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Marascio N, Rotundo S, Quirino A, Matera G, Liberto MC, Costa C, Russo A, Trecarichi EM, Torti C. Similarities, differences, and possible interactions between hepatitis E and hepatitis C viruses: Relevance for research and clinical practice. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:1226-1238. [PMID: 35431515 PMCID: PMC8968488 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i12.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are both RNA viruses with a tropism for liver parenchyma but are also capable of extrahepatic manifestations. Hepatitis E is usually a viral acute fecal-oral transmitted and self-limiting disease presenting with malaise, jaundice, nausea and vomiting. Rarely, HEV causes a chronic infection in immunocompromised persons and severe fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women. Parenteral HCV infection is typically asymptomatic for decades until chronic complications, such as cirrhosis and cancer, occur. Despite being two very different viruses in terms of phylogenetic and clinical presentations, HEV and HCV show many similarities regarding possible transmission through organ transplantation and blood transfusion, pathogenesis (production of antinuclear antibodies and cryoglobulins) and response to treatment with some direct-acting antiviral drugs. Although both HEV and HCV are well studied individually, there is a lack of knowledge about coinfection and its consequences. The aim of this review is to analyze current literature by evaluating original articles and case reports and to hypothesize some interactions that can be useful for research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Marascio
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Microbiology, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rotundo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Angela Quirino
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Microbiology, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Giovanni Matera
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Microbiology, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Liberto
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Microbiology, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Chiara Costa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Enrico Maria Trecarichi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Carlo Torti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
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Marascio N, Costantino A, Taffon S, Lo Presti A, Equestre M, Bruni R, Pisani G, Barreca GS, Quirino A, Trecarichi EM, Costa C, Mazzitelli M, Serapide F, Matera G, Torti C, Liberto MC, Ciccaglione AR. Phylogenetic and Molecular Analyses of More Prevalent HCV1b Subtype in the Calabria Region, Southern Italy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081655. [PMID: 33924449 PMCID: PMC8068798 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus subtype 1b (HCV1b) is still the most prevalent subtype worldwide, with massive expansion due to poor health care standards, such as blood transfusion and iatrogenic procedures. Despite safe and effective new direct antiviral agents (DAA), treatment success can depend on resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) carried in target genomic regions. Herein we investigated transmission clusters and RASs among isolates from HCV1b positive subjects in the Calabria Region. Forty-one NS5B and twenty-two NS5A sequences were obtained by Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood method and resistance substitutions were analyzed with the Geno2pheno tool. Phylogenetic analysis showed sixteen statistically supported clusters, with twelve containing Italian sequences mixed with foreign HCV1b isolates and four monophyletic clusters including only sequences from Calabria. Interestingly, HCV1b spread has been maintained by sporadic infections in geographically limited areas and by dental treatment or surgical intervention in the metropolitan area. The L159F NS5B RAS was found in 15 isolates and in particular 8/15 also showed the C316N substitution. The Y93H and L31M NS5A RASs were detected in three and one isolates, respectively. The A92T NS5A RAS was found in one isolate. Overall, frequencies of detected NS5B and NS5A RASs were 36.6% and 22.7%, respectively. For the eradication of infection, improved screening policies should be considered and the prevalence of natural RASs carried on viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Marascio
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, “Magna Grecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.S.B.); (A.Q.); (G.M.); (M.C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0961-3697-742; Fax: +39-0961-3697-760
| | - Angela Costantino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (S.T.); (A.L.P.); (R.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Stefania Taffon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (S.T.); (A.L.P.); (R.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Alessandra Lo Presti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (S.T.); (A.L.P.); (R.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (S.T.); (A.L.P.); (R.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Giulio Pisani
- National Center for Immunobiologicals Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Settimo Barreca
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, “Magna Grecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.S.B.); (A.Q.); (G.M.); (M.C.L.)
| | - Angela Quirino
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, “Magna Grecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.S.B.); (A.Q.); (G.M.); (M.C.L.)
| | - Enrico Maria Trecarichi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.M.T.); (C.C.); (M.M.); (F.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Chiara Costa
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.M.T.); (C.C.); (M.M.); (F.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Maria Mazzitelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.M.T.); (C.C.); (M.M.); (F.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Francesca Serapide
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.M.T.); (C.C.); (M.M.); (F.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Giovanni Matera
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, “Magna Grecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.S.B.); (A.Q.); (G.M.); (M.C.L.)
| | - Carlo Torti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.M.T.); (C.C.); (M.M.); (F.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Maria Carla Liberto
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, “Magna Grecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.S.B.); (A.Q.); (G.M.); (M.C.L.)
| | - Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (S.T.); (A.L.P.); (R.B.); (A.R.C.)
