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Shen J, Zhang T, Guan H, Li X, Zhang S, Xu G. PDGFR-beta signaling mediates endogenous neurogenesis after postischemic neural stem/progenitor cell transplantation in mice. Brain Inj 2023; 37:1345-1354. [PMID: 37975626 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2023.2280894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-β mediates the self-renewal and multipotency of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in vitro and in vivo, its mechanisms of activating endogenous NSPCs following ischemic stroke still remain unproven. METHODS The exogenous NSPCs were transplanted into the ischemic striatum of PDGFR-β conditionally neuroepithelial knockout (KO) mice at 24 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was intraperitoneally injected to label the newly formed endogenous NSPCs. Infarction volume was measured, and behavioral tests were performed. In the subventricular zone (SVZ), proliferation of endogenous NSPCs was tested, and synapse formation and expression of nutritional factors were measured. RESULTS Compared with control mice, KO mice showed larger infarction volume, delayed neurological recovery, reduced numbers of BrdU positive cells, decreased expression of neurogenic factors (including neurofilament, synaptophysin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor), and decreased synaptic regeneration in SVZ after tMCAO. Moreover, exogenous NSPC transplantation significantly alleviated neurologic dysfunction, promoted neurogenesis, increased expression of neurologic factors, and diminished synaptic deformation in SVZ of FL mice after tMCAO but had no beneficial effect in KO mice. CONCLUSION PDGFR-β signaling may promote activation of endogenous NSPCs after postischemic NSPC transplantation, and thus represents a novel potential regeneration-based therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan Binhaiwan Central Hospital, Dongguan, Guang Dong, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi, China
| | - Hong Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Sainan Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Guihua Xu
- Department of Science and Education, Dongguan Binhaiwan Central Hospital, Dongguan, Guang Dong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine
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2
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Kim HW, Yong H, Shea GKH. Blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in degenerative cervical myelopathy. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:68. [PMID: 37743487 PMCID: PMC10519090 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most prevalent cause of spinal cord dysfunction in the aging population. Significant neurological deficits may result from a delayed diagnosis as well as inadequate neurological recovery following surgical decompression. Here, we review the pathophysiology of DCM with an emphasis on how blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption is a critical yet neglected pathological feature affecting prognosis. In patients suffering from DCM, compromise of the BSCB is evidenced by elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to serum protein ratios and abnormal contrast-enhancement upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In animal model correlates, there is histological evidence of increased extravasation of tissue dyes and serum contents, and pathological changes to the neurovascular unit. BSCB dysfunction is the likely culprit for ischemia-reperfusion injury following surgical decompression, which can result in devastating neurological sequelae. As there are currently no therapeutic approaches specifically targeting BSCB reconstitution, we conclude the review by discussing potential interventions harnessed for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, LKS Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hu Yong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, LKS Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Graham Ka Hon Shea
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, LKS Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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3
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Li HH, Liu Y, Chen HS, Wang J, Li YK, Zhao Y, Sun R, He JG, Wang F, Chen JG. PDGF-BB-Dependent Neurogenesis Buffers Depressive-Like Behaviors by Inhibition of GABAergic Projection from Medial Septum to Dentate Gyrus. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2301110. [PMID: 37325895 PMCID: PMC10401107 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal circuitry stimulation is sufficient to regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis and ameliorate depressive-like behavior, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, it is shown that inhibition of medial septum (MS)-dentate gyrus (DG) circuit reverses the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced depression-like behavior. Further analysis exhibits that inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurons in MS projecting to the DG (MSGABA+ -DG) increases the expression of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in somatostatin (SOM) positive interneurons of DG, which contributes to the antidepressant-like effects. Overexpression of the PDGF-BB or exogenous administration of PDGF-BB in DG rescues the effect of chronic stress on the inhibition of neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation and dendritic growth of adult-born hippocampal neurons, as well as on depressive-like behaviors. Conversely, knockdown of PDGF-BB facilitates CSDS-induced deficit of hippocampal neurogenesis and promotes the susceptibility to chronic stress in mice. Finally, conditional knockdown platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) in NSCs blocks an increase in NSCs proliferation and the antidepressant effects of PDGF-BB. These results delineate a previously unidentified PDGF-BB/PDGFRβ signaling in regulating depressive-like behaviors and identify a novel mechanism by which the MSGABA+ -DG pathway regulates the expression of PDGF-BB in SOM-positive interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu-Ke Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jin-Gang He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Research Center for Depression, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Research Center for Depression, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Research Center for Depression, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, 430030, China
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4
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Molinari YA, Byrne AJ, Pérez MJ, Silvestroff L, Franco PG. The Effects of Cuprizone on Murine Subventricular Zone-Derived Neural Stem Cells and Progenitor Cells Grown as Neurospheres. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1195-1213. [PMID: 36424468 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the extensive use of the cuprizone (CPZ) demyelination animal model, there is little evidence regarding the effects of CPZ on a cellular level. Initial studies have suggested that oligodendrocytes (OL) are the main cell targets for CPZ toxicity. However, recent data have revealed additional effects on neural stem cells and progenitor cells (NSC/NPC), which constitute a reservoir for OL regeneration during brain remyelination. We cultured NSC/NPC as neurospheres to investigate CPZ effects on cell mechanisms which are thought to be involved in demyelination and remyelination processes in vivo. Proliferating NSC/NPC cultures exposed to CPZ showed overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species and increased progenitor migration at the expense of a significant inhibition of cell proliferation. Although NSC/NPC survival was not affected by CPZ in proliferative conditions, we found that CPZ-treated cultures undergoing cell differentiation were more prone to cell death than controls. The commitment and cell differentiation towards neural lineages did not seem to be affected by CPZ, as shown by the conserved proportions of OL, astrocytes, and neurons. Nevertheless, when CPZ treatment was performed after cell differentiation, we detected a significant reduction in the number and the morphological complexity of OL, astrogliosis, and neuronal damage. We conclude that, in addition to damaging mature OL, CPZ also reduces NSC/NPC proliferation and activates progenitor migration. These results shed light on CPZ direct effects on NSC proliferation and the progression of in vitro differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamila Azul Molinari
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Jesús Byrne
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Julia Pérez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Silvestroff
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Gabriela Franco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, Cátedra de Química Biológica Patológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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5
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Owen N, Toms M, Young RM, Eintracht J, Sarkar H, Brooks BP, Moosajee M. Identification of 4 novel human ocular coloboma genes ANK3, BMPR1B, PDGFRA, and CDH4 through evolutionary conserved vertebrate gene analysis. Genet Med 2022; 24:1073-1084. [PMID: 35034853 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ocular coloboma arises from genetic or environmental perturbations that inhibit optic fissure (OF) fusion during early eye development. Despite high genetic heterogeneity, 70% to 85% of patients remain molecularly undiagnosed. In this study, we have identified new potential causative genes using cross-species comparative meta-analysis. METHODS Evolutionarily conserved differentially expressed genes were identified through in silico analysis, with in situ hybridization, gene knockdown, and rescue performed to confirm spatiotemporal gene expression and phenotype. Interrogation of the 100,000 Genomes Project for putative pathogenic variants was performed. RESULTS Nine conserved differentially expressed genes between zebrafish and mouse were identified. Expression of zebrafish ank3a, bmpr1ba/b, cdh4, and pdgfaa was localized to the OF, periocular mesenchyme cells, or ciliary marginal zone, regions traversed by the OF. Knockdown of ank3, bmpr1b, and pdgfaa revealed a coloboma and/or microphthalmia phenotype. Novel pathogenic variants in ANK3, BMPR1B, PDGFRA, and CDH4 were identified in 8 unrelated coloboma families. We showed BMPR1B rescued the knockdown phenotype but variant messenger RNAs failed, providing evidence of pathogenicity. CONCLUSION We show the utility of cross-species meta-analysis to identify several novel coloboma disease-causing genes. There is a potential to increase the diagnostic yield for new and unsolved patients while adding to our understanding of the genetic basis of OF morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Owen
