. OBJECTIVE To clarify the effect of MET in T2DOP and to explore the potential mechanism of MET in the treatment of T2DOP. METHODS In vitro, we used MC3T3-E1 cells to study the effects of MET on osteogenic differentiation and anti-oxidative stress injury in a high glucose (Glucose 25 mM) environment. In vivo, we directly used db/db mice as a T2DOP model and assessed the osteoprotective effects of MET by Micro CT and histological analysis. RESULTS In vitro, we found that MET increased ALP activity in MC3T3-E1 cells in a high-glucose environment, promoted the formation of bone mineralized nodules, and upregulated the expression of the osteogenesis-related transcription factors RUNX2, Osterix, and COL1A1-related genes. In addition, MET was able to reduce high glucose-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In studies on the underlying mechanisms, we found that MET activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and alleviated high-glucose-induced oxidative stress injury. In vivo results showed that MET reduced bone loss and bone microarchitecture destruction in db/db mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that MET can activate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway to regulate the inhibition of osteogenic differentiation induced by high glucose thereby protecting T2DOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohao Chen
- 1st School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, PR China; The Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Qi He
- 1st School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, PR China; The Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Junzheng Yang
- 1st School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, PR China; The Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Zhaofeng Pan
- 1st School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, PR China; The Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Jiacong Xiao
- 1st School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, PR China; The Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Weijian Chen
- Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Weijin Chi
- 1st School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, PR China; The Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Miao Li
- 1st School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, PR China; The Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Shaocong Li
- 1st School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, PR China; The Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Jiaxu Zeng
- 1st School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, PR China; The Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Chuyi Chen
- 1st School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, PR China; The Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - FanChen Wang
- 1st School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, PR China; The Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Xinyuan Pang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanzi Yi
- The Third Affiliated Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Haitao Tu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou 510405, China.
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19
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He H, Liu M, He R, Zhao W. Lipid-lowering activity of metformin-soluble soybean polysaccharide nanoparticles. Food Funct 2022; 13:10265-10274. [PMID: 36125039 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01237e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Soybean dregs are one of the most important albeit underutilized byproducts in soybean processing. In this study, soluble soybean polysaccharides with lipid-lowering activity were extracted from soybean dregs and used as a wall material for embedding metformin. Metformin-soluble soybean polysaccharide nanoparticles (MET-SSPS-NPs) were prepared by electrostatic interaction. The lipid-lowering activity and possible mechanism of MET-SSPS-NPs were investigated. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of cell-related protein proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in vitro. The results showed that MET-SSPS-NPs lowered the expression of PCSK9 and improved LDLR levels. A high-fat diet (HFD) animal model was established to study the lipid-lowering effect of MET-SSPS-NPs by real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting. MET-SSPS-NPs significantly upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression and downregulated PCSK9, fatty acid-binding protein (FABP)7 and FABP5 expression more strongly than MET or SSPS alone. In conclusion, MET-SSPS-NPs can inhibit PCSK9 expression and improve the level of adipokines, providing a theoretical basis for the application of MET-SSPS-NPs in lipid lowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan He
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic China. .,Health College, Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Commerce, Nanjing 211168, People's Republic China
| | - Mengting Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic China
| | - Rong He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic China.
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20
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Huang X, Li S, Lu W, Xiong L. Metformin activates Wnt/β-catenin for the treatment of diabetic osteoporosis. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:189. [PMID: 35869471 PMCID: PMC9306077 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the deepening of social aging, the incidence rate of osteoporosis and diabetes continues to rise. More and more clinical studies show that diabetes is highly correlated with osteoporosis. Diabetes osteoporosis is considered as a metabolic bone disease of diabetes patients. This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of metformin (Met) in diabetic osteoporosis. METHODS Mouse MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with Met (0.5 mM) and exposed to high glucose (HG, 35 mM). The cells were cultured in an osteogenic medium for osteogenic differentiation, and the cell proliferation ability was determined using Cell Counting Kit-8; Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity detection and alizarin red staining were utilized to evaluate the effect of Met on MC3T3-E1 osteogenic differentiation. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of osteogenesis-related proteins (Runx2 and OCN) as well as Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related proteins in MC3T3-E1 cells. RESULTS HG inhibited proliferation and calcification of MC3T3-E1 cells, down-regulated ALP activity, and the expression of Runx2 and OCN in MC3T3-E1 cells. Meanwhile, the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was inhibited. Met treatment was found to significantly stimulate the proliferation and calcification of MC3T3-E1 cells under HG conditions, as well as increase the ALP activity and the protein expression level of Runx2 and OCN in the cells. As a result, osteogenic differentiation was promoted and osteoporosis was alleviated. Apart from this, Met also increased the protein expression level of Wnt1, β-catenin, and C-myc to activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Met can stimulate the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells under HG conditions. Met may also treat diabetic osteoporosis through Wnt/β-catenin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Province Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Nanchang, 330003, China
| | - Siyun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Province Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Nanchang, 330003, China
| | - Wenjie Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Province Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Nanchang, 330003, China
| | - Longjiang Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, Jiangxi Province Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Nanchang, 330003, China.
