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Wu Y, Ma B, Liu C, Li D, Sui G. Pathological Involvement of Protein Phase Separation and Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10187. [PMID: 39337671 PMCID: PMC11432175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are the leading cause of human disability and immensely reduce patients' life span and quality. The diseases are characterized by the functional loss of neuronal cells and share several common pathogenic mechanisms involving the malfunction, structural distortion, or aggregation of multiple key regulatory proteins. Cellular phase separation is the formation of biomolecular condensates that regulate numerous biological processes, including neuronal development and synaptic signaling transduction. Aberrant phase separation may cause protein aggregation that is a general phenomenon in the neuronal cells of patients suffering neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the pathological causes of common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, among others. We discuss the regulation of key amyloidogenic proteins with an emphasis of their aberrant phase separation and aggregation. We also introduce the approaches as potential therapeutic strategies to ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases through intervening protein aggregation. Overall, this review consolidates the research findings of phase separation and aggregation caused by misfolded proteins in a context of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Wu
- Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Biao Ma
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Dangdang Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Guangchao Sui
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.M.); (C.L.)
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2
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Li Y, Shi C, Liu R, Yang J, Wang J. Alpha-synuclein affects certain iron transporters of BV2 microglia cell through its ferric reductase activity. J Neurophysiol 2024; 132:446-453. [PMID: 38919150 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00106.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a major component of Lewy bodies, which is a biomarker of Parkinson's disease (PD). It accumulates in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) to form insoluble aggregates and cause neurotoxicity, which is often accompanied by iron deposition. We compared the iron reductase activity between monomeric α-syn (M-α-syn) and oligomeric α-syn (O-α-syn) and investigated the effect of α-syn on iron metabolism of BV2 microglia cells as well. α-syn had ferric reductase activity, and O-α-syn had stronger enzyme activity than M-α-syn. M-α-syn upregulated iron uptake protein, divalent metal transporter1 (DMT1) expression, and iron influx but did not regulate iron release protein ferroportin1 (FPN1) expression and iron efflux. O-α-syn elevated the expression of both DMT1 and FPN1 and thus increased the iron influx and efflux in BV2 microglial cells, but the expressions of iron regulatory protein1 (IRP1) and hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) had no significant change. Moreover, both M-α-syn and O-α-syn could increase the mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in BV2 microglia cells. Both types of α-syn can activate microglia, which leads to increased expressions of proinflammatory factors. α-syn can affect DMT1 and FPN1 expressions in BV2 microglia cells, which might be through its ferric reductase activity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The effects of monomeric α-syn (M-α-syn) and oligomeric α-syn (O-α-syn) on the iron metabolism of BV2 microglia cells were detected by exogenous α-syn treatment. This study provides a strong experimental basis for α-syn involvement in iron metabolism in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengkui Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiahua Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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3
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Jacquemyn J, Ralhan I, Ioannou MS. Driving factors of neuronal ferroptosis. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:535-546. [PMID: 38395733 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an oxidative form of iron-dependent cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides on membranes. Iron and lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential for this process. Ferroptosis is central to several neurological diseases and underlies the importance of balanced iron and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in the brain, particularly in neurons. Here, we reflect on the potential links between neuronal physiology and the accumulation of iron and peroxidated lipids, the mechanisms neurons use to protect themselves from ferroptosis, and the relationship between pathogenic protein deposition and ferroptosis in neurodegenerative disease. We propose that the unique physiology of neurons makes them especially vulnerable to ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jacquemyn
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Isha Ralhan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Maria S Ioannou
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
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4