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Toms
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo M Young
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Eintracht
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hajrah Sarkar
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ocular Genomics and Therapeutics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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6
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Delgado AC, Maldonado-Soto AR, Silva-Vargas V, Mizrak D, von Känel T, Tan KR, Paul A, Madar A, Cuervo H, Kitajewski J, Lin CS, Doetsch F. Release of stem cells from quiescence reveals gliogenic domains in the adult mouse brain. Science 2021; 372:1205-1209. [PMID: 34112692 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg8467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mouse ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) undergo activation to generate neurons and some glia. Here we show that platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) is expressed by adult V-SVZ NSCs that generate olfactory bulb interneurons and glia. Selective deletion of PDGFRβ in adult V-SVZ NSCs leads to their release from quiescence, uncovering gliogenic domains for different glial cell types. These domains are also recruited upon injury. We identify an intraventricular oligodendrocyte progenitor derived from NSCs inside the brain ventricles that contacts supraependymal axons. Together, our findings reveal that the adult V-SVZ contains spatial domains for gliogenesis, in addition to those for neurogenesis. These gliogenic NSC domains tend to be quiescent under homeostasis and may contribute to brain plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dogukan Mizrak
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kelly R Tan
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Paul
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aviv Madar
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henar Cuervo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jan Kitajewski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chyuan-Sheng Lin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fiona Doetsch
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Medved J, Wood WM, van Heyst MD, Sherafat A, Song JY, Sakya S, Wright DL, Nishiyama A. Novel guanidine compounds inhibit platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha transcription and oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation. Glia 2020; 69:792-811. [PMID: 33098183 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), also known as NG2 cells or polydendrocytes, are distributed widely throughout the developing and mature central nervous system. They remain proliferative throughout life and are an important source of myelinating cells in normal and demyelinating brain as well as a source of glioma, the most common type of primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis. OPC proliferation is dependent on signaling mediated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) AA binding to its alpha receptor (PDGFRα). Here, we describe a group of structurally related compounds characterized by the presence of a basic guanidine group appended to an aromatic core that is effective in specifically repressing the transcription of Pdgfra but not the related beta receptor (Pdgfrb) in OPCs. These compounds specifically and dramatically reduced proliferation of OPCs but not that of astrocytes and did not affect signal transduction by PDGFRα. These findings suggest that the compounds could be further developed for potential use in combinatorial treatment strategies for neoplasms with dysregulated PDGFRα function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Medved
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - William M Wood
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael D van Heyst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ju-Young Song
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sagune Sakya
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis L Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA
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8
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Ducker M, Millar V, Ebner D, Szele FG. A Semi-automated and Scalable 3D Spheroid Assay to Study Neuroblast Migration. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:789-802. [PMID: 32763162 PMCID: PMC7486343 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The subventricular zone of the mammalian brain is the major source of adult born neurons. These neuroblasts normally migrate long distances to the olfactory bulbs but can be re-routed to locations of injury and promote neuroregeneration. Mechanistic understanding and pharmacological targets regulating neuroblast migration is sparse. Furthermore, lack of migration assays limits development of pharmaceutical interventions targeting neuroblast recruitment. We therefore developed a physiologically relevant 3D neuroblast spheroid migration assay that permits the investigation of large numbers of interventions. To verify the assay, 1,012 kinase inhibitors were screened for their effects on migration. Several induced significant increases or decreases in migration. MuSK and PIK3CB were selected as putative targets and their knockdown validated increased neuroblast migration. Thus, compounds identified through this assay system could be explored for their potential in augmenting neuroblast recruitment to sites of injury for neuroregeneration, or for decreasing malignant invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ducker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Valerie Millar
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
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9
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhang D, Lu Z, Man J. Effects of RO27-3225 on neurogenesis, PDGFRβ + cells and neuroinflammation after cerebral infarction. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106281. [PMID: 32058930 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral infarction causes severe social and economic burdens to patients due to its high morbidity and mortality rates, and the available treatments are limited. RO27-3225 is a highly selective melanocortin receptor 4 agonist that alleviates damage in many nervous system diseases, such as cerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. However, the effect of RO27-3225 on cerebral infarction remains unclear. In this study, we used a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and administered RO27-3225 or saline to the mice through intraperitoneal injection. RO27-3225 increased the number of Nestin+/BrdU+ cells and doublecortin (DCX)+/BrdU+ cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the number of DCX+/BrdU+ cells in the peri-infarct area on day 7 after tMCAO. Furthermore, RO27-3225 decreased the number of activated microglia (Iba1+ cells with a specific morphology) and the expression levels of Iba1, TNFα, IL6, and iNOS proteins and increased the number of PDGFRβ+ cells in the peri-infarct region on day 3 after tMCAO. Finally, RO27-3225-treated mice exhibited significantly decreased infarct volumes, brain water contents, and neurological deficits after cerebral infarction. Thus, RO27-3225 can improve the outcomes following cerebral infarction, partially by regulating neurogenesis in the SVZ, PDGFRβ+ cell survival and neuroinflammation in the peri-infarct zone. Our research reveals that RO27-3225 is a potential new treatment for cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhengfang Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jiang Man
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
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10
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Pericytes in Primary Familial Brain Calcification. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:247-264. [PMID: 31147881 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes are perivascular cells along capillaries that are critical for the development of a functional vascular bed in the central nervous system and other organs. Pericyte functions in the adult brain are less well understood. Pericytes have been suggested to mediate functional hyperemia at the capillary level, regulate the blood-brain barrier and to give rise to scar tissue after spinal cord injury. Furthermore, pericyte loss has been suggested to precede cognitive decline in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Despite this observation, there is no convincing causality between pericyte loss and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. However, recent loss-of-function mutations in PDGFB and PDGFRB genes have implicated pericytes as the principle cell type affected in primary familiar brain calcification (PFBC), a neuropsychiatric disorder with dominant inheritance. Here we review the role of the PDGFB/PDGFRB signaling pathway in pericyte development and briefly discuss homeostatic functions of pericytes in the brain. We provide an overview of recent studies with mouse models of PFBC and discuss suggested pathogenic mechanisms for PFBC with special reference to pericytes.