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21
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Han B, Zhang L, Hou Y, Zhong J, Hettinga K, Zhou P. Phosphoproteomics reveals that camel and goat milk improve glucose homeostasis in HDF/STZ-induced diabetic rats through activation of hepatic AMPK and GSK3-GYS axis. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Hasanvand A. The role of AMPK-dependent pathways in cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: a new perspective for treatment and prevention of diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:775-788. [PMID: 35419709 PMCID: PMC9007580 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metformin can suppress gluconeogenesis and reduce blood sugar by activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inducing small heterodimer partner (SHP) expression in the liver cells. The main mechanism of metformin's action is related to its activation of the AMPK enzyme and regulation of the energy balance. AMPK is a heterothermic serine/threonine kinase made of a catalytic alpha subunit and two subunits of beta and a gamma regulator. This enzyme can measure the intracellular ratio of AMP/ATP. If this ratio is high, the amino acid threonine 172 available in its alpha chain would be activated by the phosphorylated liver kinase B1 (LKB1), leading to AMPK activation. Several studies have indicated that apart from its significant role in the reduction of blood glucose level, metformin activates the AMPK enzyme that in turn has various efficient impacts on the regulation of various processes, including controlling inflammatory conditions, altering the differentiation pathway of immune and non-immune cell pathways, and the amelioration of various cancers, liver diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), kidney diseases, neurological disorders, etc. Metformin's activation of AMPK enables it to control inflammatory conditions, improve oxidative status, regulate the differentiation pathways of various cells, change the pathological process in various diseases, and finally have positive therapeutic effects on them. Due to the activation of AMPK and its role in regulating several subcellular signalling pathways, metformin can be effective in altering the cells' proliferation and differentiation pathways and eventually in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Hasanvand
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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23
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Yang L, Jia X, Fang D, Cheng Y, Zhai Z, Deng W, Du B, Lu T, Wang L, Yang C, Gao Y. Metformin Inhibits Lipid Droplets Fusion and Growth via Reduction in Cidec and Its Regulatory Factors in Rat Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115986. [PMID: 35682666 PMCID: PMC9181043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is still being investigated due to its potential use as a therapeutic agent for managing overweight or obesity. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Inhibiting the adipogenesis of adipocyte precursors may be a new therapeutic opportunity for obesity treatments. It is still not fully elucidated whether adipogenesis is also involved in the weight loss mechanisms by metformin. We therefore used adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from inguinal and epididymal fat pads to investigate the effects and mechanisms of metformin on adipogenesis in vitro. Our results demonstrate the similar effect of metformin inhibition on lipid accumulation, lipid droplets fusion, and growth in adipose-derived stem cells from epididymal fat pads (Epi-ADSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells from inguinal fat pads (Ing-ADSCs) cultures. We identified that cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector c (Cidec), Perilipin1, and ras-related protein 8a (Rab8a) expression increased ADSCs differentiation. In addition, we found that metformin inhibits lipid droplets fusion and growth by decreasing the expression of Cidec, Perilipin1, and Rab8a. Activation of AMPK pathway signaling in part involves metformin inhibition on Cidec, Perilipin1, and Rab8a expression. Collectively, our study reveals that metformin inhibits lipid storage, fusion, and growth of lipid droplets via reduction in Cidec and its regulatory factors in ADSCs cultures. Our study supports the development of clinical trials on metformin-based therapy for patients with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (L.Y.); (X.J.); (D.F.); (Z.Z.); (W.D.); (B.D.); (T.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Xiaowei Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (L.Y.); (X.J.); (D.F.); (Z.Z.); (W.D.); (B.D.); (T.L.); (L.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Dongliang Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (L.Y.); (X.J.); (D.F.); (Z.Z.); (W.D.); (B.D.); (T.L.); (L.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;
| | - Zhaoyi Zhai
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (L.Y.); (X.J.); (D.F.); (Z.Z.); (W.D.); (B.D.); (T.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Wenyang Deng
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (L.Y.); (X.J.); (D.F.); (Z.Z.); (W.D.); (B.D.); (T.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Baopu Du
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (L.Y.); (X.J.); (D.F.); (Z.Z.); (W.D.); (B.D.); (T.L.); (L.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (L.Y.); (X.J.); (D.F.); (Z.Z.); (W.D.); (B.D.); (T.L.); (L.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (L.Y.); (X.J.); (D.F.); (Z.Z.); (W.D.); (B.D.); (T.L.); (L.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (L.Y.); (X.J.); (D.F.); (Z.Z.); (W.D.); (B.D.); (T.L.); (L.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Department of Experimental Center for Basic Medical Teaching, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (L.Y.); (X.J.); (D.F.); (Z.Z.); (W.D.); (B.D.); (T.L.); (L.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Department of Experimental Center for Basic Medical Teaching, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (Y.G.)
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24
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Ibrahim A, Khalil IA, El-Sherbiny IM. Development and evaluation of core-shell nanocarrier system for enhancing the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin/ metformin combination against breast cancer cell line. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2581-2591. [PMID: 35613685 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most invasive and life-threatening cancer in women. The treatment options are usually a combination of mastectomy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy and chemotherapy. As a standard practice, doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the commonly used drugs for breast cancer treatment. However, DOX is known to have many harmful adverse effects including its cardiotoxicity. Hence, recent reports used metformin (MET), an anti-diabetic drug, as an adjuvant therapy to decrease the severity of DOX's adverse effects and to improve its ultimate therapeutic outcome. The current study is aimed at co-loading and enhancing the encapsulation efficiency of the hydrophilic DOX and MET in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocapsules (NCs) with oil core for breast cancer treatment. The NCs were developed by single emulsification-solvent diffusion technique, and were optimized through using two types of oils, pluronics and PLGA (50:50) of different molecular weights followed by various physicochemical characterizations. The obtained DOX/MET-loaded NCs showed the size and polydispersity index (PDI) of 203.0 ± 3.4 nm and 0.081 ± 0.03, respectively with a surface charge of -2.15 ± 0.2 mV. The entrapment efficiency of DOX and MET were about 93.7% ± 2.9 and 70% ± 1.6, respectively. The developed PLGA core-shell NCs successfully sustained the DOX/MET release for more than 30 days. The in-vitro results showed a significant enhancement in DOX cytotoxic effect as well as a duplication in its apoptotic effect upon addition of MET for both free DOX/MET combination and DOX/MET-loaded PLGA NCs against MCF-7. Besides, flow cytometry demonstrated that the DOX/MET-loaded NCs possess their antitumor effect by preventing DNA replication and cell division. This study provides a promising facile, rapid and reproducible single emulsification-solvent diffusion technique for improving the encapsulation and release of hydrophilic drugs in nanocapsules for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Ibrahim
- Nanomedicine Research Labs, Center for Materials Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, 12578, Giza, Egypt
| | - Islam A Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University of Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October, Giza 12582, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomedicine Research Labs, Center for Materials Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, 12578, Giza, Egypt.
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Sun J, Liu Q, He H, Jiang L, Lee KO, Li D, Ma J. Metformin treatment is associated with an increase in bone mineral density in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in China: a retrospective single center study. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2022; 48:101350. [PMID: 35452818 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2022.101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS - To investigate the association between metformin and bone mineral density (BMD) in a large cohort of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS - A total of 11,458 T2DM patients aged ≥ 40 years were included. Information on demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics was collected from medical records. BMD at lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), and total hip(TH) was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS - Overall prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis was 37.4% and 10.3%, and was lower in patients on metformin (34.6% vs 38.3% and 7.1% vs 11.3%, both P < 0.001). Patients who had a lower BMI, older age, and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), had more osteoporosis, lower BMD (osteoporosis or osteopenia), and a lower T-score at LS, FN and TH. Metformin use and male sex was associated with a higher BMD. Metformin treatment was also independently associated with higher T-score at LS, FN and TH (β values of 0.120, 0.082 and 0.108; all P < 0.001), and lower odds ratio of osteoporosis (OR = 0.779, 95%CI: 0.648-0.937, P = 0.008) or low BMD (OR = 0.834, 95%CI: 0.752 - 0.925, P = 0.001). However, when analyzed by sex, this association of a lower odds ratio for osteoporosis with metformin was only significant in women (OR= 0.775, 95% CI: 0.633-0.948; P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS - Metformin treatment was associated with a higher T-score and a lower odds ratio of osteopenia and osteoporosis, especially in the female population, independent of age, BMI, and eGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunWei Sun
- Department of endocrinology, Jiangyin Fourth People's Hospital, Jiangyin, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of endocrinology, Yining People's Hospital, lli Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, China
| | - Huan He
- Department of endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lanlan Jiang
- Department of endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kok Onn Lee
- Kok Onn Lee, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Ulva prolifera polysaccharide exerts anti-obesity effects via upregulation of adiponectin expression and gut microbiota modulation in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. J Food Drug Anal 2022; 30:46-61. [PMID: 35647728 PMCID: PMC9931001 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by metabolic disorder and accompanying an altered and less diverse gut microbiota composition during a fat-enriched diet. Recent studies indicated that sulphated polysaccharide prevents high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity, reduces metabolic disorder, and restores the gut microbiota. However, there are few studies about Ulva prolifera polysaccharide (UPP) may induce anti-obesogenic effects. Therefore, the present study investigates the enzymatic extracted UPP effects in HFD-fed mice. The results showed that UPP considerably slowed down the HFD-induced weight gain and improved metabolic disorders in HFD-fed mice. Notably, the effects were associated with lower body weight gain, reduced adipose tissue hypertrophy, triglyceride concentration in liver and systemic low-grade inflammation, and improved fasting blood glucose. Moreover, our result reveals that UPP may elevate the expression of AMPK via adiponectin activation. Interestingly, we found that UPP may induce PPARα agonist to enhance β-oxidation since the elevation of CPT-1 and PPARα expression simultaneously. Meanwhile, gut microbiota analysis revealed UPP promoted the growth of Parasutterella, Feacalibaculum, and Bifidobacterium, and reduced the abundance of Acetatifactor, Tyzerella, Ruminococcus_1, and Desulfovibrio. The changes in microbiota may have a positively correlated effect on improving obesity and metabolic abnormalities. UPP may prevent HFD-induced obesity and associated metabolic diseases, as well as modulate the composition of gut microbiota to facilitate the growth of probiotics.