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Shen QQ, Jv XH, Ma XZ, Li C, Liu L, Jia WT, Qu L, Chen LL, Xie JX. Cell senescence induced by toxic interaction between α-synuclein and iron precedes nigral dopaminergic neuron loss in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:268-281. [PMID: 37674042 PMCID: PMC10789811 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell senescence has been implicated in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Both abnormal α-synuclein aggregation and iron deposition are suggested to be the triggers, facilitators, and aggravators during the development of PD. In this study, we investigated the involvement of α-synuclein and iron in the process of cell senescence in a mouse model of PD. In order to overexpress α-syn-A53T in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), human α-syn-A53T was microinjected into both sides of the SNpc in mice. We found that overexpression of α-syn-A53T for one week induced significant pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), increased cell senescence-related proteins (β-gal, p16, p21, H2A.X and γ-H2A.X), mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied by dysregulation of iron-related proteins (L-ferritin, H-ferritin, DMT1, IRP1 and IRP2) in the SNpc. In contrast, significant loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons and motor dysfunction were only observed after overexpression of α-syn-A53T for 4 weeks. In PC12 cells stably overexpressing α-syn-A53T, iron overload (ferric ammonium citrate, FAC, 100 μM) not only increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), p16 and p21, but also exacerbated the processes of oxidative stress and cell senescence signalling induced by α-syn-A53T overexpression. Interestingly, reducing the iron level with deferoxamine (DFO) or knockdown of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) significantly improved both the phenotypes and dysregulated proteins of cell senescence induced by α-syn-A53T overexpression. All these evidence highlights the toxic interaction between iron and α-synuclein inducing cell senescence, which precedes nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD. Further investigation on cell senescence may yield new therapeutic agents for the prevention or treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Shen
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Xian-Hui Jv
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Xi-Zhen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Chong Li
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Wen-Ting Jia
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Le Qu
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Lei-Lei Chen
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Jun-Xia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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5
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Gao G, You L, Zhang J, Chang YZ, Yu P. Brain Iron Metabolism, Redox Balance and Neurological Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1289. [PMID: 37372019 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and stroke, is increasing. An increasing number of studies have correlated these diseases with brain iron overload and the resulting oxidative damage. Brain iron deficiency has also been closely linked to neurodevelopment. These neurological disorders seriously affect the physical and mental health of patients and bring heavy economic burdens to families and society. Therefore, it is important to maintain brain iron homeostasis and to understand the mechanism of brain iron disorders affecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, resulting in neural damage, cell death and, ultimately, leading to the development of disease. Evidence has shown that many therapies targeting brain iron and ROS imbalances have good preventive and therapeutic effects on neurological diseases. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and treatment strategies of brain iron metabolism disorders in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofen Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Linhao You
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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6
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Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M, Tanaka KI. Dietary Trace Elements and the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:2067. [PMID: 37432185 PMCID: PMC10180548 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace elements such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) are absorbed from food via the gastrointestinal tract, transported into the brain, and play central roles in normal brain functions. An excess of these trace elements often produces reactive oxygen species and damages the brain. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that the dyshomeostasis of these metals is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, and Lewy body diseases. The disease-related amyloidogenic proteins can regulate metal homeostasis at the synapses, and thus loss of the protective functions of these amyloidogenic proteins causes neurodegeneration. Meanwhile, metal-induced conformational changes of the amyloidogenic proteins contribute to enhancing their neurotoxicity. Moreover, excess Zn and Cu play central roles in the pathogenesis of vascular-type senile dementia. Here, we present an overview of the intake, absorption, and transport of four essential elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) and one non-essential element (aluminum: Al) in food and their connections with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases based on metal-protein, and metal-metal cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Midori Kato-Negishi
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tanaka
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
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7
