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Ferreira IRS, de M Teixeira M, de Araújo AV, Bagagli E, Garces HG, Peters LP, Carvalho CM. Molecular detection of Paracoccidioides spp. in environmental samples from the Southwestern Amazon. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:837-842. [PMID: 38238556 PMCID: PMC10920595 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is an infection with the potential for environmental dissemination, especially in regions of hot and humid climate, where human cases have been recorded in the Southwestern Amazon of Brazil, specifically in the state of Acre. Despite studies providing information about the presence of these fungi in soil and animal samples, such as armadillos, further investigations are still needed to determine the epidemiological distribution of the genus Paracoccidioides. The aim of this study was to detect the occurrence of Paracoccidioides fungi in the Southwestern Amazon. To achieve this, 60 soil samples were collected from armadillo burrows on rural properties in the in the municipalities of Acrelândia, Bujari, Plácido de Castro, Rio Branco, Sena Madureira, and Senador Guiomard, located in the state of Acre, Brazil. Fungal DNA was extracted from these samples using the DNEASY® PowerSoil kit-Quiagen, followed by Nested PCR technique with ITS4 and ITS5 as external primers, and PBITS-E and PBITS-R as internal primers. DNA amplification products of about 380 bp compatible with Paracoccidioides spp. were detected in six samples (10%), being sequenced and identified as P. brasiliensis. These findings indicate that the soils of the Acre state could be considered a potential source for Paracoccidioides spp., suggesting that local infections are likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iasminy R Silva Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, 69920-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcus de M Teixeira
- Tropical Medicine Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Atilon V de Araújo
- Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, 69920-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bagagli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Hans G Garces
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Leila P Peters
- Center for Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, 69920-900, Brazil
| | - Clarice M Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, 69920-900, Brazil
- Center for Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, 69920-900, Brazil
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Chen K, Zhou J, Dun B, Zhang W, Wang C, Xie L, Xu Y. Onygenaleosides A-F, 6/5 Bicyclic Ring Skeleton Triterpene Glycosides with Insecticidal Activity from Onygenales sp. YX1425. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:2621-2629. [PMID: 37984868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Six new squalene derived polyether glycosides, onygenaleosides A-F (1-6), that possess a 6/5 bicyclic fused ring skeleton were isolated from the cultures of Onygenales sp. YX1425, along with two known analogues (7 and 8). The planar structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on analysis of NMR and MS spectroscopy data, and the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by the advanced Mosher method and quantum chemical calculations. Compound 2 was active against Spodoptera frugiperda with an LC50 value of 193.4 ± 1.1 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianshuang Zhou
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoqing Dun
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453000, People's Republic of China
| | - Linan Xie
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
- Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453000, People's Republic of China
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de Souza Scramignon-Costa B, Almeida-Silva F, Wanke B, Weksler M, Moratelli R, do Valle ACF, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Almeida-Paes R, Bueno C, de Macedo PM. Molecular eco-epidemiology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in road-killed mammals reveals Cerdocyon thous and Cuniculus paca as new hosts harboring this fungal pathogen. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256668. [PMID: 34428263 PMCID: PMC8384157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild animals infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis represent important indicators of this fungal agent presence in the environment. The detection of this pathogen in road-killed wild animals has shown to be a key strategy for eco-epidemiological surveillance of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), helping to map hot spots for human infection. Molecular detection of P. brasiliensis in wild animals from PCM outbreak areas has not been performed so far. The authors investigated the presence of P. brasiliensis through nested-PCR in tissue samples obtained from road-killed animals collected nearby a human PCM outbreak spot, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil and border areas. Eighteen species of mammals were analyzed: Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo, n = 6), Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox, n = 4), Coendou spinosus (hairy dwarf porcupine, n = 2), Lontra longicaudis (Neotropical river otter, n = 1), Procyon cancrivorus (crab-eating raccoon, n = 1), Galactis cuja (lesser grison, n = 1), Tamandua tetradactyla (collared anteater, n = 1), Cuniculus paca (paca, n = 1), and Bradypus variegatus (brown-throated three-toed sloth, n = 1). Specific P. brasiliensis sequences were detected in the liver, spleen, and lymph node samples from 4/6 (66.7%) D. novemcinctus, reinforcing the importance of these animals on Paracoccidioides ecology. Moreover, lymph nodes samples from two C. thous, as well as lung samples from the C. paca were also positive. A literature review of Paracoccidioides spp. in vertebrates in Brazil indicates C. thous and C. paca as new hosts for the fungal pathogen P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno de Souza Scramignon-Costa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Almeida-Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bodo Wanke
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Weksler
- Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moratelli
- Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Francesconi do Valle
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecília Bueno
- Núcleo de Estudos de Vertebrados Silvestres, Universidade Veiga de Almeida, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Marques de Macedo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatologia Infecciosa, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Updates in Paracoccidioides Biology and Genetic Advances in Fungus Manipulation. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020116. [PMID: 33557381 PMCID: PMC7915485 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dimorphic fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus are the causative agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). This disease is endemic in Latin America and primarily affects workers in rural areas. PCM is considered a neglected disease, despite being a disabling disease that has a notable impact on the public health system. Paracoccidioides spp. are thermally dimorphic fungi that present infective mycelia at 25 °C and differentiate into pathogenic yeast forms at 37 °C. This transition involves a series of morphological, structural, and metabolic changes which are essential for their survival inside hosts. As a pathogen, the fungus is subjected to several varieties of stress conditions, including the host immune response, which involves the production of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, thermal stress due to temperature changes during the transition, pH alterations within phagolysosomes, and hypoxia inside granulomas. Over the years, studies focusing on understanding the establishment and development of PCM have been conducted with several limitations due to the low effectiveness of strategies for the genetic manipulation of Paracoccidioides spp. This review describes the most relevant biological features of Paracoccidioides spp., including aspects of the phylogeny, ecology, stress response, infection, and evasion mechanisms of the fungus. We also discuss the genetic aspects and difficulties of fungal manipulation, and, finally, describe the advances in molecular biology that may be employed in molecular research on this fungus in the future.