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Wen Q, Xie X, Ren Q, Du Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ether congener 99 (PBDE 99) promotes adipocyte lineage commitment of C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133312. [PMID: 34919914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesogens are defined as chemicals that trigger obesity partially by stimulating adipogenesis. Adipogenesis consists of two successive processes: the adipocyte lineage commitment of pluripotent stem cells and the differentiation of preadipocytes. Compared with the differentiation of preadipocytes, the effects of most environmental obesogens on adipocyte lineage commitment remain largely unknown. In this study, investigations are performed to explore the influences of PBDE 99 on the adipocyte lineage commitment based on C3H10T1/2, which has been widely used as a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) model. Our results indicated that exposure to PBDE 99 during commitment stage resulted in significant up-regulation of subsequent adipogenesis in C3H10T1/2 MSCs. Interestingly, PBDE 99 did not affect the osteogenesis of C3H10T1/2 MSCs, although the adipogenesis and osteogenesis of MSCs are typically reciprocal. PBDE 99 was further demonstrated to significantly decrease the expression of Pref1, the marker of very early adipose mesenchymal precursor, and its downstream effector, Sox9. This result strongly suggested that PBDE 99 facilitated adipocyte commitment to exert adipogenic effect on C3H10T1/2 MSCs. Mechanistic studies revealed that PBDE 99 efficiently inhibited Hedgehog signaling transduction, a conserved negative regulator of the adipocyte lineage commitment. Furthermore, the effects of PBDE 99 on adipogenesis were abrogated by the co-treatment with SAG, a specific Hedgehog signaling activator, suggesting inhibition of Hedgehog signaling is responsible for the effect of PBDE 99 on adipocyte commitment. Taking together, these results strongly suggested enhanced adipocyte lineage commitment was involved in potential obesogenic effect of PBDE 99, presumably through repressing Hedgehog signalling during commitment stage. Moreover, the results of this study indicated that C3H10T1/2 can be used as a feasible MSCs cell model to evaluate the capabilities of potential obesogens on adipocyte commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xinni Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Qidong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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Nayak S, Rathore V, Bharati J, Sahu KK. Extending the ambit of SGLT2 inhibitors beyond diabetes: a review of clinical and preclinical studies on non-diabetic kidney disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 14:1513-1526. [PMID: 35020563 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.2028620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are novel antidiabetic agents with overwhelming cardiorenal protection. Recent trials focusing on the nephroprotective role of SGLT2i have underscored its success as a phenomenal agent in halting the progression of kidney disease in patients with and without Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Multitudes of pleiotropic effects on tubules have raised hopes for reasonable nephroprotection beyond the purview of the hyperglycemic milieu. AREA COVERED This review summarizes various animal and human data as evidence for the utility of SGLT2i in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD). Web-based medical database entries were searched. On the premise of existing evidence, we have discussed mechanisms likely contributing to nephroprotection by SGLT2i in patients with non-diabetic CKD. EXPERT OPINION Further elucidation of mechanisms of nephroprotection offered by SGLT2i is required to extend its use as a nephroprotective agent. The use of non-traditional markers of kidney damage in future studies would improve the evaluation of their role in attenuating CKD progression. Emerging animal data support the early use of SGLT2i in states of modest proteinuria for superior outcomes. Future long-term trials in patients should aim to address the time of intervention with SGLT2i during the natural disease course of CKD for best outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Nayak
- Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Raipur, India
| | - Vinay Rathore
- Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Science, Raipur, India
| | - Joyita Bharati
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kamal Kant Sahu
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, Zip 84112, Utah, USA
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Alfaraidi H, Samaan MC. Metformin therapy in pediatric type 2 diabetes mellitus and its comorbidities: A review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1072879. [PMID: 36814831 PMCID: PMC9939509 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1072879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) rates in children and adolescents are rising globally. T2D is a complex and aggressive disease in children with several comorbidities, high treatment failure rates, and insulin needs within a few years from diagnosis. While myriads of pharmacotherapies are licensed to treat adults with T2D, treatments accessible to children and adolescents have been limited until recently. Metformin is an old drug with multiple beneficial metabolic health effects beyond glycemic control. This review discusses Metformin's origins, its mechanisms of action, and evidence for its use in the pediatric population to treat and prevent T2D. We also explore the evidence for its use as an obesity therapy, which is the primary driver of T2D, and T2D-driven comorbidities. While emerging therapies create new horizons for managing pediatric T2D, Metformin remains an inexpensive and safe part of the treatment plans of many T2D children globally for its beneficial metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Alfaraidi
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Constantine Samaan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. De Groote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: M. Constantine Samaan,
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Abdallah BM, Alzahrani AM. A-769662 stimulates the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts via AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism. J Appl Biomed 2021; 19:159-169. [PMID: 34907759 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2021.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling shows an important role in energy metabolism and has recently been involved in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. In this study we aimed to investigate the role of AMPK activator, A-769662, in regulating the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (BMSCs) into osteoblastic and adipocytic cell lineage. The effect of A-769662 on osteogenesis was assessed by quantitative alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, matrix mineralization stained with Alizarin red, and gene expression analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Adipogenesis was determined by Oil Red O staining for fat droplets and qPCR analysis of adipogenic markers. A-769662 activated the phosphorylation of AMPKα1 during the osteogenesis of mBMSCs as revealed by western blot analysis. A-769662 promoted the early stage of the commitment of mouse (m) BMSCs differentiation into osteoblasts, while inhibiting their differentiation into adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of A-769662 on stimulating osteogenesis and inhibiting adipogenesis of mBMSCs were significantly eliminated in the presence of either AMPKα1 siRNA or Compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK pathway. In conclusion, we identified A-769662 as a new compound that promotes the commitment of BMSCs into osteoblasts versus adipocytes via AMPK-dependent mechanism. Thus our data show A-769662 as a potential osteo-anabolic drug for treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdullah M Alzahrani
