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Carrillo GL, Su J, Cawley ML, Wei D, Gill SK, Blader IJ, Fox MA. Complement-dependent loss of inhibitory synapses on pyramidal neurons following Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3365-3385. [PMID: 36683435 PMCID: PMC10363253 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has developed mechanisms to establish a central nervous system infection in virtually all warm-blooded animals. Acute T. gondii infection can cause neuroinflammation, encephalitis, and seizures. Meanwhile, studies in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents have linked chronic T. gondii infection with altered behavior and increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. These observations and associations raise questions about how this parasitic infection may alter neural circuits. We previously demonstrated that T. gondii infection triggers the loss of inhibitory perisomatic synapses, a type of synapse whose dysfunction or loss has been linked to neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. We showed that phagocytic cells (including microglia and infiltrating monocytes) contribute to the loss of these inhibitory synapses. Here, we show that these phagocytic cells specifically ensheath excitatory pyramidal neurons, leading to the preferential loss of perisomatic synapses on these neurons and not those on cortical interneurons. Moreover, we show that infection induces an increased expression of the complement C3 gene, including by populations of these excitatory neurons. Infecting C3-deficient mice with T. gondii revealed that C3 is required for the loss of perisomatic inhibitory synapses. Interestingly, loss of C1q did not prevent the loss of perisomatic synapses following infection. Together, these findings provide evidence that T. gondii induces changes in excitatory pyramidal neurons that trigger the selective removal of inhibitory perisomatic synapses and provide a role for a nonclassical complement pathway in the remodeling of inhibitory circuits in the infected brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela L. Carrillo
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, 24016, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Jianmin Su
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, 24016, USA
- School of Neuroscience, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Mikel L. Cawley
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, 24016, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Derek Wei
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, 24016, USA
- School of Neuroscience, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Simran K. Gill
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, 24016, USA
- Department of Psychology, Roanoke College, Salem, Virginia, 24153, USA
- NeuroSURF Program, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, 24016, USA
| | - Ira J. Blader
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203, USA
| | - Michael A. Fox
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, 24016, USA
- School of Neuroscience, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, 24016, USA
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2
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Simard JM, Tosun C, Tsymbalyuk O, Moyer M, Keledjian K, Tsymbalyuk N, Olaniran A, Evans M, Langbein J, Khan Z, Kreinbrink M, Ciryam P, Stokum JA, Jha R, Ksendzovsky A, Gerzanich V. A mouse model of temporal lobe contusion. J Neurotrauma 2024. [PMID: 39302058 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2024.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Trauma to the brain can induce a contusion characterized by a discrete intracerebral or diffuse interstitial hemorrhage. In humans, "computed tomography (CT)-positive", i.e., hemorrhagic, temporal lobe contusions (tlCont) have unique sequelae. tlCont confers significantly increased odds for moderate or worse disability and the inability to return to baseline work capacity compared to intra-axial injuries in other locations. Patients with tlCont are at elevated risks of memory dysfunction, anxiety and post-traumatic epilepsy due to involvement of neuroanatomical structures unique to the temporal lobe including the amygdala, hippocampus and ento-/perirhinal cortex. Because of the relative inaccessibility of the temporal lobe in rodents, no preclinical model of tlCont has been described, impeding progress in elucidating the specific pathophysiology unique to tlCont. Here, we present a minimally invasive mouse model of tlCont with the contusion characterized by a traumatic interstitial hemorrhage. Mortality was low and sensorimotor deficits (beam walk, accelerating rotarod) resolved completely within 3-5 days. However, significant deficits in memory (novel object recognition, Morris water maze) and anxiety (elevated plus maze) persisted at 14-35 days, and non-convulsive electroencephalographic seizures and spiking were significantly increased in the hippocampus at 7-21 days. Immunohistochemistry showed widespread astrogliosis and microgliosis, bilateral hippocampal sclerosis, bilateral loss of hippocampal and cortical inhibitory parvalbumin neurons, and evidence of interhemispheric connectional diaschisis involving the fiber bundle in the ventral corpus callosum that connects temporal lobe structures. This model may be useful to advance our understanding of the unique features of tlCont in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marc Simard
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, 22 South Green St, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21201
- Maryland, United States;
| | - Cigdem Tosun
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Orest Tsymbalyuk
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Mitchell Moyer
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Kaspar Keledjian
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Natalya Tsymbalyuk
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Adedayo Olaniran
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Madison Evans
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Jenna Langbein
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Ziam Khan
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Matthew Kreinbrink
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Prajwal Ciryam
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurology, 110 S Paca St, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 21201-1544;
| | - Jesse A Stokum
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Ruchira Jha
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States;
| | - Alexander Ksendzovsky
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Neurosurgery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
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3
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Gong Y, Zhou M, Zhu Y, Pan J, Zhou X, Jiang Y, Zeng H, Zheng H, Geng X, Huang D. PVALB Was Identified as an Independent Prognostic Factor for HCC Closely Related to Immunity, and Its Absence Accelerates Tumor Progression by Regulating NK Cell Infiltration. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2024; 11:813-838. [PMID: 38737383 PMCID: PMC11088852 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s450479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver cancer, with poor prognosis. Complex immune microenvironment of the liver is linked to the development of HCC. PVALB is a calcium-binding protein which has been described as a cancer suppressor gene in thyroid cancer and glioma. Nevertheless, the role of PVALB in HCC is unknown. Materials and Methods We obtained data from TCGA and GSE54236 datasets. MCP-counter, WGCNA and LASSO model were applied to identify PVALB. With UALCAN, MethSurv, and other websites, we probed the expression, methylation and survival of PVALB. LinkedOmics and GSEA were adopted for functional analysis, while TIMER, TISIDB, Kaplan-Meier plotter, TIDE databases were utilized to evaluate the relevance of PVALB to the tumor immune microenvironment and predict immunotherapy efficacy. TargetScan, DIANA, LncRNASNP2 databases and relevant experiments were employed to construct ceRNA network. Finally, molecular docking and drug sensitivity of PVALB were characterized by GeneMANIA, CTD, and so on. Results PVALB was recognized as a gene associated with HCC and NK cell. Its expression was down-regulated in HCC tissue, which lead to adverse prognosis. Besides, the hypomethylation of PVALB was related to its reduced expression. Notably, PVALB was tightly linked to immune, and its reduced expression attenuated the anticancer effect of NK cells via the Fas/FasL pathway, leading to a adverse outcome. The lnc-YY1AP1-3/hsa-miR-6735-5p/PVALB axis may regulate the PVALB expression. Finally, we found immunotherapy might be a viable treatment option. Conclusion In a word, PVALB is a prognostic indicator, whose low expression facilitates HCC progression by impacting NK cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Gong
- Department of Thyroid Surgery; Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
- Second College of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minqin Zhou
- Second College of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanting Zhu
- Second College of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingying Pan
- Second College of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuanrui Zhou
- Second College of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yike Jiang
- Second College of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zeng
- Second College of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Second College of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xitong Geng
- Second College of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da Huang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery; Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
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Miller B, Crider A, Aravamuthan B, Galindo R. Human chorionic gonadotropin decreases cerebral cystic encephalomalacia and parvalbumin interneuron degeneration in a pro-inflammatory model of mouse neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.27.587006. [PMID: 38585735 PMCID: PMC10996598 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.27.587006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The pregnancy hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is an immunoregulatory and neurotrophic glycoprotein of potential clinical utility in the neonate at risk for cerebral injury. Despite its well-known role in its ability to modulate the innate immune response during pregnancy, hCG has not been demonstrated to affect the pro-degenerative actions of inflammation in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Here we utilize a neonatal mouse model of mild HI combined with intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate the neuroprotective actions of hCG in the setting of endotoxin-mediated systemic inflammation. Intraperitoneal treatment of hCG shortly prior to LPS injection significantly decreased tissue loss and cystic degeneration in the hippocampal and cerebral cortex in the term-equivalent neonatal mouse exposed to mild HI. Noting that parvalbumin immunoreactive interneurons have been broadly implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, it is notable that hCG significantly improved the injury-mediated reduction of these neurons in the cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus. The above findings were associated with a decrease in the amount of Iba1 immunoreactive microglia in most of these brain regions. These observations implicate hCG as an agent capable of improving the neurological morbidity associated with peripheral inflammation in the neonate affected by HI. Future preclinical studies should aim at demonstrating added neuroprotective benefit by hCG in the context of therapeutic hypothermia and further exploring the mechanisms responsible for this effect. This research is likely to advance the therapeutic role of gonadotropins as a treatment for neonates with neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Miller
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric & Developmental Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA 63110
| | - Alexander Crider
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric & Developmental Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA 63110
| | - Bhooma Aravamuthan
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric & Developmental Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA 63110
| | - Rafael Galindo
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric & Developmental Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA 63110
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Meyer C, Grego E, S. Vasanthi S, Rao NS, Massey N, Holtkamp C, Huss J, Showman L, Narasimhan B, Thippeswamy T. The NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor, Mitoapocynin, Mitigates DFP-Induced Reactive Astrogliosis in a Rat Model of Organophosphate Neurotoxicity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2061. [PMID: 38136181 PMCID: PMC10740988 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a primary mediator of superoxides, which promote oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation after diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) intoxication. Although orally administered mitoapocynin (MPO, 10 mg/kg), a mitochondrial-targeted NOX inhibitor, reduced oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines in the periphery, its efficacy in the brain regions of DFP-exposed rats was limited. In this study, we encapsulated MPO in polyanhydride nanoparticles (NPs) based on 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy) hexane (CPH) and sebacic anhydride (SA) for enhanced drug delivery to the brain and compared with a high oral dose of MPO (30 mg/kg). NOX2 (GP91phox) regulation and microglial (IBA1) morphology were analyzed to determine the efficacy of MPO-NP vs. MPO-oral in an 8-day study in the rat DFP model. Compared to the control, DFP-exposed animals exhibited significant upregulation of NOX2 and a reduced length and number of microglial processes, indicative of reactive microglia. Neither MPO treatment attenuated the DFP effect. Neurodegeneration (FJB+NeuN) was significantly greater in DFP-exposed groups regardless of treatment. Interestingly, neuronal loss in DFP+MPO-treated animals was not significantly different from the control. MPO-oral rescued inhibitory neuronal loss in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Notably, MPO-NP and MPO-oral significantly reduced astrogliosis (absolute GFAP counts) and reactive gliosis (C3+GFAP). An analysis of inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Kir4.1) in astroglia revealed a significant reduction in the brain regions of the DFP+VEH group, but MPO had no effect. Overall, both NP-encapsulated and orally administered MPO had similar effects. Our findings demonstrate that MPO effectively mitigates DFP-induced reactive astrogliosis in several key brain regions and protects neurons in CA1, which may have long-term beneficial effects on spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Long-term telemetry and behavioral studies and a different dosing regimen of MPO are required to understand its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Elizabeth Grego
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (E.G.); (B.N.)
| | - Suraj S. Vasanthi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Nikhil S. Rao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Nyzil Massey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Claire Holtkamp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Joselyn Huss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Lucas Showman
- W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (E.G.); (B.N.)