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Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL. A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:505-520. [PMID: 35534717 PMCID: PMC9188502 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron has a long and storied history in Parkinson disease and related disorders. This essential micronutrient is critical for normal brain function, but abnormal brain iron accumulation has been associated with extrapyramidal disease for a century. Precisely why, how, and when iron is implicated in neuronal death remains the subject of investigation. In this article, we review the history of iron in movement disorders, from the first observations in the early twentieth century to recent efforts that view extrapyramidal iron as a novel therapeutic target and diagnostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kay L. Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Foley PB, Hare DJ, Double KL. A brief history of brain iron accumulation in Parkinson disease and related disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:505-520. [PMID: 35534717 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-025055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron has a long and storied history in Parkinson disease and related disorders. This essential micronutrient is critical for normal brain function, but abnormal brain iron accumulation has been associated with extrapyramidal disease for a century. Precisely why, how, and when iron is implicated in neuronal death remains the subject of investigation. In this article, we review the history of iron in movement disorders, from the first observations in the early twentieth century to recent efforts that view extrapyramidal iron as a novel therapeutic target and diagnostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic J Hare
- Atomic Medicine Initiative, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kay L Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences (Neuroscience), Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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9
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Falcone E, Okafor M, Vitale N, Raibaut L, Sour A, Faller P. Extracellular Cu2+ pools and their detection: From current knowledge to next-generation probes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Minakaki G, Krainc D, Burbulla LF. The Convergence of Alpha-Synuclein, Mitochondrial, and Lysosomal Pathways in Vulnerability of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:580634. [PMID: 33381501 PMCID: PMC7767856 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.580634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and gait impairment, as well as a spectrum of non-motor symptoms including autonomic and cognitive dysfunction. The cardinal motor symptoms of PD stem from the loss of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, and it remains unclear why SN DAergic neurons are preferentially lost in PD. However, recent identification of several genetic PD forms suggests that mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions play important roles in the degeneration of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. In this review, we discuss the interplay of cell-autonomous mechanisms linked to DAergic neuron vulnerability and alpha-synuclein homeostasis. Emerging studies highlight a deleterious feedback cycle, with oxidative stress, altered DA metabolism, dysfunctional lysosomes, and pathological alpha-synuclein species representing key events in the pathogenesis of PD. We also discuss the interactions of alpha-synuclein with toxic DA metabolites, as well as the biochemical links between intracellular iron, calcium, and alpha-synuclein accumulation. We suggest that targeting multiple pathways, rather than individual processes, will be important for developing disease-modifying therapies. In this context, we focus on current translational efforts specifically targeting lysosomal function, as well as oxidative stress via calcium and iron modulation. These efforts could have therapeutic benefits for the broader population of sporadic PD and related synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Minakaki
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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11
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Systematic Surveys of Iron Homeostasis Mechanisms Reveal Ferritin Superfamily and Nucleotide Surveillance Regulation to be Modified by PINK1 Absence. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102229. [PMID: 33023155 PMCID: PMC7650593 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deprivation activates mitophagy and extends lifespan in nematodes. In patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease (PD), PINK1-PRKN mutations via deficient mitophagy trigger iron accumulation and reduce lifespan. To evaluate molecular effects of iron chelator drugs as a potential PD therapy, we assessed fibroblasts by global proteome profiles and targeted transcript analyses. In mouse cells, iron shortage decreased protein abundance for iron-binding nucleotide metabolism enzymes (prominently XDH and ferritin homolog RRM2). It also decreased the expression of factors with a role for nucleotide surveillance, which associate with iron-sulfur-clusters (ISC), and are important for growth and survival. This widespread effect included prominently Nthl1-Ppat-Bdh2, but also mitochondrial Glrx5-Nfu1-Bola1, cytosolic Aco1-Abce1-Tyw5, and nuclear Dna2-Elp3-Pold1-Prim2. Incidentally, upregulated Pink1-Prkn levels explained mitophagy induction, the downregulated expression of Slc25a28 suggested it to function in iron export. The impact of PINK1 mutations in mouse and patient cells was pronounced only after iron overload, causing hyperreactive expression of ribosomal surveillance factor Abce1 and of ferritin, despite ferritin translation being repressed by IRP1. This misregulation might be explained by the deficiency of the ISC-biogenesis factor GLRX5. Our systematic survey suggests mitochondrial ISC-biogenesis and post-transcriptional iron regulation to be important in the decision, whether organisms undergo PD pathogenesis or healthy aging.