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11
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Tannenberg P, Chang YT, Muhl L, Laviña B, Gladh H, Genové G, Betsholtz C, Folestad E, Tran-Lundmark K. Extracellular retention of PDGF-B directs vascular remodeling in mouse hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L593-L605. [PMID: 29212800 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00054.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a lethal condition, and current vasodilator therapy has limited effect. Antiproliferative strategies targeting platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors, such as imatinib, have generated promising results in animal studies. Imatinib is, however, a nonspecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor and has in clinical studies caused unacceptable adverse events. Further studies are needed on the role of PDGF signaling in PH. Here, mice expressing a variant of PDGF-B with no retention motif ( Pdgfbret/ret), resulting in defective binding to extracellular matrix, were studied. Following 4 wk of hypoxia, right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and vascular remodeling were examined. Pdgfbret/ret mice did not develop PH, as assessed by hemodynamic parameters. Hypoxia did, however, induce vascular remodeling in Pdgfbret/ret mice; but unlike the situation in controls where the remodeling led to an increased concentric muscularization of arteries, the vascular remodeling in Pdgfbret/ret mice was characterized by a diffuse muscularization, in which cells expressing smooth muscle cell markers were found in the interalveolar septa detached from the normally muscularized intra-acinar vessels. Additionally, fewer NG2-positive perivascular cells were found in Pdgfbret/ret lungs, and mRNA analyses showed significantly increased levels of Il6 following hypoxia, a known promigratory factor for pericytes. No differences in proliferation were detected at 4 wk. This study emphasizes the importance of extracellular matrix-growth factor interactions and adds to previous knowledge of PDGF-B in PH pathobiology. In summary, Pdgfbret/ret mice have unaltered hemodynamic parameters following chronic hypoxia, possibly secondary to a disorganized vascular muscularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tannenberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Lars Muhl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bàrbara Laviña
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Hanna Gladh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Guillem Genové
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden.,Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Erika Folestad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Karin Tran-Lundmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.,Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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12
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Crouch EE, Doetsch F. FACS isolation of endothelial cells and pericytes from mouse brain microregions. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:738-751. [PMID: 29565899 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature is emerging as a key contributor to brain function during neurodevelopment and in mature physiological and pathological states. The brain vasculature itself also exhibits regional heterogeneity, highlighting the need to develop approaches for purifying cells from different microregions. Previous approaches for isolation of endothelial cells and pericytes have predominantly required transgenic mice and large amounts of tissue, and have resulted in impure populations. In addition, the prospective purification of brain pericytes has been complicated by the fact that widely used pericyte markers are also expressed by other cell types in the brain. Here, we describe the detailed procedures for simultaneous isolation of pure populations of endothelial cells and pericytes directly from adult mouse brain microregions using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with antibodies against CD31 (endothelial cells) and CD13 (pericytes). This protocol is scalable and takes ∼5 h, including microdissection of the region of interest, enzymatic tissue dissociation, immunostaining, and FACS. This protocol allows the isolation of brain vascular cells from any mouse strain under diverse conditions; these cells can be used for multiple downstream applications, including in vitro and in vivo experiments, and transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, epigenomic, and single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Crouch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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13
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Hernández AJA, Reyes VL, Albores-García D, Gómez R, Calderón-Aranda ES. MeHg affects the activation of FAK, Src, Rac1 and Cdc42, critical proteins for cell movement in PDGF-stimulated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Toxicology 2017; 394:35-44. [PMID: 29197552 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental neurotoxicant that inhibits neuronal migration. This process requires several cyclic steps involving the formation of membrane protrusions (lamellipodia and filopodia) and focal adhesion turnover. FAK and Src are critical proteins that regulate both processes. The FAK-Src complex promotes the activation of Rac1 and Cdc42, two GTPases involved in the remodeling of the actin cytoskeletal network. Here, we studied the effect of MeHg (1, 10, 100, 500 and 1000nM) on cell migration, the formation of cell protrusions, focal adhesion location and the activation of FAK, Src, Rac1 and Cdc42 using the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line stimulated with PDGF-BB (PDGF). The data show that MeHg (1-500nM) inhibited PDGF-stimulated cell migration. In PDGF-stimulated cells, MeHg (100-1000nM) decreased protrusions and increased the size of the p-FAKY397 clusters. MeHg also inhibited PDGF-induced FAK and Src activation and, at 100nM, MeHg inhibited the activation of Rac1 and Cdc42. Altogether, the findings show that low concentrations of MeHg inhibit SH-SY5Y cell migration by disrupting the activation and disassembly of FAK. This negatively affects the activation of Src, Rac1 and Cdc42, all of which are critical proteins for the regulation of cell movement. These effects could be related to the MeHg-mediated inhibition of PDGF-induced formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, focal adhesion disassembly and PDGF-induced movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rocío Gómez
- Departamento de Toxicologia, Cinvestav, DF. Mexico, Mexico
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14
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Wang J, Fu X, Zhang D, Yu L, Lu Z, Gao Y, Liu X, Man J, Li S, Li N, Wang M, Liu X, Chen X, Zang W, Yang Q, Wang J. Effects of crenolanib, a nonselective inhibitor of PDGFR, in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neuroscience 2017; 364:202-211. [PMID: 28943249 PMCID: PMC5653447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) plays a vital role in neurologic recovery after stroke. However, only a small fraction of newly generated neuroblasts from the SVZ will survive long-term. Successful migration and survival of neuroblasts requires angiogenesis, lesion-derived chemo-attractants, and appropriate local microenvironments, which are partly regulated by the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the effects of PDGFR inhibition in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We blocked the pathway using a nonselective PDGFR inhibitor, crenolanib, during the acute post-MCAO phase (days 1-3) or during the sub-acute phase (days 7-9). Downregulating the PDGFR signaling pathway with crenolanib from day 1 to day 3 after MCAO significantly decreased the migration of neuroblasts from the SVZ to the peri-infarct region, decreased angiogenesis, and lowered expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, stromal cell-derived factor-1, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Downregulation of the PDGFR signaling pathway on days 7-9 with crenolanib significantly increased apoptosis of the neuroblasts that had migrated to the peri-infarct region, increased the number of activated microglia, and decreased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and interleukin-10. Crenolanib treatment increased the apoptosis of pericytes and decreased the pericyte/vascular coverage, but had no effects on apoptosis of astrocytes. We conclude that the PDGFR signaling pathway plays a vital role in the SVZ neurogenesis after stroke. It can also affect angiogenesis, lesion-derived chemo-attractants, and the local microenvironment, which are all important to stroke-induced neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Xiaojie Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lie Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhengfang Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xianliang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiang Man
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Menghan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingwu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Geng YW, Zhang Z, Liu MY, Hu WP. Differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells into neuronal by resveratrol. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1391-1398. [PMID: 28782906 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have been proposed as a promising source of stem cells in nerve regeneration due to their close embryonic origin and ease of harvest. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenolic and possesses many biological functions such as anti-inflammatory activity and protection against atherosclerosis and neuroprotective activities. There is increasing evidence showing that RSV plays a pivotal role in neuron protection and neuronal differentiation. In this study, we isolated DPSCs from impacted third molars and investigated whether RSV induces neuronal differentiation of DPSCs. To avoid loss of DPSCs multipotency, all the experiments were conducted on cells at early passages. RT-PCR results showed that RSV-treated DPSCs (RSV-DPSCs) significantly increased the expression of the neuroprogenitor marker Nestin. When RSV-DPSCs were differentiated with neuronal induction media (RSV-dDPSCs), they showed a cell morphology similar to neurons. The expression of neuronal-specific marker genes Nestin, Musashi, and NF-M in RSV-dDPSCs was significantly increased. Immunocytochemical staining and Western blot analysis showed that the expression of neuronal marker proteins, Nestin, and NF-M, was significantly increased in RSV-dDPSCs. Therefore, we have shown that RSV treatment, along with the use of neuronal induction media, effectively promotes neuronal cell differentiation of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Geng
- Department of Prosthodontics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150086, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150086, China
| | - Ming-Yue Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150086, China
| | - Wei-Ping Hu
- Department of Prosthodontics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150086, China
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16
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Ishii Y, Hamashima T, Yamamoto S, Sasahara M. Pathogenetic significance and possibility as a therapeutic target of platelet derived growth factor. Pathol Int 2017; 67:235-246. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ishii
- Department of Pathology; Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Takeru Hamashima
- Department of Pathology; Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Seiji Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology; Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- Department of Pathology; Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
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17
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Li Y, Anderson J, Kwan KY, Cai L. Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis of Neural Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:68-76. [PMID: 29862164 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult central nervous system play essential roles in both normal homeostasis and repair of damaged tissue after injury. The study of adult NSCs is hampered by the heterogeneous NSC population. In this review, we describe recent progresses in using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technique for the investigation of NSCs. The first part of this review focuses on the scRNA-seq techniques and bioinformatic analysis. The second part emphasizes the applications of scRNA-seq analysis in NSC research. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions of scRNA-seq technique for both basic research and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jeremy Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kelvin Y Kwan
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Keck Center for Collaborative Research and Stem Cell Research Center, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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18
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Pericyte degeneration leads to neurovascular uncoupling and limits oxygen supply to brain. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:406-416. [PMID: 28135240 PMCID: PMC5323291 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes are perivascular mural cells of brain capillaries that are positioned centrally within the neurovascular unit between endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons. This unique position allows them to play a major role in regulating key neurovascular functions of the brain. The role of pericytes in the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and neurovascular coupling remains, however, debatable. Using loss-of-function pericyte-deficient mice, here we show that pericyte degeneration diminishes global and individual capillary CBF responses to neuronal stimulus resulting in neurovascular uncoupling, reduced oxygen supply to brain and metabolic stress. We show that these neurovascular deficits lead over time to impaired neuronal excitability and neurodegenerative changes. Thus, pericyte degeneration as seen in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease may contribute to neurovascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration associated with human disease.