- King Faisal University, College of Science, Biological Sciences Department, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Metformin anticipates peak of lactate during high-intensity interval training but no changes performance or neuromuscular response in amateur swimmers. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 46:305-313. [PMID: 34857212 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Metformin demonstrated potential to improve metabolic efficiency in short-intense and prolonged-continuous efforts. The present study investigates the acute effects of metformin intake on performance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate, blood glucose and neuromuscular parameters related to swimming high-intensity interval series. METHODS A double-blind, crossover, randomized and placebo-controlled study was carried out. Seven healthy swimmers ingested metformin (500 mg) or placebo capsules on different days and performed a typical high-intensity training series (10 bouts of 50 m with a 3-min interval). Performance, RPE, neuromuscular parameters (lower and upper limbs), blood lactate and glucose were analyzed by the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank and Friedman's tests between supplementation situations and moments, respectively (p > 0.05), the moment where glucose and blood lactate peak were found were analyzed by a Student t-test (p > 0.05) and a Bayesian repeated-measures ANOVA for effects analysis (BFincl). RESULTS The anticipation of blood glucose and peak lactate was signaling by the interaction effect (metformin increased and placebo decreased) between the eighth and the last bout (BFincl: 4.230 and 5.188 respectively). The second interaction effect of blood glucose and lactate (metformin maintained and placebo increased) during recoveries between 5 min and 7 min (BFincl: 3.825 and 3.806 respectively) also signaling the anticipatory behavior of both physiological parameters. The anticipation of blood lactate peak concentration after metformin intake confirms the anticipatory behavior of blood lactate (p: 0.015). CONCLUSIONS The anticipatory behavior of glucose was not confirmed. Although the anticipatory peak of blood lactate, metformin does not affect neuromuscular responses, RPE and performance. REGISTRATION OF CLINICAL TRIAL RBR-67wxdw8 Effects of metformin during swimmer training performance.
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Lei T, Deng S, Chen P, Xiao Z, Cai S, Hang Z, Yang Y, Zhang X, Li Q, Du H. Metformin enhances the osteogenesis and angiogenesis of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells for tissue regeneration engineering. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 141:106086. [PMID: 34551339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) are a potential clinical material in regenerative medicine applications. Metformin has shown safety and effectiveness as a clinical drug. However, the effect of metformin as a treatment on hUC-MSCs is unclear. Our research aimed to explore the effects of metformin on the osteogenesis, adipogenesis and angiogenesis of hUC-MSCs, and attempted to explain the molecular fluctuations of metformin through the mapping of protein profiles. Proliferation assay, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation induction, cell cycle, flow cytometry, quantitative proteomics techniques and bioinformatics analysis were used to detect the influences of metformin treatment on hUC-MSCs. Our results demonstrated that low concentrations of metformin promoted the proliferation of hUC-MSCs, but high concentrations of metformin inhibited it. Metformin exhibited promotion of osteogenesis but inhibition of adipogenesis. Metformin treated hUC-MSCs up-regulated the expression of osteogenic marker ALP, OCN and RUNX2, but down-regulated the expression of adipogenic markers PPARγ and LPL. Proteomics analysis found that up-regulation of differentially expressed proteins in metformin treatment group involved the biological process of cell migration in Gene Ontology analysis. Metformin enhanced cell migration of HUVEC in a co-culture system, and hUC-MSCs treated with metformin exhibited stronger angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo compared to the hUC-MSCs group. The results of RT-qPCR revealed that the SCF and VEGFR2 were raised in metformin treatment. This study can promote the application of hUC-MSCs treated with metformin to tissue engineering for vascular reconstruction and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lei
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing. Beijing 100083, China; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shiwen Deng
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Robot Intelligent Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences & MEGAROBO, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Xiao
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing. Beijing 100083, China; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shanglin Cai
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing. Beijing 100083, China; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhongci Hang
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing. Beijing 100083, China; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanjie Yang
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing. Beijing 100083, China; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhang
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing. Beijing 100083, China; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Quanhai Li
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, China; Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China.
| | - Hongwu Du
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing. Beijing 100083, China; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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Gross JD, Pears CJ. Possible Involvement of the Nutrient and Energy Sensors mTORC1 and AMPK in Cell Fate Diversification in a Non-Metazoan Organism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:758317. [PMID: 34820379 PMCID: PMC8606421 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.758317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
mTORC1 and AMPK are mutually antagonistic sensors of nutrient and energy status that have been implicated in many human diseases including cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes. Starved cells of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum aggregate and eventually form fruiting bodies consisting of stalk cells and spores. We focus on how this bifurcation of cell fate is achieved. During growth mTORC1 is highly active and AMPK relatively inactive. Upon starvation, AMPK is activated and mTORC1 inhibited; cell division is arrested and autophagy induced. After aggregation, a minority of the cells (prestalk cells) continue to express much the same set of developmental genes as during aggregation, but the majority (prespore cells) switch to the prespore program. We describe evidence suggesting that overexpressing AMPK increases the proportion of prestalk cells, as does inhibiting mTORC1. Furthermore, stimulating the acidification of intracellular acidic compartments likewise increases the proportion of prestalk cells, while inhibiting acidification favors the spore pathway. We conclude that the choice between the prestalk and the prespore pathways of cell differentiation may depend on the relative strength of the activities of AMPK and mTORC1, and that these may be controlled by the acidity of intracellular acidic compartments/lysosomes (pHv), cells with low pHv compartments having high AMPK activity/low mTORC1 activity, and those with high pHv compartments having high mTORC1/low AMPK activity. Increased insight into the regulation and downstream consequences of this switch should increase our understanding of its potential role in human diseases, and indicate possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D Gross
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Pears
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Yoon SY, Ahn D, Kim JK, Seo SO, Chung SJ. Nepetin Acts as a Multi-Targeting Inhibitor of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Relevant to Insulin Resistance. Chem Biodivers 2021; 19:e202100600. [PMID: 34725898 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are essential modulators of signal transduction pathways and has been implicated in many human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, autoimmune disorders, and neurological diseases, indicating that PTPs are next-generation drug targets. Since PTPN1, PTPN2, and PTPN11 have been reported to be negative regulators of insulin action, the identification of PTP inhibitors may be an effective strategy to develop therapeutic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we observed for the first time that nepetin inhibits the catalytic activity of PTPN1, PTPN2, and PTPN11 in vitro, indicating that nepetin acts as a multi-targeting inhibitor of PTPN1, PTPN2, and PTPN11. Furthermore, treatment of mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes with 20 μM nepetin stimulates glucose uptake through AMPK activation. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that nepetin, a multi-targeting inhibitor of PTPN1, PTPN2, and PTPN11, could be a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Yoon