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.M.); (S.S.V.); (N.S.R.); (N.M.); (C.H.); (J.H.)
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6
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Sagheddu C, Cancedda E, Bagheri F, Kalaba P, Muntoni AL, Lubec J, Lubec G, Sanna F, Pistis M. The Atypical Dopamine Transporter Inhibitor CE-158 Enhances Dopamine Neurotransmission in the Prefrontal Cortex of Male Rats: A Behavioral, Electrophysiological, and Microdialysis Study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:784-795. [PMID: 37725477 PMCID: PMC10674083 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine plays a key role in several physiological functions such as motor control, learning and memory, and motivation and reward. The atypical dopamine transporter inhibitor S,S stereoisomer of 5-(((S)-((S)-(3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)sulfinyl)methyl)thiazole (CE-158) has been recently reported to promote behavioral flexibility and restore learning and memory in aged rats. METHODS Adult male rats were i.p. administered for 1 or 10 days with CE-158 at the dose of 1 or 10 mg/kg and tested for extracellular dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex by means of intracerebral microdialysis and single unit cell recording in the same brain area. Moreover, the effects of acute and chronic CE-158 on exploratory behavior, locomotor activity, prepulse inhibition, working memory, and behavioral flexibility were also investigated. RESULTS CE-158 dose-dependently potentiated dopamine neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex as assessed by intracerebral microdialysis. Moreover, repeated exposure to CE-158 at 1 mg/kg was sufficient to increase the number of active pyramidal neurons and their firing frequency in the same brain area. In addition, CE-158 at the dose of 10 mg/kg stimulates exploratory behavior to the same extent after acute or chronic treatment. Noteworthy, the chronic treatment at both doses did not induce any behavioral alterations suggestive of abuse potential (e.g., motor behavioral sensitization) or pro-psychotic-like effects such as disruption of sensorimotor gating or impairments in working memory and behavioral flexibility as measured by prepulse inhibition and Y maze. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these findings confirm CE-158 as a promising pro-cognitive agent and contribute to assessing its preclinical safety profile in a chronic administration regimen for further translational testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sagheddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Cancedda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Farshid Bagheri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Predrag Kalaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Lisa Muntoni
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jana Lubec
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fabrizio Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
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7
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Hameed MQ, Hodgson N, Lee HHC, Pascual-Leone A, MacMullin PC, Jannati A, Dhamne SC, Hensch TK, Rotenberg A. N-acetylcysteine treatment mitigates loss of cortical parvalbumin-positive interneuron and perineuronal net integrity resulting from persistent oxidative stress in a rat TBI model. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:4070-4084. [PMID: 36130098 PMCID: PMC10068300 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases cerebral reactive oxygen species production, which leads to continuing secondary neuronal injury after the initial insult. Cortical parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PVIs; neurons responsible for maintaining cortical inhibitory tone) are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress and are thus disproportionately affected by TBI. Systemic N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment may restore cerebral glutathione equilibrium, thus preventing post-traumatic cortical PVI loss. We therefore tested whether weeks-long post-traumatic NAC treatment mitigates cortical oxidative stress, and whether such treatment preserves PVI counts and related markers of PVI integrity and prevents pathologic electroencephalographic (EEG) changes, 3 and 6 weeks after fluid percussion injury in rats. We find that moderate TBI results in persistent oxidative stress for at least 6 weeks after injury and leads to the loss of PVIs and the perineuronal net (PNN) that surrounds them as well as of per-cell parvalbumin expression. Prolonged post-TBI NAC treatment normalizes the cortical redox state, mitigates PVI and PNN loss, and - in surviving PVIs - increases per-cell parvalbumin expression. NAC treatment also preserves normal spectral EEG measures after TBI. We cautiously conclude that weeks-long NAC treatment after TBI may be a practical and well-tolerated treatment strategy to preserve cortical inhibitory tone post-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Q Hameed
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Nathaniel Hodgson
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Henry H C Lee
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Andres Pascual-Leone
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Paul C MacMullin
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Ali Jannati
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Sameer C Dhamne
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Takao K Hensch
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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8
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Nair KP, Salaka RJ, Srikumar BN, Kutty BM, Rao BSS. Enriched environment rescues impaired sleep-wake architecture and abnormal neural dynamics in chronic epileptic rats. Neuroscience 2022; 495:97-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Godoy LD, Prizon T, Rossignoli MT, Leite JP, Liberato JL. Parvalbumin Role in Epilepsy and Psychiatric Comorbidities: From Mechanism to Intervention. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:765324. [PMID: 35250498 PMCID: PMC8891758 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.765324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin is a calcium-binding protein present in inhibitory interneurons that play an essential role in regulating many physiological processes, such as intracellular signaling and synaptic transmission. Changes in parvalbumin expression are deeply related to epilepsy, which is considered one of the most disabling neuropathologies. Epilepsy is a complex multi-factor group of disorders characterized by periods of hypersynchronous activity and hyperexcitability within brain networks. In this scenario, inhibitory neurotransmission dysfunction in modulating excitatory transmission related to the loss of subsets of parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneuron may have a prominent role in disrupted excitability. Some studies also reported that parvalbumin-positive interneurons altered function might contribute to psychiatric comorbidities associated with epilepsy, such as depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Understanding the epileptogenic process and comorbidities associated with epilepsy have significantly advanced through preclinical and clinical investigation. In this review, evidence from parvalbumin altered function in epilepsy and associated psychiatric comorbidities were explored with a translational perspective. Some advances in potential therapeutic interventions are highlighted, from current antiepileptic and neuroprotective drugs to cutting edge modulation of parvalbumin subpopulations using optogenetics, designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) techniques, transcranial magnetic stimulation, genome engineering, and cell grafting. Creating new perspectives on mechanisms and therapeutic strategies is valuable for understanding the pathophysiology of epilepsy and its psychiatric comorbidities and improving efficiency in clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívea Dornela Godoy
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Prizon
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Matheus Teixeira Rossignoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Pereira Leite
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- João Pereira Leite,
| | - José Luiz Liberato
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: José Luiz Liberato,
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10
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Jaiswal G, Kumar P. Neuroprotective role of apocynin against pentylenetetrazole kindling epilepsy and associated comorbidities in mice by suppression of ROS/RNS. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113699. [PMID: 34856299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease that transpires due to the unusual synchronized neuronal discharge within the central nervous system, which drives repetitious unprovoked seizures. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is a complex enzyme accountable for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, neurodegeneration, neurotoxicity, memory impairment, vitiates normal cellular processes, long term potentiation, and thus, implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Therefore, the present study was sketched to examine the neuroprotective effect of apocynin, NADPH oxidase inhibitor in pentylenetetrazole kindling epilepsy, and induced comorbidities in mice. Mice (either sex) were given pentylenetetrazole (35 mg/kg, i.p.) every other day up to 29 days, and a challenge test was executed on the 33rd day. Pretreatment with apocynin (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) was carried out from 1st to 33rd day. Rotarod and open field test were performed on the 1st, 10th, 20th, and 30th days of the study. Animals were tutored on the morris water maze from 30th to 33rd day, and the retention was registered on the 34th day. Tail suspension test and elevated plus maze were sequentially performed on the 32nd and 33rd day of the study. On the 34th day, animals were sacrificed, and their brains were isolated to conduct biochemical estimation. NADPH oxidase activation due to chronic pentylenetetrazole treatment resulted in generalized tonic-clonic seizures, enhanced oxidative stress, remodeled neurotransmitters' level, and resulted in comorbidities (anxiety, depression, and memory impairment). Pretreatment with apocynin significantly restricted the pentylenetetrazole induced seizure severity, ROS production, neurotransmitter alteration, and comorbid conditions by inhibiting the NADPH oxidase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda (Punjab), India.
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda (Punjab), India; Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda (Punjab), India.