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19
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Nikolakopoulou AM, Zhao Z, Montagne A, Zlokovic BV. Regional early and progressive loss of brain pericytes but not vascular smooth muscle cells in adult mice with disrupted platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176225. [PMID: 28441414 PMCID: PMC5404855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes regulate key neurovascular functions of the brain. Studies in pericyte-deficient transgenic mice with aberrant signaling between endothelial-derived platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) in pericytes have contributed to better understanding of the role of pericytes in the brain. Here, we studied PdgfrβF7/F7 mice, which carry seven point mutations that disrupt PDGFRβ signaling causing loss of pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the developing brain. We asked whether these mice have a stable or progressive vascular phenotype after birth, and whether both pericyte and VSMCs populations are affected in the adult brain. We found an early and progressive region-dependent loss of brain pericytes, microvascular reductions and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, which were more pronounced in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum than in the thalamus, whereas VSMCs population remained unaffected at the time when pericyte loss was already established. For example, compared to age-matched controls, PdgfrβF7/F7 mice between 4-6 and 36-48 weeks of age developed a region-dependent loss in pericyte coverage (22-46, 24-44 and 4-31%) and cell numbers (36-49, 34-64 and 11-36%), reduction in capillary length (20-39, 13-46 and 1-30%), and an increase in extravascular fibrinogen-derived deposits (3.4-5.2, 2.8-4.1 and 0-3.6-fold) demonstrating BBB breakdown in the cortex, hippocampus and thalamus, respectively. Capillary reductions and BBB breakdown correlated with loss of pericyte coverage. Our data suggest that PdgfrβF7/F7 mice develop an aggressive and rapid vascular phenotype without appreciable early involvement of VSMCs, therefore providing a valuable model to study regional effects of pericyte loss on brain vascular and neuronal functions. This model could be a useful tool for future studies directed at understanding the role of pericytes in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders associated with pericyte loss such as vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke and human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Maria Nikolakopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Axel Montagne
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Bifari F, Decimo I, Pino A, Llorens-Bobadilla E, Zhao S, Lange C, Panuccio G, Boeckx B, Thienpont B, Vinckier S, Wyns S, Bouché A, Lambrechts D, Giugliano M, Dewerchin M, Martin-Villalba A, Carmeliet P. Neurogenic Radial Glia-like Cells in Meninges Migrate and Differentiate into Functionally Integrated Neurons in the Neonatal Cortex. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 20:360-373.e7. [PMID: 27889318 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Whether new neurons are added in the postnatal cerebral cortex is still debated. Here, we report that the meninges of perinatal mice contain a population of neurogenic progenitors formed during embryonic development that migrate to the caudal cortex and differentiate into Satb2+ neurons in cortical layers II-IV. The resulting neurons are electrically functional and integrated into local microcircuits. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified meningeal cells with distinct transcriptome signatures characteristic of (1) neurogenic radial glia-like cells (resembling neural stem cells in the SVZ), (2) neuronal cells, and (3) a cell type with an intermediate phenotype, possibly representing radial glia-like meningeal cells differentiating to neuronal cells. Thus, we have identified a pool of embryonically derived radial glia-like cells present in the meninges that migrate and differentiate into functional neurons in the neonatal cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Annachiara Pino
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Sheng Zhao
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Lange
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Panuccio
- Theoretical Neurobiology and Neuroengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp University, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bram Boeckx
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Thienpont
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Wyns
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Bouché
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michele Giugliano
- Theoretical Neurobiology and Neuroengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp University, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Mieke Dewerchin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Kyyriäinen J, Ekolle Ndode-Ekane X, Pitkänen A. Dynamics of PDGFRβ expression in different cell types after brain injury. Glia 2016; 65:322-341. [PMID: 27778377 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) is upregulated after brain injury and its depletion results in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. We investigated the time-window and localization of PDGFRβ expression in mice with intrahippocampal kainic acid-induced status epilepticus (SE) and in rats with lateral fluid-percussion-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI). Tissue immunohistochemistry was evaluated at several time-points after SE and TBI. The distribution of PDGFRβ was analyzed, and its cell type-specific expression was verified with double/triple-labeling of astrocytes (GFAP), NG2 cells, and endothelial cells (RECA-1). In normal mouse hippocampus, we found evenly distributed PDGFRβ+ parenchymal cells. In double-labeling, all NG2+ and 40%-60% GFAP+ cells were PDGFRβ+. After SE, PDGFRβ+ cells clustered in the ipsilateral hilus (178% of that in controls at fourth day, 225% at seventh day, P < 0.05) and in CA3 (201% at seventh day, P < 0.05), but the total number of PDGFRβ+ cells was not altered. As in controls, PDGFRβ-immunoreactivity was detected in parenchymal NG2+ and GFAP+ cells. We also observed PDGFRβ+ structural pericytes, detached reactive pericytes, and endothelial cells. After TBI, PDGFRβ+ cells clustered in the perilesional cortex and thalamus, particularly during the first post-injury week. PDGFRβ immunopositivity was observed in NG2+ and GFAP+ cells, structural pericytes, detached reactive pericytes, and endothelial cells. In some animals, PDGFRβ vascular staining was observed around the cortical glial scar for up to 3 months. Our data revealed an acute accumulation of PDGFRβ+ BBB-related cells in degenerating brain areas, which can be long lasting, suggesting an active role for PDGFRβ-signaling in blood vessel and post-injury tissue recovery. GLIA 2017;65:322-341.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Kyyriäinen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
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22
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Sato H, Ishii Y, Yamamoto S, Azuma E, Takahashi Y, Hamashima T, Umezawa A, Mori H, Kuroda S, Endo S, Sasahara M. PDGFR-β Plays a Key Role in the Ectopic Migration of Neuroblasts in Cerebral Stroke. Stem Cells 2015; 34:685-98. [PMID: 26435273 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective agents and induction of endogenous neurogenesis remain to be the urgent issues to be established for the care of cerebral stroke. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β) is mainly expressed in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), neurons and vascular pericytes of the brain; however, the role in pathological neurogenesis remains elusive. To this end, we examined the role of PDGFR-β in the migration and proliferation of NSPCs after stroke. A transient middle cerebral-arterial occlusion (MCAO) was introduced into the mice with conditional Pdgfrb-gene inactivation, including N-PRβ-KO mice where the Pdgfrb-gene was mostly inactivated in the brain except that in vascular pericytes, and E-PRβ-KO mice with tamoxifen-induced systemic Pdgfrb-gene inactivation. The migration of the DCX(+) neuroblasts from the subventricular zone toward the ischemic core was highly increased in N-PRβ-KO, but not in E-PRβ-KO as compared to Pdgfrb-gene preserving control mice. We showed that CXCL12, a potent chemoattractant for CXCR4-expressing NSPCs, was upregulated in the ischemic lesion of N-PRβ-KO mice. Furthermore, integrin α3 intrinsically expressed in NSPCs that critically mediates extracellular matrix-dependent migration, was upregulated in N-PRβ-KO after MCAO. NSPCs isolated from N-PRβ-KO rapidly migrated on the surface coated with collagen type IV or fibronectin that are abundant in vascular niche and ischemic core. PDGFR-β was suggested to be critically involved in pathological neurogenesis through the regulation of lesion-derived chemoattractant as well as intrinsic signal of NSPCs, and we believe that a coordinated regulation of these molecular events may be able to improve neurogenesis in injured brain for further functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Sato