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Bagagli E, Matute DR, Garces HG, Tenório BG, Garces AG, Alves LGDB, Yamauchi DH, Hrycyk MF, Barker BM, Teixeira MDM. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Isolated from Nine-Banded Armadillos ( Dasypus novemcinctus) Reveal Population Structure and Admixture in the Amazon Basin. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:54. [PMID: 33467393 PMCID: PMC7829815 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is an endemic fungal disease to Latin America caused by at least five species-level genotypes of Paracoccidioides, named P. lutzii, P. brasiliensis (S1a and S1b populations), P. americana, P. restrepiensis, and P. venezuelensis. In this manuscript, we report on Paracoccidioides sp. sampling efforts in armadillos from two different areas in Brazil. We sequenced the genomes of seven Paracoccidioides isolates and used phylogenomics and populations genetics for genotyping. We found that P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii are both present in the Amazon region. Additionally, we identified two Paracoccidioides isolates that seem to be the result of admixture between divergent populations within P. brasiliensis sensu stricto. Both of these isolates were recovered from armadillos in a P. lutzii endemic area in Midwestern Brazil. Additionally, two isolates from human patients also show evidence of resulting from admixture. Our results suggest that the populations of P. brasiliensis sensu stricto exchange genes in nature. More generally, they suggest that population structure and admixture within species is an important source of variation for pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bagagli
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Botucatu SP 18618-691, Brazil; (E.B.); (H.G.G.); (A.G.G.); (D.H.Y.)
| | | | - Hans Garcia Garces
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Botucatu SP 18618-691, Brazil; (E.B.); (H.G.G.); (A.G.G.); (D.H.Y.)
| | - Bernardo Guerra Tenório
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil; (B.G.T.); (L.G.d.B.A.)
| | - Adalberto Garcia Garces
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Botucatu SP 18618-691, Brazil; (E.B.); (H.G.G.); (A.G.G.); (D.H.Y.)
| | | | - Danielle Hamae Yamauchi
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Botucatu SP 18618-691, Brazil; (E.B.); (H.G.G.); (A.G.G.); (D.H.Y.)
| | - Marluce Francisca Hrycyk
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Agrárias, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Alta Floresta, Alta Floresta MT 78580-000, Brazil;
| | - Bridget Marie Barker
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Marcus de Melo Teixeira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília DF 70910-900, Brazil; (B.G.T.); (L.G.d.B.A.)
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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6
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Milhomem Cruz-Leite VR, Salem-Izacc SM, Novaes E, Neves BJ, de Almeida Brito W, O'Hara Souza Silva L, Paccez JD, Parente-Rocha JA, Pereira M, Maria de Almeida Soares C, Borges CL. Nitrogen Catabolite Repression in members of Paracoccidioides complex. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104281. [PMID: 32585293 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides complex is a genus that comprises pathogenic fungi which are responsible by systemic disease Paracoccidioidomycosis. In host tissues, pathogenic fungi need to acquire nutrients in order to survive, making the uptake of nitrogen essential for their establishment and dissemination. Nitrogen utilization is employed by the alleviation of Nitrogen Catabolite Repression (NCR) which ensures the use of non-preferential or alternative nitrogen sources when preferential sources are not available. NCR is controlled by GATA transcription factors which act through GATA binding sites on promoter regions in NCR-sensitive genes. This process is responsible for encoding proteins involved with the scavenge, uptake and catabolism of a wide variety of non-preferential nitrogen sources. In this work, we predict the existence of AreA GATA transcription factor and feature the zinc finger domain by three-dimensional structure in Paracoccidioides. Furthermore, we demonstrate the putative genes involved with NCR response by means of in silico analysis. The gene expression profile under NCR conditions was evaluated. Demonstrating that P. lutzii supported transcriptional regulation and alleviated NCR in non-preferential nitrogen-dependent medium. The elucidation of NCR in members of Paracoccidioides complex will provide new knowledge about survival, dissemination and virulence for these pathogens with regard to nitrogen-scavenging strategies in the interactions of host-pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Maria Salem-Izacc
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Evandro Novaes
- Escola de Agronomia, Setor de Melhoramento de Plantas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II Samambaia, Rodovia Goiânia a Nova Veneza, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Junior Neves
- Centro Universitário de Anápolis - UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Wesley de Almeida Brito
- Centro Universitário de Anápolis - UniEVANGÉLICA, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Goiás - UEG - CCET, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Lana O'Hara Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Juliano Domiraci Paccez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Alves Parente-Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Rodrigues TF, Mantellatto AMB, Superina M, Chiarello AG. Ecosystem services provided by armadillos. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1-21. [PMID: 31448491 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Awareness of the natural ecological processes provided by organisms that benefit human well-being has significantly progressed towards the goal of making conservation a mainstream value. Identifying different services and the species that provide them is a vital first step for the management and maintenance of these so-called ecosystem services. Herein, we specifically address the armadillos, which play key functional roles in terrestrial ecosystems, including as ecosystem engineers, predators, and vectors of invertebrates and nutrients, although these roles have often been overlooked. Armadillos can control pests, disperse seeds, and be effective sentinels of potential disease outbreaks or bioindicators of environmental contaminants. They also supply important material (meat, medicines) and non-material (learning, inspiration) contributions all over the Americas. We identify key gaps in the understanding of ecosystem services provided by armadillos and areas for future research required to clarify their functional role in terrestrial ecosystems and the services they supply. Such information will produce powerful arguments for armadillo conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago F Rodrigues
- Applied Ecology Program, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline M B Mantellatto
- Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Campus Sosígenes Costa, Porto Seguro, 45810-000, BA, Brazil
| | - Mariella Superina
- Laboratorio de Medicina y Endocrinología de la Fauna Silvestre, IMBECU - CCT CONICET Mendoza, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
| | - Adriano G Chiarello
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, SP, Brazil
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Clinical features and genetic background of the sympatric species Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides americana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007309. [PMID: 30986220 PMCID: PMC6483274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The agents of paracoccidioidomycosis, historically identified as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, are in fact different phylogenetic species. This study aims to evaluate associations between Paracoccidioides phylogenetic species and corresponding clinical data. Methods Paracoccidioides strains from INI/Fiocruz patients (1998–2016) were recovered. Socio-demographic, epidemiological, clinical, serological, therapeutic and prognostic data of the patients were collected to evaluate possible associations of these variables with the fungal species identified through partial sequencing of the ADP-ribosylation factor (arf) and the 43-kDa-glycoprotein (gp43) genes. Results Fifty-four fungal strains were recovered from 47 patients, most (72.3%) infected in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Forty-one cases were caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and six by Paracoccidioides americana (former PS2). P. brasiliensis was responsible for severe lymph abdominal forms, whereas patients infected with P. americana presented a high rate of adrenal involvement. However, no statistically significant associations were found for all variables studied. P. americana presented 100% reactivity to immunodiffusion, even when tested against antigens from other species, while negative results were observed in 9 (20%) cases caused by P. brasiliensis, despite being tested against a homologous antigen. Conclusions P. brasiliensis and P. americana are sympatric and share similar clinical features and habitat, where they may compete for similar hosts. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a severe systemic mycosis caused by different phylogenetic species. According to previous studies, these species could have an impact in PCM clinical features. This study aims to investigate possible associations between Paracoccidioides species and corresponding clinical data. The fungal strains from the patients were recovered, whereas their clinical data were collected to evaluate possible associations of these variables with the fungal species identified through DNA sequencing. Fifty-four fungal strains were recovered from 47 patients, most infected in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Forty-one cases were caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and six by Paracoccidioides americana. P. brasiliensis was responsible for severe clinical forms, and patients infected with P. americana presented a high rate of adrenal involvement. However, no statistically significant associations were found for all variables studied. P. brasiliensis and P. americana share similar clinical features.