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11
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Setkowicz Z, Gzielo K, Kielbinski M, Janeczko K. Structural changes in the neocortex as correlates of variations in EEG spectra and seizure susceptibility in rat brains with different degrees of dysplasia. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1379-1398. [PMID: 34861050 PMCID: PMC9305260 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of the early stages of neurogenesis lead to irreversible changes in the structure of the mature brain and its functional impairment, including increased excitability, which may be the basis for drug‐resistant epilepsy. The range of possible clinical symptoms is as wide as the different stages of disturbed neurogenesis may be. In this study, we used a quadruple model of brain dysplasia by comparing structural and functional disorders in animals whose neurogenesis was disturbed with a single dose of 1 Gy of gamma rays at one of the four stages of neurogenesis, that is, on days 13, 15, 17, or 19 of prenatal development. When reached adulthood, the prenatally irradiated rats received EEG teletransmitter implantation. Thereafter, pilocarpine was administered and significant differences in susceptibility to seizure behavioral symptoms were detected depending on the degree of brain dysplasia. Before, during, and after the seizures significant correlations were found between the density of parvalbumin‐immunopositive neurons located in the cerebral cortex and the intensity of behavioral seizure symptoms or increases in the power of particular EEG bands. Neurons expressing calretinin or NPY showed also dysplasia‐related increases without, however, correlations with parameters of seizure intensity. The results point to significant roles of parvalbumin‐expressing interneurons, and also to expression of NPY—an endogenous anticonvulsant and neuroprotectant reducing susceptibility to seizures and supporting neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Setkowicz
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Gzielo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michal Kielbinski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Janeczko
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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12
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Hiltunen J, Ndode-Ekane XE, Lipponen A, Drexel M, Sperk G, Puhakka N, Pitkänen A. Regulation of Parvalbumin Interactome in the Perilesional Cortex after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroscience 2021; 475:52-72. [PMID: 34455012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes 10-20% of structural epilepsy, with seizures typically originating in the cortex. Alterations in the neuronal microcircuits in the cortical epileptogenic zone, however, are poorly understood. Here, we assessed TBI-induced changes in perisomatic gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic innervation in the perilesional cortex. We hypothesized that TBI will damage parvalbumin (PV)-immunoreactive inhibitory neurons and induce regulation of the associated GABAergic molecular interactome. TBI was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by lateral fluid-percussion injury. At 1-month post-TBI, the number of PV-positive somata was plotted on unfolded cortical maps and the distribution and density of immunopositive terminals analyzed. Qualitative analysis revealed either patchy microlesions of several hundred micrometers in diameter or diffuse neuronal loss. Quantitative analysis demonstrated a reduction in the number of PV-positive interneurons in patches down to 0% of that in sham-operated controls in the perilesional cortex. In the majority of patches, the cell numbers ranged from 71% to 90% that of the controls. The loss of PV-positive somata was accompanied by decreased axonal labeling. In situ hybridization revealed downregulated PV mRNA expression in the perilesional cortex. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis indicated a robustly downregulated expression profile of PV-related genes, which was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Specifically, we found that genes encoding postsynaptic GABA-A receptor genes, Gabrg2 and Gabrd, were downregulated in TBI animals compared with controls. Our data suggests that patchy reduction in PV-positive perisomatic inhibitory innervation contributes to the development of focal cortical inhibitory deficit after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hiltunen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Meinrad Drexel
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther Sperk
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 1a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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13
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Pinna A, Colasanti A. The Neurometabolic Basis of Mood Instability: The Parvalbumin Interneuron Link-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:689473. [PMID: 34616292 PMCID: PMC8488267 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.689473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurobiological bases of mood instability are poorly understood. Neuronal network alterations and neurometabolic abnormalities have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety conditions associated with mood instability and hence are candidate mechanisms underlying its neurobiology. Fast-spiking parvalbumin GABAergic interneurons modulate the activity of principal excitatory neurons through their inhibitory action determining precise neuronal excitation balance. These interneurons are directly involved in generating neuronal networks activities responsible for sustaining higher cerebral functions and are especially vulnerable to metabolic stress associated with deficiency of energy substrates or mitochondrial dysfunction. Parvalbumin interneurons are therefore candidate key players involved in mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of brain disorders associated with both neuronal networks' dysfunction and brain metabolism dysregulation. To provide empirical support to this hypothesis, we hereby report meta-analytical evidence of parvalbumin interneurons loss or dysfunction in the brain of patients with Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD), a condition primarily characterized by mood instability for which the pathophysiological role of mitochondrial dysfunction has recently emerged as critically important. We then present a comprehensive review of evidence from the literature illustrating the bidirectional relationship between deficiency in mitochondrial-dependent energy production and parvalbumin interneuron abnormalities. We propose a mechanistic explanation of how alterations in neuronal excitability, resulting from parvalbumin interneurons loss or dysfunction, might manifest clinically as mood instability, a poorly understood clinical phenotype typical of the most severe forms of affective disorders. The evidence we report provides insights on the broader therapeutic potential of pharmacologically targeting parvalbumin interneurons in psychiatric and neurological conditions characterized by both neurometabolic and neuroexcitability abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Pinna
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Colasanti
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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14
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Panthi S, Leitch B. Chemogenetic Activation of Feed-Forward Inhibitory Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons in the Cortico-Thalamocortical Network During Absence Seizures. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:688905. [PMID: 34122016 PMCID: PMC8193234 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.688905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons are a subset of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons that mediate feed-forward inhibition (FFI) within the cortico-thalamocortical (CTC) network of the brain. The CTC network is a reciprocal loop with connections between cortex and thalamus. FFI PV+ interneurons control the firing of principal excitatory neurons within the CTC network and prevent runaway excitation. Studies have shown that generalized spike-wave discharges (SWDs), the hallmark of absence seizures on electroencephalogram (EEG), originate within the CTC network. In the stargazer mouse model of absence epilepsy, reduced FFI is believed to contribute to absence seizure genesis as there is a specific loss of excitatory α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) at synaptic inputs to PV+ interneurons within the CTC network. However, the degree to which this deficit is directly related to seizure generation has not yet been established. Using chemogenetics and in vivo EEG recording, we recently demonstrated that functional silencing of PV+ interneurons in either the somatosensory cortex (SScortex) or the reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) is sufficient to generate absence-SWDs. Here, we used the same approach to assess whether activating PV+ FFI interneurons within the CTC network during absence seizures would prevent or reduce seizures. To target these interneurons, mice expressing Cre recombinase in PV+ interneurons (PV-Cre) were bred with mice expressing excitatory Gq-DREADD (hM3Dq-flox) receptors. An intraperitoneal dose of pro-epileptic chemical pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was used to induce absence seizure. The impact of activation of FFI PV+ interneurons during seizures was tested by focal injection of the “designer drug” clozapine N-oxide (CNO) into either the SScortex or the RTN thalamus. Seizures were assessed in PVCre/Gq-DREADD animals using EEG/video recordings. Overall, DREADD-mediated activation of PV+ interneurons provided anti-epileptic effects against PTZ-induced seizures. CNO activation of FFI either prevented PTZ-induced absence seizures or suppressed their severity. Furthermore, PTZ-induced tonic-clonic seizures were also reduced in severity by activation of FFI PV+ interneurons. In contrast, administration of CNO to non-DREADD wild-type control animals did not afford any protection against PTZ-induced seizures. These data demonstrate that FFI PV+ interneurons within CTC microcircuits could be a potential therapeutic target for anti-absence seizure treatment in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Panthi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Beulah Leitch
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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15
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Lintas A, Sánchez-Campusano R, Villa AEP, Gruart A, Delgado-García JM. Operant conditioning deficits and modified local field potential activities in parvalbumin-deficient mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2970. [PMID: 33536607 PMCID: PMC7859233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered functioning of GABAergic interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV) in the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit are likely to be involved in several human psychiatric disorders characterized by deficits in attention and sensory gating with dysfunctional decision-making behavior. However, the contribution of these interneurons in the ability to acquire demanding learning tasks remains unclear. Here, we combine an operant conditioning task with local field potentials simultaneously recorded in several nuclei involved in reward circuits of wild-type (WT) and PV-deficient (PVKO) mice, which are characterized by changes in firing activity of PV-expressing interneurons. In comparison with WT mice, PVKO animals presented significant deficits in the acquisition of the selected learning task. Recordings from prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens (NAc) and hippocampus showed significant decreases of the spectral power in beta and gamma bands in PVKO compared with WT mice particularly during the performance of the operant conditioning task. From the first to the last session, at all frequency bands the spectral power in NAc tended to increase in WT and to decrease in PVKO. Results indicate that PV deficiency impairs signaling necessary for instrumental learning and the recognition of natural rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lintas
- Neuroheuristic Research Group & LABEX, HEC Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Quartier UNIL-Chamberonne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Raudel Sánchez-Campusano
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alessandro E P Villa
- Neuroheuristic Research Group & LABEX, HEC Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Quartier UNIL-Chamberonne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Agnès Gruart
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José M Delgado-García
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
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16
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Amina S, Falcone C, Hong T, Wolf-Ochoa MW, Vakilzadeh G, Allen E, Perez-Castro R, Kargar M, Noctor S, Martínez-Cerdeño V. Chandelier Cartridge Density Is Reduced in the Prefrontal Cortex in Autism. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2944-2951. [PMID: 33527113 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An alteration in the balance of excitation-inhibition has been proposed as a common characteristic of the cerebral cortex in autism, which may be due to an alteration in the number and/or function of the excitatory and/or inhibitory cells that form the cortical circuitry. We previously found a decreased number of the parvalbumin (PV)+ interneuron known as Chandelier (Ch) cell in the prefrontal cortex in autism. This decrease could result from a decreased number of Ch cells, but also from decreased PV protein expression by Ch cells. To further determine if Ch cell number is altered in autism, we quantified the number of Ch cells following a different approach and different patient cohort than in our previous studies. We quantified the number of Ch cell cartridges-rather than Ch cell somata-that expressed GAT1-rather than PV. Specifically, we quantified GAT1+ cartridges in prefrontal areas BA9, BA46, and BA47 of 11 cases with autism and 11 control cases. We found that the density of GAT1+ cartridges was decreased in autism in all areas and layers. Whether this alteration is cause or effect remains unclear but could result from alterations that take place during cortical prenatal and/or postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Amina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Carmen Falcone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Tiffany Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Marisol Wendy Wolf-Ochoa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Gelareh Vakilzadeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Erik Allen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Rosalia Perez-Castro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Maryam Kargar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Stephen Noctor
- MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Verónica Martínez-Cerdeño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,MIND Institute, UC Davis Medical Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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17
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Filice F, Janickova L, Henzi T, Bilella A, Schwaller B. The Parvalbumin Hypothesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:577525. [PMID: 33390904 PMCID: PMC7775315 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.577525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-a type of neurodevelopmental disorder-is increasing and is around 2% in North America, Asia, and Europe. Besides the known genetic link, environmental, epigenetic, and metabolic factors have been implicated in ASD etiology. Although highly heterogeneous at the behavioral level, ASD comprises a set of core symptoms including impaired communication and social interaction skills as well as stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. This has led to the suggestion that a large part of the ASD phenotype is caused by changes in a few and common set of signaling pathways, the identification of which is a fundamental aim of autism research. Using advanced bioinformatics tools and the abundantly available genetic data, it is possible to classify the large number of ASD-associated genes according to cellular function and pathways. Cellular processes known to be impaired in ASD include gene regulation, synaptic transmission affecting the excitation/inhibition balance, neuronal Ca2+ signaling, development of short-/long-range connectivity (circuits and networks), and mitochondrial function. Such alterations often occur during early postnatal neurodevelopment. Among the neurons most affected in ASD as well as in schizophrenia are those expressing the Ca2+-binding protein parvalbumin (PV). These mainly inhibitory interneurons present in many different brain regions in humans and rodents are characterized by rapid, non-adaptive firing and have a high energy requirement. PV expression is often reduced at both messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in human ASD brain samples and mouse ASD (and schizophrenia) models. Although the human PVALB gene is not a high-ranking susceptibility/risk gene for either disorder and is currently only listed in the SFARI Gene Archive, we propose and present supporting evidence for the Parvalbumin Hypothesis, which posits that decreased PV level is causally related to the etiology of ASD (and possibly schizophrenia).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Beat Schwaller