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishii
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Erika Azuma
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Manufacturing & Engineering Lab., Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yoriko Takahashi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takeru Hamashima
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuroda
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shunro Endo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- Department of Pathology, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Betsholtz C, Keller A. PDGF, pericytes and the pathogenesis of idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC). Brain Pathol 2015; 24:387-95. [PMID: 24946076 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are important mitogens for various types of mesenchymal cells, and as such, they exert critical functions during organogenesis in mammalian embryonic and early postnatal development. Increased or ectopic PDGF activity may also cause or contribute to diseases such as cancer and tissue fibrosis. Until recently, no loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in PDGF or PDGF receptor genes were reported as causally linked to a human disease. This changed in 2013 when reports appeared on presumed LOF mutations in the genes encoding PDGF-B and its receptor PDGF receptor-beta (PDGF-Rβ) in familial idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), a brain disease characterized by anatomically localized calcifications in or near the blood microvessels. Here, we review PDGF-B and PDGF-Rβ biology with special reference to their functions in brain-blood vessel development, pericyte recruitment and the regulation of the blood-brain barrier. We also discuss various scenarios for IBGC pathogenesis suggested by observations in patients and genetically engineered animal models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Mamber C, Kozareva DA, Kamphuis W, Hol EM. Shades of gray: The delineation of marker expression within the adult rodent subventricular zone. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 111:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Changes in Otx2 and parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the superior colliculus in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β knockout mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:848265. [PMID: 24319691 PMCID: PMC3844215 DOI: 10.1155/2013/848265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The superior colliculus (SC), a relay nucleus in the subcortical visual pathways, is implicated in socioemotional behaviors. Homeoprotein Otx2 and β subunit of receptors of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFR-β) have been suggested to play an important role in development of the visual system and development and maturation of GABAergic neurons. Although PDGFR-β-knockout (KO) mice displayed socio-emotional deficits associated with parvalbumin (PV-)immunoreactive (IR) neurons, their anatomical bases in the SC were unknown. In the present study, Otx2 and PV-immunolabeling in the adult mouse SC were investigated in the PDGFR-β KO mice. Although there were no differences in distribution patterns of Otx2 and PV-IR cells between the wild type and PDGFR-β KO mice, the mean numbers of both of the Otx2- and PV-IR cells were significantly reduced in the PDGFR-β KO mice. Furthermore, average diameters of Otx2- and PV-IR cells were significantly reduced in the PDGFR-β KO mice. These findings suggest that PDGFR-β plays a critical role in the functional development of the SC through its effects on Otx2- and PV-IR cells, provided specific roles of Otx2 protein and PV-IR cells in the development of SC neurons and visual information processing, respectively.
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26
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Annenkov A. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling in the control of neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) development. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:440-71. [PMID: 23982746 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Important developmental responses are elicited in neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC) by activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), including the fibroblast growth factor receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptors and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). Signalling through these RTK is necessary and sufficient for driving a number of developmental processes in the central nervous system. Within each of the four RTK families discussed here, receptors are activated by sets of ligands that do not cross-activate receptors of the other three families, and therefore, their activation can be independently regulated by ligand availability. These RTK pathways converge on a conserved core of signalling molecules, but differences between the receptors in utilisation of signalling molecules and molecular adaptors for intracellular signal propagation become increasingly apparent. Intracellular inhibitors of RTK signalling are widely involved in the regulation of developmental signalling in NSPC and often determine developmental outcomes of RTK activation. In addition, cellular responses of NSPC to the activation of a given RTK may be significantly modulated by signal strength. Cellular propensity to respond also plays a role in developmental outcomes of RTK signalling. In combination, these mechanisms regulate the balance between NSPC maintenance and differentiation during development and in adulthood. Attribution of particular developmental responses of NSPC to specific pathways of RTK signalling becomes increasingly elucidated. Co-activation of several RTK in developing NSPC is common, and analysis of co-operation between their signalling pathways may advance knowledge of RTK role in NSPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Annenkov
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK,
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27
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Funa K, Sasahara M. The roles of PDGF in development and during neurogenesis in the normal and diseased nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 9:168-81. [PMID: 23771592 PMCID: PMC3955130 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The four platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) ligands and PDGF receptors (PDGFRs), α and β (PDGFRA, PDGFRB), are essential proteins that are expressed during embryonic and mature nervous systems, i.e., in neural progenitors, neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and vascular cells. PDGF exerts essential roles from the gastrulation period to adult neuronal maintenance by contributing to the regulation of development of preplacodal progenitors, placodal ectoderm, and neural crest cells to adult neural progenitors, in coordinating with other factors. In adulthood, PDGF plays critical roles for maintenance of many specific cell types in the nervous system together with vascular cells through controlling the blood brain barrier homeostasis. At injury or various stresses, PDGF modulates neuronal excitability through adjusting various ion channels, and affecting synaptic plasticity and function. Furthermore, PDGF stimulates survival signals, majorly PI3-K/Akt pathway but also other ways, rescuing cells from apoptosis. Studies imply an involvement of PDGF in dendrite spine morphology, being critical for memory in the developing brain. Recent studies suggest association of PDGF genes with neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we will describe the roles of PDGF in the nervous system, from the discovery to recent findings, in order to understand the broad spectrum of PDGF in the nervous system. Recent development of pharmacological and replacement therapies targeting the PDGF system is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Funa
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden,
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28