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Leprosy survey among rural communities and wild armadillos from Amazonas state, Northern Brazil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209491. [PMID: 30629624 PMCID: PMC6328080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that in southern US, leprosy is a zoonosis infecting wild Dasypus novemcinctus armadillos but the extent of this finding is unknown. This ecological study investigated leprosy in rural communities and in wild armadillos from the Brazilian Amazon. The study area was the Mamiá Lake of Coari municipality, Amazonas State, Northern region, a hyper endemic leprosy area where residents live on subsistence farming, fishing and armadillo hunting and its meat intake are frequent. The leprosy survey was conducted in sixteen communities by a visiting team of specialists. Local partakers provided wild armadillos to investigate M. leprae infection. Volunteers had complete dermato-neurological examination by a dermatologist with expertise in leprosy diagnosis, suspect skin lesions were biopsied for histopathology (Hematoxylin-eosin/HE, Fite-Faraco/FF staining); slit skin smears were collected. Armadillos’ tissue fragments (skins, spleens, livers, lymph nodes, adrenal glands, others) were prepared for histopathology (HE/FF) and for M. leprae repetitive element-RLEP-qPCR. Among 176 volunteers, six new indeterminate leprosy cases were identified (incidence = 3.4%). Suspect skin sections and slit skin smears were negative for bacilli. Twelve wild D. novemcinctus were investigated (48 specimens/96 slides) and histopathological features of M. leprae infection were not found, except for one skin presenting unspecific inflammatory infiltrate suggestive of indeterminate leprosy. Possible traumatic neuroma, granuloma with epithelioid and Langhans cells, foreign-body granuloma were also identified. Granulomatous/non-granulomatous dermatitides were periodic-acid-Schiff/PAS negative for fungus. M. leprae-RLEP-qPCR was negative in all armadillos’ tissues; no bacillus was found in histopathology. Our survey in rural communities confirmed the high endemicity for leprosy while one armadillo was compatible with paucibacillary M. leprae infection. At least in the highly endemic rural area of Coari, in the Brazilian Amazon region where infectious sources from untreated multibacillary leprosy are abundant, M. leprae infected armadillos may not represent a major source of infection nor a significant public health concern.
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10
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Costa MV, Landgraf TN, Corrêa PC, Souza IEL, Fernandes FF, Panunto-Castelo A. Quantitation of pulmonary fungal burden in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-infected mice by real-time PCR. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 61:e2. [PMID: 30570075 PMCID: PMC6300791 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201961002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although colony-forming unit (CFU) counting is widely used to quantify fungal
load in tissue from animal experimentally infected with Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis, several technical disadvantages have been described.
Here we developed highly accurate quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays to determine
the relative P brasiliensis load in lungs from infected mice.
SYBR Green- and TaqMan-based assays using primers and probe for the 43-kDa
glycoprotein (gp43) gene detected as little as 270 gene copies (about 2 fg of
DNA) per reaction. Although qPCR assays cannot distinguish between living and
dead yeasts, we found a highly positive linear correlation between CFU and
qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Vieira Costa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taise Natali Landgraf
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila C Corrêa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Emiliano Lemos Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freitas Fernandes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ademilson Panunto-Castelo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Phylogeny, ecology and taxonomy of systemic pathogens and their relatives in Ajellomycetaceae (Onygenales): Blastomyces, Emergomyces, Emmonsia, Emmonsiellopsis. FUNGAL DIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-018-0403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Ruas LP, Genaro LM, Justo-Junior AS, Coser LO, de Castro LF, Trabasso P, Mamoni RL, Roque-Barreira MC, Blotta MHSL. Effect of ArtinM on Human Blood Cells During Infection With Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:867. [PMID: 29780375 PMCID: PMC5945982 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by fungi are prominent in our environment and can be potentially fatal. paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), caused by fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus, is the most frequent systemic mycosis in Brazil and the main cause of death among immunocompetent individuals. The antifungal therapy for PCM is usually effective but side effects and relapses are often reported. The latter could be avoided with alternative or complementary therapies aimed at boosting the immune response to combat this pathogen. Recent reports have pointed at the importance of an effective cellular immune response, with the participation of Th1 cells, in the resistance to and control of Paracoccidioides infection. The ArtinM lectin, extracted from jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seeds, exhibits immunomodulatory activity against several intracellular pathogens, including Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, by promoting the development of a Th1 immune response. The aim of this work was to characterize the effect of ArtinM on peripheral blood cells of patients with PCM and on those of control individuals infected with fungal yeasts cells in vitro. Our results demonstrate that ArtinM activates human neutrophils in vitro, leading to an increase in cytokine production and CD54 expression. ArtinM activated P. brasiliensis-infected neutrophils from both healthy individuals and patients with PCM. This activation was not dependent on the dectin-1 receptor, because pre-incubation with laminarin, a dectin-1 receptor blocker, did not reverse the activated state of the cells. ArtinM also stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to secrete pro-inflammatory Th1-related cytokines, which are protective against Paracoccidioides infection. These data support the immunostimulatory action of ArtinM and encourage new studies using the lectin for the immunotherapy of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Ruas
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Livia M Genaro
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Amauri S Justo-Junior
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lilian O Coser
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lívia F de Castro
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Plinio Trabasso
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ronei L Mamoni
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - Maria-Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria-Heloisa S L Blotta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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13
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Alvarado P, Teixeira MDM, Andrews L, Fernandez A, Santander G, Doyle A, Perez M, Yegres F, Barker BM. Detection of Coccidioides posadasii from xerophytic environments in Venezuela reveals risk of naturally acquired coccidioidomycosis infections. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:46. [PMID: 29593263 PMCID: PMC5874253 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of mammals are susceptible to infection by the fungal species Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii. In humans, 60% of infections are asymptomatic; however, certain patients may develop a severe and deep systemic mycosis called coccidioidomycosis. Genetic analysis suggests that the majority of clinical isolates recovered from South America are C. posadasii; however, little is known about the prevalence, species distribution, and ecological factors that favor the occurrence of this pathogen in those areas. By using a combined quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based approach and mycobiome amplicon sequencing, we provide evidence that at least two genotypes of C. posadasii are found in the xerophytic environment in Venezuela. We detected a 3806-fold range in the amount of Coccidioides DNA when comparing among the sampled locations, which indicates that human exposure risk is variable, and is one critical factor for disease manifestation. We identified fungal communities that are correlated with a higher prevalence of C. posadasii, suggesting that a combination of specific microbes and a xeric microenvironment may favor the growth of Coccidioides in certain locations. Moreover, we discuss the use of a combinatorial approach, using both qPCR and deep-sequencing methods to assess and monitor fungal pathogen burden at outbreak sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primavera Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Micología, Servicio Autonomo Instituto de Biomedicina Dr. Jacinto Convit, Caracas, 4043, Venezuela
| | | | - Lela Andrews