- Section of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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18
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Lechner CR, McNally MA, St Pierre M, Felling RJ, Northington FJ, Stafstrom CE, Chavez-Valdez R. Sex specific correlation between GABAergic disruption in the dorsal hippocampus and flurothyl seizure susceptibility after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 148:105222. [PMID: 33309937 PMCID: PMC7864119 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) disrupts the hippocampal (Hp) GABAergic network in the mouse and Hp injury in this model correlates with flurothyl seizure susceptibility only in male mice, we hypothesized that GABAergic disruption correlates with flurothyl seizure susceptibility in a sex-specific manner. C57BL6 mice were exposed to HI (Vannucci model) versus sham procedures at P10, randomized to normothermia (NT) or therapeutic hypothermia (TH), and subsequently underwent flurothyl seizure testing at P18. Only in male mice, Hp atrophy correlated with seizure susceptibility. The number of Hp parvalbumin positive interneurons (PV+INs) decreased after HI in both sexes, but TH attenuated this deficit only in females. In males only, seizure susceptibility directly correlated with the number of PV+INs, but not somatostatin or calretinin expressing INs. Hp GABAB receptor subunit levels were decreased after HI, but unrelated to later seizure susceptibility. In contrast, Hp GABAA receptor α1 subunit (GABAARα1) levels were increased after HI. Adjusting the number of PV+ INs for their GABAARα1 expression strengthened the correlation with seizure susceptibility in male mice. Thus, we identified a novel Hp sex-specific GABA-mediated mechanism of compensation after HI that correlates with flurothyl seizure susceptibility warranting further study to better understand potential clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Lechner
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Melanie A McNally
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mark St Pierre
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ryan J Felling
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Frances J Northington
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Carl E Stafstrom
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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19
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Dickey B, Madhu LN, Shetty AK. Gulf War Illness: Mechanisms Underlying Brain Dysfunction and Promising Therapeutic Strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 220:107716. [PMID: 33164782 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI), a chronic multisymptom health problem, afflicts ~30% of veterans served in the first GW. Impaired brain function is among the most significant symptoms of GWI, which is typified by persistent cognitive and mood impairments, concentration problems, headaches, chronic fatigue, and musculoskeletal pain. This review aims to discuss findings from animal prototypes and veterans with GWI on mechanisms underlying its pathophysiology and emerging therapeutic strategies for alleviating brain dysfunction in GWI. Animal model studies have linked brain impairments to incessantly elevated oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, inhibitory interneuron loss, altered lipid metabolism and peroxisomes, mitochondrial dysfunction, modified expression of genes relevant to cognitive function, and waned hippocampal neurogenesis. Furthermore, the involvement of systemic alterations such as the increased intensity of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines in the blood, transformed gut microbiome, and activation of the adaptive immune response have received consideration. Investigations in veterans have suggested that brain dysfunction in GWI is linked to chronic activation of the executive control network, impaired functional connectivity, altered blood flow, persistent inflammation, and changes in miRNA levels. Lack of protective alleles from Class II HLA genes, the altered concentration of phospholipid species and proinflammatory factors in the circulating blood have also been suggested as other aiding factors. While some drugs or combination therapies have shown promise for alleviating symptoms in clinical trials, larger double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are needed to validate such findings. Based on improvements seen in animal models of GWI, several antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds are currently being tested in clinical trials. However, reliable blood biomarkers that facilitate an appropriate screening of veterans for brain pathology need to be discovered. A liquid biopsy approach involving analysis of brain-derived extracellular vesicles in the blood appears efficient for discerning the extent of neuropathology both before and during clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Dickey
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA; Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Leelavathi N Madhu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
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Carrillo GL, Ballard VA, Glausen T, Boone Z, Teamer J, Hinkson CL, Wohlfert EA, Blader IJ, Fox MA. Toxoplasma infection induces microglia-neuron contact and the loss of perisomatic inhibitory synapses. Glia 2020; 68:1968-1986. [PMID: 32157745 PMCID: PMC7423646 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection and inflammation within the brain induces changes in neuronal connectivity and function. The intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, is one pathogen that infects the brain and can cause encephalitis and seizures. Persistent infection by this parasite is also associated with behavioral alterations and an increased risk for developing psychiatric illness, including schizophrenia. Current evidence from studies in humans and mouse models suggest that both seizures and schizophrenia result from a loss or dysfunction of inhibitory synapses. In line with this, we recently reported that persistent T. gondii infection alters the distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), an enzyme that catalyzes GABA synthesis in inhibitory synapses. These changes could reflect a redistribution of presynaptic machinery in inhibitory neurons or a loss of inhibitory nerve terminals. To directly assess the latter possibility, we employed serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) and quantified inhibitory perisomatic synapses in neocortex and hippocampus following parasitic infection. Not only did persistent infection lead to a significant loss of perisomatic synapses, it induced the ensheathment of neuronal somata by myeloid-derived cells. Immunohistochemical, genetic, and ultrastructural analyses revealed that these myeloid-derived cells included activated microglia. Finally, ultrastructural analysis identified myeloid-derived cells enveloping perisomatic nerve terminals, suggesting they may actively displace or phagocytose synaptic elements. Thus, these results suggest that activated microglia contribute to perisomatic inhibitory synapse loss following parasitic infection and offer a novel mechanism as to how persistent T. gondii infection may contribute to both seizures and psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela L. Carrillo
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Valerie A. Ballard
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016
- Roanoke Valley Governor’s School, Roanoke VA 24015
| | - Taylor Glausen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14260
| | - Zack Boone
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Joseph Teamer
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016
- FBRI neuroSURF Program, Roanoke, VA 24016
| | - Cyrus L. Hinkson
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016
| | | | - Ira J. Blader
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14260
| | - Michael A. Fox
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016
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Casanova MF, Sokhadze EM, Casanova EL, Li X. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Neuropathological Underpinnings and Clinical Correlations. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2020; 35:100832. [PMID: 32892959 PMCID: PMC7477302 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2020.100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing knowledge about autism spectrum disorder (ASD), research findings have not been translated into curative treatment. At present, most therapeutic interventions provide for symptomatic treatment. Outcomes of interventions are judged by subjective endpoints (eg, behavioral assessments) which alongside the highly heterogeneous nature of ASD account for wide variability in the effectiveness of treatments. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is one of the first treatments that targets a putative core pathologic feature of autism, specifically the cortical inhibitory imbalance that alters gamma frequency synchronization. Studies show that low frequency TMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of individuals with ASD decreases the power of gamma activity and increases the difference between gamma responses to target and nontarget stimuli. TMS improves executive function skills related to self-monitoring behaviors and the ability to apply corrective actions. These improvements manifest themselves as a reduction of stimulus bound behaviors and diminished sympathetic arousal. Results become more significant with increasing number of sessions and bear synergism when used along with neurofeedback. When applied at low frequencies in individuals with ASD, TMS appears to be safe and to improve multiple patient-oriented outcomes. Future studies should be conducted in large populations to establish predictors of outcomes (eg, genetic profiling), length of persistence of benefits, and utility of booster sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F. Casanova
- Director of Childhood Neurotherapeutics, Greenville Health System, Departments of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Greenville, SC, USA and Professor of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Estate M. Sokhadze
- Research Professor, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Emily L. Casanova
- Research Assistant Professor, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Director, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Increased Seizure Susceptibility for Rats Subject to Early Life Hypoxia Might Be Associated with Brain Dysfunction of NRG1-ErbB4 Signaling in Parvalbumin Interneurons. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:5276-5285. [PMID: 32870492 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 (NRG1)-induced activation of ErbB4 in parvalbumin (PV) inhibitory interneurons is reported to serve as a critical endogenous negative-feedback mechanism to repress brain epileptogenesis. Here, we investigated the seizure susceptibility and the role of NRG1-ErbB4 signaling in PV interneurons in the suppression of epileptic seizures for rats subject to early life hypoxia. Neonatal postnatal day 5 (P5) rats were exposed to intermittent hypoxia (IH) or control (CON) room air for 10 days. In the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of P54 rats, we determined the impact of neonatal IH exposures on the expression of PV, NRG1, ErbB4, and phosphorylated ErbB4 (p-ErbB4) during the seizure induction. Seizure susceptibility tests with the common convulsant agent pentylenetetrazole (PEN) at P54 revealed that rats subject to neonatal hypoxia exposure developed faster and more serious epileptic seizures. Neonatal IH exposures (1) decreased the number of PV cells in the PFC of P54 rats; (2) interrupted the expression of NRG1 gene; and (3) altered the activity of NRG1 on PV interneurons in the PFC after the seizure induction. Intracerebroventricular delivery of exogenous NRG1 before seizure induction by PEN significantly reduced the seizure susceptibility for neonatal IH-exposed rats. The ErbB4 inhibitor AG1478 inhibited the exogenous NRG1's effects on seizure susceptibility. Environmental enrichment (EE) rescued the abovementioned pathophysiological alterations and significantly attenuated the epileptic seizures after the seizure induction for neonatal IH-exposed rats. Our study indicated early life hypoxia exposure might increase the seizure susceptibility for rats and contribute to pathophysiological dysfunction of NRG1-ErbB4 signaling in PV interneurons in the suppression of epileptic seizures. EE might attenuate the increased seizure susceptibility for neonatal IH-exposed rats through rescuing pathophysiological alterations of NRG1-ErbB4 signaling in PV interneurons.
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The Latest View on the Mechanism of Ferroptosis and Its Research Progress in Spinal Cord Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6375938. [PMID: 32908634 PMCID: PMC7474794 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6375938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently identified nonapoptotic form of cell death whose major markers are iron dependence and accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species, accompanied by morphological changes such as shrunken mitochondria and increased membrane density. It appears to contribute to the death of tumors, ischemia-reperfusion, acute renal failure, and nervous system diseases, among others. The generative mechanism of ferroptosis includes iron overloading, lipid peroxidation, and downstream execution, while the regulatory mechanism involves the glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4 pathway, as well as the mevalonate pathway and the transsulfuration pathway. In-depth research has continuously developed and enriched knowledge on the mechanism by which ferroptosis occurs. In recent years, reports of the noninterchangeable role played by selenium in glutathione peroxidase 4 and its function in suppressing ferroptosis and the discovery of ferroptosis suppressor protein 1, identified as a ferroptosis resistance factor parallel to the glutathione peroxidase 4 pathway, have expanded and deepened our understanding of the mechanism by which ferroptosis works. Ferroptosis has been reported in spinal cord injury animal model experiments, and the inhibition of ferroptosis could promote the recovery of neurological function. Here, we review the latest studies on mechanism by which ferroptosis occurs, focusing on the ferroptosis execution and the contents related to selenium and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1. In addition, we summarize the current research status of ferroptosis in spinal cord injury. The aim of this review is to better understand the mechanisms by which ferroptosis occurs and its role in the pathophysiological process of spinal cord injury, so as to provide a new idea and frame of reference for further exploration.
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Paracrine Role for Somatostatin Interneurons in the Assembly of Perisomatic Inhibitory Synapses. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7421-7435. [PMID: 32847968 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0613-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons represent a heterogenous group of cell types in neocortex that can be clustered based on developmental origin, morphology, physiology, and connectivity. Two abundant populations of cortical GABAergic interneurons include the low-threshold, somatostatin (SST)-expressing cells and the fast-spiking, parvalbumin (PV)-expressing cells. While SST+ and PV+ interneurons are both early born and migrate into the developing neocortex at similar times, SST+ cells are incorporated into functional circuits prior to PV+ cells. During this early period of neural development, SST+ cells play critical roles in the assembly and maturation of other cortical circuits; however, the mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Here, using both sexes of conditional mutant mice, we discovered that SST+ interneuron-derived Collagen XIX, a synaptogenic extracellular matrix protein, is required for the formation of GABAergic, perisomatic synapses by PV+ cells. These results, therefore, identify a paracrine mechanism by which early-born SST+ cells orchestrate inhibitory circuit formation in the developing neocortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex represent a heterogenous group of cells that generate the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. One such interneuron type is the low-threshold, somatostatin (SST)-expressing cell, which is one of the first types of interneurons to migrate into the cerebral cortex and become incorporated into functional circuits. In addition, to contributing important roles in controlling the flow of information in the adult cerebral cortex, SST+ cells play important roles in the development of other neural circuits in the developing brain. Here, we identified an extracellular matrix protein that is released by these early-born SST+ neurons to orchestrate inhibitory circuit formation in the developing cerebral cortex.
