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Rodrigues GD, Centeno Filho BL, Morales DF, Dimer RDFRM, Cavalheiro CDS, Krolow TK, Moura MO, Krüger RF. Discrimination of cryptic species: Tabanus triangulum and Tabanus occidentalis (Diptera: Tabanidae) differ in size and shape. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e020123. [PMID: 38896757 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Horse fly females (Diptera, Tabanidae) are hematophagous and can vector pathogens that affect livestock. Complexes of cryptic species are common in Tabanidae, as exemplified by some species of Tabanus, including Tabanus triangulum and Tabanus occidentalis, both prevalent in the Southern region of Brazil. In this study, geometric morphometrics were employed to ascertain the wing venation in species identification. It was demonstrated that this tool effectively differentiates T. triangulum from T. occidentalis in the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul state, situated within the Pampa biome. The results indicate that T. triangulum and T. occidentalis occupy distinct regions of the morphological space, allowing their precise identification through geometric morphometrics, which is fast, affordable, and easy to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gratchela Dutra Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Animal - PPGBDiv, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Diuliani Fonseca Morales
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia - PPGMPar, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | | | | | - Tiago Kütter Krolow
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade, Ecologia e Conservação - PPGBEC, Universidade Federal de Tocantins - UFT, Porto Nacional, TO, Brasil
| | | | - Rodrigo Ferreira Krüger
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Parasitos e Vetores, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
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González MA, Ruiz-Arrondo I, Bravo-Barriga D, Cervera-Acedo C, Santibáñez P, Oteo JA, Miranda MÁ, Barceló C. Surveillance and screening of Stomoxyinae flies from Mallorca Island (Spain) reveal the absence of selected pathogens but confirm the presence of the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105206. [PMID: 38493661 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Adult brachycera biting flies can significantly impact livestock through both direct effects (reduction of food intake, disturbance, painful bites, and blood loss) and indirect effects (pathogen transmission), leading to substantial economic losses and production damage. This study aimed to assess the presence of blood-sucking flies in six mixed-animal farm environments on the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) by employing multiple trapping methods. Additionally, distribution maps of brachycera biting fly species recorded in Spain were created, based on data extracted thorough review of scientific literature and citizen digital databases. Investigation of several pathogens, including equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), Anaplasmataceae bacteria, and piroplasm protozoa, was carried out using different PCR targets (18S rRNA, 16S rRNA, groESL, and tat genes). Citizen science databases and literature review corroborated the consistent distribution trend for two Stomoxyinae species, underscoring the importance of citizen collaboration as a complement to traditional entomological surveillance. Our study confirmed the presence of two biting Stomoxyinae species: the prevalent stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans across all sampled farms, and the horn fly Haematobia irritans, which turned out to be less abundant. DNA barcoding techniques validated the identification of the two species. Neither EIAV nor bacterial/protozoan pathogens were detected using the selected PCR targets in either fly species. However, Wolbachia pipientis (clustered in the supergroup A together with the only sequence of W. pipientis from the USA) was identified through PCR targeting 16S rRNA, groESL and wsp genes in all pools of H. irritans (n = 13) collected from two of the examined farms. This study represents the first attempt to investigate pathogens in Stomoxyinae biting flies in Spain. The discovery of the endosymbiotic Wolbachia organism in H. irritans represents the first record in Spain and the second from Europe. This finding holds significant implications for future research on the applications of this bacterium in biocontrol programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel A González
- Doñana Biological Station, Spanish National Research Council (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER ESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Center for Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-CIBIR, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Salud Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Sanidad Animal, Ctra.Madrid-Cadiz, Km.396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Cristina Cervera-Acedo
- Center for Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-CIBIR, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Paula Santibáñez
- Center for Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-CIBIR, Logroño, Spain.
| | - José A Oteo
- Center for Rickettsiosis and Arthropod-Borne Diseases, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-CIBIR, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Miguel Á Miranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation research group (ZAP), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Carlos Barceló
- Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation research group (ZAP), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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3
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Backrud O, Engberg E, Nyberg K, Wieslander P, Moore ERB. Chromobacterium sp. septicemia in Sweden. A clinical case report. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024; 23:34. [PMID: 38637789 PMCID: PMC11027382 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00692-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromobacterium is a genus of fourteen species with validly published names, most often found in soil and waters in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The most well-known species of the genus, C. violaceum, occasionally causes clinically relevant infections; cases of soft tissue infections with septicemia and fatal outcomes have been described. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we present a clinical case report of a 79-year-old man from Sweden with a soft-tissue infection and septicemia. The pathogen was identified as a strain of Chromobacterium species, but not C. violaceum. The patient was treated with clindamycin and ciprofloxacin and recovered well. CONCLUSIONS This case report demonstrates the potential of Chromobacterium species as infectious agents in immunocompetent patients. It also indicates the existence of a novel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Backrud
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden.
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Erik Engberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nyberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Peter Wieslander
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sundsvall Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Edward R B Moore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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MACALANDA AMC, GALON EMS, MORILLO VA, WANLOP A, ONA KAL, XUAN X, INOUE N, KAWAZU SI, SUGANUMA K. Molecular detection and internal transcribed spacer-1 sequence diversity of Trypanosoma evansi in goats from Cavite, Philippines. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:35-38. [PMID: 38008465 PMCID: PMC10849846 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Goat production is an important source of livelihood and food. Goats may serve as reservoir of surra affecting livestock production. Here, forty-two free-roaming goats from Cavite, Philippines were screened using two primer sets, Trypanosoma brucei minisatellite chromosome for initial detection and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) to determine phylogeny. Initial PCR detection showed that 19/42 (45%) goats were positive, much higher than the rate previously reported in goats from Cebu (34%). The infectivity rate was higher in male (56%) than in female (42%) and the rate was higher in young ≤1 year old (100%) than in adult >1 year old (43%). Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS-1 sequences between T. evansi goat samples and other isolates indicate potential interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Miki C MACALANDA
- Department of Immunopathology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Cavite, Philippines
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Eloiza May S GALON
- Department of Immunopathology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Cavite, Philippines
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Vernadyn A MORILLO
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nueva Vizcaya State University, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
| | - Atcharaphan WANLOP
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kevin Austin L ONA
- College of Medicine, The University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Xuenan XUAN
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noboru INOUE
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro KAWAZU
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keisuke SUGANUMA
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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Prudhomme J, Depaquit J, Fite J, Quillery E, Bouhsira E, Liénard E. Systematic review of hematophagous arthropods present in cattle in France. Parasite 2023; 30:56. [PMID: 38084937 PMCID: PMC10714678 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The arrival of pathogens, whether zoonotic or not, can have a lasting effect on commercial livestock farms, with dramatic health, social and economic consequences. However, available data concerning the arthropod vectors present and circulating on livestock farms in France are still very imprecise, fragmentary, and scattered. In this context, we conducted a systematic review of the hematophagous arthropod species recorded on different types of cattle farms in mainland France (including Corsica). The used vector "groups" studied were biting flies, biting midges, black flies, fleas, horse flies, lice, louse flies, mosquitoes, sand flies, and ticks. A large number of documents were selected (N = 9,225), read (N = 1,047) and analyzed (N = 290), allowing us to provide distribution and abundance maps of different species of medical and veterinary interest according to literature data. Despite the large number of documents collected and analyzed, there are few data provided on cattle farm characteristics. Moreover, data on all arthropod groups lack numerical detail and are based on limited data in time and/or space. Therefore, they are not generalizable nor comparable. There is still little information on many vectors (and their pathogens) and still many unknowns for most studied groups. It appears necessary to provide new, updated and standardized data, collected in different geographical and climatological areas. Finally, this work highlights the lack of entomologists, funding, training and government support, leading to an increased risk of uncontrolled disease emergence in cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorian Prudhomme
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InTheres, University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT 31300 Toulouse France
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
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Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Faculté de Pharmacie, EA7510 EpidémioSurveillance et Circulation de Parasites dans les Environnements, and ANSES, USC Pathogènes-Environnement-Toxoplasme-Arthropodes-Réservoirs-bioDiversité Reims France
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Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie 51092 Reims France
| | - Johanna Fite
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French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Risk Assessment Department Maisons-Alfort Cedex France
| | - Elsa Quillery
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French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Risk Assessment Department Maisons-Alfort Cedex France
| | - Emilie Bouhsira
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InTheres, University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT 31300 Toulouse France
| | - Emmanuel Liénard
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InTheres, University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT 31300 Toulouse France
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Mukherjee A, Ghosh A, Tyagi K, Kumar V, Banerjee D, Naskar A. Characterization of complete mitochondrial genome of three Horse flies of the genus Tabanus (Diptera: Tabanidae): comparative analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9897-9908. [PMID: 37864662 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tabanidae (Horse-Flies or Deer-Flies) are one of the most economically important as well as medically significant haematophagous insect family within the order Diptera. Members of this group are also responsible for the mortality of substantial number of live-stock every year. Due to their pathogen transmission potential and vector competencies makes them an important insect group to study. Till now, mitochondrial genome of 18 species of tabanids were available. METHODS AND RESULTS The complete mitogenome of three species T. diversifrons (15,809 bp), T. rubidus (15,878 bp) and T. tenens (15,872 bp) were generated by Next generation sequencing method. They consist 37 genes, with a positive AT skew and a negative GC skew. The gene order of these three species is similar to the typical gene arrangement of infra-order Tabanomorpha. Most of the tRNAs showed typical clover-leaf secondary structure except trnS1, which lacks the DHU arm. The sliding window analysis showed that the nad4L is the most conserved while atp8, and nad6 are the most variable genes. Moreover, the ratios of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rates indicated that all PCGs under the purifying selection. Phylogeny revealed Chrysops and Haematopota are monophyletic while species of Hybomitra are nested within the polyphyletic clade of Tabanus. T. diversifrons exhibits sister relationship with Atylotus miser. Two morphologically divergent species T. rubidus and T. tenens are found to be genetically similar and indistinguishable by mitochondrial genome. CONCLUSIONS The hypervariable genes like atp8 and nad6 can be used as molecular markers for the identification of recently diverged lineages of family Tabanidae. Further, to address uncertainties arising from the two morphological divergent species, it is imperative to obtain data from nuclear gene markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arka Mukherjee
- Diptera Section, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhishek Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kaomud Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
| | - Dhriti Banerjee
- Diptera Section, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Atanu Naskar
- Diptera Section, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Genchi M, Kramer L, Valentini G, Allievi G, Ciuca L, Vismarra A. Efficacy of topical administration of prallethrin-permethrin-piperonyl butoxide (Bronco® Equine Fly Spray) for the treatment and control of flies and other nuisance insects of horses. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:3139-3145. [PMID: 37921904 PMCID: PMC10667147 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous biting and nuisance insects are a noted cause of discomfort and stress to horses. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids have been used for many years in numerous formulations for the control of insect pests in animals, humans and environment. There are, however, few studies reporting their field efficacy in horses. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the repellent activity of a spray formulation based on prallethrin and permethrin synergized with piperonyl butoxide (BRONCO® Equine Fly Spray, Farnam Companies, Inc., USA) against annoying and harmful insects for horses in field conditions. Nine horses of mixed breed were divided into 2 groups (treatment and control). Pre-treatment insect counts were compared to daily counts for 4 days post-treatment (pt). One minute after the administration of the product (day 0), all the horses were negative for the presence of insects. All counts up to the 6-h pt check remained negative for Hippobosca equina, tabanid flies and Simulium spp., showing 100% efficacy. This remained above 90% throughout the study. For the H. equina, the repellent efficacy remained > 99.7% for all 4 days pt, for tabanid flies > 93.3% and for Simulium spp. > 97.4%. The efficacy against Musca spp. decreased from 82.2% at day 0 to 62.2% at day 3. Treatment was well-tolerated. In conclusion, despite the low number of tested horses, Bronco® has demonstrated high insecticide and repellent efficacy and a good persistence, maintained for up to 4 days post-treatment, against the most common species of insects harmful for horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Genchi
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Parassitologia E Malattie Parassitarie, University of Parma, Via Del Taglio 10, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Kramer
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Parassitologia E Malattie Parassitarie, University of Parma, Via Del Taglio 10, Parma, Italy
| | - Gaia Valentini
- Maneggio Le Chianine Dei Tognoli, Via Castel Dell'Aquila, Gragnola, MS, Italy
| | - Giulia Allievi
- Maneggio Le Chianine Dei Tognoli, Via Castel Dell'Aquila, Gragnola, MS, Italy
| | - Lavinia Ciuca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Della Veterinaria, 1, Naples, Italy
| | - Alice Vismarra
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Parassitologia E Malattie Parassitarie, University of Parma, Via Del Taglio 10, Parma, Italy.