- Environmental Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Alexis Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología II, Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Biomedicina Dr. Jacinto Convit, Caracas, 4043, Venezuela
| | - Gerardo Santander
- Laboratory Geomatics, Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela, Caracas, 1040, Venezuela
| | - Adina Doyle
- Division of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute-North, Flagstaff, AZ, 86005, USA
| | - Magaly Perez
- Laboratory Geomatics, Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela, Caracas, 1040, Venezuela
| | - Francisco Yegres
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Apoyo Docente del Santa Ana (LIADSA), Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda (UNEFM), Coro, 4101, Venezuela
| | - Bridget Marie Barker
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Fungi must meet four criteria to infect humans: growth at human body temperatures, circumvention or penetration of surface barriers, lysis and absorption of tissue, and resistance to immune defenses, including elevated body temperatures. Morphogenesis between small round, detachable cells and long, connected cells is the mechanism by which fungi solve problems of locomotion around or through host barriers. Secretion of lytic enzymes, and uptake systems for the released nutrients, are necessary if a fungus is to nutritionally utilize human tissue. Last, the potent human immune system evolved in the interaction with potential fungal pathogens, so few fungi meet all four conditions for a healthy human host. Paradoxically, the advances of modern medicine have made millions of people newly susceptible to fungal infections by disrupting immune defenses. This article explores how different members of four fungal phyla use different strategies to fulfill the four criteria to infect humans: the Entomophthorales, the Mucorales, the Ascomycota, and the Basidiomycota. Unique traits confer human pathogenic potential on various important members of these phyla: pathogenic Onygenales comprising thermal dimorphs such as Histoplasma and Coccidioides; the Cryptococcus spp. that infect immunocompromised as well as healthy humans; and important pathogens of immunocompromised patients-Candida, Pneumocystis, and Aspergillus spp. Also discussed are agents of neglected tropical diseases important in global health such as mycetoma and paracoccidiomycosis and common pathogens rarely implicated in serious illness such as dermatophytes. Commensalism is considered, as well as parasitism, in shaping genomes and physiological systems of hosts and fungi during evolution.
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15
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Mendes RP, Cavalcante RDS, Marques SA, Marques MEA, Venturini J, Sylvestre TF, Paniago AMM, Pereira AC, da Silva JDF, Fabro AT, Bosco SDMG, Bagagli E, Hahn RC, Levorato AD. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Current Perspectives from Brazil. Open Microbiol J 2017; 11:224-282. [PMID: 29204222 PMCID: PMC5695158 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801711010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review article summarizes and updates the knowledge on paracoccidioidomycosis. P lutzii and the cryptic species of P. brasiliensis and their geographical distribution in Latin America, explaining the difficulties observed in the serological diagnosis. OBJECTIVES Emphasis has been placed on some genetic factors as predisposing condition for paracoccidioidomycosis. Veterinary aspects were focused, showing the wide distribution of infection among animals. The cell-mediated immunity was better characterized, incorporating the recent findings. METHODS Serological methods for diagnosis were also compared for their parameters of accuracy, including the analysis of relapse. RESULTS Clinical forms have been better classified in order to include the pictures less frequently observesiod. CONCLUSION Itraconazole and the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination was compared regarding efficacy, effectiveness and safety, demonstrating that azole should be the first choice in the treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Souza Cavalcante
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sílvio Alencar Marques
- Department of Dermatology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - James Venturini
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Fernanda Sylvestre
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anamaria Mello Miranda Paniago
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina – Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul – UFMS, Brazil
| | | | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Todorovic Fabro
- Unit of Experimental Research, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra de Moraes Gimenes Bosco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology – Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bagagli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology – Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosane Christine Hahn
- Laboratory of Investigation and Mycology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Faculty of Medicine Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Adriele Dandara Levorato
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu – São Paulo State University – UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Casaletti L, Lima PS, Oliveira LN, Borges CL, Báo SN, Bailão AM, Soares CMA. Analysis of Paracoccidioides lutzii mitochondria: a proteomic approach. Yeast 2017; 34:179-188. [PMID: 27886402 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Paracoccidioides is composed of thermal dimorphic fungi, causative agents of paracoccidioidomycosis, one of the most frequent systemic mycoses in Latin America. Mitochondria have sophisticated machinery for ATP production, which involves metabolic pathways such as citric acid and glyoxylate cycles, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, this organelle performs a variety of functions in the cell, working as an exceptional metabolic signalling centre that contributes to cellular stress responses, as autophagy and apoptosis in eukaryotic organisms. The aim of this work was to perform a descriptive proteomic analysis of mitochondria in Paracoccidioides lutzii yeast cells. After mitochondria fractionation, samples enriched in mitochondrial proteins were digested with trypsin and analysed using a NanoUPLC-MSE system (Waters Corporation, Manchester, UK). Ours results revealed that the established protocol for purification of mitochondria was very effective for P. lutzii, and 298 proteins were identified as primarily mitochondrial, in our analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first compilation of mitochondrial proteins from P. lutzii, to date. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Casaletti
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICBII, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.,Escola de Engenharia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 74605-010, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - P S Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICBII, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - L N Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICBII, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - C L Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICBII, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - S N Báo
- Laboratório de Microscopia, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - A M Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICBII, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - C M A Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICBII, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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17
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Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-associated dermatitis and lymphadenitis in a dog. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:425-434. [PMID: 27757778 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Tomazett MV, Zanoelo FF, Bailão EFC, Bailão AM, Borges CL, Soares CMDA. Molecular and biochemical characterization of carbonic anhydrases of Paracoccidioides. Genet Mol Biol 2016; 39:416-25. [PMID: 27560991 PMCID: PMC5004831 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2015-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CA) belong to the family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze
the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. In the present work, we
characterized the cDNAs of four Paracoccidioides CAs (CA1, CA2, CA3,
and CA4). In the presence of CO2, there was not a significant increase in
fungal ca1, ca2 and ca4 gene
expression. The ca1 transcript was induced during the
mycelium-to-yeast transition, while ca2 and ca4
gene expression was much higher in yeast cells, when compared to mycelium and
mycelium-to-yeast transition. The ca1 transcript was induced in
yeast cells recovered directly from liver and spleen of infected mice, while
transcripts for ca2 and ca4 were down-regulated.
Recombinant CA1 (rCA1) and CA4 (rCA4), with 33 kDa and 32 kDa respectively, were
obtained from bacteria. The enzymes rCA1 (β-class) and rCA4 (α-class) were
characterized regarding pH, temperature, ions and amino acids addition influence.