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Lee C, Zhang F, Tang Z, Liu Y, Li X. PDGF-C: a new performer in the neurovascular interplay. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:474-86. [PMID: 23714575 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The importance of neurovascular crosstalk in development, normal physiology, and pathologies is increasingly being recognized. Although vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a prototypic regulator of neurovascular interaction, has been studied intensively, defining other important regulators in this process is warranted. Recent studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C) is both angiogenic and a neuronal survival factor, and it appears to be an important component of neurovascular crosstalk. Importantly, the expression pattern and functional properties of PDGF-C and its receptors differ from those of VEGF, and thus the PDGF-C-mediated neurovascular interaction may represent a new paradigm of neurovascular crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsik Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
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29
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Functional analysis of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β in neural stem/progenitor cells. Neuroscience 2013; 238:195-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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30
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Brus M, Meurisse M, Gheusi G, Keller M, Lledo PM, Lévy F. Dynamics of olfactory and hippocampal neurogenesis in adult sheep. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:169-88. [PMID: 22700217 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although adult neurogenesis has been conserved in higher vertebrates such as primates and humans, timing of generation, migration, and differentiation of new neurons appears to differ from that in rodents. Sheep could represent an alternative model to studying neurogenesis in primates because they possess a brain as large as a macaque monkey and have a similar life span. By using a marker of cell division, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), in combination with several markers, the maturation time of newborn cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the main olfactory bulb (MOB) was determined in sheep. In addition, to establish the origin of adult-born neurons in the MOB, an adeno-associated virus that infects neural cells in the ovine brain was injected into the subventricular zone (SVZ). A migratory stream was indicated from the SVZ up to the MOB, consisting of neuroblasts that formed chain-like structures. Results also showed a long neuronal maturation time in both the DG and the MOB, similar to that in primates. The first new neurons were observed at 1 month in the DG and at 3 months in the MOB after BrdU injections. Thus, maturation of adult-born cells in both the DG and the MOB is much longer than that in rodents and resembles that in nonhuman primates. This study points out the importance of studying the features of adult neurogenesis in models other than rodents, especially for translational research for human cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brus
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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31
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Cell cycle and lineage progression of neural progenitors in the ventricular-subventricular zones of adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E1045-54. [PMID: 23431204 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219563110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferating neural stem cells and intermediate progenitors persist in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the adult mammalian brain. This extensive germinal layer in the walls of the lateral ventricles is the site of birth of different types of interneurons destined for the olfactory bulb. The cell cycle dynamics of stem cells (B1 cells), intermediate progenitors (C cells), and neuroblasts (A cells) in the V-SVZ and the number of times these cells divide remain unknown. Using whole mounts of the walls of the lateral ventricles of adult mice and three cell cycle analysis methods using thymidine analogs, we determined the proliferation dynamics of B1, C, and A cells in vivo. Achaete-scute complex homolog (Ascl)1(+) C cells were heterogeneous with a cell cycle length (T(C)) of 18-25 h and a long S phase length (T(S)) of 14-17 h. After C cells, Doublecortin(+) A cells were the second-most common dividing cell type in the V-SVZ and had a T(C) of 18 h and T(S) of 9 h. Human glial fibrillary acidic protein (hGFAP)::GFP(+) B1 cells had a surprisingly short Tc of 17-18 h and a T(S) of 4 h. Progenitor population analysis suggests that following the initial division of B1 cells, C cells divide three times and A cells once, possibly twice. These data provide essential information on the dynamics of adult progenitor cell proliferation in the V-SVZ and how large numbers of new neurons continue to be produced in the adult mammalian brain.
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32
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Oliveira SLB, Pillat MM, Cheffer A, Lameu C, Schwindt TT, Ulrich H. Functions of neurotrophins and growth factors in neurogenesis and brain repair. Cytometry A 2012; 83:76-89. [PMID: 23044513 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification and isolation of multipotent neural stem and progenitor cells in the brain, giving rise to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes initiated many studies in order to understand basic mechanisms of endogenous neurogenesis and repair mechanisms of the nervous system and to develop novel therapeutic strategies for cellular regeneration therapies in brain disease. A previous review (Trujillo et al., Cytometry A 2009;75:38-53) focused on the importance of extrinsic factors, especially neurotransmitters, for directing migration and neurogenesis in the developing and adult brain. Here, we extend our review discussing the effects of the principal growth and neurotrophic factors as well as their intracellular signal transduction on neurogenesis, fate determination and neuroprotective mechanisms. Many of these mechanisms have been elucidated by in vitro studies for which neural stem cells were isolated, grown as neurospheres, induced to neural differentiation under desired experimental conditions, and analyzed for embryonic, progenitor, and neural marker expression by flow and imaging cytometry techniques. The better understanding of neural stem cells proliferation and differentiation is crucial for any therapeutic intervention aiming at neural stem cell transplantation and recruitment of endogenous repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L B Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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33
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Zhao YJ, Wang H, Liu X, Sun M, Kazuhiro H. Protective effects of glutamine in a rat model of endotoxemia. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:739-44. [PMID: 22842774 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the protective effects of glutamine (Gln) on brain cells undergoing experimental endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Young rats were injected with LPS or control, and a subset of LPS-injected rats were pretreated with Gln. Electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry were used to visualize apoptosis and to determine distribution and expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) and PDGF receptor-β (PDGFR-β). The levels of HSP70, PDGF-B and PDGFR-β in the rat brain were comparatively analyzed by western blotting. In a rat brain model of endotoxemia, Gln decreases the magnitude of apoptosis, upregulates the expression of HSP70 and inhibits the translocation of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Gln upregulates PDGF-B and PDGFR-β expression in early and advanced sepsis. PDGF-B and PDGFR-β upregulation in the cerebral cortex are likely neuroprotective effects of Gln. We found that Gln is capable of regulating the immunological defense of local brain tissue, which provides a theoretical basis for using Gln to prevent and treat encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Juan Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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34
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Blockade of PDGF receptor signaling reduces myofibroblast number and attenuates renal fibrosis. Kidney Int 2012; 80:1119-21. [PMID: 22083636 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis can be considered as wound healing that never ceases, and activated fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) probably play a critical role in this unabated tissue repair process. In the setting of renal fibrosis, two central questions remain unanswered: Where do activated myofibroblasts come from; and what mechanism or mechanisms keep them activated? The study by Chen and colleagues addresses the role of platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) signaling in the activation of myofibroblasts.