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Litov AG, Belova OA, Kholodilov IS, Kalyanova AS, Gadzhikurbanov MN, Rogova AA, Gmyl LV, Karganova GG. Viromes of Tabanids from Russia. Viruses 2023; 15:2368. [PMID: 38140608 PMCID: PMC10748123 DOI: 10.3390/v15122368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technologies and bioinformatics have greatly enhanced our knowledge of virus biodiversity. Currently, the viromes of hematophagous invertebrates, such as mosquitoes and ixodid ticks, are being actively studied. Tabanidae (Diptera) are a widespread family, with members mostly known for their persistent hematophagous behavior. They transmit viral, bacterial, and other pathogens, both biologically and mechanically. However, tabanid viromes remain severely understudied. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to describe the viromes of several species in the Hybomitra, Tabanus, Chrysops, and Haematopota genera, which were collected in two distant parts of Russia: the Primorye Territory and Ryazan Region. We assembled fourteen full coding genomes of novel viruses, four partial coding genomes, as well as several fragmented viral sequences, which presumably belong to another twelve new viruses. All the discovered viruses were tested for their ability to replicate in mammalian porcine embryo kidney (PEK), tick HAE/CTVM8, and mosquito C6/36 cell lines. In total, 16 viruses were detected in at least one cell culture after three passages (for PEK and C6/36) or 3 weeks of persistence in HAE/CTVM8. However, in the majority of cases, qPCR showed a decline in virus load over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Litov
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of RAS, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (O.A.B.); (I.S.K.); (M.N.G.); (A.A.R.); (L.V.G.)
| | - Oxana A. Belova
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of RAS, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (O.A.B.); (I.S.K.); (M.N.G.); (A.A.R.); (L.V.G.)
| | - Ivan S. Kholodilov
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of RAS, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (O.A.B.); (I.S.K.); (M.N.G.); (A.A.R.); (L.V.G.)
| | - Anna S. Kalyanova
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of RAS, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (O.A.B.); (I.S.K.); (M.N.G.); (A.A.R.); (L.V.G.)
| | - Magomed N. Gadzhikurbanov
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of RAS, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (O.A.B.); (I.S.K.); (M.N.G.); (A.A.R.); (L.V.G.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Rogova
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of RAS, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (O.A.B.); (I.S.K.); (M.N.G.); (A.A.R.); (L.V.G.)
| | - Larissa V. Gmyl
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of RAS, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (O.A.B.); (I.S.K.); (M.N.G.); (A.A.R.); (L.V.G.)
| | - Galina G. Karganova
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of RAS, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.L.); (O.A.B.); (I.S.K.); (M.N.G.); (A.A.R.); (L.V.G.)
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Tian J, Liu J, Lu M, Chen X, Li K. Molecular evidence of Anaplasma spp. in blood-sucking flies from China and identification of a putative novel Anaplasma species. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106318. [PMID: 37619912 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Tabanids and stomoxes are important mechanical vectors for the transmission of pathogens. Although the agents they transmitted have been well studied, bacteria of the genus Anaplasma harbored by these flies have never been reported in China. In this study, 262 blood-sucking flies (128 Stomoxys calcitrans, 45 Tabanus birmanicus, 69 Tabanus hypomacros, and 20 Tabanus taiwanus) were collected from the Wuhan and Nanping cities of China. Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma bovis, and Candidatus Anaplasma cinensis are detected in S. calcitrans from Wuhan City, with positive rates of 15.63%, 1.56%, and 7.81%, respectively. Out of our expectations, a putative novel Anaplasma species was identified in all three tabanid species (40.00% in T. birmanicus, 15.94% in T. hypomacros, and 10.00% in T. taiwanus) from Nanping City. The 16 S rRNA and groEL gene sequences have highest 99.37-99.75% and 91.46% identities to A. marginale, while the gltA gene sequences have highest 88.34% identity to Anaplasma centrale. In the phylogenetic trees, these strains form a distinct clade. Herein we name it "Candidatus Anaplasma nanpingensis". The present study shows the existence of multiple Anaplasma species in blood-sucking flies in China. This may be the first report that blood-sucking flies harbor Anaplasma in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Tian
- Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 430024, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 430024, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Miao Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Changping District, Beijing City, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 430024, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206, Changping District, Beijing City, China.
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Phetkarl T, Fungwithaya P, Udompornprasith S, Amendt J, Sontigun N. Preliminary study on prevalence of hemoprotozoan parasites harbored by Stomoxys (Diptera: Muscidae) and tabanid flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in horse farms in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Southern Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:2128-2134. [PMID: 38023282 PMCID: PMC10668551 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2128-2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Stomoxys and tabanid flies are of medical and veterinary importance because they play crucial roles in disease transmission as mechanical vectors of various hemopathogens. However, its role as a hemoprotozoan parasite vector in horse farms has not been studied. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence of hemoprotozoan parasites belonging to the genera Babesia, Theileria, and Trypanosoma in Stomoxys and tabanid flies using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. Materials and Methods All samples (Stomoxys and tabanid flies) were collected using an Nzi trap for three consecutive days each month from November 2022 to March 2023. The flies were morphologically identified to the species level and separated according to sex. Individual (for tabanid flies) or pooled samples (consisting of three specimens of Stomoxys flies of the same species and sex collected from the same site) were used for DNA extraction. Conventional PCR was used to screen for hemoprotozoan parasite DNA, followed by Sanger sequencing to identify the species. Results In total, 189 biting flies were collected, including four species of Stomoxys (Stomoxys bengalensis, Stomoxys calcitrans, Stomoxys indicus, and Stomoxys sitiens) and five species of tabanids (Atylotus cryptotaxis, Chrysops dispar, Tabanus megalops, Tabanus mesogaeus, and Tabanus rubidus). Stomoxys calcitrans was the most prevalent species, accounting for 58.7% (n = 111) of the collected flies. Ten (12.4%) of the 81 samples (individuals and pools) analyzed by PCR were positive for the 18S rRNA gene of the Theileria/Babesia species. Trypanosoma DNA was not detected in any sample. After performing Basic Local Alignment Search Tool searches and a phylogenetic analysis, only six samples (7.4%), including S. calcitrans (n = 2), S. sitiens (n = 2), T. megalops (n = 1), and A. cryptotaxis (n = 1), were found to be infected with Theileria sinensis. Furthermore, apicomplexan parasites, namely, Mattesia spp. and Colpodella spp., were found on S. indicus, the fungus Meira spp. was found on S. calcitrans, and the pathogenic green alga Helicosporidium spp. was found on A. cryptotaxis. Conclusion This study is the first to report a variety of Stomoxys and tabanid flies collected from horse farms in Thailand, which were found to be infected with Theileria and Colpodella species that affect mammals, suggesting that Stomoxys and tabanid flies can be used to confirm the presence of hemoprotozoan parasites in the study area. Understanding the presence of hemoprotozoa in flies could help design vector control programs and manage various diseases in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanakorn Phetkarl
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Punpichaya Fungwithaya
- School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Supak Udompornprasith
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Jens Amendt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Narin Sontigun
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Microorganisms, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
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Lakew BT, Eastwood S, Walkden-Brown SW. Epidemiology and Transmission of Theileria orientalis in Australasia. Pathogens 2023; 12:1187. [PMID: 37887703 PMCID: PMC10610506 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oriental theileriosis, a disease primarily impacting cattle is caused by an apicomplexan hemoprotozoan parasite, Theileria orientalis. It has now become established in the Australasia region. The organism was long considered a benign cause of persistent infections; however, an increase in clinical outbreaks since 2006 in the eastern Australian states and New Zealand was associated with the identification of the pathogenic Ikeda (Type 2) and Chitose (Type 1) genotypes. Unlike the pathogenic T. parva and T. annulate, which target leucocytes, clinical manifestation with T. orientalis is due to its effects on erythrocytes, with the infection sometimes designated as Theileria associated bovine anemia (TABA). In Australia and New Zealand, the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis is the principal vector, though other Haemaphysalis species are also likely vectors. The endemic status of infection with pathogenic genotypes in areas with low or absent tick populations is an apparent paradox that may be attributable to alternative modes of transmission, such as mechanical transmission by hematophagous insects (lice, mosquitoes, and biting flies), vertical transmission, and transmission via iatrogenic means. This review addresses the evidence for the different modes of transmission of T. orientalis with particular focus on the reported and potential vectors in Australasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biniam T. Lakew
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia;
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa P.O. Box 138, Ethiopia
| | - Steve Eastwood
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia;
| | - Stephen W. Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia;
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12
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de Jesus Corrêa-Neto J, Henriques AL. Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Mangrove Forests and Estuarine Floodplains on Marajó Island, Brazil. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s13744-023-01047-z. [PMID: 37189001 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tabanids constitute an important group of hematophagous insects that can transmit zoonoses, but with studies on the ecological distribution of species still neglected in the Amazon. We evaluated the role of mangrove forests and estuarine floodplains located inside and outside a conservation unit (UC) on the coast of Marajó Island, Amazon River estuary, on the diversity and distribution of tabanids. Specifically, we studied whether the community of mangrove and estuarine floodplain tabanids located inside and outside the UC differ in abundance, richness, and species composition. We collected tabanids using a Malaise trap at 40 sampling points, resulting in 637 specimens distributed in 13 species and one morphotype, representing approximately 37% of the tabanid fauna ever recorded for the Marajó Island. There was no significant difference in the richness and composition of tabanids between the phytophysiognomies, but the abundance was significantly different, with greater abundance in the mangrove. The areas inside and around the UC had an influence on the tabanids, with the areas inside the UC having the highest number of specimens and species, also influencing the species composition. Two species are new records for the Marajó Island, bringing the number of species recorded to 38. Our results suggest that, along the Amazonian coast, mangroves and estuarine floodplains maintain part of the diversity of tabanids known for the Brazilian Amazon. Our data also indicate that the region's UC provides potentially important habitats for the maintenance of local tabanid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de Jesus Corrêa-Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Entomologia), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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Jawalagatti V, Kirthika P, Singh P, Vinodhkumar OR, Buddhi Chandrasekaran S, Chittlangia RK, Tewari AK. Expression kinetics of cytokines and the humoral antibody response concerning short-term protection induced by radiation-attenuated Trypanosoma evansi in bovine calves. Vaccine 2023; 41:1668-1678. [PMID: 36746738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
'Surra', an economically important disease of livestock, is caused by the parasitic blood protozoon Trypanosoma evansi. Both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to the protection against this infection. T-helper cells play a crucial role in the antibody-mediated clearance of T. evansi. We present here the data on the kinetics of expression of important Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines, vis-a-vis the dynamics of humoral response in bovine calves following immunization with γ-radiation-attenuated live T. evansi and later challenged with homologous virulent T. evansi. Significant upregulation of the pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokines was correlated with the IgG2-mediated protection in the immunized bovine calves post-challenge. The calves were immunized with 5 × 106 500 Gy γ-radiation-attenuated live T. evansi (horse isolate) thrice at 15 days intervals through the subcutaneous route and subsequently, challenged with 1 × 103 virulent T. evansi on day 50. Significantly high serum IgG (1:1600) and IgM (1:800) titres were recorded on week 2 PC, whereas the peak serum IgG2 titre (1:800) was recorded on week 6 PC. Significant upregulation of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-1β, and IL-2 was recorded between days 1 to 3 PC, while the same for IL-17 was recorded on day 14 PC. The immunized calves were free from parasitemia post-challenge and were clinically healthy till the end of the experiment. Significant upregulation of IL-10 and IL-4 transcripts and a corresponding increase of serum IgG1 titre in the placebo group helped patency of the parasite in an anti-inflammatory environment and clinical exacerbation of the disease. The expression of the important Th1 cytokines was crucial for antibody-mediated short-term protection against a lethal challenge of T. evansi in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Jawalagatti
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | - Perumalraja Kirthika
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | - Praveen Singh
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India; Biophysics Section, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | - O R Vinodhkumar
- Divison of Epidemiology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | | | | | - Anup Kumar Tewari
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India.