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Kwangju Women's University, Gwangju, 62396, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohee Ahn
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence and School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwan Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence and School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Oh Seo
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence and School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang J Chung
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence and School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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Neumann NR, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. AMPK activators for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1199-1210. [PMID: 34632898 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1991308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the global population ages at an unprecedented rate, the burden of neurodegenerative diseases is expected to grow. Given the profound impact illness like dementia exert on individuals and society writ large, researchers, physicians, and scientific organizations have called for increased investigation into their treatment and prevention. Both metformin and aspirin have been associated with improved cognitive outcomes. These agents are related in their ability to stimulate AMP kinase (AMPK). Momordica charantia, another AMPK activator, is a component of traditional medicines and a novel agent for the treatment of cancer. It is also being evaluated as a nootropic agent. AREAS COVERED This article is a comprehensive review which examines the role of AMPK activation in neuroprotection and the role that AMPK activators may have in the management of dementia and cognitive impairment. It evaluates the interaction of metformin, aspirin, and Momordica charantia, with AMPK, and reviews the literature characterizing these agents' impact on neurodegeneration. EXPERT OPINION We suggest that AMPK activators should be considered for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. We identify multiple areas of future investigation which may have a profound impact on patients worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Neumann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Jakkawanpitak C, Inafuku M, Oku H, Hutadilok-Towatana N, Bunkrongcheap R, Sermwittayawong N, Aiemchareon P, Sermwittayawong D. Mechanism of the fungal-like particles in the inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18869. [PMID: 34552185 PMCID: PMC8458348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic ability of adipocytes in adipose tissue to store lipid in response to changes in the nutritional input and inflammatory elicitors has a major impact on human health. Previously, we established laminarin-coated beads or LCB as an inflammatory elicitor for adipocytes. However, it was not clear whether LCB inhibits lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Here, we show that LCB acts in the early stage of adipogenesis through both interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAK) and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) pathways, resulting in the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) complexes, which subsequently cause cell cycle arrest, downregulation of the key transcription factors and enzymes responsible for adipogenesis, inhibition of adipogenesis, and stimulation of an inflammatory response. While LCB could effectively block lipid accumulation during the early stage of adipogenesis, it could stimulate an inflammatory response at any stage of differentiation. Additionally, our results raise a possibility that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and C-type lectin domain family 7 member A (CLEC7A/Dectin-1) might be potential β-glucan receptors on the fat cells. Together, we present the mechanism of LCB, as fungal-like particles, that elicits an inflammatory response and inhibits adipogenesis at the early stage of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanawee Jakkawanpitak
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Masashi Inafuku
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Oku
- Molecular Biotechnology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Nongporn Hutadilok-Towatana
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ruthaiwan Bunkrongcheap
- College of Innovation and Management, Songkhla Rajabhat University, Muang District, Songkhla, 90000, Thailand
| | - Natthawan Sermwittayawong
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Piyapat Aiemchareon
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
- Functional Food and Nutrition Program, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Decha Sermwittayawong
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand.
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Guo WR, Liu J, Cheng LD, Liu ZY, Zheng XB, Liang H, Xu F. Metformin Alleviates Steatohepatitis in Diet-Induced Obese Mice in a SIRT1-Dependent Way. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:704112. [PMID: 34483906 PMCID: PMC8416468 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.704112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line anti-diabetic drug for type 2 diabetes. It has been found to significantly reduce liver aminotransferase in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, whether metformin improves NAFLD progression remains controversial. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an NAD+-dependent deacetylase, plays a vital role in hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Here, we investigated the effect of metformin on steatohepatitis and the role of SIRT1 in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. The results showed that metformin significantly reduced body weight and fat mass of DIO mice. In addition, metformin also alleviated adiposity and hepatic steatosis, and greatly upregulated uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in adipose tissues of DIO mice. Unexpectedly, the effects of metformin on reducing body weight and alleviating hepatic steatosis were not impaired in Sirt1 heterozygous knockout (Sirt1+/−) mice. However, SIRT1-deficiency remarkably impaired the effects of metformin on lowering serum transaminases levels, downregulating the mRNA expression of proinflammatory factors, and increasing the protein level of hepatic Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase (CH25H), a cholesterol hydroxylase in cholesterol catabolism. In summary, we demonstrated that metformin alleviates steatohepatitis in a SIRT1-dependent manner, and modulation of M1 polarization and cholesterol metabolism may be the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Rong Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Dan Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zi-Yu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
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Thyroid Hormone Induces Ca 2+-Mediated Mitochondrial Activation in Brown Adipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168640. [PMID: 34445344 PMCID: PMC8395422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones, including 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3), cause a wide spectrum of genomic effects on cellular metabolism and bioenergetic regulation in various tissues. The non-genomic actions of T3 have been reported but are not yet completely understood. Acute T3 treatment significantly enhanced basal, maximal, ATP-linked, and proton-leak oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) of primary differentiated mouse brown adipocytes accompanied with increased protein abundances of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU). T3 treatment depolarized the resting mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm) but augmented oligomycin-induced hyperpolarization in brown adipocytes. Protein kinase B (AKT) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were activated by T3, leading to the inhibition of autophagic degradation. Rapamycin, as an mTOR inhibitor, blocked T3-induced autophagic suppression and UCP1 upregulation. T3 increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in brown adipocytes. Most of the T3 effects, including mTOR activation, UCP1 upregulation, and OCR increase, were abrogated by intracellular Ca2+ chelation with BAPTA-AM. Calmodulin inhibition with W7 or knockdown of MCU dampened T3-induced mitochondrial activation. Furthermore, edelfosine, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, prevented T3 from acting on [Ca2+]i, UCP1 abundance, Ψm, and OCR. We suggest that short-term exposure of T3 induces UCP1 upregulation and mitochondrial activation due to PLC-mediated [Ca2+]i elevation in brown adipocytes.