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35
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Kim Y, Kim E, Wu Q, Guryanova O, Hitomi M, Lathia JD, Serwanski D, Sloan AE, Weil RJ, Lee J, Nishiyama A, Bao S, Hjelmeland AB, Rich JN. Platelet-derived growth factor receptors differentially inform intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity. Genes Dev 2012; 26:1247-62. [PMID: 22661233 PMCID: PMC3371412 DOI: 10.1101/gad.193565.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Growth factor-mediated proliferation and self-renewal maintain tissue-specific stem cells and are frequently dysregulated in cancers. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) ligands and receptors (PDGFRs) are commonly overexpressed in gliomas and initiate tumors, as proven in genetically engineered models. While PDGFRα alterations inform intertumoral heterogeneity toward a proneural glioblastoma (GBM) subtype, we interrogated the role of PDGFRs in intratumoral GBM heterogeneity. We found that PDGFRα is expressed only in a subset of GBMs, while PDGFRβ is more commonly expressed in tumors but is preferentially expressed by self-renewing tumorigenic GBM stem cells (GSCs). Genetic or pharmacological targeting of PDGFRβ (but not PDGFRα) attenuated GSC self-renewal, survival, tumor growth, and invasion. PDGFRβ inhibition decreased activation of the cancer stem cell signaling node STAT3, while constitutively active STAT3 rescued the loss of GSC self-renewal caused by PDGFRβ targeting. In silico survival analysis demonstrated that PDGFRB informed poor prognosis, while PDGFRA was a positive prognostic factor. Our results may explain mixed clinical responses of anti-PDGFR-based approaches and suggest the need for integration of models of cancer as an organ system into development of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Eunhee Kim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Qiulian Wu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Olga Guryanova
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
| | | | - Justin D. Lathia
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - David Serwanski
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Andrew E. Sloan
- Department of Neurological Surgery
- Department of Pathology
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Robert J. Weil
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Neurological Institute, Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jeongwu Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Shideng Bao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
| | | | - Jeremy N. Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
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36
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Shioda N, Moriguchi S, Oya T, Ishii Y, Shen J, Matsushima T, Nishijo H, Sasahara M, Fukunaga K. Aberrant hippocampal spine morphology and impaired memory formation in neuronal platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor lacking mice. Hippocampus 2011; 22:1371-8. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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37
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Alvarez-Palazuelos LE, Robles-Cervantes MS, Castillo-Velazquez G, Rivas-Souza M, Guzman-Muniz J, Moy-Lopez N, Gonzalez-Castaneda RE, Luquin S, Gonzalez-Perez O. Regulation of neural stem cell in the human SVZ by trophic and morphogenic factors. CURRENT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION THERAPY 2011; 6:320-326. [PMID: 22053150 PMCID: PMC3204663 DOI: 10.2174/157436211797483958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ), lining the lateral ventricular system, is the largest germinal region in mammals. In there, neural stem cells express markers related to astoglial lineage that give rise to new neurons and oligodendrocytes in vivo. In the adult human brain, in vitro evidence has also shown that astrocytic cells isolated from the SVZ can generate new neurons and oligodendrocytes. These proliferative cells are strongly controlled by a number of signals and molecules that modulate, activate or repress the cell division, renewal, proliferation and fate of neural stem cells. In this review, we summarize the cellular composition of the adult human SVZ (hSVZ) and discuss the increasing evidence showing that some trophic modulators strongly control the function of neural stem cells in the SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriel Castillo-Velazquez
- Department of Neurosurgery. Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugia "Manuel Velasco Suárez" México, DF
| | - Mario Rivas-Souza
- Forensic medicine. Instituto Jalisciense de Ciencias Forenses, Guadalajara, Jalisco
| | - Jorge Guzman-Muniz
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara
| | - Norma Moy-Lopez
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara
| | | | - Sonia Luquin
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara
| | - Oscar Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Neuroscience, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara ; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Col, México
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Hellström NA, Lindberg OR, Ståhlberg A, Swanpalmer J, Pekny M, Blomgren K, Kuhn HG. Unique gene expression patterns indicate microglial contribution to neural stem cell recovery following irradiation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 46:710-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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39
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Cognitive and socio-emotional deficits in platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β gene knockout mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18004. [PMID: 21437241 PMCID: PMC3060876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent mitogen. Extensive in vivo studies of PDGF and its receptor (PDGFR) genes have reported that PDGF plays an important role in embryogenesis and development of the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, PDGF and the β subunit of the PDGF receptor (PDGFR-β) have been reported to be associated with schizophrenia and autism. However, no study has reported on the effects of PDGF deletion on mice behavior. Here we generated novel mutant mice (PDGFR-β KO) in which PDGFR-β was conditionally deleted in CNS neurons using the Cre/loxP system. Mice without the Cre transgene but with floxed PDGFR-β were used as controls. Both groups of mice reached adulthood without any apparent anatomical defects. These mice were further examined by conducting several behavioral tests for spatial memory, social interaction, conditioning, prepulse inhibition, and forced swimming. The test results indicated that the PDGFR-β KO mice show deficits in all of these areas. Furthermore, an immunohistochemical study of the PDGFR-β KO mice brain indicated that the number of parvalbumin (calcium-binding protein)-positive (i.e., putatively γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic) neurons was low in the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex. Neurophysiological studies indicated that sensory-evoked gamma oscillation was low in the PDGFR-β KO mice, consistent with the observed reduction in the number of parvalbumin-positive neurons. These results suggest that PDGFR-β plays an important role in cognitive and socioemotional functions, and that deficits in this receptor may partly underlie the cognitive and socioemotional deficits observed in schizophrenic and autistic patients.
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Pramparo T, Libiger O, Jain S, Li H, Youn YH, Hirotsune S, Schork NJ, Wynshaw-Boris A. Global developmental gene expression and pathway analysis of normal brain development and mouse models of human neuronal migration defects. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001331. [PMID: 21423666 PMCID: PMC3053345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous LIS1 mutations are the most common cause of human lissencephaly, a human neuronal migration defect, and DCX mutations are the most common cause of X-linked lissencephaly. LIS1 is part of a protein complex including NDEL1 and 14-3-3ε that regulates dynein motor function and microtubule dynamics, while DCX stabilizes microtubules and cooperates with LIS1 during neuronal migration and neurogenesis. Targeted gene mutations of Lis1, Dcx, Ywhae (coding for 14-3-3ε), and Ndel1 lead to neuronal migration defects in mouse and provide models of human lissencephaly, as well as aid the study of related neuro-developmental diseases. Here we investigated the developing brain of these four mutants and wild-type mice using expression microarrays, bioinformatic analyses, and in vivo/in vitro experiments to address whether mutations in different members of the LIS1 neuronal migration complex lead to similar and/or distinct global gene expression alterations. Consistent with the overall successful development of the mutant brains, unsupervised clustering and co-expression analysis suggested that cell cycle and synaptogenesis genes are similarly expressed and co-regulated in WT and mutant brains in a time-dependent fashion. By contrast, focused co-expression analysis in the Lis1 and Ndel1 mutants uncovered substantial differences in the correlation among pathways. Differential expression analysis revealed that cell cycle, cell adhesion, and cytoskeleton organization pathways are commonly altered in all mutants, while synaptogenesis, cell morphology, and inflammation/immune response are specifically altered in one or more mutants. We found several commonly dysregulated genes located within pathogenic deletion/duplication regions, which represent novel candidates of human mental retardation and neurocognitive disabilities. Our analysis suggests that gene expression and pathway analysis in mouse models of a similar disorder or within a common pathway can be used to define novel candidates for related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Pramparo