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Mdachi RE, Ogolla KO, Auma JE, Wamwiri FN, Kurgat RK, Wanjala KB, Mugunieri LG, Alusi PM, Chemuliti JK, Mukiria PW, Okoth SO. Variation of sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi isolates from Isiolo and Marsabit counties of Kenya to locally available trypanocidal drugs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281180. [PMID: 36730273 PMCID: PMC9894490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanocidal resistance is a major cause of treatment failure. This study evaluated the sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi field isolates collected from Marsabit and Isiolo counties, Kenya. A total of 2,750 camels were screened using parasitological tests for trypanosomes. Of the screened camels, 113 tested positive from which 40 T. evansi isolates were tested using the single dose mice sensitivity test. Five treatment groups each comprising of 6 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1x105 trypanosomes of each isolate and treated 24 hours later with isometamidium chloride at 1 mg/kg, homidium chloride at 1mg/kg, diminazene aceturate at 20 mg/kg and quinapyramine sulphate & chloride at 1 mg/kg. The fifth group was left untreated (positive control). The mice were monitored daily for 60 days. A survey on camel owners' practices that influence development of resistance to trypanocidal drugs was then conducted. Results indicated presence of drug resistance in all the 7 study sites that had infected camels. Seven of the isolates tested were resistant to diminazene aceturate whereas, 28, 33 and 34 were resistant to isometamidium chloride, quinapyramine sulphate & chloride and homidium chloride, respectively. Seven (17.5%) isolates of the 40 tested were sensitive to all 4 drugs, whereas, 7.5%, 10%,55% and 10% were resistant to 1,2,3 and 4 drugs, respectively. The prevalence of multiple drug resistance was 75%. Survey data indicated that camel management practices influenced the prevalence and degree of drug resistance. In conclusion, the multiple drug resistance observed in the two counties may not be an indication of total trypanocidal drug failure. Judicious treatment of confirmed trypanosomiasis cases with correct dosage would still be effective in controlling the disease since the observed resistance was at the population and not clonal level. However, integrated control of the disease and the vectors using available alternative methods is recommended to reduce drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sylvance O. Okoth
- East African Science and Technology Commission (EASTECO)\East African Community, Kigali, Rwanda
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Malatji MP, Tembe D, Mukaratirwa S. An update on epidemiology and clinical aspects of besnoitiosis in livestock and wildlife in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2023; 21:e00284. [PMID: 36793766 PMCID: PMC9922981 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Besnoitiosis is a parasitic disease of economic importance caused by cyst-forming protozoa from the genus Besnoitia. The disease affects the skin, subcutis, blood vessels, and mucous membranes of the animals. It is traditionally endemic in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, and causes enormous economic loss associated with impaired productivity and reproduction, as well as skin lesions. Therefore, knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease, including the current Besnoitia species occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, the wide range of mammalian species hosts they use as intermediate hosts, and the clinical signs manifested by infected animals is crucial in developing effective prevention and control measures. This review collected information from peer-reviewed publications involving the epidemiology and clinical signs of besnoitiosis in sub-Saharan Africa using four electronic databases. Results showed that B. besnoiti, B. bennetti, B. caprae, B. darlingi-like and unidentified Besnoitia spp. were found naturally infecting livestock and wildlife across nine reviewed sub-Saharan African countries. Besnoitia besnoiti was the most common species, occurring in all nine reviewed countries, and utilised a wide range of mammalian species as intermediate hosts. Prevalence of B. besnoiti ranged from 2.0 to 80.3%, and B. caprae 5.45-46.53%. Infection rate was high with serology compared to other techniques. Some of the typical signs of besnoitiosis included sand-like cysts on the sclera conjunctiva, nodules in the skin, thickening and wrinkling of the skin and alopecia. Inflammation, thickening and wrinkling of the scrotum were observed in bulls, and lesions on the scrotum deteriorated progressively and became generalized in some cases in spite of treatment. There is still a need for surveys focusing on detecting and identifying Besnoitia spp. using molecular techniques in combination with serological, histology and visual observation, and scoping their natural intermediate and definitive hosts, as well as assessing the burden of the disease animals reared on different husbandry systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokgadi Pulane Malatji
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,Foundational Research & Services, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria 0001, South Africa,Corresponding author at: School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Danisile Tembe
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Ramos CJR, de Souza Franco C, da Luz SP, Marques J, de Souza KM, do Nascimento LFN, das Neves GB, Moreira RS, Miletti LC. First record of Trypanosoma evansi DNA in Dichelacera alcicornis and Dichelacera januarii (Diptera: Tabanidae) flies in South America. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:4. [PMID: 36604766 PMCID: PMC9817266 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma evansi infects a large number of wild and domestic animals and causes a spoliative disease known as surra. It is mechanically transmitted, mainly by biting flies of the genera Tabanus and Stomoxys. The detection of T. evansi DNA in the feeding apparatus of Dichelacera alcicornis and Dichelacera januarii from South America is reported, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. METHODS Tabanids were collected weekly from February 2018 to February 2019 from two sites. The feeding apparatus was removed and DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were performed. RESULTS A 205-base pair fragment of the variant surface protein RoTat 1.2 gene, confirmed by DNA sequencing, was amplified from the feeding apparatus of D. alcicornis and D. januarii. CONCLUSIONS This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first record of T. evansi DNA in South American tabanids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos José Raupp Ramos
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil ,grid.440565.60000 0004 0491 0431Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Laranjeiras do Sul, Rodovia BR 158—Km 405, Laranjeiras do Sul, PR 85301-970 Brazil
| | - Cintia de Souza Franco
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Sabrina Pogere da Luz
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Júlia Marques
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Ketriane Mota de Souza
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Luiz Flávio Nepomuceno do Nascimento
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Gabriella Bassi das Neves
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Renato Simões Moreira
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil ,grid.462200.20000 0004 0370 3270Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), Campus Lages, Rua Heitor Villa Lobos 222, São Francisco, Lages, SC 88506-400 Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- grid.412287.a0000 0001 2150 7271Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
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Krutko KS, Kinareikina AG, Serkova MI, Silivanova EA, Fedorova OA. Detection of genetic material of causative agents of animal viral diseases in blood-sucking dipterans from the Tyumen Region. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.31016/1998-8435-2022-16-4-389-402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the research is to test blood-sucking dipterans collected in the Tyumen Region for genetic material of viruses that cause dangerous diseases in live-stock animals.Materials and methods. From May to October 2021, blood-sucking insects of the Diptera order whose species membership was established by tabular keys were collected on pastures and farms in ten Tyumen Region districts. In 60 samples formed from the captured insects according to the taxonomic affiliation and the period and place of collection, the presence of genetic material of the leukemia provirus and the dermatitis nodularis virus of cattle (bovine) and the African swine fever virus was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in real time.Results and discussion. Adult insects collected for the PCR analysis were blood-sucking flies (family Muscidae, genus Stomoxys), mosquitoes (family Culicidae, genus Aedes), midges (family Simuliidae, genera Byssodon and Schoenbaueria), horseflies (family Tabanidae, genera Hybomitra, Tabanus and Haematopota), and biting midges (family Ceratopogonidae, genus Culicoides). As a result of the PCR testing of the samples for the bovine leukemia provirus DNA, 1 out of 13 samples of Stomoxys spp. (7.7%) and 1 of 13 samples of Hybomitra spp. (7.7%) were positive. The bovine leukemia provirus DNA detected in blood-sucking insects indicates the presence of this pathogen in the insect collection area as well as their possible involvement in its spread. Further research is needed on the Stomoxys spp. and Hybomitra spp. vector competence in vivo, considering natural and climatic features of the Tyumen Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Krutko
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology – Branch of Federal State Institution Federal Research Centre Tyumen Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ASRIVEA – Branch of Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS)
| | - A. G. Kinareikina
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology – Branch of Federal State Institution Federal Research Centre Tyumen Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ASRIVEA – Branch of Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS)
| | - M. I. Serkova
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology – Branch of Federal State Institution Federal Research Centre Tyumen Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ASRIVEA – Branch of Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS)
| | - E. A. Silivanova
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology – Branch of Federal State Institution Federal Research Centre Tyumen Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ASRIVEA – Branch of Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS)
| | - O. A. Fedorova
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Entomology and Arachnology – Branch of Federal State Institution Federal Research Centre Tyumen Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ASRIVEA – Branch of Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS)
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Ogolla KO, Chemuliti JK, Wamwiri FN, Auma JE, Kurgat RK, Wanjala KB, Mugunieri LG, Alusi PM, Mdachi RE, Mukiria PW, Okoth SO. Spatial-Temporal Variations in Parasitological Prevalence and Host-Related Risk Factors of Camel Trypanosomiasis and Its Vectors in North Eastern Kenya: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023:7218073. [PMID: 37153519 PMCID: PMC10162873 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7218073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Camel trypanosomiasis (Surra) is endemic in the Horn of Africa. Understanding the spatiotemporal variations in Surra prevalence, vector dynamics, and host-related risk factors is important in developing effective control strategies. A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the Surra parasitological prevalence, livestock reservoirs, vector density/diversity, and host-related risk factors in Kenya. Random samples of 847, 1079, and 824 camels were screened at the start of the dry season, peak dry season, and during the rainy season, respectively. Blood samples were examined using the dark ground/phase contrast buffy-coat technique, and Trypanosoma species were identified based on their movement and morphology in wet and stained thin smears. Reservoir status for Trypanosoma evansi was assessed in 406 cattle and 372 goats. A rainy and dry seasons entomological surveys were conducted to determine the Surra vector abundance/diversity and spatiotemporal density changes. Surra prevalence was 7.1%, 3.4%, and 4.1% at the start of the dry season, peak dry season, and rainy season, respectively. Camel co-infections by Trypanozoon (T. evansi or Trypanosoma brucei brucei) and Trypanosoma vivax were recorded. Spatial variations in Surra prevalence were recorded at the beginning of dry (X (7, N = 846) 2 = 110.9, p ≤ 0.001), peak dry (X (7, N = 1079) 2 = 42.2, p ≤ 0.001), and rainy (X (7, N = 824) 2 = 29.1, p ≤ 0.001) seasons. The screened cattle and goats tested negative for Trypanozoon (T. evansi or T. b. brucei), while two cattle tested positive for Trypanosoma congolense. Biting fly catches were composed of a single species from Tabanus, Atylotus, Philoliche, Chrysops, and Stomoxys genera. The total catches for Philoliche, Chrysops, and Stomoxys were higher in the rainy than dry season consistent with the prevalence results. Surra remains an important camel disease in the region with its prevalence varying in space and time. Camel co-infections by Trypanozoon (T. evansi or T. b. brucei) and T. vivax necessitate proper diagnosis of suspected cases and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy O. Ogolla
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | | | | | - Joanna E. Auma
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Richard K. Kurgat
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Kennedy B. Wanjala
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | | | - Phylis M. Alusi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Raymond E. Mdachi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Phoebe W. Mukiria
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Sylvance O. Okoth
- East African Science and Technology Commission (EASTECO)/East African Community, Kigali, Rwanda