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Janickova L, Rechberger KF, Wey L, Schwaller B. Absence of parvalbumin increases mitochondria volume and branching of dendrites in inhibitory Pvalb neurons in vivo: a point of convergence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk gene phenotypes. Mol Autism 2020; 11:47. [PMID: 32517751 PMCID: PMC7285523 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In fast firing, parvalbumin (PV)-expressing (Pvalb) interneurons, PV acts as an intracellular Ca2+ signal modulator with slow-onset kinetics. In Purkinje cells of PV−/− mice, adaptive/homeostatic mechanisms lead to an increase in mitochondria, organelles equally capable of delayed Ca2+ sequestering/buffering. An inverse regulation of PV and mitochondria likewise operates in cell model systems in vitro including myotubes, epithelial cells, and oligodendrocyte-like cells overexpressing PV. Whether such opposite regulation pertains to all Pvalb neurons is currently unknown. In oligodendrocyte-like cells, PV additionally decreases growth and branching of processes in a cell-autonomous manner. Methods The in vivo effects of absence of PV were investigated in inhibitory Pvalb neurons expressing EGFP, present in the somatosensory and medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, thalamic reticular nucleus, hippocampal regions DG, CA3, and CA1 and cerebellum of mice either wild-type or knockout (PV−/−) for the Pvalb gene. Changes in Pvalb neuron morphology and PV concentrations were determined using immunofluorescence, followed by 3D-reconstruction and quantitative image analyses. Results PV deficiency led to an increase in mitochondria volume and density in the soma; the magnitude of the effect was positively correlated with the estimated PV concentrations in the various Pvalb neuron subpopulations in wild-type neurons. The increase in dendrite length and branching, as well as thickness of proximal dendrites of selected PV−/− Pvalb neurons is likely the result of the observed increased density and length of mitochondria in these PV−/− Pvalb neuron dendrites. The increased branching and soma size directly linked to the absence of PV is assumed to contribute to the increased volume of the neocortex present in juvenile PV−/− mice. The extended dendritic branching is in line with the hypothesis of local hyperconnectivity in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and ASD mouse models including PV−/− mice, which display all ASD core symptoms and several comorbidities including cortical macrocephaly at juvenile age. Conclusion PV is involved in most proposed mechanisms implicated in ASD etiology: alterations in Ca2+ signaling affecting E/I balance, changes in mitochondria structure/function, and increased dendritic length and branching, possibly resulting in local hyperconnectivity, all in a likely cell autonomous way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Janickova
- Anatomy, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karin Farah Rechberger
- Anatomy, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Wey
- Anatomy, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Beat Schwaller
- Anatomy, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Brunet A, Stuart-Lopez G, Burg T, Scekic-Zahirovic J, Rouaux C. Cortical Circuit Dysfunction as a Potential Driver of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:363. [PMID: 32410944 PMCID: PMC7201269 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects selected cortical and spinal neuronal populations, leading to progressive paralysis and death. A growing body of evidences suggests that the disease may originate in the cerebral cortex and propagate in a corticofugal manner. In particular, transcranial magnetic stimulation studies revealed that ALS patients present with early cortical hyperexcitability arising from a combination of increased excitability and decreased inhibition. Here, we discuss the possibility that initial cortical circuit dysfunction might act as the main driver of ALS onset and progression, and review recent functional, imaging and transcriptomic studies conducted on ALS patients, along with electrophysiological, pathological and transcriptomic studies on animal and cellular models of the disease, in order to evaluate the potential cellular and molecular origins of cortical hyperexcitability in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Caroline Rouaux
- INSERM UMR_S 1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Vitamin D status of untreated children and adolescent Egyptian patients with genetic generalized epilepsy: A case-control study. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 103:106840. [PMID: 31864942 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly incriminated for vitamin D deficiency in children with epilepsy. The aim of this study was to examine 25(OH) vitamin D status among children and adolescents with genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) who had never received AEDs and its relation to seizure frequency and epilepsy duration. METHODS This case-control study was conducted on 42 recently diagnosed patients with GGE, aged ≤18 years and 40 age- and gender-matched controls. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D level was performed for all participants. RESULTS Serum 25(OH) vitamin D level was significantly lower in patients (median = 22 ng/ml, interquartile range (IQR) = 16.6-28.6) compared with controls (median = 58.4 ng/ml, IQR = 53-68), (P-value < 0.001). Patients with ≥4 seizures per month had a significantly lower level of serum 25(OH) vitamin D (median = 17.7 ng/ml, IQR = 16-24) than patients with lower seizure frequency (median = 28.3 ng/ml, IQR = 24.2-40.2), (P-value = 0.004). Also, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the duration of epilepsy and serum 25(OH) vitamin D level (r = -0.309, P-value = 0.046). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that serum 25(OH) vitamin D level with a cutoff value of 23.9 distinguished patients with low seizure frequency (five or less per year) from patients with higher seizure frequency with a sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 74%, respectively (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.798). CONCLUSION Vitamin D deficiency is found in treatment-naive children with epilepsy and adolescents with GGE, and it is associated with higher seizure frequency, longer disease duration, and younger age at onset.
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Schwaller B. Cytosolic Ca 2+ Buffers Are Inherently Ca 2+ Signal Modulators. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a035543. [PMID: 31308146 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For precisely regulating intracellular Ca2+ signals in a time- and space-dependent manner, cells make use of various components of the "Ca2+ signaling toolkit," including Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ extrusion systems. A class of cytosolic Ca2+-binding proteins termed Ca2+ buffers serves as modulators of such, mostly short-lived Ca2+ signals. Prototypical Ca2+ buffers include parvalbumins (α and β isoforms), calbindin-D9k, calbindin-D28k, and calretinin. Although initially considered to function as pure Ca2+ buffers, that is, as intracellular Ca2+ signal modulators controlling the shape (amplitude, decay, spread) of Ca2+ signals, evidence has accumulated that calbindin-D28k and calretinin have additional Ca2+ sensor functions. These other functions are brought about by direct interactions with target proteins, thereby modulating their targets' function/activity. Dysregulation of Ca2+ buffer expression is associated with several neurologic/neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. In some cases, the presence of these proteins is presumed to confer a neuroprotective effect, as evidenced in animal models of Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Schwaller
- Department of Anatomy, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Sumbul O, Aygun H. The effect of vitamin D 3 and paricalcitol on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Epilepsy Res 2019; 159:106262. [PMID: 31887643 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Epilepsy is a disease characterized by seizures which impair human life considerably. Vitamin D is of different systemic effects on metabolism and its deficiency is known to have a high prevalence among epilepsy patients. Paricalcitol, a vitamin D receptor agonist, has relatively fewer side effects. This study aimed to investigate the anticonvulsant effect of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and paricalcitol on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. METHOD 21 male Wistar rat weighing 180-240 g were used. After anesthetized by 1.25 g/kg urethane intraperitoneally (i.p.), rats were placed in the stereotaxic frame and tripolar electrodes were placed on the skull. The single microinjection of penicillin (2.5 μl, 500 IU, i.c.) into left sensorimotor cortex induced epileptiform activity. A single dose of 60.000 IU/kg (i.p.) vitamin D3 was administered 14 days before intracortical penicillin (500 IU) injection. Paricalcitol (10 μg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min before intracortical penicillin (500 IU) administration and recorded for the following 180 min. RESULTS Vitamin D3 pretreatment and paricalcitol diminished the frequency of epileptiform activity (p < 0.001) without changing the amplitude (p > 0.05) compared to the penicillin-injected group. Vitamin D3 pretreatment and paricalcitol led to an important delay in the onset of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Vitamin D3 increased the latency of penicillin-induced epileptic activity compared to paricalcitol group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Results indicate that vitamin D3 and paricalcitol decreased the frequency and increased the latency of the penicillin-induced epileptic activity. Vitamin D3 was more effective than paricalcitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Sumbul
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Hatice Aygun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey.