Both enzymes were stable at pHs 7.5-8.5 and temperatures of 30-35 °C. The enzymes
were dramatically inhibited by Hg+2 and activated by Zn+2,
while only rCA4 was stimulated by Fe2+. Among the amino acids tested (all
in L configuration), arginine, lysine, tryptophan and histidine enhanced residual
activity of rCA1 and rCA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vieira Tomazett
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Fonseca Zanoelo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Elisa Flávia Cardoso Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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19
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Teixeira MDM, Patané JSL, Taylor ML, Gómez BL, Theodoro RC, de Hoog S, Engelthaler DM, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Felipe MSS, Barker BM. Worldwide Phylogenetic Distributions and Population Dynamics of the Genus Histoplasma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004732. [PMID: 27248851 PMCID: PMC4889077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histoplasma capsulatum comprises a worldwide complex of saprobiotic fungi mainly found in nitrogen/phosphate (often bird guano) enriched soils. The microconidia of Histoplasma species may be inhaled by mammalian hosts, and is followed by a rapid conversion to yeast that can persist in host tissues causing histoplasmosis, a deep pulmonary/systemic mycosis. Histoplasma capsulatum sensu lato is a complex of at least eight clades geographically distributed as follows: Australia, Netherlands, Eurasia, North American classes 1 and 2 (NAm 1 and NAm 2), Latin American groups A and B (LAm A and LAm B) and Africa. With the exception of the Eurasian cluster, those clades are considered phylogenetic species. Methodology/Principal Findings Increased Histoplasma sampling (n = 234) resulted in the revision of the phylogenetic distribution and population structure using 1,563 aligned nucleotides from four protein-coding regions. The LAm B clade appears to be divided into at least two highly supported clades, which are geographically restricted to either Colombia/Argentina or Brazil respectively. Moreover, a complex population genetic structure was identified within LAm A clade supporting multiple monophylogenetic species, which could be driven by rapid host or environmental adaptation (~0.5 MYA). We found two divergent clades, which include Latin American isolates (newly named as LAm A1 and LAm A2), harboring a cryptic cluster in association with bats. Conclusions/Significance At least six new phylogenetic species are proposed in the Histoplasma species complex supported by different phylogenetic and population genetics methods, comprising LAm A1, LAm A2, LAm B1, LAm B2, RJ and BAC-1 phylogenetic species. The genetic isolation of Histoplasma could be a result of differential dispersion potential of naturally infected bats and other mammals. In addition, the present study guides isolate selection for future population genomics and genome wide association studies in this important pathogen complex. Histoplasmosis is a potentially severe fungal disease of mammals caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. The highest incidence of the disease is reported on the American continent, and approximately 30% of HIV and histoplasmosis co-infections are fatal. Previous studies have suggested at least 7 phylogenetic species within H. capsulatum, however by increasing taxon sampling and using different phylogenetic and population genetic methods, we detect at least 5 additional phylogenetic species within Latin America (LAm A1, LAm A2, LAm B1, LAm B2, RJ and BAC-1). These phylogenetic species are nested in the former LAm A clade. We found evidence that bats may be a cause of speciation in Histoplasma, as well-supported monophyletic clades were found in association with different species of bats. The radiation of the Latin American H. capsulatum species took a place around 5 million years ago, which is consistent with the radiation and diversification of bat species. Previous phylogenetic distribution of Histoplasma is upheld and strong support is indicated for the species delineation and evolution of this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus de M. Teixeira
- Division of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute-North, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - José S. L. Patané
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria L. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz L. Gómez
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Raquel C. Theodoro
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics/ Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David M. Engelthaler
- Division of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute-North, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rosely M. Zancopé-Oliveira
- Mycology Laboratory, National Institute of Infectology Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bridget M. Barker
- Division of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute-North, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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ARANTES TD, BAGAGLI E, NIÑO-VEGA G, SAN-BLAS G, THEODORO RC. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis AND Paracoccidioides lutzii, A SECRET LOVE AFFAIR. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 57 Suppl 19:25-30. [PMID: 26465366 PMCID: PMC4711194 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000700006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To commemorate Prof. Carlos da Silva Lacaz's centennial anniversary, the authors have written a brief account of a few, out of hundreds, biological, ecological, molecular and phylogenetic studies that led to the arrival of Paracoccidioides lutzii, hidden for more than a century within Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Lacaz's permanent interest in this fungus, and particularly his conviction on the benefits that research on paracoccidioidomycosis would bring to patients, were pivotal in the development of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Domingos ARANTES
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências/UNESP, Depto.
Microbiologia e Imunologia, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical/IMT, Laboratório de Virologia e
Micologia, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Eduardo BAGAGLI
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências/UNESP, Depto.
Microbiologia e Imunologia, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Gustavo NIÑO-VEGA
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Laboratorio
de Micología, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Gioconda SAN-BLAS
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Laboratorio
de Micología, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Raquel Cordeiro THEODORO
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Depto. de Biologia Celular
e Genética, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, Brasil
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21
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da Silva JDF, de Oliveira HC, Marcos CM, Assato PA, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Advances and challenges in paracoccidioidomycosis serology caused by Paracoccidioides species complex: an update. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 84:87-94. [PMID: 26494541 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the possible methodologies for the rapid and inexpensive identification of fungal infections is essential for disease diagnosis, but there are some limitations. To help with this problem, serological methods that detect antigens or antibodies are widely used and are useful for the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) through the detection of gp43, which is the main antigen employed for the immunodiagnosis of this disease caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. However, the use of gp43 has become restricted because it was recently found that this marker is not identified in the infections caused by Paracoccidioides lutzii. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new antigens in both species or antigens specific for P. lutzii to decrease the morbidity and/or mortality associated with PCM. This review provides a discussion of new diagnostic challenges after the recent discoveries regarding the taxonomy of the Paracoccidioides genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Akemi Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil.