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In support of morphology: Molecular analysis successfully delineates the Afrotropical genus Atylotus (Diptera: Tabanidae) into species. Acta Trop 2023; 237:106725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Rodrigues GD, Lucas M, Ortiz HG, dos Santos Gonçalves L, Blodorn E, Domingues WB, Nunes LS, Saravia A, Parodi P, Riet-Correa F, Menchaca A, Campos VF, Krolow TK, Krüger RF. Molecular of Anaplasma marginale Theiler (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Uruguay. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22460. [PMID: 36577829 PMCID: PMC9797482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale is transmitted biologically by infected ticks or mechanically by biting flies and contaminated fomites. In tick-free areas, such as southern Uruguay, horseflies could be the principal vectors of this pathogen for bovines, causing anaplasmosis. The objective of this work was to detect the presence of A. marginale by MSP-5 PCR and Sanger sequencing in the most prevalent species of horseflies obtained using different collection methods in Colonia, Tacuarembó and Paysandú, Uruguay. Eight horsefly species were tested (Dasybasis missionum, Poeciloderas lindneri, Tabanus campestris, T. claripennis, T. fuscofasciatus, T. platensis, T. tacuaremboensis and T. triangulum); four species were found to be positive for A. marginale, with D. missionum and P. lindneri having the most frequent infections, while only one individual each of T. fuscofasciatus and T. tacuaremboensis was positive. Both D. missionum and P. lindneri were positive for A. marginale in tick-free areas, and the implications are discussed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gratchela D. Rodrigues
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Ecology of Parasites and Vectors Group, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Martín Lucas
- grid.473327.60000 0004 0604 4346Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Hadassa Gabriela Ortiz
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Structural Genomics Group, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Laís dos Santos Gonçalves
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Structural Genomics Group, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Blodorn
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Structural Genomics Group, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - William Borges Domingues
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Structural Genomics Group, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leandro Silva Nunes
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Structural Genomics Group, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Anderson Saravia
- grid.473327.60000 0004 0604 4346Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Parodi
- grid.473327.60000 0004 0604 4346Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- grid.473327.60000 0004 0604 4346Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Alejo Menchaca
- grid.473327.60000 0004 0604 4346Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - Vinicius Farias Campos
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Structural Genomics Group, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tiago Kütter Krolow
- grid.440570.20000 0001 1550 1623Programa de Pós-Graduação em BiodiversidadeEcologia e Conservação (PPGBEC), Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ferreira Krüger
- grid.411221.50000 0001 2134 6519Ecology of Parasites and Vectors Group, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Resende CF, Santos AM, Cook RF, Victor RM, Câmara RJF, Gonçalves GP, Lima JG, Maciel e Silva AG, Leite RC, dos Reis JKP. Low transmission rates of Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) in foals born to seropositive feral mares inhabiting the Amazon delta region despite climatic conditions supporting high insect vector populations. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:286. [PMID: 35869474 PMCID: PMC9306203 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marajó Island, within in the Amazon River Delta, supports numerous bands of feral equids including the genetically distinct Marajoara horses. Approximately 40% of the equids on the island are infected with Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). This high seropositivity rate coupled with the need to preserve rare breeds such as the Marajoara horse precludes euthanasia as the primary means for controlling EIAV in this region. In the absence of iatrogenic transmission, spread of this lentivirus is mediated primarily by hematophagous insects, whose year-round prevalence on the island is supported by favorable climatic conditions. In addition, cases of vertical EIAV transmission have been observed suggesting inclusion of seropositive mares in restorative breeding programs could result in their progeny becoming infected with this virus either pre-parturition or post-partum via hematophagous insects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate EIAV vertical and post-partum insect-mediated transmission rates among foals born to seropositive feral mares until natural weaning. Serum samples from foals born to seropositive feral mares within the Soure municipality, of Marajó Island, were collected to investigate their serological status, using an indirect ELISApgp45, with positive samples confirmed using the classical agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assay. Results The serological status of 28 foals were monitored over a 2-year period with some subjects, depending on their date of birth, being sampled up to six times. All foals remained with their respective mares until fully weaned at approximately 10 months of age. Only 2 foals (7.14%) in the study group became seropositive against EIAV. Conclusion The results demonstrate that in most cases it is possible to obtain seronegative foals born to and eventually weaned by EIA positive mares, even in equatorial regions where substantial rainfall and high temperatures favor the proliferation of insect vectors.
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Junker K, Boomker J, Horak IG, Krasnov BR. Impact of host sex and age on the diversity of endoparasites and structure of individual-based host-parasite networks in nyalas (Tragelaphus angasii Angas) from three game reserves in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3249-3267. [PMID: 36071296 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, numerous studies have examined the effect of host sex and age on the structure of parasite communities in several host taxa under various environmental conditions and in different geographic regions. However, the influence of such factors on the structure of host-parasite networks has received less attention, and remarkably few studies have been carried out on large terrestrial mammals. In this study, we investigated the effects of host age and sex on the parasite infra- and component communities of nyalas (Tragelaphus angasii) and on the structure of individual-based nyala-endoparasite networks. We also aimed to evaluate to what extent these effects vary spatially and if they are mediated by conservation management. Based on a data set of internal macroparasites of 74 nyalas from three game reserves in KwaZulu-Natal province, we found that host age strongly influenced parasite community structure as well as the structure of parasite-nyala networks, whereas host sex played a minor role. However, the effects of both host sex and age were mediated by environmental conditions and thus led to different patterns at the three localities. Our findings highlight that host-parasite communities from different localities should not be pooled when conducting host-parasite network and community studies as this may bias results and mask patterns that are typical for a given locality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Junker
- National Collection of Animal Helminths, Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Joop Boomker
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Ivan G Horak
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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23
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Chaiphongpachara T, Weluwanarak T, Changbunjong T. Intraspecific variation in wing geometry among Tabanus rubidus (Diptera: Tabanidae) populations in Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:920755. [PMID: 36118331 PMCID: PMC9480827 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.920755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tabanus rubidus (Wiedemann, 1821) (Diptera: Tabanidae) is a hematophagous insect of veterinary and medical importance and is the predominant Tabanus spp. in Thailand. It is a potential mechanical vector of Trypanosoma evansi, which causes surra in domestic and wild animals. Wing geometric morphometrics is widely used as morphological markers for species identification and to assess the insect population structure. Herein, we investigated the intraspecific variation in wing geometry among T. rubidus populations in Thailand using landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis. Tabanus rubidus females were collected from five populations in four geographical regions in Thailand. The left wings of 240 specimens were removed and digitized using 22 landmarks for analysis. While wing size variations were found between some populations, wing shape variations were detected in all. These intraspecific variations in T. rubidus populations indicate an adaptive response to the local environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanawat Chaiphongpachara
- Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thekhawet Weluwanarak
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Tanasak Changbunjong
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24
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Sontigun N, Boonhoh W, Phetcharat Y, Wongtawan T. First study on molecular detection of hemopathogens in tabanid flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) and cattle in Southern Thailand. Vet World 2022; 15:2089-2094. [PMID: 36313830 PMCID: PMC9615497 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2089-2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Female tabanids play a key role in disease transmission as mechanical vectors for various hemopathogens, but only a limited number of studies have been conducted on them. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of hemopathogens in tabanid flies compared to those found in nearby cattle hosts. Materials and Methods: Tabanids were collected using a Nzi trap for three consecutive days per month during the dry season (February–May 2021). Furthermore, blood samples were collected from 20 beef cattle (Bos taurus) raised in the same area where the flies were captured. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect hemopathogenic DNA in flies and beef cattle. Results: In total, 279 female tabanids belonging to five species were collected: Tabanus megalops, Tabanus rubidus, Tabanus mesogaeus, Chrysops dispar, and Chrysops fuscomarginalis. Notably, T. megalops was the most abundant species, accounting for 89.2% of the flies collected (n = 249). PCR technique revealed that 76.6% of T. megalops carried at least one pathogen (Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Babesia, or Theileria). In addition, all beef cattle had multiple hemopathogenic infections (Anaplasma marginale, Ehrlichia spp., Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis, and Theileria spp.). Conclusion: Although T. megalops could carry many hemopathogens, it might not be an important vector due to the limited number of flies and parasitic load. Furthermore, T. megalops could be utilized to monitor the presence of hemopathogens in the study area, but not the disease occurrence in the individual host species. Knowing the presence of hemopathogens in flies could help manage the disease in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Sontigun
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; Centre of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Other Microorganisms, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Worakan Boonhoh
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Yotsapat Phetcharat
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Tuempong Wongtawan
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; Centre of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Other Microorganisms, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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Phylogenetic Analysis of Mitochondrial Genome of Tabanidae (Diptera: Tabanidae) Reveals the Present Status of Tabanidae Classification. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13080695. [PMID: 36005320 PMCID: PMC9408937 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Tabanidae suck the blood of humans and animals, are important biological vectors for the transmission of diseases, and are of considerable economic and medical significance. However, current knowledge about the mitochondrial genome of this family is limited. Therefore, six newly completed mitochondrial genomes of four genera of Tabanidae (Haematopota turkestanica, Chrysops vanderwulpi, Chrysops dissectus, Tabanus chrysurus, Tabanus pleskei, and Hybomitra sp. species) were sequenced and analyzed. The results show that the six newly mitochondrial genomes have quite similar structures and features. Phylogeny was inferred by analyzing the 13 amino acid sequences coded by mitochondrial genes of 22 mitogenomes (all available complete mitochondrial genomes of tabanidae). Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood trees, and maximum parsimony inference analyses all showed consistent results. This study supports the concept of monophyly of all groups, ratifies the current taxonomic classification, and provides useful genetic markers for studying the molecular ecology, systematics, and population genetics of Tabanidae. Abstract Tabanidae suck the blood of humans and animals, are important biological vectors for the transmission of diseases, and are of considerable economic and medical significance. However, current knowledge about the mitochondrial genome of this family is limited. More complete mitochondrial genomes of Tabanidae are essential for the identification and phylogeny. Therefore, this study sequenced and analyzed six complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences of four genera of Tabanidae for the first time. The complete mt genomes of the six new sequences are circular molecules ranging from 15,851 to 16,107 base pairs (bp) in size, with AT content ranging from 75.64 to 77.91%. The six complete mitochondrial genomes all consist of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (RRNA), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and a control region, making a total of 37 functional subunits. ATT/ATG was the most common start codon, and the stop codon was TAA of all PCGS. All tRNA except tRNA Ser1 had a typical clover structure. Phylogeny was inferred by analyzing the 13 concatenated amino acid sequences of the 22 mt genomes. Bayesian inference, maximum-likelihood trees, and maximum-parsimony inference analyses all showed consistent results. This study supports the concept of monophyly of all genus, ratifies the current taxonomic classification, and provides effective genetic markers for molecular classification, systematics, and genetic studies of Tabanidae.