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Hameed MQ, Hsieh TH, Morales-Quezada L, Lee HHC, Damar U, MacMullin PC, Hensch TK, Rotenberg A. Ceftriaxone Treatment Preserves Cortical Inhibitory Interneuron Function via Transient Salvage of GLT-1 in a Rat Traumatic Brain Injury Model. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:4506-4518. [PMID: 30590449 PMCID: PMC7150617 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a decrease in glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) expression, the major mechanism for glutamate removal from synapses. Coupled with an increase in glutamate release from dead and dying neurons, this causes an increase in extracellular glutamate. The ensuing glutamate excitotoxicity disproportionately damages vulnerable GABAergic parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons, resulting in a progressively worsening cortical excitatory:inhibitory imbalance due to a loss of GABAergic inhibitory tone, as evidenced by chronic post-traumatic symptoms such as epilepsy, and supported by neuropathologic findings. This loss of intracortical inhibition can be measured and followed noninvasively using long-interval paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation with mechanomyography (LI-ppTMS-MMG). Ceftriaxone, a β-lactam antibiotic, is a potent stimulator of the expression of rodent GLT-1 and would presumably decrease excitotoxic damage to GABAergic interneurons. It may thus be a viable antiepileptogenic intervention. Using a rat fluid percussion injury TBI model, we utilized LI-ppTMS-MMG, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry to test whether ceftriaxone treatment preserves intracortical inhibition and cortical parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneuron function after TBI in rat motor cortex. We show that neocortical GLT-1 gene and protein expression are significantly reduced 1 week after TBI, and this transient loss is mitigated by ceftriaxone. Importantly, whereas intracortical inhibition declines progressively after TBI, 1 week of post-TBI ceftriaxone treatment attenuates the loss of inhibition compared to saline-treated controls. This finding is accompanied by significantly higher parvalbumin gene and protein expression in ceftriaxone-treated injured rats. Our results highlight prospects for ceftriaxone as an intervention after TBI to prevent cortical inhibitory interneuron dysfunction, partly by preserving GLT-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Q Hameed
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy & Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Leon Morales-Quezada
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Henry H C Lee
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ugur Damar
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul C MacMullin
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takao K Hensch
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Γ-Aminobutyric acid in adult brain: an update. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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32
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Malagarriga D, Pons AJ, Villa AEP. Complex temporal patterns processing by a neural mass model of a cortical column. Cogn Neurodyn 2019; 13:379-392. [PMID: 31354883 PMCID: PMC6624230 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-019-09531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that neuronal networks are capable of transmitting complex spatiotemporal information in the form of precise sequences of neuronal discharges characterized by recurrent patterns. At the same time, the synchronized activity of large ensembles produces local field potentials that propagate through highly dynamic oscillatory waves, such that, at the whole brain scale, complex spatiotemporal dynamics of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals may be associated to sensorimotor decision making processes. Despite these experimental evidences, the link between highly temporally organized input patterns and EEG waves has not been studied in detail. Here, we use a neural mass model to investigate to what extent precise temporal information, carried by deterministic nonlinear attractor mappings, is filtered and transformed into fluctuations in phase, frequency and amplitude of oscillatory brain activity. The phase shift that we observe, when we drive the neural mass model with specific chaotic inputs, shows that the local field potential amplitude peak appears in less than one full cycle, thus allowing traveling waves to encode temporal information. After converting phase and amplitude changes obtained into point processes, we quantify input-output similarity following a threshold-filtering algorithm onto the amplitude wave peaks. Our analysis shows that the neural mass model has the capacity for gating the input signal and propagate selected temporal features of that signal. Finally, we discuss the effect of local excitatory/inhibitory balance on these results and how excitability in cortical columns, controlled by neuromodulatory innervation of the cerebral cortex, may contribute to set a fine tuning and gating of the information fed to the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Malagarriga
- Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici Gaia, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
- Neuroheuristic Research Group, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio J. Pons
- Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici Gaia, Rambla Sant Nebridi 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
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33
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Filice F, Blum W, Lauber E, Schwaller B. Inducible and reversible silencing of the Pvalb gene in mice: An in vitro and in vivo study. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2694-2706. [PMID: 30883994 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inducible and reversible regulation of gene expression is a powerful approach for unraveling gene functions. Here, we describe the generation of a system to efficiently downregulate in a reversible and inducible manner the Pvalb gene coding for the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) in mice. We made use of an IPTG-inducible short hairpin RNA to activate Pvalb transcript knockdown and subsequently downregulate PV. The downregulation was rapidly reversed after withdrawal of IPTG. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed a decrease in PV expression of ≥50% in the presence of IPTG and full reversibility after IPTG removal. We foresee that the tightly regulated and reversible PV downregulation in mice in vivo will provide a new tool for the control of Pvalb transcript expression in a temporal manner. Because PV protein and PVALB transcript levels were found to be lower in the brain of patients with autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, the novel transgenic mouse line might serve as a model to investigate the putative role of PV in these neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Filice
- Department of Neuroscience & Movements Science, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Walter Blum
- Department of Neuroscience & Movements Science, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Lauber
- Department of Neuroscience & Movements Science, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Beat Schwaller
- Department of Neuroscience & Movements Science, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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34
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Koenig JB, Cantu D, Low C, Sommer M, Noubary F, Croker D, Whalen M, Kong D, Dulla CG. Glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose prevents cortical hyperexcitability after traumatic brain injury. JCI Insight 2019; 5:126506. [PMID: 31038473 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes cortical dysfunction and can lead to post-traumatic epilepsy. Multiple studies demonstrate that GABAergic inhibitory network function is compromised following TBI, which may contribute to hyperexcitability and motor, behavioral, and cognitive deficits. Preserving the function of GABAergic interneurons, therefore, is a rational therapeutic strategy to preserve cortical function after TBI and prevent long-term clinical complications. Here, we explored an approach based on the ketogenic diet, a neuroprotective and anticonvulsant dietary therapy which results in reduced glycolysis and increased ketosis. Utilizing a pharmacologic inhibitor of glycolysis (2-deoxyglucose, or 2-DG), we found that acute in vitro application of 2-DG decreased the excitability of excitatory neurons, but not inhibitory interneurons, in cortical slices from naïve mice. Employing the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI in mice, we found that in vitro 2-DG treatment rapidly attenuated epileptiform activity seen in acute cortical slices 3 to 5 weeks after TBI. One week of in vivo 2-DG treatment immediately after TBI prevented the development of epileptiform activity, restored excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity, and attenuated the loss of parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons. In summary, 2-DG may have therapeutic potential to restore network function following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny B Koenig
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Cantu
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cho Low
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Program, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Sommer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Farzad Noubary
- Department of Health Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danielle Croker
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Whalen
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dong Kong
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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Sun Y, Liu N, Bai H, Li Y, Xue F, Ye J, Ma H, En H, Chen J. Differential proteomic analysis to identify proteins associated with beak deformity in chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1833-1841. [PMID: 30452707 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The beak is the dominant avian facial feature, and beak deformity occurs in 0.5 to 2.5% of some indigenous chicken breeds, resulting in difficulties when eating, drinking, and performing natural behaviors. Previous studies on beak deformity focused largely on candidate molecules associated with skeletogenic development, providing insight into the molecular and genetic underpinnings of beak deformity. The present study was performed to identify candidate proteins related to this malformation in chickens. Three 12-day-old Beijing-You roosters with deformed beaks (D1, D2, and D3) and 3 with normal beaks (N1, N2, and N3) were used, and total beak proteins were isolated and subjected to standard iTRAQ labeling, strong cation-exchange chromatography, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Mascot 2.3.02 was used to identify and quantitatively analyze proteins. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were used to identify functions and metabolic pathways of differentially expressed proteins, and key proteins were further validated using western blot. A total of 2,370, 2,401, and 2,378 proteins were reliably quantified in 3 biological replicates, among which, 2,345 were common to all, and 92 were differentially expressed between the 2 groups. These included 37 upregulated and 55 downregulated proteins in deformed beaks. Pentraxin-related protein 3, hemopexin, lipoprotein lipase, retinoid-binding protein 7, and biliverdin reductase A were downregulated in all 3 sets, while parvalbumin, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, and ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 were upregulated. Pathway analysis returned no enriched pathways, and western blot validated the iTRAQ results. Parvalbumin and lipoprotein lipase could be firstly selected as key proteins in view of their known functions in regulating the buffering of intracellular free Ca2+ in both cartilage and bone cells and bone mass, respectively. Their potential roles in beak deformity, however, deserve further studies. In summary, the onset of beak deformity could be very complex, and this study will be helpful for future investigation of mechanistic explanation for beak deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunlei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fuguang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhua Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - He En
- Chifeng Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science Academy, Chifeng 024031, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jilan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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36
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McNally MA, Chavez-Valdez R, Felling RJ, Flock DL, Northington FJ, Stafstrom CE. Seizure Susceptibility Correlates with Brain Injury in Male Mice Treated with Hypothermia after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:1-10. [PMID: 30820019 PMCID: PMC9109068 DOI: 10.1159/000496468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a common neonatal brain injury associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite the administration of therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Neonatal seizures and subsequent chronic epilepsy are frequent in this patient population and current treatments are partially effective. We used a neonatal murine hypoxia-ischemia (HI) model to test whether the severity of hippocampal and cortical injury predicts seizure susceptibility 8 days after HI and whether TH mitigates this susceptibility. HI at postnatal day 10 (P10) caused hippocampal injury not mitigated by TH in male or female pups. TH did not confer protection against flurothyl seizure susceptibility at P18 in this model. Hippocampal (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.001) and cortical (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.003) injury directly correlated with seizure susceptibility in male but not female pups. Thus, there are sex-specific consequences of neonatal HI on flurothyl seizure susceptibility in a murine neonatal HI model. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of sex dimorphism in seizure susceptibility after neonatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A McNally
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
| | - Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan J Felling
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Debra L Flock
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frances J Northington
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carl E Stafstrom
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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37
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Hussain T, Kil H, Hattiangady B, Lee J, Kodali M, Shuai B, Attaluri S, Takata Y, Shen J, Abba MC, Shetty AK, Aldaz CM. Wwox deletion leads to reduced GABA-ergic inhibitory interneuron numbers and activation of microglia and astrocytes in mouse hippocampus. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 121:163-176. [PMID: 30290271 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase WWOX gene loss of function with central nervous system (CNS) related pathologies is well documented. These include spinocerebellar ataxia, epilepsy and mental retardation (SCAR12, OMIM: 614322) and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE28, OMIM: 616211) syndromes. However, there is complete lack of understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms at play. In this study, using a Wwox knockout (Wwox KO) mouse model (2 weeks old, both sexes) and stereological studies we observe that Wwox deletion leads to a significant reduction in the number of hippocampal GABA-ergic (γ-aminobutyric acid) interneurons. Wwox KO mice displayed significantly reduced numbers of calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) expressing interneurons in different subfields of the hippocampus in comparison to Wwox wild-type (WT) mice. We also detected decreased levels of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase protein isoforms GAD65/67 expression in Wwox null hippocampi suggesting lower levels of GABA synthesis. In addition, Wwox deficiency was associated with signs of neuroinflammation such as evidence of activated microglia, astrogliosis, and overexpression of inflammatory cytokines Tnf-a and Il6. We also performed comparative transcriptome-wide expression analyses of neural stem cells grown as neurospheres from hippocampi of Wwox KO and WT mice thus identifying 283 genes significantly dysregulated in their expression. Functional annotation of transcriptome profiling differences identified 'neurological disease' and 'CNS development related functions' to be significantly enriched. Several epilepsy-related genes were found differentially expressed in Wwox KO neurospheres. This study provides the first genotype-phenotype observations as well as potential mechanistic clues associated with Wwox loss of function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabish Hussain
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
| | - Hyunsuk Kil
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
| | - Bharathi Hattiangady
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College Station, TX, United States; Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, CTVHCS, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
| | - Maheedhar Kodali
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College Station, TX, United States; Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, CTVHCS, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Bing Shuai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College Station, TX, United States; Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, CTVHCS, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Sahithi Attaluri
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College Station, TX, United States; Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, CTVHCS, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Yoko Takata
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
| | - Jianjun Shen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States
| | - Martin C Abba
- CINIBA, School of Medicine, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple and College Station, TX, United States; Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, CTVHCS, Temple, TX, United States
| | - C Marcelo Aldaz
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, United States.