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22
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de Oliveira HC, da Silva JDF, Scorzoni L, Marcos CM, Rossi SA, de Paula E Silva ACA, Assato PA, da Silva RAM, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Importance of adhesins in virulence of Paracoccidioides spp. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:303. [PMID: 25914695 PMCID: PMC4392702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Paracoccidioides genus are the etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). This genus is composed of two species: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii. The correct molecular taxonomic classification of these fungi has created new opportunities for studying and understanding their relationships with their hosts. Paracoccidioides spp. have features that permit their growth under adverse conditions, enable them to adhere to and invade host tissues and may contribute to disease development. Cell wall proteins called adhesins facilitate adhesion and are capable of mediating fungi-host interactions during infection. This study aimed to evaluate the adhesion profile of two species of the genus Paracoccidioides, to analyze the expression of adhesin-encoding genes by real-time PCR and to relate these results to the virulence of the species, as assessed using a survival curve in mice and in Galleria mellonella after blocking the adhesins. A high level of heterogeneity was observed in adhesion and adhesin expression, showing that the 14-3-3 and enolase molecules are the most highly expressed adhesins during pathogen-host interaction. Additionally, a survival curve revealed a correlation between the adhesion rate and survival, with P. brasiliensis showing higher adhesion and adhesin expression levels and greater virulence when compared with P. lutzii. After blocking 14-3-3 and enolase adhesins, we observed modifications in the virulence of these two species, revealing the importance of these molecules during the pathogenesis of members of the Paracoccidioides genus. These results revealed new insights into the host-pathogen interaction of this genus and may enhance our understanding of different isolates that could be useful for the treatment of this mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Caroline M Marcos
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Suelen A Rossi
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana C A de Paula E Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Assato
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Rosângela A M da Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Maria J S Mendes-Giannini
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
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Abstract
Few among the millions of fungal species fulfill four basic conditions necessary to infect humans: high temperature tolerance, ability to invade the human host, lysis and absorption of human tissue, and resistance to the human immune system. In previously healthy individuals, invasive fungal disease is rare because animals' sophisticated immune systems evolved in constant response to fungal challenges. In contrast, fungal diseases occur frequently in immunocompromised patients. Paradoxically, successes of modern medicine have put increasing numbers of patients at risk for invasive fungal infections. Uncontrolled HIV infection additionally makes millions vulnerable to lethal fungal diseases. A concerted scientific and social effort is needed to meet these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Köhler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461
| | - John Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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24
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Sambourg E, Demar M, Simon S, Blanchet D, Dufour J, Sainte-Marie D, Fior A, Carme B, Aznar C, Couppié P. [Paracoccidioidomycosis of the external ear]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2014; 141:514-7. [PMID: 25209814 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2014.04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal infection common in Latin America. Cutaneous involvement is frequent and usually affects multiple sites, being most frequently associated with lesions of the oropharyngeal mucosa. The cutaneous form on its own is rare. PATIENTS AND METHODS We report a case of paracoccidioidomycosis isolated from the ear of a 43-year-old immunocompetent man. The lesion consisted of a partially ulcerated plaque on the auricle of the left ear. Direct examination, histopathological examination and PCR revealed the presence in the skin lesion of yeasts identified as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. DISCUSSION The sites of paracoccidioidomycosis on the ear can be confused with other tropical diseases frequently found in the Amazon region such as leishmaniasis, leprosy and lobomycosis. The absence of any other cutaneous sites in this case raised the question of whether the lesion was of primary or secondary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sambourg
- Service de dermatologie, centre hospitalier de Cayenne, BP 6006, 97300 Cayenne, Guyane
| | - M Demar
- Service de parasitologie-mycologie, université des Antilles et de la Guyane, centre hospitalier de Cayenne, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane; EA 3593-EPaT, université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane
| | - S Simon
- Service de parasitologie-mycologie, université des Antilles et de la Guyane, centre hospitalier de Cayenne, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane; EA 3593-EPaT, université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane
| | - D Blanchet
- Service de parasitologie-mycologie, université des Antilles et de la Guyane, centre hospitalier de Cayenne, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane; EA 3593-EPaT, université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane
| | - J Dufour
- Service de dermatologie, centre hospitalier de Cayenne, BP 6006, 97300 Cayenne, Guyane; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, université des Antilles et de la Guyane, centre hospitalier de Cayenne, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane
| | - D Sainte-Marie
- Service de dermatologie, centre hospitalier de Cayenne, BP 6006, 97300 Cayenne, Guyane; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, université des Antilles et de la Guyane, centre hospitalier de Cayenne, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane
| | - A Fior
- Service d'anatomo-pathologie, centre hospitalier de Cayenne, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane
| | - B Carme
- Service de parasitologie-mycologie, université des Antilles et de la Guyane, centre hospitalier de Cayenne, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane; EA 3593-EPaT, université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane; CIC-EC Antilles-Guyane, CIE 802 Inserm, centre hospitalier de Cayenne, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane
| | - C Aznar
- Service de parasitologie-mycologie, université des Antilles et de la Guyane, centre hospitalier de Cayenne, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane; EA 3593-EPaT, université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane
| | - P Couppié
- Service de dermatologie, centre hospitalier de Cayenne, BP 6006, 97300 Cayenne, Guyane; EA 3593-EPaT, université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 6006, Cayenne, Guyane.
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25
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Epidemiology, Clinical, and Therapeutic Aspects of Paracoccidioidomycosis. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-014-0013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Identification of new sphingomyelinases D in pathogenic fungi and other pathogenic organisms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79240. [PMID: 24223912 PMCID: PMC3815110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelinases D (SMases D) or dermonecrotic toxins are well characterized in Loxosceles spider venoms and have been described in some strains of pathogenic microorganisms, such as Corynebacterium sp. After spider bites, the SMase D molecules cause skin necrosis and occasional severe systemic manifestations, such as acute renal failure. In this paper, we identified new SMase D amino acid sequences from various organisms belonging to 24 distinct genera, of which, 19 are new. These SMases D share a conserved active site and a C-terminal motif. We suggest that the C-terminal tail is responsible for stabilizing the entire internal structure of the SMase D Tim barrel and that it can be considered an SMase D hallmark in combination with the amino acid residues from the active site. Most of these enzyme sequences were discovered from fungi and the SMase D activity was experimentally confirmed in the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Because most of these novel SMases D are from organisms that are endowed with pathogenic properties similar to those evoked by these enzymes alone, they might be associated with their pathogenic mechanisms.
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Bocca AL, Amaral AC, Teixeira MM, Sato PK, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, Soares Felipe MS. Paracoccidioidomycosis: eco-epidemiology, taxonomy and clinical and therapeutic issues. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:1177-91. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired by inhalation of the thermal dimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides spp. conidia, paracoccidioidomycosis ranges from symptomatic to severe and potentially fatal disseminated disease. The main focus of this review is to highlight clinical aspects of paracoccidioidomycosis and, its pathogens’ diversity ecology and particularities. In addition, we present strategies for therapy, including DNA vaccines and nanostructured drugs. Molecular and morphological data supported the split of the Paracoccidioides genus into two species, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii. An acute form of the disease affects approximately 5% of cases and involves the phagocytic mononuclear system, resulting in progressive lymphadenopathy. The chronic form affects adult men and frequently involves lungs, skin and mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and adrenal glands. The clinical manifestations depend on the ability of the host to control the fungal multiplication and dissemination. The long survival time of the fungus in the host tissues allows it to evade immune responses; therefore, successful treatment often requires long-time therapy. The consensus for treatment must consider the severity of the disease and includes sulfone derivatives, amphotericin B and azoles. Novel strategies for therapy, based on DNA vaccines and nanostructured drugs are also presented and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Corrêa Amaral
- Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology & Public Health, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Keiko Sato
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Shikanai-Yasuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Infectious & Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Abstract
CLSI method M27-A3 is not available for use with dimorphic fungi, such as those of the Paracoccidioides genus. In this study, we developed a microdilution method and added the alamarBlue reagent to test the responses of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii against amphotericin B and itraconazole antifungals. The test proved to be sensitive, practical, and inexpensive and can be used to monitor the activity of low-growth microorganisms and their response to various drugs.