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Lendzele SS, Abah S, Nguetoum C, Burinyuy KA, Koumba AA, Mavoungou JF. Tabanid-transmitted animal trypanosomiasis in Cameroon: Evidence from a study in the tsetse free pastoral zone of Galim. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2022; 18:e00253. [PMID: 36926001 PMCID: PMC10011870 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of tabanids as potential transmitters of animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) has not yet been established in Cameroon. The objectives of this study were: (i) to trap and determine the species richness and abundance of tabanids, (ii) to identify circulating trypansomes in cattle and tabanids in a tsetse free area. A three year (2015 to 2017) tabanid survey in six regions of Cameroon was conducted. In Galim village, which is in a tsetse free area, both tabanids and cattle blood samples were screened by PCR for the presence of trypanosome DNA. Tabanids were diverse in Littoral (13 species) and in Adamawa (13 species), but were abundant in the Far North region (36.37 to 145.58 tabanids per trap per day (t/t/d)). In Galim, the tabanid trypanosomal DNA presence was 24.4% (95% CI: 11.25-37.53), while the bovine trypanosomal DNA presence was 4.8% (95% CI: 1.68-11.20). In this village, the Trypanosoma spp. identified in tabanids were T. theileri, T. vivax and T. evansi, while those in cattle were T. theileri and T. vivax. The control of tabanids is required to stop the mechanical spread of AAT in tsetse free areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevidzem Silas Lendzele
- Organisation Pour la Production Laitière et d'Embouche Bovine (PLEB), Adamawa, Cameroon.,Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Samuel Abah
- Special Mission for Tse-tse fly Eradication, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Cyrille Nguetoum
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Bangangté Multipurpose Station, Cameroon
| | - Kong Anita Burinyuy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Armel Aubin Koumba
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Jacques François Mavoungou
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon.,Université des Sciences et Techniques (USTM), Franceville, Gabon.,Université Internationale de Libreville (UIL), Gabon
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27
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Shelter use by horses during summer in relation to weather conditions and horsefly (Tabanidae) prevalence. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Mullens BA, Trout Fryxell R, Masonick PK, Yanega DA, Davis TM. Hiding in Plain Sight: An Abundant and Widespread North American Horse Fly (Diptera: Tabanidae) in the Tabanus sulcifrons Group, Tabanus variegatus Fabricius, Redescribed. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1217-1235. [PMID: 35639998 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tabanus variegatus F. 1805 has been called by the name Tabanus sulcifronsMacquart 1855 for over 80 yr; T. variegatus is one of the most common large horse flies attacking livestock in much of the southeastern U.S. Morphological, ecological, and molecular evidence indicates that T. variegatus is a distinct species, and we redescribe the female and describe the male. The Fabricius holotype, heavily damaged after over nearly 220 yr, is nevertheless taxonomically sound. Morphology (size, color, palp shape, and r5 wing cell shape) can usually distinguish T. variegatus from T. sulcifrons, but some specimens remain difficult to separate, especially in and west of the Mississippi River Valley. Using geometric morphometric analyses of the wing vein arrangement and palp shape the two species are significantly different. The wings of T. variegatus females also have more microsetae and sometimes a "frosty" appearance. Where they are common and sympatric, as in eastern Tennessee, they are temporally separated such that T. variegatus flies later (August-October) than T. sulcifrons (June-August), minimizing opportunity for gene flow. Museum specimens allow the approximate range of T. variegatus to be compared with that of T. sulcifrons s.l.; T. variegatus is particularly abundant from the coast of the Carolinas and Georgia east to central Tennessee and south to about central Alabama. DNA evidence (COI gene) recovers T. variegatus and T. sulcifrons s.s. in separate clades. Further studies on the T. sulcifrons complex are needed to fully resolve the range of both species, assess the degree of genetic substructuring, and examine relationships with other members of the T. sulcifrons complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Mullens
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Trout Fryxell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Paul K Masonick
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Douglas A Yanega
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Travis M Davis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- USDA-ARS-NPA-Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS, USA
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29
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Desquesnes M, Thaisungnoen K, Chalermwong P, Nevot A, Fossaert C, Lucas A, Onju S, Boonsaen P, Jittapalapong S. The Use of “Tail-Pedometers” to Evaluate the Impact of Dipterans in Feeder Cattle. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070616. [PMID: 35886792 PMCID: PMC9320480 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Hematophagous flies are a pest for livestock due to their bites, annoyance and the diseases they transmit. Cattle exposed to biting flies exhibit defence movements such as tail flicks. The evaluation of biting fly density and annoyance by counting tail flicks of cattle has been validated in the past, but it is highly time consuming. In this study, we evaluated the use of sport pedometers attached to the tails of feeder cattle, in order to evaluate tails flick frequency in two groups of six feeder cattle: Group A was protected by a mosquito net, and Group B was in open-air. Tail flicks were also recorded visually. In addition, insect density was evaluated using three fly traps in the surrounding of Group B. A strong correlation was observed between fly density and visual records of tail flicks; a stronger correlation was found between fly density and tail pedometer records. The reports of tail flicks at night were even able to draw attention to a huge infestation by mosquitoes. Finally, in these experimental conditions, tail pedometers proved to be useful tools in evaluating density and the impact of dipterans on cattle behaviour. They will be useful tools to evaluate new biting fly control methods. Abstract Hematophagous flies are a pest for livestock; their direct impact reduces productivity, and they are vectors of parasites, bacteria and viruses. Their control using insecticides is inefficient and highly polluting. The validation of new control tools requires efficacy and cost-effectiveness evaluation. The quantification of hematophagous insects’ impact in livestock is a challenging prerequisite. Tail flicks counts can reliably evaluate fly-burden; however, visual records are tedious and time-consuming. In the present study, automation of tail flick counts was made through the use of pedometers attached to the tail, in two groups of feeder cattle. Group A was kept in a pen under the protection of a mosquito net, and Group B was kept in an open-air pen. The fly density of Group B was evaluated using fly traps. The apparent density per trap ranged from 130 to 1700 in the study. The mean pedometer records per 24 h ranged from 957+/−58 bits in Group A to 11,138+/−705 bits in Group B. The night/day records observed in Group A (200/800 bits) were drastically increased in Group B (1000–4000/4000–14,000 bits) and variable along seasons. A very high correlation was observed between fly density and visual records or pedometer records (PR). Two-hour PRs proved to be a reliable predictive tool for fly density. Moreover, the pedometers revealed an unsuspected but significant nuisance of mosquitoes, which should be thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, UMR InterTryp, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31300 Toulouse, France
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (A.N.); (C.F.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kornkanok Thaisungnoen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Piangjai Chalermwong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Adèle Nevot
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (A.N.); (C.F.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Clément Fossaert
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (A.N.); (C.F.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Antoine Lucas
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, F-34398 Montpellier, France; (A.N.); (C.F.); (A.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Sathaporn Onju
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen 73140, Thailand;
| | - Phoompong Boonsaen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen 73140, Thailand;
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González MA, Bravo-Barriga D, Fernández EB, Frontera E, Ruiz-Arrondo I. Severe skin lesions caused by persistent bites of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) in a donkey sanctuary of western Spain. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 116:104056. [PMID: 35753635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal sanctuaries are important organisations that promote animal welfare and health as well as social awareness. Following the appearance of several donkeys with severe and distinctive skin lesions in a sanctuary from western Spain in 2021, a multicomponent study was performed to rule out the possible causes. The lesions were mainly concentrated on the extremities and, to a lesser extent, on the face and/or chest. The use of cotton leggings on their extremities as an external barrier to prevent them from bites and treatments with antiparasitic, antiseptic washes and dermatitis lotion showed to be effective measures to improve the donkey lesions. Skin scraping was negative for any relevant causative agents. Histopathological examination of the lesions showed an inflammatory infiltrate at the superficial dermal level, compatible with diffuse chronic dermatitis. A field entomological study was conducted from May to October 2021 to ascertain if any Diptera was responsible for these lesions. Considerable numbers of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans were recorded in both sticky traps and decomposing straw bedding. Several species of haematophagous Diptera were also recorded in lower numbers in other traps placed on the farm facilities. According to the entomological data, the location of the bites and clinical signs, it was concluded that S. calcitrans was the main cause of the skin lesions in the donkeys. To our best knowledge, this is the first clinical case of donkeys affected by the stable fly in Spain. For differential diagnosis, a brief discussion of the evidence caused by other biting Diptera groups is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel A González
- Zoología Aplicada y de la Conservación (ZAP), Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, España
| | - Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Parasitología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, España.