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12
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D’Mello SR, Kindy MC. Overdosing on iron: Elevated iron and degenerative brain disorders. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1444-1473. [PMID: 32878460 PMCID: PMC7553095 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220953065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Brain degenerative disorders, which include some neurodevelopmental disorders and age-associated diseases, cause debilitating neurological deficits and are generally fatal. A large body of emerging evidence indicates that iron accumulation in neurons within specific regions of the brain plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many of these disorders. Iron homeostasis is a highly complex and incompletely understood process involving a large number of regulatory molecules. Our review provides a description of what is known about how iron is obtained by the body and brain and how defects in the homeostatic processes could contribute to the development of brain diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease as well as four other disorders belonging to a class of inherited conditions referred to as neurodegeneration based on iron accumulation (NBIA) disorders. A description of potential therapeutic approaches being tested for each of these different disorders is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Nano-imaging trace elements at organelle levels in substantia nigra overexpressing α-synuclein to model Parkinson's disease. Commun Biol 2020; 3:364. [PMID: 32647232 PMCID: PMC7347932 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-cellular trace element quantifications of nano-heterogeneities in brain tissues offer unprecedented ways to explore at elemental level the interplay between cellular compartments in neurodegenerative pathologies. We designed a quasi-correlative method for analytical nanoimaging of the substantia nigra, based on transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence. It combines ultrastructural identifications of cellular compartments and trace element nanoimaging near detection limits, for increased signal-to-noise ratios. Elemental composition of different organelles is compared to cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments in dopaminergic neurons of rat substantia nigra. They exhibit 150–460 ppm of Fe, with P/Zn/Fe-rich nucleoli in a P/S-depleted nuclear matrix and Ca-rich rough endoplasmic reticula. Cytoplasm analysis displays sub-micron Fe/S-rich granules, including lipofuscin. Following AAV-mediated overexpression of α-synuclein protein associated with Parkinson’s disease, these granules shift towards higher Fe concentrations. This effect advocates for metal (Fe) dyshomeostasis in discrete cytoplasmic regions, illustrating the use of this method to explore neuronal dysfunction in brain diseases. Lemelle et al. describe the use of TEM and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence for quasi-correlative nanoimaging and sub-cellular trace element quantification of rat brain tissue. They further observe elemental (iron and sulfur) dyshomeostasis in cytoplasmic granules when overexpressing α-synuclein protein associated with Parkinson’s disease, demonstrating the usefulness of this method to further explore dysfunctions at organelle levels in brain diseases.
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14
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Zhang P, Chen L, Zhao Q, Du X, Bi M, Li Y, Jiao Q, Jiang H. Ferroptosis was more initial in cell death caused by iron overload and its underlying mechanism in Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:227-234. [PMID: 32217194 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent nonapoptotic cell death, was referred in neurodegenerative diseases, but its role in Parkinson's disease remains unclear. Here, we used ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) to treat dopaminergic cell to mimic the iron overload during the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). We found that the cell death types of iron-overloaded dopaminergic cells induced by concentrations of FAC were different. Ferroptosis firstly occurred in a relatively low concentration of FAC-treated group, and then apoptosis appeared in response to the increased iron doses. Moreover, both ferroptosis and apoptosis caused by iron overload could be rescued by inhibitors of ferroptosis, but inhibitors of apoptosis did not prevent the occurrence of ferroptosis. We verified that ferroptosis occurred before apoptosis in α-SynA53T homozygous PD mice model. The underlying mechanism might be associated with the p53 signaling pathway, but not MAPK signaling pathway. Collectively, our results revealed a previously unappreciated role of ferroptosis in the early stages of PD and indicated that ferroptosis could elicit apoptosis in cell death caused by iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiqi Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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15