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Zhang D, Ma Y, Liu J, Deng Y, Zhou B, Wen Y, Li M, Wen D, Ying Y, Luo S, Shi C, Pu G, Miao Y, Zou C, Chen Y, Ma L. Metformin Alleviates Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in a Mouse Model of High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Promoting Transcription Factor EB-Dependent Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:689111. [PMID: 34366846 PMCID: PMC8346235 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.689111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) results from an abnormal accumulation of lipids within hepatocytes, and is commonly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. Metformin is commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and, in recent years, it was found to play a potential role in the amelioration of NAFLD. However, the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of metformin against NAFLD remain largely unknown. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a master transcriptional regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy and, when activated, is effective against disorders of lipid metabolism. However, the role of TFEB in hepatic steatosis is not well understood. In this report, we demonstrate that the activity of TFEB is reduced in the liver of mice fed a high-fat diet. Metformin treatment significantly reverses the activity of TFEB, and the protective effect of metformin against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance is dependent on TFEB. We show that metformin-induced autophagy is regulated by TFEB, and our findings reveal that TFEB acts as a mediator, linking metformin with autophagy to reverse NAFLD, and highlight that TFEB may be a promising molecular target for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yicheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Wen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Mingke Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Daiyan Wen
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunyan Ying
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Sufeng Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chunjing Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Guangyu Pu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yinglei Miao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chenggang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lanqing Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Katila N, Bhurtel S, Park PH, Choi DY. Metformin attenuates rotenone-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage via the AKT/Nrf2 pathway. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105120. [PMID: 34197898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are now widely accepted as the major factors involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Rotenone, a commonly used environmental toxin also reproduces these principle pathological features of PD. Hence, it is used frequently to induce experimental PD in cells and animals. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of metformin against rotenone-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Metformin treatment clearly rescued these cells from rotenone-mediated cell death via the reduction of the cytosolic and mitochondrial levels of reactive oxygen species and restoration of mitochondrial function. Furthermore, metformin upregulated PGC-1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and key antioxidant molecules, including glutathione and superoxide dismutase. We demonstrated that the drug exerted its cytoprotective effects by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme-oxygenase (HO)-1 pathway, which in turn, is dependent on AKT activation by metformin. Thus, our results implicate that metformin provides neuroprotection against rotenone by inhibiting oxidative stress in the cells by inducing antioxidant system via upregulation of transcription mediated by Nrf2, thereby restoring the rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and energy deficit in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Katila
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunil Bhurtel
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Ren C, Hao X, Wang L, Hu Y, Meng L, Zheng S, Ren F, Bu W, Wang H, Li D, Zhang K, Sun H. Metformin Carbon Dots for Promoting Periodontal Bone Regeneration via Activation of ERK/AMPK Pathway. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100196. [PMID: 33987977 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is severely impaired under persistent inflammation of periodontitis. A highly efficient way to promote or rescue osteogenic potential of MSCs under inflammation remains an unmet goal. Herein, metformin carbon dots (MCDs) with excellent biocompatibility are prepared from metformin hydrochloride and citric acid via a hydrothermal method. The MCDs can more effectively enhance the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition nodules formation, expression of osteogenic genes and proteins in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) than metformin under both inflammatory and normal conditions. Moreover, a novel pathway of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling is involved in the MCDs-induced osteogenesis. In periodontitis rats, MCDs can effectively regenerate the lost alveolar bone, but not the metformin. Taken together, MCDs can be the promising candidate nanomaterial for periodontitis treatment. This work may provide a new pharmacological target of ERK/AMPK pathway for treating bone loss and also give additional insights into developing nanodrugs from the numerous medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Ren
- Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Xinqing Hao
- Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Yue Hu
- Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Lin Meng
- Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Shize Zheng
- Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Feilong Ren
- Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Wenhuan Bu
- School of Stomatology China Medical University Shenyang 110001 P. R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Daowei Li
- Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Hongchen Sun
- Hospital of Stomatology Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
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Silva C, Rodrigues I, Andrade S, Costa R, Soares R. Metformin Reduces Vascular Assembly in High Glucose-Treated Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells in An AMPK-Independent Manner. CELL JOURNAL 2021; 23:174-183. [PMID: 34096218 PMCID: PMC8181317 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.7212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim is to examine the effect of metformin in human microvascular endothelial cells exposed to high
glucose (HG) concentration and compare them with the effects of other 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein
kinase (AMPK) modulators under the same condition.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) were treated
with 15 mM metformin, 1 mM 5-aminoimidazol-4-carboxamideribonucleotide (AICAR) and 10 mM compound C in the
presence of 20 mM glucose (hyperglycemic condition). Migration, invasion and proliferation were evaluated as well as
the capillary-like structures formation. Moreover, the expression of angiogenic genes was assessed.
Results Metformin significantly inhibited vessel formation and migration, although it did not change HMECs proliferation
and invasion. In addition, metformin significantly reduced collagen formation as evidenced by histological staining.
Concomitantly, expression of several genes implicated in angiogenesis and fibrosis, namely TGFß2, VEGFR2, ALK1,
JAG1, TIMP2, SMAD5, SMAD6 and SMAD7, was slightly upregulated. Immunostaining for proteins involved in ALK5
receptor signaling, the alternative TGFß signaling pathway, revealed significant differences in SMAD2/3 expression.
Conclusion Our data showed that metformin prevents vessel assembly in HMECs, probably through an AMPK-
independent mechanism. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which this pharmacological agent affects
endothelial dysfunction is of paramount importance and paves the way to its particular use in preventing development
of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, two processes where angiogenesis is exacerbated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Silva
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ilda Rodrigues
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Andrade
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP, Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Costa
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Soares