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29
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Molecular and morphological data support the existence of a sexual cycle in species of the genus Paracoccidioides. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 12:380-9. [PMID: 23125354 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05052-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The genus Paracoccidioides includes the thermodimorphic species Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii, both of which are etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic mycosis that affects humans in Latin America. Despite the common occurrence of a sexual stage among closely related fungi, this has not been observed with Paracoccidioides species, which have thus been considered asexual. Molecular evolutionary studies revealed recombination events within isolated populations of the genus Paracoccidioides, suggesting the possible existence of a sexual cycle. Comparative genomic analysis of all dimorphic fungi and Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrated the presence of conserved genes involved in sexual reproduction, including those encoding mating regulators such as MAT, pheromone receptors, pheromone-processing enzymes, and mating signaling regulators. The expression of sex-related genes in the yeast and mycelial phases of both Paracoccidioides species was also detected by real-time PCR, with nearly all of these genes being expressed preferentially in the filamentous form of the pathogens. In addition, the expression of sex-related genes was responsive to the putative presence of pheromone in the supernatants obtained from previous cocultures of strains of two different mating types. In vitro crossing of isolates of different mating types, discriminated by phylogenetic analysis of the α-box (MAT1-1) and the high-mobility-group (HMG) domain (MAT1-2), led to the identification of the formation of young ascocarps with constricted coiled hyphae related to the initial stage of mating. These genomic and morphological analyses strongly support the existence of a sexual cycle in species of the genus Paracoccidioides.
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30
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Theodoro RC, Teixeira MDM, Felipe MSS, Paduan KDS, Ribolla PM, San-Blas G, Bagagli E. Genus paracoccidioides: Species recognition and biogeographic aspects. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37694. [PMID: 22666382 PMCID: PMC3364295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (species S1, PS2, PS3), and Paracoccidioides lutzii. This work aimed to differentiate species within the genus Paracoccidioides, without applying multilocus sequencing, as well as to obtain knowledge of the possible speciation processes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis on GP43, ARF and PRP8 intein genes successfully distinguished isolates into four different species. Morphological evaluation indicated that elongated conidia were observed exclusively in P. lutzii isolates, while all other species (S1, PS2 and PS3) were indistinguishable. To evaluate the biogeographic events that led to the current geographic distribution of Paracoccidioides species and their sister species, Nested Clade and Likelihood Analysis of Geographic Range Evolution (LAGRANGE) analyses were applied. The radiation of Paracoccidioides started in northwest South America, around 11-32 million years ago, as calculated on the basis of ARF substitution rate, in the BEAST program. Vicariance was responsible for the divergence among S1, PS2 and P. lutzii and a recent dispersal generated the PS3 species, restricted to Colombia. Taking into account the ancestral areas revealed by the LAGRANGE analysis and the major geographic distribution of L. loboi in the Amazon basin, a region strongly affected by the Andes uplift and marine incursions in the Cenozoic era, we also speculate about the effect of these geological events on the vicariance between Paracoccidioides and L. loboi. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The use of at least 3 SNPs, but not morphological criteria, as markers allows us to distinguish among the four cryptic species of the genus Paracoccidioides. The work also presents a biogeographic study speculating on how these species might have diverged in South America, thus contributing to elucidating evolutionary aspects of the genus Paracoccidioides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gioconda San-Blas
- Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Center of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Eduardo Bagagli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu-UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Richini-Pereira VB, Bosco SDMG, Theodoro RC, Macoris SADG, Bagagli E. Molecular approaches for eco-epidemiological studies of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:636-43. [PMID: 19722090 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000400018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical mycology has greatly benefited from the introduction of molecular techniques. New knowledge on molecular genetics has provided both theoretical and practical frameworks, permitting important advances in our understanding of several aspects of pathogenic fungi. Considering Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in particular, important eco-epidemiological aspects, such as environmental distribution and new hosts were clarified through molecular approaches. These methodologies also contributed to a better understanding about the genetic variability of this pathogen; thus, P. brasiliensis is now assumed to represent a species complex. The present review focuses on some recent findings about the current taxonomic status of P. brasiliensis, its phylogenetic and speciation processes, as well as on some practical applications for the molecular detection of this pathogen in environmental and clinical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia Bodelão Richini-Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brasil
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33
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Silva MBD, Thomaz L, Marques AF, Svidzinski AE, Nosanchuk JD, Casadevall A, Travassos LR, Taborda CP. Resistance of melanized yeast cells of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis to antimicrobial oxidants and inhibition of phagocytosis using carbohydrates and monoclonal antibody to CD18. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:644-8. [PMID: 19722091 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000400019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a thermal dimorphic fungal pathogen, produces a melanin-like pigment in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the involvement of carbohydrates and monoclonal antibody to CD18, on phagocytosis inhibition, involving macrophage receptors and the resistance of melanized fungal cells to chemically generated nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypochlorite and H2O2. Our results demonstrate that melanized yeast cells were more resistant than nonmelanized yeast cells to chemically generated NO, ROS, hypochlorite and H2O2, in vitro. Phagocytosis of melanized yeast cells was virtually abolished when mannan, N-acetyl glucosamine and anti-CD18 antibody were added together in this system. Intratracheal infection of BALB/c mice, with melanized yeast cells, resulted in higher lung colony forming units, when compared to nonmelanized yeast cells. Therefore, melanin is a virulence factor of P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Barbosa da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Micologia Médica - LIM53 - Hospital de Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Richini-Pereira VB, Bosco SMG, Theodoro RC, Barrozo L, Pedrini SCB, Rosa PS, Bagagli E. Importance of xenarthrans in the eco-epidemiology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. BMC Res Notes 2009; 2:228. [PMID: 19919716 PMCID: PMC2784786 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-2-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several pathogens that cause important zoonotic diseases have been frequently associated with armadillos and other xenarthrans. This mammal group typically has evolved on the South American continent and many of its extant species are seriously threatened with extinction. Natural infection of armadillos with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in hyperendemic areas has provided a valuable opportunity for understanding the role of this mammal in the eco-epidemiology of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), one of the most important systemic mycoses in Latin America. Findings This study aimed to detect P. brasiliensis in different xenarthran species (Dasypus novemcinctus, Cabassous spp., Euphractus sexcinctus, Tamandua tetradactyla and Myrmecophaga tridactyla), by molecular and mycological approaches, in samples obtained by one of the following strategies: i) from road-killed animals (n = 6); ii) from naturally dead animals (n = 8); iii) from animals that died in captivity (n = 9); and iv) from living animals captured from the wild (n = 2). Specific P. brasiliensis DNA was detected in several organs among 7/20 nine-banded armadillos (D. novemcinctus) and in 2/2 anteaters (M. tridactyla). The fungus was also cultured in tissue samples from one of two armadillos captured from the wild. Conclusion Members of the Xenarthra Order, especially armadillos, have some characteristics, including a weak cellular immune response and low body temperature, which make them suitable models for studying host-pathogen interaction. P. brasiliensis infection in wild animals, from PCM endemic areas, may be more common than initially postulated and reinforces the use of these animals as sentinels for the pathogen in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia B Richini-Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil.