| | | | - Eva Frontera
- Parasitología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, España
| | - Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo
- Centro de Rickettsiosis y Enfermedades Transmitidas por Artrópodos Vectores, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-CIBIR, La Rioja, España
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Sevidzem SL, Koumba AA, Mavoungou JF, Windsor PA. Spatial meta-analysis of the occurrence and distribution of tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomiasis in Cameroon over the last 30 years. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:1-38. [PMID: 35473820 PMCID: PMC9128350 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Cameroon, >90% of cattle are considered exposed to African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) infection, with the presence of tsetse rendering cattle husbandry as a very difficult proposition. A systematic review of data on AAT and tsetse from 1990 to 2021 was conducted to develop a national atlas. The review identified 74 relevant scientific documents, with three pathogenic Trypanosoma species (Trypanosoma vivax , T. congolense and T. brucei s.l.) most frequently identified as causing AAT. Trypanosoma grayi , T. theileri , T. simiae and the human African trypanosomiasis causative agent T. brucei gambiense were also identified in a wide range of hosts. The tsetse fly fauna of Cameroon comprises nine species, with Glossina palpalis palpalis and G. fuscipes fuscipes the most widely distributed following their identification in seven and five of the 10 regions, respectively. Two species, Glossina nigrofusca and G. pallicera pallicera appeared to be rare and were restricted to both forest and protected areas. The presence of AAT is associated with the presence of tsetse in the livestock–human–wildlife interface of Cameroon. AAT occurs beyond the tsetse belts of the country where mechanical vectors are abundant. This study provides AAT and tsetse maps to support ongoing interventions in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Lendzele Sevidzem
- Programme Onchocercoses Field Station Laboratory, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
- Organisation Pour la Production Laitière et d'Embouche Bovine (PLEB), Adamawa, Cameroon
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle, Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
- Université Internationale de Libreville, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Aubin Armel Koumba
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle, Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
- Université Internationale de Libreville, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Jacques François Mavoungou
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle, Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Libreville, Gabon
- Université Internationale de Libreville, Libreville, Gabon
- Université des Sciences et Techniques, Franceville, Gabon
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32
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Henriques AL, Krolow TK, Zamarchi TBDO, Camargo LMA. Description of Tabanusrondoniensis (Diptera: Tabanidae), a new species of horsefly from the State of Rondônia, Brazil. Biodivers Data J 2022; 10:e76904. [PMID: 36761614 PMCID: PMC9848620 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.10.e76904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Tabanus Linnaeus has a worldwide distribution and is the richest in species; however, it is probably not monophyletic. In the Neotropical Region, its richness is certainly underestimated, mainly due to the large number of species and the absence of recent taxonomic revisions. New information We describe Tabanusrondoniensis sp. n. from the State of Rondônia, Brazil, based on a conspicuous tabanid species possibly related to the T.nebulosus species group. Diagnosis, discussion and illustrations are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Loureiro Henriques
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, BrazilInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaManausBrazil
| | - Tiago Kütter Krolow
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Porto Nacional, BrazilUniversidade Federal do TocantinsPorto NacionalBrazil
| | - Tallita Beatriz de Oliveira Zamarchi
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil., Manaus, BrazilFundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil.ManausBrazil
| | - Luís Marcelo Aranha Camargo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas 5, Monte Negro, RO, Brasil., Monte Negro, BrazilUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas 5, Monte Negro, RO, Brasil.Monte NegroBrazil
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Alkhayat FA, Ahmad AH, Rahim J, Imran M, Sheikh UAA. Distribution and diversity of aquatic insects in different water bodies of Qatar. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 84:e255950. [PMID: 35293543 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.255950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic insect fauna remains an important tool for bio indication of environmental disturbance, while maintaining a healthy aquatic system. The purpose of the study was to document and to identify the diversity and distribution patterns of aquatic insect, a highly ignored aspect from the Qatar. Following the standard procedures, the samples were collected from aquatic habitats during the period October 2015 to May 2017 on monthly basis. A total of 11,287 individuals, belonging to 6 orders were captured. Dipterans were the abundant with the percentages of 71.01 (n=8,015), while the lowest percentage was observed for Coleoptera 0.04 (n=05). Twelve insects families were identified, among these five were reported under Diptera, followed by Hemiptera (03), while Coleoptera, Tricoptera, Odonata, and Ephemeroptera were represented by single families. Among the selected localities, Dipterans were collected from 10 stations, followed by Hemiptera (9), Coleoptera (4), Odonota (4), Ephemeroptera (3) and Trichoptera (1) respectively. Among the water bodies samples, streams were the most preferred habitats (n=2,767), while drinking water pools were the least (27). Moreover, the highest Simpson diversity index of 1.48 and lowest of 0.47 was recorded for flooded sewage pool and plastic containers respectively, while the low evenness values were observed for ponds, and less than 1 Margalef's diversity values were seen for all habitats. This study documents the patterns of the diversity and distribution of aquatic insects, and provides a baseline for the future studies from Qatar.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Alkhayat
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Biological Sciences, Penang, Malaysia.,Qatar University, College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Doha, Qatar
| | - A H Ahmad
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Biological Sciences, Penang, Malaysia
| | - J Rahim
- University of Poonch Rawalakot, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - M Imran
- University of Poonch Rawalakot, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - U A A Sheikh
- University of Poonch Rawalakot, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
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Soudah B, Essodina T, Toï N, Balabadi D, Yao L, Martin Bienvenu S, Wendemanegde Ernest S. Assessment of α-Cypermethrin Pour-On Application and Diminazene Aceturate for Treating Trypanosome-Related Diseases Caused by Tsetse Flies on Cattle in Mô, Togo. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:598-606. [PMID: 34935041 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis control in high tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) challenge and trypanocidal drug resistance settings remain poorly understood in Togo owing to poor data coverage on the current disease impact. From March 2014 to November 2017, a database of zoo-sanitary surveys integrating the evolution of disease incidence and intervention coverage made it possible to quantify the apparent effects attributable to the control effort, focused on all sedentary cattle breeds in the 1,000 km² area of Mô in Togo. The strategy involved an initial phase with cross-sectional entomological and parasitological. Then, three times a year, 20% of the bovine animals of the study area received α-cypermethrin pour-on, and infected cattle with poor health (798 cattle in 2014 and 358 in 2017) were individually given diminazene aceturate at 7 mg/kg of body weight. The tsetse density in the area decreased significantly, from 1.78 ± 0.37 in March 2014 before the α-cypermethrin application to 0.48 ± 0.07 in February 2017. The α-cypermethrin pour-on application and diminazene aceturate treatment of cattle led to the largest reduction in disease incidence, from 28.1% in 2014 to 7.8% in 2017, an improvement in hematocrit from 24.27 ± 4.9% to 27.5 ± 4.6%, and a reduction in calf mortality from 15.9 ± 11% to 5.9%. Improved access to these interventions for different types of livestock and maintaining their effectiveness, despite high tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) challenges, should be the primary focus of control strategies in many areas of Togo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boma Soudah
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), rue 5-31 Avenu du Gouverneur Louveau, 01BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso/Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA-Togo)
| | - Talaki Essodina
- Université de Lomé, Ecole Supérieure d'Agronomie (ESA), rue N°1, Bd Gnassingbe, 01 BP: 1515 Lomé, Togo
| | - N'feide Toï
- Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA-Togo), rue N°1, Bd Gnassingbe, BP: 1163 Cacaveli, Lomé, Togo
| | - Dao Balabadi
- Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA-Togo), rue N°1, Bd Gnassingbe, BP: 1163 Cacaveli, Lomé, Togo
| | - Lombo Yao
- Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA-Togo), rue N°1, Bd Gnassingbe, BP: 1163 Cacaveli, Lomé, Togo
| | - Somda Martin Bienvenu
- Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Département de Sciences biologiques/UFR-ST (UNB), BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Salou Wendemanegde Ernest
- Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Département de Sciences biologiques/UFR-ST (UNB), BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Leesombun A, Sungpradit S, Boonmasawai S, Weluwanarak T, Klinsrithong S, Ruangsittichai J, Ampawong S, Masmeatathip R, Changbunjong T. Insecticidal Activity of Plectranthus amboinicus Essential Oil against the Stable Fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) and the Horse Fly Tabanus megalops (Diptera: Tabanidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030255. [PMID: 35323553 PMCID: PMC8955824 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng., commonly known as Indian borage, has been reported to have insecticidal activity against various insects. In this study, the insecticidal properties (contact and fumigant toxicities) derived from P. amboinicus essential oil were investigated against the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, and the horse fly, Tabanus megalops. The results showed that P. amboinicus essential oil has both contact and fumigant toxicities against the target species and thus has potential as an alternative control agent. Abstract The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), and the horse fly, Tabanus megalops (Diptera: Tabanidae), are important ectoparasites of livestock in Thailand. These species affect animal health and cause economic losses. This study investigated the insecticidal activity of Plectranthus amboinicus essential oil against S. calcitrans and T. megalops through contact and fumigant toxicity tests and evaluated the effects of the essential oil on these flies through histopathological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. The results of the contact toxicity test indicated that the median lethal dose against S. calcitrans and T. megalops was 12.05 and 131.41 µg/fly, and the 90% lethal dose was 45.53 and 200.62 µg/fly, respectively. The results of the fumigant toxicity test showed that the median lethal concentration against S. calcitrans and T. megalops was 1.34 and 7.12 mg/L air, and the 90% lethal concentration was 4.39 and 30.37 mg/L air, respectively. Histopathology revealed neuronal degeneration in the brain of S. calcitrans and interstitial neuronal edema of the brain and ovarian necrosis in T. megalops. No external morphological changes were observed via SEM. Given its insecticidal properties against S. calcitrans and T. megalops, P. amboinicus essential oil could be developed into a natural insecticide to control these fly species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpron Leesombun
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (A.L.); (S.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Sivapong Sungpradit
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (A.L.); (S.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Sookruetai Boonmasawai
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (A.L.); (S.S.); (S.B.)
| | - Thekhawet Weluwanarak
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Suriyo Klinsrithong
- The Center of Veterinary Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Jiraporn Ruangsittichai
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Roungthip Masmeatathip
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (A.L.); (S.S.); (S.B.)
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
- Correspondence:
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Molecular Detection of Trypanosoma kaiowa in Tabanus triangulum (Diptera: Tabanidae) from the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:518-522. [PMID: 34196921 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The species of the genus Trypanosoma are carried and transmitted by horseflies parasitizing a high diversity of vertebrates. In the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, Tabanus triangulum is the most abundant species and, similarly to the other species of horseflies, there is little knowledge about its vector competence. Therefore, this study aimed to screen the field-collected T. triangulum for the presence of Trypanosoma, to estimate infectivity. METHODS Horseflies were sampled by the Malaise trap in the forest fragments at the coastal plain and DNA was extracted from whole body flies. The Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed. RESULTS Horseflies presented amplification of 18S ribosomal gene-specific of Trypanosoma species. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis positioned the strains in the Kaiowa clade with Trypanosoma kaiowa, associated with the crocodilian clade of Trypanosoma. CONCLUSION This study represents the first report of the presence of the Tr. kaiowa in T. triangulum and the expansion of the parasite's range further south in South America.
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Krčmar S, Kučinić M, Pezzi M, Bruvo Mađarić B. DNA barcoding of the horsefly fauna (Diptera, Tabanidae) of Croatia with notes on the morphology and taxonomy of selected species from Chrysopsinae and Tabaninae. Zookeys 2022; 1087:141-161. [PMID: 35437364 PMCID: PMC8891235 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1087.78707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Croatian fauna, horseflies (Tabanidae) are represented by 78 species belonging to two subfamilies, five tribes, and 10 genera. Identification of these species is based on morphological characteristics. In this study, 43 species of horseflies were analyzed. The highest number of species (19) belongs to the genus Tabanus, followed by the genera Hybomitra with seven species, Haematopota with six species, Chrysops with four species, Atylotus and Philipomyia with two species each, and the genera Silvius, Dasyrhamphis, and Heptatoma with one species each. The standard DNA barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene, subunit I (COI), was sequenced and compared to the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD). Our analyses confirmed our morphological identifications and added 16 new Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) for Tabanidae to BOLD. Potential problems in the systematics and taxonomy of this family are highlighted.