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38
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Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels, Calcium Binding Proteins, and Their Interaction in the Pathological Process of Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092735. [PMID: 30213136 PMCID: PMC6164075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important second messenger, the calcium ion (Ca2+) plays a vital role in normal brain function and in the pathophysiological process of different neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and epilepsy. Ca2+ takes part in the regulation of neuronal excitability, and the imbalance of intracellular Ca2+ is a trigger factor for the occurrence of epilepsy. Several anti-epileptic drugs target voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). Intracellular Ca2+ levels are mainly controlled by VDCCs located in the plasma membrane, the calcium-binding proteins (CBPs) inside the cytoplasm, calcium channels located on the intracellular calcium store (particular the endoplasmic reticulum/sarcoplasmic reticulum), and the Ca2+-pumps located in the plasma membrane and intracellular calcium store. So far, while many studies have established the relationship between calcium control factors and epilepsy, the mechanism of various Ca2+ regulatory factors in epileptogenesis is still unknown. In this paper, we reviewed the function, distribution, and alteration of VDCCs and CBPs in the central nervous system in the pathological process of epilepsy. The interaction of VDCCs with CBPs in the pathological process of epilepsy was also summarized. We hope this review can provide some clues for better understanding the mechanism of epileptogenesis, and for the development of new anti-epileptic drugs targeting on VDCCs and CBPs.
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39
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Parrish RR, Codadu NK, Racca C, Trevelyan AJ. Pyramidal cell activity levels affect the polarity of activity-induced gene transcription changes in interneurons. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2358-2367. [PMID: 30110232 PMCID: PMC6295532 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00287.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in gene expression are an important mechanism by which activity levels are regulated in the nervous system. It is not known, however, how network activity influences gene expression in interneurons; since they themselves provide negative feedback in the form of synaptic inhibition, there exists a potential conflict between their cellular homeostatic tendencies and those of the network. We present a means of examining this issue, utilizing simple in vitro models showing different patterns of intense network activity. We found that the degree of concurrent pyramidal activation changed the polarity of the induced gene transcription. When pyramidal cells were quiescent, interneuronal activation led to an upregulation of glutamate decarboxylase 1 ( GAD1) and parvalbumin ( Pvalb) gene transcriptions, mediated by activation of the Ras/extracellular signal-related kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/ERK MAPK) pathway. In contrast, coactivation of pyramidal cells led to an ionotropic glutamate receptor N-methyl-d-aspartate 2B-dependent decrease in transcription. Our results demonstrate a hitherto unrecognized complexity in how activity-dependent gene expression changes are manifest in cortical networks. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate a novel feedback mechanism in cortical networks, by which glutamatergic drive, mediated through the Ras/ERK MAPK pathway, regulates gene transcription in interneurons. Using a unique feature of certain in vitro epilepsy models, we show that without this glutamatergic feedback, intense activation of interneurons causes parvalbumin and glutamate decarboxylase 1 mRNA expression to increase. If, on the other hand, pyramidal cells are coactivated with interneurons, this leads to a downregulation of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ryley Parrish
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School , Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Neela K Codadu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School , Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Racca
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School , Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Trevelyan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical School , Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom.,Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Department of Neurology, Columbia University , New York, New York
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40
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Wen TH, Binder DK, Ethell IM, Razak KA. The Perineuronal 'Safety' Net? Perineuronal Net Abnormalities in Neurological Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:270. [PMID: 30123106 PMCID: PMC6085424 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNN) are extracellular matrix (ECM) assemblies that preferentially ensheath parvalbumin (PV) expressing interneurons. Converging evidence indicates that PV cells and PNN are impaired in a variety of neurological disorders. PNN development and maintenance is necessary for a number of processes within the CNS, including regulation of GABAergic cell function, protection of neurons from oxidative stress, and closure of developmental critical period plasticity windows. Understanding PNN functions may be essential for characterizing the mechanisms of altered cortical excitability observed in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. Indeed, PNN abnormalities have been observed in post-mortem brain tissues of patients with schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. There is impaired development of PNNs and enhanced activity of its key regulator matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in Fragile X Syndrome, a common genetic cause of autism. MMP-9, a protease that cleaves ECM, is differentially regulated in a number of these disorders. Despite this, few studies have addressed the interactions between PNN expression, MMP-9 activity and neuronal excitability. In this review, we highlight the current evidence for PNN abnormalities in CNS disorders associated with altered network function and MMP-9 levels, emphasizing the need for future work targeting PNNs in pathophysiology and therapeutic treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa H Wen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Devin K Binder
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Iryna M Ethell
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Khaleel A Razak
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Psychology Graduate Program, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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41
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Yang JW, Prouvot PH, Reyes-Puerta V, Stüttgen MC, Stroh A, Luhmann HJ. Optogenetic Modulation of a Minor Fraction of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Specifically Affects Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Spontaneous and Sensory-Evoked Activity in Mouse Somatosensory Cortex in Vivo. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5784-5803. [PMID: 29040472 PMCID: PMC5939210 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin (PV) positive interneurons exert strong effects on the neocortical excitatory network, but it remains unclear how they impact the spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory processing in the somatosensory cortex. Here, we characterized the effects of optogenetic inhibition and activation of PV interneurons on spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity in mouse barrel cortex in vivo. Inhibiting PV interneurons led to a broad-spectrum power increase both in spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity. Whisker-evoked responses were significantly increased within 20 ms after stimulus onset during inhibition of PV interneurons, demonstrating high temporal precision of PV-shaped inhibition. Multiunit activity was strongly enhanced in neighboring cortical columns, but not at the site of transduction, supporting a central and highly specific role of PV interneurons in lateral inhibition. Inversely, activating PV interneurons drastically decreased spontaneous and whisker-evoked activity in the principal column and exerted strong lateral inhibition. Histological assessment of transduced cells combined with quantitative modeling of light distribution and spike sorting revealed that only a minor fraction (~10%) of the local PV population comprising no more than a few hundred neurons is optogenetically modulated, mediating the observed prominent and widespread effects on neocortical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pierre-Hugues Prouvot
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Vicente Reyes-Puerta
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maik C Stüttgen
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stroh
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Jazmati D, Neubacher U, Funke K. Neuropeptide Y as a possible homeostatic element for changes in cortical excitability induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Stimul 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Wang Y, Liang J, Chen L, Shen Y, Zhao J, Xu C, Wu X, Cheng H, Ying X, Guo Y, Wang S, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Chen Z. Pharmaco-genetic therapeutics targeting parvalbumin neurons attenuate temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 117:149-160. [PMID: 29894753 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of epilepsy and is often medically refractory. Previous studies suggest that selective pharmaco-genetic inhibition of pyramidal neurons has therapeutic value for the treatment of epilepsy, however there is a risk of disrupting normal physical functions. Here, we test whether pharmaco-genetic activation of parvalbumin neurons, which are transgenetically transduced with the modified muscarinic receptor hM3Dq can attenuate TLE. We found that pharmaco-genetic activation of hippocampal parvalbumin neurons in epileptogenic zone not only significantly extends the latency to different seizure stages and attenuates seizure activities in acute seizure model, but also greatly alleviates the severity of seizure onsets in two chronic epilepsy models. This manipulation did not affect the normal physical function evaluated in various cognitive tasks. Further, the activation of parvalbumin neurons produced an inhibition on parts of surrounding pyramidal neurons, and the direct inactivation of pyramidal neurons via the viral expression of a modified muscarinic receptor hM4Di produced a similar anti-ictogenic effect. Interestingly, pharmaco-genetic inactivation of pyramidal neurons was more sensitive to impair cognitive function. Those data demonstrated that pharmaco-genetic seizure attenuation through targeting parvalbumin neurons rather than pyramidal neurons may be a novel and relatively safe approach for treating refractory TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Liang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yating Shen
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junli Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cenglin Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heming Cheng
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Ying
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yudong Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Bhaduri B, Abhilash PL, Alladi PA. Baseline striatal and nigral interneuronal protein levels in two distinct mice strains differ in accordance with their MPTP susceptibility. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 91:46-54. [PMID: 29694842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies reveal an ethnicity-based bias in prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD), deriving from the differences that exist between Caucasians and African or Asian populations. Experimental mice models provide a scope to analyse the cellular mechanisms of differential susceptibility to PD. C57BL/6J mice, for instance, are more susceptible to MPTP-induced Parkinsonism whereas CD-1 mice are resistant. In PD-pathogenesis, interneuronal contribution is also likely, although they comprise only 5-10% of the striatal cells. The interneurons harbour calcium binding proteins, like calretinin (Cal-R) and parvalbumin (PV), which are crucial in Ca2+ homeostasis for preventing calcium-induced excitotoxicity. GAD-67-immunoreactive interneurons are the other prominent set of GABAergic interneurons. In PD, dopamine loss up-regulates GAD-67 expression in striatal projection neurons and other basal ganglia circuit. We studied the possible contribution of interneurons in determining variable susceptibility by assessing the expression of calretinin, PV and GAD-67 in both striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in two distinct mice strains, i.e. C57BL/6J and CD-1 under normal conditions, using unbiased stereology for quantification of immunoreactive cells and immunoblotting. The vulnerable C57BL/6J had lesser basal parvalbumin expression in both nigra and striatum whereas the calretinin levels were low only in the striatum. GAD-67 expression showed no perceptible differences in the striatum or SNpc of either of the strains. Differential expression of calcium buffering/binding proteins under normal physiological condition proffers a role for interneurons in the differential susceptibility to PD. Thus, even the baseline susceptibility indices i.e. without using the neurotoxin; can provide vital mechanistic insights into PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Bhaduri
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - P L Abhilash
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Phalguni Anand Alladi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India.