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Baumgardner DJ. Microecology ofBlastomyces dermatitidis: the Ammonia Hypothesis. Med Mycol 2009; 47:745-52. [DOI: 10.3109/13693780802572547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Vilela R, Rosa PS, Belone AFF, Taylor JW, Diório SM, Mendoza L. Molecular phylogeny of animal pathogen Lacazia loboi inferred from rDNA and DNA coding sequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 113:851-7. [PMID: 19439181 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lacazia loboi is a geographically restricted, uncultivated fungal pathogen of humans and dolphins. Previous investigations using 18S small unit rDNA, chitin synthase 2 and gp43 DNA sequences positioned L. loboi as a close relative of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. However, given the few individuals of L. loboi studied and the high degree of genetic variation observed in P. brasiliensis, the existence of L. loboi as an independent species has been questioned. To investigate the phylogenetic position of this species, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis using 20 L. loboi collections (L. loboi was obtained from proven cases of lacaziosis and 14 collections were maintained in mice, the others were analyzed from DNA taken directly from infected human tissue.). L. loboi DNA sequence was compared to that from 17 P. brasiliensis strains that represented the known variation in this species, and outgroup taxa in the Onygenales (Ajellomyces and Coccidioides species). Our analyses used DNA sequence from ITS rRNA, and partial coding sequences of chitin synthase 4, ADP-ribosylation factor, and gp43. Nucleotide variation among strains of L. loboi was minor but numerous nucleotide mismatches and multiple gaps were found for these gene regions among members in the Ajellomycetaceae, including P. brasiliensis. Phylogenies inferred using neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses showed no significant conflict and depicted L. loboi as a well-supported, monophyletic group that was sister to the Paracoccidioides clade. These results argue for maintaining L. loboi as a taxon independent from Paracoccidioides within the Ajellomycetaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vilela
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1031, USA
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38
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Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a temperature-dependent dimorphic fungus and the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), which is prevalent in rural workers of Latin American countries. Until a decade ago, most of the studies involving P. brasiliensis used clinical isolates, since environmental samples from soil are difficult to obtain. More recently, P. brasiliensis has been isolated from infected wild and domestic animals, especially from the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus in Brazil. Over the years, diversity within the species has been observed at several phenotypic levels. The present review will discuss the reports focusing on genetic polymorphism, which culminated with the detection of P. brasiliensis phylogenetic species as a result of a multilocus study. Polymorphism in the PbGP43 gene is detailed. This gene encodes fungal glycoprotein gp43, a dominant P. brasiliensis antigen largely studied in the last two decades for its importance in diagnosis, immune protection, and adhesive properties to extracellular matrix-associated proteins. Fungal traits associated with genetic groups are discussed.
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Silva SS, Paes HC, Soares CMA, Fernandes L, Felipe MSS. Insights into the pathobiology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis from transcriptome analysis--advances and perspectives. Mycopathologia 2008; 165:249-58. [PMID: 18777632 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioiddes brasiliensis is a thermodimorphic fungus endemic to Latin America, where it causes the most prevalent systemic mycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). DNA microarray technology has been used to identify patterns of gene expression when a microbe is confronted with conditions of interest, such as in vitro and/or ex vivo interaction with specific cells. P. brasiliensis is one organism that has benefited from this approach. Even though its genome has not been sequenced yet, much has been discovered from its transcriptome and DNA array analyses. In this review, we will outline the current knowledge in P. brasiliensis transcriptome, with focus on differential expression analysis in vitro and on the discussion of the genes that are controlled during the host-pathogen interaction ex vivo in order to give insights into the pathobiology of this fungus. In vitro experiments enabled the delineation of whole metabolic pathways; the description of differential metabolism between mycelium and yeast cells and of the mainly signaling pathways controlling dimorphism, high temperature growth, thermal and oxidative stress, and virulence/ pathogenicity. Recent ex vivo experiments provided advances on the comprehension of the plasticity of response and indicate that P. brasiliensis is not only able to undergo fast and dramatic expression profile changes but can also discern subtle differences, such as whether it is being attacked by a macrophage or submitted to the bloodstream route conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simoneide S Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
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Bagagli E, Theodoro RC, Bosco SMG, McEwen JG. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: phylogenetic and ecological aspects. Mycopathologia 2008; 165:197-207. [PMID: 18777629 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge on the biological aspects of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis has evolved greatly since the first description of the disease in 1908. From the pioneers, who were able to clearly demonstrate the fungal nature of the agent, to the recent genomic era, important advances have been achieved. P. brasiliensis is a true fungus, belonging to the Ascomycetous Division, although its sexual phase has not been demonstrated morphologically. A better understanding of the fundamental aspects of the agent, especially its phylogeny and evolutionary history, will provide us with valuable insights allowing a better comprehension of the disease and our capacity to deal with the problem. Concerning the fungus's ecology, although some progress had been observed, the ecological niche of the pathogen has not been determined yet. The aim of the present review is to focus on the biological aspects of P. brasiliensis from an evolutionary point of view, addressing the fungus's phylogenetic aspects, in those special points that might be relevant for the pathogen/host interactions, the biological forces that have been acting on its origin and maintenance of virulence, as well as in determining the fungus's ecology and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bagagli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu-UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Richini-Pereira VB, Bosco SDMG, Griese J, Theodoro RC, Macoris SAG, da Silva RJ, Barrozo L, Tavares PMES, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Bagagli E. Molecular detection ofParacoccidioides brasiliensisin road-killed wild animals. Med Mycol 2008; 46:35-40. [PMID: 17885959 DOI: 10.1080/13693780701553002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infections have been little studied in wild and/or domestic animals, which may represent an important indicator of the presence of the pathogen in nature. Road-killed wild animals have been used for surveillance of vectors of zoonotic pathogens and may offer new opportunities for eco-epidemiological studies of paracoccidiodomycosis (PCM). The presence of P. brasiliensis infection was evaluated by Nested-PCR in tissue samples collected from 19 road-killed animals; 3 Cavia aperea (guinea pig), 5 Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating-fox), 1 Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo), 1 Dasypus septemcinctus (seven-banded armadillo), 2 Didelphis albiventris (white-eared opossum), 1 Eira barbara (tayra), 2 Gallictis vittata (grison), 2 Procyon cancrivorus (raccoon) and 2 Sphiggurus spinosus (porcupine). Specific P. brasiliensis amplicons were detected in (a) several organs of the two armadillos and one guinea pig, (b) the lung and liver of the porcupine, and (c) the lungs of raccoons and grisons. P. brasiliensis infection in wild animals from endemic areas might be more common than initially postulated. Molecular techniques can be used for detecting new hosts and mapping 'hot spot' areas of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia Bodelão Richini-Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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