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Desquesnes M, Gonzatti M, Sazmand A, Thévenon S, Bossard G, Boulangé A, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Jamonneau V, Jittapalapong S, Jacquiet P, Solano P, Berthier D. A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:64. [PMID: 35183235 PMCID: PMC8858479 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the most reliable and up-to-date methods for diagnosing trypanosomoses, a group of diseases of wild and domestic mammals, caused by trypanosomes, parasitic zooflagellate protozoans mainly transmitted by insects. In Africa, the Americas and Asia, these diseases, which in some cases affect humans, result in significant illness in animals and cause major economic losses in livestock. A number of pathogens are described in this review, including several Salivarian trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei sspp. (among which are the agents of sleeping sickness, the human African trypanosomiasis [HAT]), Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax (causing “Nagana” or animal African trypanosomosis [AAT]), Trypanosoma evansi (“Surra”) and Trypanosoma equiperdum (“Dourine”), and Trypanosoma cruzi, a Stercorarian trypanosome, etiological agent of the American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Diagnostic methods for detecting zoonotic trypanosomes causing Chagas disease and HAT in animals, as well as a diagnostic method for detecting animal trypanosomes in humans (the so-called “atypical human infections by animal trypanosomes” [a-HT]), including T. evansi and Trypanosoma lewisi (a rat parasite), are also reviewed. Our goal is to present an integrated view of the various diagnostic methods and techniques, including those for: (i) parasite detection; (ii) DNA detection; and (iii) antibody detection. The discussion covers various other factors that need to be considered, such as the sensitivity and specificity of the various diagnostic methods, critical cross-reactions that may be expected among Trypanosomatidae, additional complementary information, such as clinical observations and epizootiological context, scale of study and logistic and cost constraints. The suitability of examining multiple specimens and samples using several techniques is discussed, as well as risks to technicians, in the context of specific geographical regions and settings. This overview also addresses the challenge of diagnosing mixed infections with different Trypanosoma species and/or kinetoplastid parasites. Improving and strengthening procedures for diagnosing animal trypanosomoses throughout the world will result in a better control of infections and will significantly impact on “One Health,” by advancing and preserving animal, human and environmental health.
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Williams KA, Smit A, Neves L, Snyman LP. Evaluating the morphological and molecular challenges in identifying the afrotropical Atylotus species (Diptera: Tabanidae). Acta Trop 2022; 226:106262. [PMID: 34871565 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Afrotropical fly genus, Atylotus has previously shown little differentiation into species groups using the barcode gene COI. This study analysed all available Atylotus COI sequences from GenBank and BOLD to determine if COI is suitable for delimiting species of this genus. Morphological assessments of the different Afrotropical species were done to determine if these species have been accurately identified in recent publications. The results show that COI does not separate the species of this genus into species clades and these species are often misidentified in the literature. This is of concern as species of this genus are known vectors of pathogens and misidentifications have serious implications for management practices. Additional genes need to be used in future molecular studies to differentiate species.
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Insect-repelling behaviour in horses in relation to insect prevalence and access to shelters. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Krige AS, Thompson RCA, Wills A, Burston G, Thorn S, Clode PL. 'A flying start': Wildlife trypanosomes in tissues of Australian tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae). INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 96:105152. [PMID: 34823027 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tabanids (syn. horse flies) are biting-flies of medical and veterinary significance because of their ability to transmit a range of pathogens including trypanosomes - some species of which carry a combined health and biosecurity risk. Invertebrate vectors responsible for transmitting species of Trypanosoma between Australian wildlife remains unknown, thus establishing the role of potential vector candidates such as tabanids is of utmost importance. The current study aimed to investigate the presence of indigenous trypanosomes in tabanids from an endemic area of south-west Australia. A total of 148 tabanids were collected, with morphological analysis revealing two subgenera: Scaptia (Pseudoscione) and S. (Scaptia) among collected flies. A parasitological survey using an HRM-qPCR and sequencing approach revealed a high (105/148; 71%) prevalence of trypanosomatid DNA within collected tabanids. Individual tissues - proboscis (labrum, labium and mandibles, hypopharynx), salivary glands, proventriculus, midgut, and hindgut and rectum - were also tested from a subset of 20 tabanids (n = 140 tissues), confirming the presence of Trypanosoma noyesi in 31% of screened tissues, accompanied by T. copemani (3%) and T. vegrandis/T.gilletti (5%). An unconfirmed trypanosomatid sp. was also detected (9%) within tissues. The difference between tissues infected with T. noyesi compared with tissues infected with other trypanosome species was statistically significant (p < 0.05), revealing T. noyesi as the more frequent species detected in the tabanids examined. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed intact parasites within salivary glands and the proboscis respectively, suggesting that both biological and mechanical modes of transmission could occur. This study reveals the presence of Australian Trypanosoma across tabanid tissues and confirms intact parasites within tabanid salivary glands and the proboscis for the first time. Further investigations are required to determine whether tabanids have the vectorial competence to transmit Australian trypanosomes between wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Sheree Krige
- UWA School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Allan Wills
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA), Locked Bag 2, Manjimup, Western Australia 6258, Australia
| | - Glen Burston
- Maroo Wildlife Refuge Inc., Southern Forests, 161 Perup Rd, Manjimup, Western Australia 6258, Australia
| | - Sian Thorn
- UWA School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Peta L Clode
- UWA School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Mihok S, Carlson DA. New materials for improving catches of horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Nzi traps. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:580-594. [PMID: 34145598 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
New materials in 85 configurations were tested relative to standard fabric Nzi traps to improve catches of tabanids based on artificial visual cues that mimic those used in nature for locating hosts or water. Colour-fast synthetic fabrics and photo-selective horticultural mesh were tested to facilitate insecticide impregnation and for improved durability. Many plastics were explored to document how flies react to polarized and visible vs. ultraviolet light. Lastly, sticky horizontal, linearly polarizing ground-level shiny plastic targets were tested for capturing water-seeking tabanids relative to traps and vertical fabric targets. Based on the capture of 281 786 female Tabanidae (Tabanus Linnaeus, Hybomitra Enderlein, Chrysops Meigen), four alternative formats provided higher catches and/or durability. They were substituting: (1) phthalogen turquoise for phthalogen blue, (2) solution-dyed fabrics for blue and black cotton, (3) clear/white horticultural mesh for mosquito netting, and (4) clear, reflective plastic for some or all netting. A Sunbrella/BioNet fabric trap (portable) and a blue-black Plexiglas®/netting trap (fixed applications) consistently performed best (1.5-3 × higher catches). Ground-level targets captured many male and gravid female Hybomitra but were ineffective for Tabanus. Traps and vertical fabric or transparent sticky targets captured mainly unfed females.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mihok
- Independent Scientist, Russell, Ontario, Canada
| | - D A Carlson
- University of Florida Courtesy Assistant Professor Entomology and Nematology, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
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Diversity and abundance of tabanids in Northern Spain. Parasitol Res 2021; 121:87-96. [PMID: 34816299 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) are large haematophagous flies that cause both direct (by biting nuisance) and indirect (primarily by mechanical transmission of diseases) damage to host species. Research studies on this family have received little attention in some parts of Europe. Our aims were to characterise the species richness, abundance, and peak of activity of tabanid fly species in a region of Northern Spain. Home-made canopy traps, sweep nets, and Malaise traps were employed for the collection of tabanids across four cattle farms, two equestrian centres, and two golf courses during a 3-month period in the summer of 2020. A total of 300 specimens of 27 tabanid species belonging to eight genera were identified. The most prevalent species were Haematopota pluvialis (23.3%), Tabanus eggeri (20.0%), and Tabanus bromius (8.0%). The former species was recorded biting humans and therefore should be considered of relevance to public health. Tabanids were more diverse and abundant in scrubland and grazing pastures [relative abundance (RA) = > 10%; species richness (S) = 8-12; Shannon-Index (H´) = 1.5 - 2.1] compared to crop landscapes (RA = < 1%; S = 0-1; H´ = 0) according to canopy traps. The tabanid population dynamics was determined to be short, with the greatest abundance and diversity concentrated in mid-late July. This study updates the checklist of this Diptera group in the Northern Spain from nine known extant species to 31 species, providing the first data on the summer peaks of activity of tabanids for this region.
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Abstract
Endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria are known to influence the host physiology, microbiota composition, and dissemination of pathogens. We surveyed a population of Tabanus nigrovittatus, commonly referred to as "greenheads," from Crane Beach (Ipswich, MA, USA) for the presence of the alphaproteobacterial symbiont Wolbachia. We studied the COI (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase) marker gene to evaluate the phylogenetic diversity of the studied specimens. The DNA sequences show strong similarity (between 99.9 and 98%) among the collected specimens but lower similarity to closely related entries in the NCBI database (only between 96.3 and 94.7%), suggesting a more distant relatedness. Low levels of Wolbachia presence necessitated a nested PCR approach, and using 5 markers (ftsZ, fbpA, dnaA, coxA, and gatB), we determined that two recognized "supergroups" of Wolbachia species were represented in the studied specimens, members of clades A and B. Using next-generation sequencing, we also surveyed the insect gut microbiomes of a subset of flies, using Illumina and PacBio 16S rRNA gene sequencing with barcoded primers. The composition of Proteobacteria also varied from fly to fly, with components belonging to Gammaproteobacteria making up the largest percentage of organisms (30 to 70%) among the microbiome samples. Most of the samples showed the presence of Spiroplasma, a member of the phylum Mollicutes, although the frequency of its presence was variable, ranging from 2 to 57%. Another noteworthy bacterial phylum consistently identified was Firmicutes, though the read abundances were typically below 10%. Of interest is an association between Wolbachia presence and higher Alphaproteobacteria representation in the microbiomes, suggesting that the presence of Wolbachia affects the host microbiome. IMPORTANCE Tabanus nigrovittatus greenhead populations contain two supergroups of Wolbachia endosymbionts, members of supergroups A and B. Analysis of the greenhead microbiome using next-generation sequencing revealed that the majority of bacterial species detected belonged to Gammaproteobacteria, with most of the samples also showing the presence of Spiroplasma, a member of the Mollicutes phylum also known to infect insects. An association between Wolbachia presence and higher Alphaproteobacteria representation in the microbiomes suggests that Wolbachia presence affects the host microbiome composition.