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal. .,i3S, Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Alimoradi N, Firouzabadi N, Fatehi R. Metformin and insulin-resistant related diseases: Emphasis on the role of microRNAs. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111662. [PMID: 34243629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is one of the most prescribed drugs in type II diabetes (T2DM) which has recently found new applications in the prevention and treatment of various illnesses, from metabolic disorders to cardiovascular and age-related diseases. Metformin improves insulin resistance (IR) by modulating metabolic mechanisms and mitochondrial biogenesis. Alternation of microRNAs (miRs) in the treatment of IR-related illnesses has been observed by metformin therapy. MiRs are small non-coding RNAs that play important roles in RNA silencing, targeting the 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) of most mRNAs and inhibiting the translation of related proteins. As a result, their dysregulation is associated with many diseases. Metformin may alter miRs levels in the treatment of various diseases by AMPK-dependent or AMPK-independent mechanisms. Here, we summarized the therapeutic role of metformin by modifying the aberrant expression of miRs as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets in diseases in which IR plays a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Alimoradi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Firouzabadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Reihaneh Fatehi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Guillon C, Ferraro S, Clément S, Bouschbacher M, Sigaudo-Roussel D, Bonod C. Glycation by glyoxal leads to profound changes in the behavior of dermal fibroblasts. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e002091. [PMID: 33903117 PMCID: PMC8076933 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-002091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a worldwide health problem that is associated with severe complications. Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) such as Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine, which result from chronic hyperglycemia, accumulate in the skin of patients with diabetes. The effect of AGEs on fibroblast functionality and their impact on wound healing are still poorly understood. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To investigate this, we treated cultured human fibroblasts with 0.6 mM glyoxal to induce acute glycation. The behavior of fibroblasts was analyzed by time-lapse monolayer wounding healing assay, seahorse technology and atomic force microscopy. Production of extracellular matrix was studied by transmission electronic microscopy and western blot. Lipid metabolism was investigated by staining of lipid droplets (LDs) with BODIPY 493/503. RESULTS We found that the proliferative and migratory capacities of the cells were greatly reduced by glycation, which could be explained by an increase in fibroblast tensile strength. Measurement of the cellular energy balance did not indicate that there was a change in the rate of oxygen consumption of the fibroblasts. Assessment of collagen I revealed that glyoxal did not influence type I collagen secretion although it did disrupt collagen I maturation and it prevented its deposition in the extracellular matrix. We noted a pronounced increase in the number of LDs after glyoxal treatment. AMPK phosphorylation was reduced by glyoxal treatment but it was not responsible for the accumulation of LDs. CONCLUSION Glyoxal promotes a change in fibroblast behavior in favor of lipogenic activity that could be involved in delaying wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Guillon
- Urgo Research Innovation and Development, Chenôve, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LBTI UMR 5305, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Ferraro
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LBTI UMR 5305, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Clément
- Urgo Research Innovation and Development, Chenôve, France
| | | | | | - Christelle Bonod
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LBTI UMR 5305, Lyon, France
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de Medeiros SF, Rodgers RJ, Norman RJ. Adipocyte and steroidogenic cell cross-talk in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 2021; 27:771-796. [PMID: 33764457 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic and endocrine alterations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affect adipose tissue mass and distribution. PCOS is characterised by hyperandrogenism, obesity and adipocyte dysfunction. Hyperandrogenism in PCOS drives dysfunctional adipocyte secretion of potentially harmful adipocytokines. Glucocorticoids and sex-steroids modulate adipocyte development and function. For their part, adipocyte products interact with adrenal and ovarian steroidogenic cells. Currently, the relationship between adipocyte and steroidogenic cells is not clear, and for these reasons, it is important to elucidate the interrelationship between these cells in women with and without PCOS. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This comprehensive review aims to assess current knowledge regarding the interrelationship between adipocytes and adrenal and ovarian steroidogenic cells in animal models and humans with or without PCOS. SEARCH METHODS We searched for articles published in English and Portuguese in PubMed. Keywords were as follows: polycystic ovary syndrome, steroidogenesis, adrenal glands, theca cells, granulosa cells, adipocytes, adipocytokines, obesity, enzyme activation, and cytochrome P450 enzymes. We expanded the search into the references from the retrieved articles. OUTCOMES Glucocorticoids and sex-steroids modulate adipocyte differentiation and function. Dysfunctional adipocyte products play important roles in the metabolic and endocrine pathways in animals and women with PCOS. Most adipokines participate in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and ovarian axes. In animal models of PCOS, hyperinsulinemia and poor fertility are common; various adipokines modulate ovarian steroidogenesis, depending on the species. Women with PCOS secrete unbalanced levels of adipocyte products, characterised by higher levels of leptin and lower levels of adiponectin. Leptin expression positively correlates with body mass index, waist/hip ratio and levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, luteinising hormone, oestradiol and androgens. Leptin inhibits the production of oestradiol and, in granulosa cells, may modulate 17-hydroxylase and aromatase enzyme activities. Adiponectin levels negatively correlate with fat mass, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, glucose, insulin and triglycerides, and decrease androgen production by altering expression of luteinising hormone receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol-side-chain cleavage enzyme and 17-hydroxylase. Resistin expression positively correlates with body mass index and testosterone, and promotes the expression of 17-hydroxylase enzyme in theca cells. The potential benefits of adipokines in the treatment of women with PCOS require more investigation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The current data regarding the relationship between adipocyte products and steroidogenic cells are conflicting in animals and humans. Polycystic ovary syndrome is an excellent model to investigate the interrelationship among adipocyte and steroidogenic cells. Women with PCOS manifest some pathological conditions associated with hyperandrogenism and adipocyte products. In animals, cross-talk between cells may vary according to species, and the current review suggests opportunities to test new medications to prevent or even reverse several harmful sequelae of PCOS in humans. Further studies are required to investigate the possible therapeutic application of adipokines in women with obese and non-obese PCOS. Meanwhile, when appropriate, metformin use alone, or associated with flutamide, may be considered for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastião Freitas de Medeiros
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso; and Tropical Institute of Reproductive Medicine,Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Raymond Joseph Rodgers
- Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert John Norman
- Robinson Research Institute Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Liang Y, Gao HX, Tian RC, Wang J, Shan YH, Zhang L, Xie CJ, Li JJ, Xu M, Gu S. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor successfully treated with metformin: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:429-435. [PMID: 33521112 PMCID: PMC7812890 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i2.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a distinct tumor with a low incidence rate, which can be diagnosed at any age with a predilection for children and adolescents. Although IMT is visible in any tissues and organs, it is more commonly found in the lungs. The clinical and radiological manifestations of IMT lack specificity, hence resulting in frequent misdiagnosis. Surgical resection is currently the main therapeutic approach for IMT. Only scarce cases of IMT treated with metformin have been reported. Here we report the case of an IMT patient with partial penile resection treated with metformin.
CASE SUMMARY A 1-year-old boy was born with a shorter penis, and his foreskin could not be completely turned over. When he was 6 month old, a well-circumscribed mass on the glans was found, while it did not attract the attention of his parents. The mass gradually increased in size over time before he was admitted to the hospital, where physical examination was performed. It was revealed that the glans hidden behind the foreskin had a mass with a diameter of about 4 cm surrounding the penis. The mass appeared to be hard with a smooth surface and poor mobility. The two testicles examined at the bottom of the scrotum were revealed to have a normal size. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a tumor with rich blood supply encircling the cavernosum with a size of 3.5 cm × 2.1 cm × 2.0 cm. A thick urinary line was found without urine dripping, urgency, and urodynia. Surgical treatment was performed. During the operation, it was observed that the mass had surrounded and invaded the cavernosum without obvious boundaries, and that the tumor occupied about one-half of the penis cross-section as well as infiltrated more than one-half of the glans. In addition, the tumor had caused urethral invasion and anterior urethrostenosis. With the intention of keeping the glans and cavernosum, the tumor at the anterior urethra was partially removed, leaving about 30% of the tumor mass. Pathology analysis demonstrated that the tumor was rich in spindle cells with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Immuno-histochemistry analysis indicated that the cells were positive for CD4, CD99, Ki67, BCL2, and CD68, and negative for ALK, MyoG, S100, SOX10, PR, and EMA. Hence, the tumor was diagnosed as IMT. Metformin was prescribed for the patient after the operation, following which an oral dose of 7 mg/kg was given three times a day after meals. Three months later, it was observed that the remaining tumor had completely disappeared and that the urination process from the urethra opening had resumed normal. In addition, there were no side effects observed. There was also no tumor recurrence. The growth and development of the boy were unaffected as a result of the treatment.