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Chen B, Wen X, Jiang H, Wang J, Song N, Xie J. Interactions between iron and α-synuclein pathology in Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:253-260. [PMID: 31233777 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Both iron deposition and α-synuclein aggregation are neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to summarize the extensive interactions between these two factors. The direct structural links between iron and α-synuclein suggest that structural reorganization provokes α-synuclein conformational change. Iron post-transcriptionally regulates α-synuclein synthesis in the presence of iron-responsive element. Increased oxidative/nitrative stress induced by iron is believed to be involved in the post-translational modulation of α-synuclein. Iron modulates proteolytic pathways and therefore participates in the regulation of α-synuclein levels. Meanwhile, the recycling of iron through ferritin degradation suggests a link from the aspects of the degradation signaling pathway. Finally, α-synuclein might regulate iron metabolism through its ferrireductase activity. A prominent role of α-synuclein in iron homeostasis is involved in the uptake of transferrin-Fe. These findings suggest that intracellular iron and α-synuclein are closely related to each other, contributing to the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons or even to a vicious cycle of toxicity in the pathology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ning Song
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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16
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Abstract
Most cells in the body acquire iron via receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin, the circulating iron transport protein. When cellular iron levels are sufficient, the uptake of transferrin decreases to limit further iron assimilation and prevent excessive iron accumulation. In iron overload conditions, such as hereditary hemochromatosis and thalassemia major, unregulated iron entry into the plasma overwhelms the carrying capacity of transferrin, resulting in non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI), a redox-active, potentially toxic form of iron. Plasma NTBI is rapidly cleared from the circulation primarily by the liver and other organs (e.g., pancreas, heart, and pituitary) where it contributes significantly to tissue iron overload and related pathology. While NTBI is usually not detectable in the plasma of healthy individuals, it does appear to be a normal constituent of brain interstitial fluid and therefore likely serves as an important source of iron for most cell types in the CNS. A growing body of literature indicates that NTBI uptake is mediated by non-transferrin-bound iron transporters such as ZIP14, L-type and T-type calcium channels, DMT1, ZIP8, and TRPC6. This review provides an overview of NTBI uptake by various tissues and cells and summarizes the evidence for and against the roles of individual transporters in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Knutson
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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17
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Switching on Endogenous Metal Binding Proteins in Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020179. [PMID: 30791479 PMCID: PMC6406413 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of cytotoxic intracellular protein aggregates is a pathological signature of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The principle aggregating protein in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical Parkinson’s diseases is α-synuclein (α-syn), which occurs in neural cytoplasmic inclusions. Several factors have been found to trigger α-syn aggregation, including raised calcium, iron, and copper. Transcriptional inducers have been explored to upregulate expression of endogenous metal-binding proteins as a potential neuroprotective strategy. The vitamin-D analogue, calcipotriol, induced increased expression of the neuronal vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, calbindin-D28k, and this significantly decreased the occurrence of α-syn aggregates in cells with transiently raised intracellular free Ca, thereby increasing viability. More recently, the induction of endogenous expression of the Zn and Cu binding protein, metallothionein, by the glucocorticoid analogue, dexamethasone, gave a specific reduction in Cu-dependent α-syn aggregates. Fe accumulation has long been associated with PD. Intracellularly, Fe is regulated by interactions between the Fe storage protein ferritin and Fe transporters, such as poly(C)-binding protein 1. Analysis of the transcriptional regulation of Fe binding proteins may reveal potential inducers that could modulate Fe homoeostasis in disease. The current review highlights recent studies that suggest that transcriptional inducers may have potential as novel mechanism-based drugs against metal overload in PD.