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Landmark Data to Distinguish and Identify Morphologically Close Tabanus spp. (Diptera: Tabanidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110974. [PMID: 34821775 PMCID: PMC8622361 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tabanus spp., also known as horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae), are important vectors of several animal pathogens. Adult females of Tabanus megalops and Tabanus striatus, which are members of the T. striatus complex, are morphologically similar and hence difficult to distinguish using morphological characteristics. In addition, molecular identification by DNA barcoding is also unable to distinguish these species. These two species can occur sympatrically with Tabanus rubidus, which is morphologically similar to T. megalops and T. striatus. Wing geometric morphometrics has been widely used in various insects to distinguish morphologically similar species. This study explored the effectiveness of landmark-based geometrics at distinguishing and identifying T. megalops, T. rubidus, and T. striatus in Thailand. Specimens were collected from different geographical regions of Thailand, and only unambiguously identified specimens were used for geometric morphometric analyses. Left wings of females of T. megalops (n = 160), T. rubidus (n = 165), and T. striatus (n = 85) were photographed, and 22 wing landmarks were used for the analysis. Wing shape was able to distinguish among species with high accuracy scores, ranging from 94.38% to 99.39%. We showed that morphologically very close species of Tabanus can be reliably distinguished by the geometry of their wing venation, and we showed how our experimental material could be used as a reference to tentatively identify new field collected specimens.
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Fu YT, Zhang Y, Xun Y, Liu GH, Suleman, Zhao Y. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of six horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105054. [PMID: 34461311 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The family Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) is one of the economically most important group of haematophagous insects, causing millions of livestock deaths per year. However, current knowledge on the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from this family is limited. Additional tabanid mitogenomes characterization is of utmost importance for their identification, epidemiologic and phylogenetic studies. We sequenced the mt genomes of six horseflies with an Illumina platform and their phylogenetic relationship was conducted with other infraorder Tabanomorpha members with available mt genome datasets. All six newly sequenced mitogenomes were typical 37-gene circular structures retaining the gene order of Tabanomorpha. The trnQ, trnM and trnA were highly conserved among the six mitogenomes (identity = 100%). The TΨC arm and variable loop regions were relatively more variable compared to the amino acid receptor arm, anticodon arm and DHU arm of the tRNAs. Among 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of tabanids mitogenomes, the highest nucleotide diversity was detected in atp8, cox1, cox3, nad6 and cytb (0.1 for each). In addition, atp8 genes exhibited the highest evolutionary rate (ω = 0.24) among 13 PCGs. The interspecies K2P genetic distances among some Tabanus spp. across the mitogenome was greater (0.08) than intergeneric genetic distance between T. amaenus and Atylotus miser (0.07). Phylogenetic analyses revealed non-monophyletic relationships among horseflies of the genus Tabanus. The present study showed mt gene order is highly conserved within Tabanus species. Our mito-phylogenomic analysis supports the paraphyly of the genus Tabanus. The new data provide novel genetic markers for studies of population genetics and systematics of horseflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tian Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China
| | - Ying Xun
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China
| | - Suleman
- Department of Zoology, University of Swabi, Swabi 23340, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Yu Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan province 464000, PR China.
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Robi DT, Diriba S. Epidemiological investigation of bovine trypanosomosis and distribution of vectors in Jimma zone, Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2021; 14:e00221. [PMID: 34430725 PMCID: PMC8367841 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is highly reliant on the distribution of vectors responsible for transmission. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine trypanosomosis as well as the distribution of vectors in the Jimma zone, Ethiopia. Blood samples from a total of 2088 cattle were collected and tested using a buffy coat and Giemsa techniques. An overall 13.36% prevalence of trypanosomosis was recorded in study areas. The highest proportion of the infections was caused by T. vivax (44.80%) followed by T. congolense (36.92%) and mixed infection (18.28%) of both species. The study also revealed that trypanosomosis was associated with anemia as the mean PCV was significantly lower among trypanosome-infected animals (20.34 ± 4.39) than non-infected ones (27.98 ± 3.68). Moreover, anemia was more pronounced with T. congolense infection (19.54 ± 3.22) than T. vivax (21.07 ± 3.96) and mixed infection of both species (20.16 ± 2.71). This study identified age, body condition, and agro-ecology as risk factors for the occurrence of trypanosomosis in cattle. Vector survey was conducted by deploying 377 mono-pyramidal traps in selected districts. Accordingly, Glossina species and other biting flies (Stomoxys and Tabanus) were identified with an apparent density of 5.27 and 1.74 fly/trap/day, respectively. Moreover, a higher 4.49 fly/trap/day of G. tachinoides than G. morsitans submorsitans (0.79 fly/trap/day) was noted in study areas. The present study indicated that trypanosomosis is the major cattle production constraint in the areas. Hence, applicable management techniques of the disease and its vector should be implemented and further investigation involving molecular technique should be conducted in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O Box: 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shibiru Diriba
- National Institute for Control and Eradication of Tsetse Fly and Trypanosomosis, P.O Box: 113, Bedele, Ethiopia
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Magez S, Li Z, Nguyen HTT, Pinto Torres JE, Van Wielendaele P, Radwanska M, Began J, Zoll S, Sterckx YGJ. The History of Anti-Trypanosome Vaccine Development Shows That Highly Immunogenic and Exposed Pathogen-Derived Antigens Are Not Necessarily Good Target Candidates: Enolase and ISG75 as Examples. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081050. [PMID: 34451514 PMCID: PMC8400590 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivarian trypanosomes comprise a group of extracellular anthroponotic and zoonotic parasites. The only sustainable method for global control of these infection is through vaccination of livestock animals. Despite multiple reports describing promising laboratory results, no single field-applicable solution has been successful so far. Conventionally, vaccine research focusses mostly on exposed immunogenic antigens, or the structural molecular knowledge of surface exposed invariant immunogens. Unfortunately, extracellular parasites (or parasites with extracellular life stages) have devised efficient defense systems against host antibody attacks, so they can deal with the mammalian humoral immune response. In the case of trypanosomes, it appears that these mechanisms have been perfected, leading to vaccine failure in natural hosts. Here, we provide two examples of potential vaccine candidates that, despite being immunogenic and accessible to the immune system, failed to induce a functionally protective memory response. First, trypanosomal enolase was tested as a vaccine candidate, as it was recently characterized as a highly conserved enzyme that is readily recognized during infection by the host antibody response. Secondly, we re-addressed a vaccine approach towards the Invariant Surface Glycoprotein ISG75, and showed that despite being highly immunogenic, trypanosomes can avoid anti-ISG75 mediated parasitemia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.L.); (H.T.T.N.); (J.E.P.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Environment Technology and Food Technology, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro 119-5, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, Korea;
- Correspondence:
| | - Zeng Li
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.L.); (H.T.T.N.); (J.E.P.T.)
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry (LMB) and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (P.V.W.); (Y.G.-J.S.)
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.L.); (H.T.T.N.); (J.E.P.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Environment Technology and Food Technology, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro 119-5, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, Korea;
| | - Joar Esteban Pinto Torres
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.L.); (H.T.T.N.); (J.E.P.T.)
| | - Pieter Van Wielendaele
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry (LMB) and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (P.V.W.); (Y.G.-J.S.)
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Environment Technology and Food Technology, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro 119-5, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 406-840, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 71, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jakub Began
- Laboratory of Structural Parasitology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo Namesti 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sebastian Zoll
- Laboratory of Structural Parasitology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo Namesti 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yann G.-J. Sterckx
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry (LMB) and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (P.V.W.); (Y.G.-J.S.)
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Sevidzem SL, Koumba AA, Yao-Acapovi GL, Mavoungou JF. A nationwide survey of the tabanid fauna of Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:392. [PMID: 34372901 PMCID: PMC8351441 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tabanids are a neglected group of haematophagous dipterans despite containing 4434 species, regrouped in > 144 genera. They are mechanical vectors of important pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa of humans and domesticated and wild animals. As it is > 50 years since the publication of a preliminary nationwide record of the tabanids of Cameroon identified 84 species, updated information is needed. The aim of this study was to provide current data on the species composition, abundance and distribution of tabanids in the five main agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Cameroon. Methods From 2015 to 2017, a systematic entomological study using Nzi, Vavoua, Biconical and Sevi traps (n = 106) was conducted in 604 trapping points over 11,448 trap-days in the five main AEZs of Cameroon. Results A total of 25,280 tabanids belonging to 25 species were collected, including eight species not previously documented in Cameroon, namely Tabanus latipes (1 female), Tabanus ricardae (1 female), Tabanus fasciatus (32 females and 6 males), Haematopota pluvialis (18 females), Haematopota decora (19 females and 3 males), Haematopota nigripennis (18 females), Chrysops distinctipennis (47 females and 5 males) and Ancala fasciata (34 females and 7 males). The distribution maps of the newly identified tabanids differed between AEZs, with most tabanids collected from the Guinean savanna. The highest apparent density of tabanids was recorded in the Sudan Savanna region, and the mean apparent densities of species with sites was statistically significantly different (Student t-test: 2.519, df = 24, P = 0.019). The highest species diversity was found in the rainforest. Conclusions This study increased the list of tabanids recorded in Cameroon from 84 species in the preliminary record to 92 species, with most of the newly identified species occurring in the Guinea Savanna AEZ. The high diversity and abundance of tabanids in the livestock/wildlife interface areas of the rain forests and Sudan Savanna AEZs, respectively, suggest risk of mechanical transmission of pathogens. Investigations of the microbiota of tabanids in the different AEZs to define their role as disease vectors are proposed. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04894-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas L Sevidzem
- Programme Onchocercoses Field Station Laboratory, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon. .,Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon. .,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Aubin A Koumba
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Genevieve L Yao-Acapovi
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jacques F Mavoungou
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon.,Université Des Sciences et Techniques (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
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50
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Detection and distribution of haematophagous flies and lice on cattle farms and potential role in the transmission of Theileria orientalis. Vet Parasitol 2021; 298:109516. [PMID: 34271315 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
On the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, endemic Theileria orientalis infection of cattle has been reported on farms where no ticks have been observed, raising the question of how Theileria is transmitted in these areas. To investigate the potential role of mechanical transmission by insects, the present study investigated the seasonal dynamics of biting fly species trapped between December 2017 and May 2019 on six cattle farms in the region where the presence of Theileria was confirmed. These flies, sucking lice collected from these farms and pools of Culicoides species affecting cattle also trapped in the region were subjected to qPCR detection of T. orientalis. Eleven species from eight genera of biting flies were collected using unbaited Nzi traps. Tabanid species were present in all farms, with Dasybasis oculata (43.6 %) and D. circumdata (27.6 %) being the most abundant and widespread species. The effect of season on the mean count per trapping event was statistically significant and highest in the summer months for Lilaea fuliginosa and D. oculata, and the autumn months for D. circumdata, with no seasonal effect on the abundance of the undescribed Dasybasis spp. No biting flies were trapped during the winter months. Sucking (Linognathus vituli and Haematopinus eurysternus) and biting (Bovicola bovis) cattle lice were also collected from all farms with the latter detected in only one farm. PCR screening for T. orientalis of trapped hematophagous insects resulted in parasite detection in the tabanid and Stomoxyini flies, biting midges and sucking lice with the highest proportion of positive samples for Haematopinus eurysternus (4/4 pools) and H. irritans exigua (6/15 individuals). The detection of the parasite in these potential vectors indicates a possible role in the mechanical transmission of T. orientalis and may partly explain the ubiquitous presence of Theileria in areas where ticks are absent.
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