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ondrej Libiger
- The Scripps Research Institute and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California United States of America
| | - Sonia Jain
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hong Li
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yong Ha Youn
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shinji Hirotsune
- Department of Genetic Disease Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- The Scripps Research Institute and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California United States of America
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Sellheyer K, Nelson P, Patel RM. Expression of embryonic stem cell markers SOX2 and nestin in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and dermatofibroma. J Cutan Pathol 2011; 38:415-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2010.01670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Masui K, Suzuki SO, Torisu R, Goldman JE, Canoll P, Iwaki T. Glial progenitors in the brainstem give rise to malignant gliomas by platelet-derived growth factor stimulation. Glia 2010; 58:1050-65. [PMID: 20468047 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glial progenitors in the white matter and the subventricular zone are the major population of cycling cells in the postnatal central nervous system, and thought to be candidates for glioma-initiating cells. However, less is known about the dividing cell populations in the brainstem than those in the cerebrum, leading to the lag of basic understanding of brainstem gliomas. We herein demonstrate much fewer cycling glial progenitors exist in the brainstem than in the cerebrum. We also show that infecting brainstem glial progenitors with PDGFB-green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing retrovirus induced tumors that closely resembled human malignant gliomas. Of note, brainstem tumors grew more slowly than cerebral tumors induced by the same retrovirus, and >80% tumor cells in the brainstem consisted of GFP-positive, infected progenitors while GFP-positive cells in the cerebral tumors were <20%. These indicate that cerebral tumors progressed rapidly by recruiting resident progenitors via paracrine mechanism whereas brainstem tumors grew more slowly by clonal expansion of the infected population. The cerebral and brainstem glial progenitors similarly showed reversible dedifferentiation upon PDGF stimulation in vitro and did not show the intrinsic difference in terms of the responsiveness to PDGF. We therefore suggest that slower, monoclonal progression pattern of the brainstem tumors is at least partly due to the environmental factors including the cell density of the glial progenitors. Together, these findings are the first implications regarding the cell-of-origin and the gliomagenesis in the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Masui
- Department of Neuropathology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Zheng L, Ishii Y, Tokunaga A, Hamashima T, Shen J, Zhao QL, Ishizawa S, Fujimori T, Nabeshima YI, Mori H, Kondo T, Sasahara M. Neuroprotective effects of PDGF against oxidative stress and the signaling pathway involved. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1273-84. [PMID: 19998489 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and the major signaling pathways involved in these were examined using primary cultured mouse cortical neurons subjected to H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. The specific function of the PDGF beta-receptor (PDGFR-beta) was examined by the selective deletion of the corresponding gene using the Cre-loxP system in vitro. In wild-type neurons, PDGF-BB enhanced the survival of these neurons and suppressed H(2)O(2)-induced caspase-3 activation. The prosurvival effect of PDGF-AA was less than that of PDGF-BB. PDGF-BB highly activated Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. PDGF-AA activated these molecules at lesser extent than PDGF-BB. In particular, PDGF-AA induced activation of Akt was at very low level. The neuroprotective effects of PDGF-BB were antagonized by inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), JNK and p38. The PDGFR-beta-depleted neurons showed increased vulnerability to oxidative stress, and less responsiveness to PDGF-BB-induced cytoprotection and signal activation, in which Akt activation was most strongly suppressed. After all, these results demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of PDGF and the signaling pathways involved against oxidative stress. The effects of PDGF-BB were more potent than those of PDGF-AA. This might be due to the activation and additive effects of two PDGFRs after PDGF-BB stimulation. Furthermore, the PI3-K/Akt pathway that was deduced to be preferentially activated by PDGFR-beta may explain the potent effects of PDGF-BB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianshun Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Novel embryonic neuronal migration and proliferation defects in Dcx mutant mice are exacerbated by Lis1 reduction. J Neurosci 2010; 30:3002-12. [PMID: 20181597 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4851-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous LIS1 mutations and males with loss of the X-linked DCX result in lissencephaly, a neuronal migration defect. LIS1 regulates nuclear translocation and mitotic division of neural progenitor cells, while the role of DCX in cortical development remains poorly understood. Here, we uncovered novel neuronal migration and proliferation defects in the Dcx mutant embryonic brains. Although cortical organization was fairly well preserved, Dcx(ko/Y) neurons displayed defective migration velocities similar to Lis1(+/ko) neurons when characterized by time-lapse video-microscopy of embryonic cortical slices. Dcx(ko/Y) migrating neurons displayed novel multidirectional movements with abnormal morphology and increased branching. Surprisingly, Dcx(ko/Y) radial glial cells displayed spindle orientation abnormalities similar to Lis1(+/ko) cells that in turn lead to moderate proliferation defects both in vivo and in vitro. We found functional genetic interaction of the two genes, with the combined effects of Lis1 haploinsufficiency and Dcx knock-out leading to more severe neuronal migration and proliferation phenotypes in the Lis1(+/ko);Dcx(ko/Y) male double mutant compared with the single mutants, resulting in cortical disorganization and depletion of the progenitor pool. Thus, we provide definitive evidence for a critical role for Dcx in neuronal migration and neurogenesis, as well as for the in vivo genetic interaction of the two genes most commonly involved in human neuronal migration defects.
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Schwindt TT, Motta FL, Gabriela F. B, Cristina G. M, Guimarães AO, Calcagnotto ME, Pesquero JB, Mello LE. Effects of FGF-2 and EGF removal on the differentiationof mouse neural precursor cells. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2009; 81:443-52. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy for neurological disorders has advanced, and neural precursor cells (NPC) may become the ideal candidates for neural transplantation in a wide range of diseases. However, additional work has to be done to determine either the ideal culture environment for NPC expansion in vitro, without altering their plasticity, or the FGF-2 and EGF mechanisms of cell signaling in neurospheres growth, survival and differentiation. In this work we evaluated mouse neurospheres cultured with and without FGF-2 and EGF containing medium and showed that those growth factors are responsible for NPC proliferation. It is also demonstrated that endogenous production of growth factors shifts from FGF-2 to IGF-1/PDGFb upon EGF and FGF-2 withdrawal. Mouse NPC cultured in suspension showed different patterns of neuronal localization (core versus shell) for both EGF and FGF-2 withdrawal and control groups. Taken together, these results show that EGF and FGF-2 removal play an important role in NPC differentiation and may contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms of NPC differentiation. Our findings suggest that depriving NPC of growth factors prior to grafting might enhance their chance to effectively integrate into the host.
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Milosevic A, Noctor SC, Martinez-Cerdeno V, Kriegstein AR, Goldman JE. Progenitors from the postnatal forebrain subventricular zone differentiate into cerebellar-like interneurons and cerebellar-specific astrocytes upon transplantation. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 39:324-34. [PMID: 18718868 PMCID: PMC2593080 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitor cells give rise to glia and olfactory bulb interneurons during early postnatal life in rats. We investigated the potential of SVZ cells to alter their fate by transplanting them into a heterotypic neurogenic and gliogenic environment-the cerebellum. Transplanted cells were examined 1 to 7 weeks and 6 months post transplantation. Forebrain progenitors populated the cerebellum and differentiated into oligodendrocytes, cerebellar-specific Bergmann glia and velate astrocytes, and neurons. The transplanted cells that differentiated into neurons maintained an interneuronal fate: they were GABA-positive, expressed interneuronal markers, such as calretinin, and exhibited membrane properties that are characteristic of interneurons. However, the transplanted interneurons lost the expression of the olfactory bulb transcription factors Tbr2 and Dlx1, and acquired a cerebellar-like morphology. Forebrain SVZ progenitors thus have the potential to adapt to a new environment and integrate into diverse regions, and may be a useful tool in transplantation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milosevic
- GENSAT Project, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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