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18
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Wojtunik-Kulesza K, Oniszczuk A, Waksmundzka-Hajnos M. An attempt to elucidate the role of iron and zinc ions in development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1277-1289. [PMID: 30841441 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are among the most studied issues both in medicine and pharmacy. Despite long and extensive research, there is no effective treatment prescribed for such diseases, including Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. Available data exposes their multi-faceted character that requires a complex and multidirectional approach to treatment. In this case, the most important challenge is to understand the neurodegenerative mechanisms, which should permit the development of more elaborate and effective therapies. In the submitted review, iron and zinc are discussed as important and perfectly possible neurodegenerative factors behind Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. It is commonly known that these elements are present in living organisms and are essential for the proper operation of the body. Still, their influence is positive only when their proper balance is maintained. Otherwise, when any imbalance occurs, this can eventuate in numerous disturbances, among them oxidative stress, accumulation of amyloid β and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, let alone the increase in α-synuclein concentration. At the same time, available research data reveals certain discrepancies in approaching metal ions as either impassive, helpful, or negative factors influencing the development of neurodegenerative changes. This review outlines selected neurodegenerative disorders, highlights the role of iron and zinc in the human body and discusses cases of their imbalance leading to neurodegenerative changes as shown in vitro and in vivo studies as well as through relevant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wojtunik-Kulesza
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Oniszczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Waksmundzka-Hajnos
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
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19
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Model Senescent Microglia Induce Disease Related Changes in α-Synuclein Expression and Activity. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8030067. [PMID: 30071596 PMCID: PMC6164966 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the most prominent risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases. However, incorporating aging-related changes into models of neurodegeneration rarely occurs. One of the significant changes that occurs in the brain as we age is the shift in phenotype of the resident microglia population to one less able to respond to deleterious changes in the brain. These microglia are termed dystrophic microglia. In order to better model neurodegenerative diseases, we have developed a method to convert microglia into a senescent phenotype in vitro. Mouse microglia grown in high iron concentrations showed many characteristics of dystrophic microglia including, increased iron storage, increased expression of proteins, such as ferritin and the potassium channel, Kv1.3, increased reactive oxygen species production and cytokine release. We have applied this new model to the study of α-synuclein, a protein that is closely associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases. We have shown that conditioned medium from our model dystrophic microglia increases α-synuclein transcription and expression via tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and mediated through nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). The conditioned medium also decreases the formation of α-synuclein tetramers, associated ferrireductase activity, and increases aggregates of α-synuclein. The results suggest that we have developed an interesting new model of aged microglia and that factors, including TNFα released from dystrophic microglia could have a significant influence on the pathogenesis of α-synuclein related diseases.
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20
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Angelova DM, Jones HBL, Brown DR. Levels of α- and β-synuclein regulate cellular susceptibility to toxicity from α-synuclein oligomers. FASEB J 2018; 32:995-1006. [PMID: 29054856 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700675r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is associated with a range of diseases, including Parkinson disease. In disease, α-syn is known to aggregate and has the potential to be neurotoxic. The association between copper and α-syn results in the formation of stellate toxic oligomers that are highly toxic to cultured neurons. We further investigated the mechanism of toxicity of α-syn oligomers. Cells that overexpress α-syn showed increased susceptibility to the toxicity of the oligomers, while those that overexpressed β-syn showed increased resistance to the toxic oligomers. Elevated α-syn expression caused an increase in expression of the transcription factor Forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a). Inhibition of FoxO3a activity by the overexpression of DNA binding domain of FoxO3a resulted in significant protection from α-syn oligomer toxicity. Increased FoxO3a expression in cells was shown to be caused by increased ferrireductase activity and Fe(II) levels. These results suggest that α-syn increases FoxO3a expression as a result of its intrinsic ferrireductase activity. The results also suggest that FoxO3a plays a pivotal role in the toxicity of both Fe(II) and toxic α-syn species to neuronal cells.-Angelova, D. M., Jones, H. B. L., Brown, D. R. Levels of α- and β-synuclein regulate cellular susceptibility to toxicity from α-synuclein oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafina M Angelova
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah B L Jones
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - David R Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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21
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Sherman HG, Jovanovic C, Stolnik S, Rawson FJ. Electrochemical System for the Study of Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport in Whole Eukaryotic Cells. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2780-2786. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry G. Sherman
- Division
of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Snow Stolnik
- Division
of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Frankie J. Rawson
- Division
of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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