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Nichols J, Bjorklund GR, Newbern J, Anderson T. Parvalbumin fast-spiking interneurons are selectively altered by paediatric traumatic brain injury. J Physiol 2018; 596:1277-1293. [PMID: 29333742 PMCID: PMC5878227 DOI: 10.1113/jp275393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children remains a leading cause of death and disability and it remains poorly understood why children have worse outcomes and longer recover times. TBI has shown to alter cortical excitability and inhibitory drive onto excitatory neurons, yet few studies have directly examined changes to cortical interneurons. This is addressed in the present study using a clinically relevant model of severe TBI (controlled cortical impact) in interneuron cell type specific Cre-dependent mice. Mice subjected to controlled cortical impact exhibit specific loss of parvalbumin (PV) but not somatostatin immunoreactivity and cell density in the peri-injury zone. PV interneurons are primarily of a fast-spiking (FS) phenotype that persisted in the peri-injury zone but received less frequent inhibitory and stronger excitatory post-synaptic currents. The targeted loss of PV-FS interneurons appears to be distinct from previous reports in adult mice suggesting that TBI-induced pathophysiology is dependent on the age at time of impact. ABSTRACT Paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in children. Traditionally, ongoing neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity have been considered to confer children with an advantage following TBI. However, recent findings indicate that the paediatric brain may be more sensitive to brain injury. Inhibitory interneurons are essential for proper cortical function and are implicated in the pathophysiology of TBI, yet few studies have directly investigated TBI-induced changes to interneurons themselves. Accordingly, in the present study, we examine how inhibitory neurons are altered following controlled cortical impact (CCI) in juvenile mice with targeted Cre-dependent fluorescence labelling of interneurons (Vgat:Cre/Ai9 and PV:Cre/Ai6). Although CCI failed to alter the number of excitatory neurons or somatostatin-expressing interneurons in the peri-injury zone, it significantly decreased the density of parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactive cells by 71%. However, PV:Cre/Ai6 mice subjected to CCI showed a lower extent of fluorescence labelled cell loss. PV interneurons are predominantly of a fast-spiking (FS) phenotype and, when recorded electrophysiologically from the peri-injury zone, exhibited intrinsic properties similar to those of control neurons. Synaptically, CCI induced a decrease in inhibitory drive onto FS interneurons combined with an increase in the strength of excitatory events. The results of the present study indicate that CCI induced both a loss of PV interneurons and an even greater loss of PV expression. This suggests caution is required when interpreting changes in PV immunoreactivity alone as direct evidence of interneuronal loss. Furthermore, in contrast to reports in adults, TBI in the paediatric brain selectively alters PV-FS interneurons, primarily resulting in a loss of interneuronal inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Nichols
- University of ArizonaCollege of Medicine – PhoenixPhoenixAZUSA
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityAZUSA
| | | | - Jason Newbern
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityAZUSA
| | - Trent Anderson
- University of ArizonaCollege of Medicine – PhoenixPhoenixAZUSA
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Filice F, Lauber E, Vörckel KJ, Wöhr M, Schwaller B. 17-β estradiol increases parvalbumin levels in Pvalb heterozygous mice and attenuates behavioral phenotypes with relevance to autism core symptoms. Mol Autism 2018; 9:15. [PMID: 29507711 PMCID: PMC5833085 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by two core symptoms: impaired social interaction and communication, and restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests. The pathophysiology of ASD is not yet fully understood, due to a plethora of genetic and environmental risk factors that might be associated with or causal for ASD. Recent findings suggest that one putative convergent pathway for some forms of ASD might be the downregulation of the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV). PV-deficient mice (PV-/-, PV+/-), as well as Shank1-/-, Shank3-/-, and VPA mice, which show behavioral deficits relevant to all human ASD core symptoms, are all characterized by lower PV expression levels. Methods Based on the hypothesis that PV expression might be increased by 17-β estradiol (E2), PV+/- mice were treated with E2 from postnatal days 5-15 and ASD-related behavior was tested between postnatal days 25 and 31. Results PV expression levels were significantly increased after E2 treatment and, concomitantly, sociability deficits in PV+/- mice in the direct reciprocal social interaction and the 3-chamber social approach assay, as well as repetitive behaviors, were attenuated. E2 treatment of PV+/+ mice did not increase PV levels and had detrimental effects on sociability and repetitive behavior. In PV-/- mice, E2 obviously did not affect PV levels; tested behaviors were not different from the ones in vehicle-treated PV-/- mice. Conclusion Our results suggest that the E2-linked amelioration of ASD-like behaviors is specifically occurring in PV+/- mice, indicating that PV upregulation is required for the E2-mediated rescue of ASD-relevant behavioral impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Filice
- Anatomy Unit, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Lauber
- Anatomy Unit, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karl Jakob Vörckel
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Marburg Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (MCMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Beat Schwaller
- Anatomy Unit, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Ingold I, Berndt C, Schmitt S, Doll S, Poschmann G, Buday K, Roveri A, Peng X, Porto Freitas F, Seibt T, Mehr L, Aichler M, Walch A, Lamp D, Jastroch M, Miyamoto S, Wurst W, Ursini F, Arnér ES, Fradejas-Villar N, Schweizer U, Zischka H, Friedmann Angeli JP, Conrad M. Selenium Utilization by GPX4 Is Required to Prevent Hydroperoxide-Induced Ferroptosis. Cell 2018; 172:409-422.e21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Katsarou A, Moshé SL, Galanopoulou AS. INTERNEURONOPATHIES AND THEIR ROLE IN EARLY LIFE EPILEPSIES AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS. Epilepsia Open 2017; 2:284-306. [PMID: 29062978 PMCID: PMC5650248 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons control the neural circuitry and network activity in the brain. The advances in genetics have identified genes that control the development, maturation and integration of GABAergic interneurons and implicated them in the pathogenesis of epileptic encephalopathies or neurodevelopmental disorders. For example, mutations of the Aristaless-Related homeobox X-linked gene (ARX) may result in defective GABAergic interneuronal migration in infants with epileptic encephalopathies like West syndrome (WS), Ohtahara syndrome or X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia (XLAG). The concept of "interneuronopathy", i.e. impaired development, migration or function of interneurons, has emerged as a possible etiopathogenic mechanism for epileptic encephalopathies. Treatments that enhance GABA levels, may help seizure control but do not necessarily show disease modifying effect. On the other hand, interneuronopathies can be seen in other conditions in which epilepsy may not be the primary manifestation, such as autism. In this review, we plan to outline briefly the current state of knowledge on the origin, development, and migration and integration of GABAergic interneurons, present neurodevelopmental conditions, with or without epilepsy, that have been associated with interneuronopathies and discuss the evidence linking certain types of interneuronal dysfunction with epilepsy and/or cognitive or behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna‐Maria Katsarou
- Laboratory of Developmental EpilepsySaul R. Korey Department of NeurologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
| | - Solomon L. Moshé
- Laboratory of Developmental EpilepsySaul R. Korey Department of NeurologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of NeuroscienceMontefiore/Einstein Epilepsy CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
- Department of PediatricsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
| | - Aristea S. Galanopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental EpilepsySaul R. Korey Department of NeurologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of NeuroscienceMontefiore/Einstein Epilepsy CenterAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkU.S.A.
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Galinsky R, Davidson JO, Lear CA, Bennet L, Green CR, Gunn AJ. Connexin hemichannel blockade improves survival of striatal GABA-ergic neurons after global cerebral ischaemia in term-equivalent fetal sheep. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6304. [PMID: 28740229 PMCID: PMC5524909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal ganglia injury at term remains a major cause of disability, such as cerebral palsy. In this study we tested the hypotheses that blockade of astrocytic connexin hemichannels with a mimetic peptide would improve survival of striatal phenotypic neurons after global cerebral ischaemia in term-equivalent fetal sheep, and that neuronal survival would be associated with electrophysiological recovery. Fetal sheep (0.85 gestation) were randomly assigned to receive a short or long (1 or 25 h) intracerebroventricular infusion of a mimetic peptide or vehicle, starting 90 minutes after 30 minutes of cerebral ischaemia. Sheep were killed 7 days after ischaemia. Cerebral ischaemia was associated with reduced numbers of calbindin-28k, calretinin, parvalbumin and GAD positive striatal neurons (P < 0.05 ischaemia + vehicle, n = 6 vs. sham ischaemia, n = 6) but not ChAT or nNOS positive neurons. Short infusion of peptide (n = 6) did not significantly improve survival of any striatal phenotype. Long infusion of peptide (n = 6) was associated with increased survival of calbindin-28k, calretinin, parvalbumin and GAD positive neurons (P < 0.05 vs. ischaemia + vehicle). Neurophysiological recovery was associated with improved survival of calbindin-28k, calretinin and parvalbumin positive striatal neurons (P < 0.05 for all). In conclusion, connexin hemichannel blockade after cerebral ischaemia in term-equivalent fetal sheep improves survival of striatal GABA-ergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Galinsky
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher A Lear
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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50
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Dhamne SC, Silverman JL, Super CE, Lammers SHT, Hameed MQ, Modi ME, Copping NA, Pride MC, Smith DG, Rotenberg A, Crawley JN, Sahin M. Replicable in vivo physiological and behavioral phenotypes of the Shank3B null mutant mouse model of autism. Mol Autism 2017. [PMID: 28638591 PMCID: PMC5472997 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous condition characterized by social, repetitive, and sensory behavioral abnormalities. No treatments are approved for the core diagnostic symptoms of ASD. To enable the earliest stages of therapeutic discovery and development for ASD, robust and reproducible behavioral phenotypes and biological markers are essential to establish in preclinical animal models. The goal of this study was to identify electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral phenotypes that are replicable between independent cohorts in a mouse model of ASD. The larger goal of our strategy is to empower the preclinical biomedical ASD research field by generating robust and reproducible behavioral and physiological phenotypes in animal models of ASD, for the characterization of mechanistic underpinnings of ASD-relevant phenotypes, and to ensure reliability for the discovery of novel therapeutics. Genetic disruption of the SHANK3 gene, a scaffolding protein involved in the stability of the postsynaptic density in excitatory synapses, is thought to be responsible for a relatively large number of cases of ASD. Therefore, we have thoroughly characterized the robustness of ASD-relevant behavioral phenotypes in two cohorts, and for the first time quantified translational EEG activity in Shank3B null mutant mice. METHODS In vivo physiology and behavioral assays were conducted in two independently bred and tested full cohorts of Shank3B null mutant (Shank3B KO) and wildtype littermate control (WT) mice. EEG was recorded via wireless implanted telemeters for 7 days of baseline followed by 20 min of recording following pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) challenge. Behaviors relevant to the diagnostic and associated symptoms of ASD were tested on a battery of established behavioral tests. Assays were designed to reproduce and expand on the original behavioral characterization of Shank3B KO mice. Two or more corroborative tests were conducted within each behavioral domain, including social, repetitive, cognitive, anxiety-related, sensory, and motor categories of assays. RESULTS Relative to WT mice, Shank3B KO mice displayed a dramatic resistance to PTZ seizure induction and an enhancement of gamma band oscillatory EEG activity indicative of enhanced inhibitory tone. These findings replicated in two separate cohorts. Behaviorally, Shank3B KO mice exhibited repetitive grooming, deficits in aspects of reciprocal social interactions and vocalizations, and reduced open field activity, as well as variable deficits in sensory responses, anxiety-related behaviors, learning and memory. CONCLUSIONS Robust animal models and quantitative, replicable biomarkers of neural dysfunction are needed to decrease risk and enable successful drug discovery and development for ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Complementary to the replicated behavioral phenotypes of the Shank3B mutant mouse is the new identification of a robust, translational in vivo neurophysiological phenotype. Our findings provide strong evidence for robustness and replicability of key translational phenotypes in Shank3B mutant mice and support the usefulness of this mouse model of ASD for therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer C Dhamne
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jill L Silverman
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA
| | - Chloe E Super
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Stephen H T Lammers
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Mustafa Q Hameed
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Meera E Modi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Nycole A Copping
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA
| | - Michael C Pride
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA
| | - Daniel G Smith
- Autism Speaks, Inc., Boston, MA USA.,Present address: BlackThorn Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jacqueline N Crawley
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95821 USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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