CONCLUSION The tumor was observed to have completely disappeared after treatment with metformin. Our finding is of great significance to facilitate future clinical treatment with IMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Gao
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Rui-Cheng Tian
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yu-Hua Shan
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chen-Jie Xie
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Song Gu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
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47
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Metformin prevented high glucose-induced endothelial reactive oxygen species via OGG1 in an AMPKα-Lin-28 dependent pathway. Life Sci 2021; 268:119015. [PMID: 33412215 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.119015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Metformin improves vascular function in obese type 2 diabetic patients. 8-Oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1) is a main DNA glycosylase that is involved in vascular complications in various diseases. However, whether metformin suppresses endothelial reactive species oxygen production via the OGG1 pathway is unclear. MAIN METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to HG (high glucose) with or without metformin. OGG1 and AMPKα levels were measured after metformin treatment, while HG-induced ROS were measured by a DHE probe. KEY FINDINGS Metformin reduced HG-induced endothelial ROS by upregulating OGG1. Additionally, OGG1 protein expression was dependent on its mRNA stability, which was reversed by genetic inhibition of AMPKα and Lin-28. Furthermore, the effect of OGG1 on HG-induced ROS was partially dependent on the AHR/Nrf2 pathway in HUVECs. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggested that metformin modulated HG-induced endothelial ROS via the AMPKα/Lin-28/OGG1 pathway.
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48
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Hoi J, Lieder B, Liebisch B, Czech C, Hans J, Ley JP, Somoza V. TRPA1 Agonist Cinnamaldehyde Decreases Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells More Potently than the Non-agonist Structural Analog Cinnamyl Isobutyrate. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:33305-33313. [PMID: 33403292 PMCID: PMC7774270 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cinnamon-derived bioactive aroma compound cinnamaldehyde (CAL) has been identified as a promising antiobesity agent, inhibiting adipogenesis and decreasing lipid accumulation in vitro as well as in animal models. Here, we investigated the antiadipogenic effect of cinnamyl isobutyrate (CIB), another cinnamon-derived aroma compound, in comparison to CAL in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells. In a concentration of 30 μM, CIB reduced triglyceride (TG) and phospholipid (PL) accumulation in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes by 21.4 ± 2.56 and 20.7 ± 2.05%, respectively. CAL (30 μM), in comparison, decreased TG accumulation by 37.5 ± 1.81% and PL accumulation by 28.7 ± 1.83%, revealing the aldehyde to be the more potent antiadipogenic compound. The CIB- and CAL-mediated inhibition of lipid accumulation was accompanied by downregulation of essential adipogenic transcription factors PPARγ, C/EBPα, and C/EBPβ on gene and protein levels, pointing to a compound-modulated effect on adipogenic signaling cascades. Coincubation experiments applying the TRPA-1 inhibitor AP-18 demonstrated TRPA1 dependency of the CAL, but not the CIB-induced antiadipogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia
K. Hoi
- Department
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1300 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Lieder
- Department
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1300 Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrix Liebisch
- Department
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1300 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Czech
- Department
of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1300 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Hans
- Symrise
AG, Muehlenfeldstraße
1, 37603 Holzminden, Germany
| | - Jakob P. Ley
- Symrise
AG, Muehlenfeldstraße
1, 37603 Holzminden, Germany
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Leibniz
Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of
Munich, Chair of Nutritional Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85345 Freising, Germany
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Jiang LL, Liu L. Effect of metformin on stem cells: Molecular mechanism and clinical prospect. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1455-1473. [PMID: 33505595 PMCID: PMC7789120 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i12.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a first-line medication for type II diabetes. Numerous studies have shown that metformin not only has hypoglycemic effects, but also modulates many physiological and pathological processes ranging from aging and cancer to fracture healing. During these different physiological activities and pathological changes, stem cells usually play a core role. Thus, many studies have investigated the effects of metformin on stem cells. Metformin affects cell differentiation and has promising applications in stem cell medicine. It exerts anti-aging effects and can be applied to gerontology and regenerative medicine. The potential anti-cancer stem cell effect of metformin indicates that it can be an adjuvant therapy for cancers. Furthermore, metformin has beneficial effects against many other diseases including cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the effects of metformin on stem cells and provide an overview of its molecular mechanisms and clinical prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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50
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Marfella R, Amarelli C, Cacciatore F, Balestrieri ML, Mansueto G, D'Onofrio N, Esposito S, Mattucci I, Salerno G, De Feo M, D'Amico M, Golino P, Maiello C, Paolisso G, Napoli C. Lipid Accumulation in Hearts Transplanted From Nondiabetic Donors to Diabetic Recipients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:1249-1262. [PMID: 32192650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DMCM) may involve lipotoxicity of cardiomyocytes in the context of hyperglycemia. There are many preclinical studies of DMCM pathogenesis, but the human evidence is still poorly understood. OBJECTIVES By using a nondiabetic mellitus (non-DM) heart transplanted (HTX) in diabetes mellitus (DM) recipients, this study conducted a serial study of human heart transplant recipients evaluating cardiac effects of diabetic milieu (hyperglycemia and insulin resistance) on lipotoxic-mediated injury. We evaluated cardiomyocyte morpho-pathology by seriated biopsies of healthy implanted hearts in DM recipients during 12-month follow-up from HTX. Because metformin reduces ectopic lipid accumulation, we evaluated the effects of the drug in a nonrandomized subgroup. METHODS The DMCM-AHEAD (Diabetes and Lipid Accumulation and Heart Transplant) prospective ongoing study (NCT03546062) evaluated 158 first HTX recipients (82 non-DM, 76 DM of whom 35 [46%] were receiving metformin). HTX recipients were undergoing clinical standard evaluation (metabolic status, echocardiography, coronary computed tomography angiography, and endomyocardial biopsies). Biopsies evaluated immune response, Oil Red-O staining, ceramide, and triacylglycerol levels. Lipotoxic factors and insulin resistance were evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS There was a significant early and progressive cardiomyocyte lipid accumulation in DM but not in non-DM recipients (p = 0.019). In the subgroup receiving metformin, independently from immunosuppressive therapy that was similar among groups, lipid accumulation was reduced in comparison with DM recipients not receiving the drug (hazard ratio: 6.597; 95% confidence interval: 2.516 to 17.296; p < 0.001). Accordingly, lipotoxic factors were increased in DM versus non-DM recipients, and, relevantly, metformin use was associated with fewer lipotoxic factors. CONCLUSIONS Early pathogenesis of human DMCM started with cardiomyocyte lipid accumulation following HTX in DM recipients. Metformin use was associated with reduced lipid accumulation independently of immunosuppressive therapy. This may constitute a novel target for therapy of DMCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Marfella
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Amarelli
- Unit of Cardiac Surgery and Transplants, AORN Ospedali dei Colli-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Cacciatore
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gelsomina Mansueto
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia D'Onofrio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | | | - Irene Mattucci
- Cardiology Division, University "Luigi Vanvitelli," Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Gemma Salerno
- Cardiology Division, University "Luigi Vanvitelli," Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Marisa De Feo
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | - Michele D'Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Golino
- Cardiology Division, University "Luigi Vanvitelli," Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Maiello
- Unit of Cardiac Surgery and Transplants, AORN Ospedali dei Colli-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Paolisso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy; IRCCS-SDN, Naples, Italy
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