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Ebranati E, Mancon A, Airoldi M, Renica S, Shkjezi R, Dragusha P, Della Ventura C, Ciccaglione AR, Ciccozzi M, Bino S, Tanzi E, Micheli V, Riva E, Galli M, Zehender G. Time and Mode of Epidemic HCV-2 Subtypes Spreading in Europe: Phylodynamics in Italy and Albania. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020327. [PMID: 33671355 PMCID: PMC7922790 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 causes about 10% of global infections and has the most variable circulation profile in Europe. The history of “endemic” HCV-2 subtypes has been satisfactorily reconstructed, instead there is little information about the recent spread of the “epidemic” subtypes, including HCV-2c. To investigate the origin and dispersion pathways of HCV-2c, 245 newly characterized Italian and Albanian HCV-2 NS5B sequences were aligned with 247 publicly available sequences and included in phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses using the Bayesian framework. Our findings show that HCV-2c was the most prevalent subtype in Italy and Albania. The phylogeographic analysis suggested an African origin of HCV-2c before it reached Italy about in the 1940s. Phylodynamic analysis revealed an exponential increase in the effective number of infections and Re in Italy between the 1940s and 1960s, and in Albania between the 1990s and the early 2000s. It seems very likely that HCV-2c reached Italy from Africa at the time of the second Italian colonization but did not reach Albania until the period of dramatic migration to Italy in the 1990s. This study contributes to reconstructing the history of the spread of epidemic HCV-2 subtypes to Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ebranati
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (E.E.); (M.A.); (S.R.); (C.D.V.); (M.G.)
- CRC-Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mancon
- Unit of Microbiology, Hospital Sacco of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Martina Airoldi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (E.E.); (M.A.); (S.R.); (C.D.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Silvia Renica
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (E.E.); (M.A.); (S.R.); (C.D.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Renata Shkjezi
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University “Our Lady of the Good Counsel”, 1001 Tirana, Albania; (R.S.); (P.D.)
| | - Pranvera Dragusha
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University “Our Lady of the Good Counsel”, 1001 Tirana, Albania; (R.S.); (P.D.)
| | - Carla Della Ventura
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (E.E.); (M.A.); (S.R.); (C.D.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Roma, Italy;
| | - Silvia Bino
- National Institute of Health, 1001 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Elisabetta Tanzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for the Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Valeria Micheli
- Unit of Microbiology, Hospital Sacco of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Riva
- Laboratory of Virology, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Galli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (E.E.); (M.A.); (S.R.); (C.D.V.); (M.G.)
- CRC-Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (E.E.); (M.A.); (S.R.); (C.D.V.); (M.G.)
- CRC-Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-503-19770
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Kondili LA, Andreoni M, Alberti A, Lobello S, Babudieri S, Roscini AS, Merolla R, Marrocco W, Craxì A. Estimated prevalence of undiagnosed HCV infected individuals in Italy: A mathematical model by route of transmission and fibrosis progression. Epidemics 2021; 34:100442. [PMID: 33607538 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2021.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The universal treatment of diagnosed patients with chronic HCV infection has been widely conducted in Italy since 2017. However, the pool of individuals diagnosed but yet to be treated in Italy has been estimated to end around 2025, leaving a significant proportion of infected individuals undiagnosed/without care. Estimates of this population are currently unknown. METHODS A probabilistic modelling approach was applied to estimate annual historical HCV incident cases by their age-group (0-100 years) distribution from available literature and Italian National database (1952 to October 2019). Viraemic infection rates were modelled on the main infection routes in Italy: people who inject drugs (PWID), tattoos, sexual transmission, glass syringe use, blood transfusion and vertical transmission. Annual liver fibrosis stage transition probabilities were modelled using a Markov model. The number of HCV viraemic asymptomatic (fibrosis stage F0-F3:potentially undiagnosed/unlinked to care) and symptomatic (fibrosis stage F4: potentially linked to care) individuals was estimated. RESULTS By October 2019, total viraemic HCV individuals in Italy (excluding treated patients since 1992) were estimated to be 410,775 (0.68 % of current population of Italy; 95 % CI: 0.64-0.71%, based on the current Italian population), of which 281,809 (0.47 %; 95 % CI:0.35-0.60%) were fibrosis stage F0-F3. Among different high risk groups in stage F0-F3, the following distribution was estimated: PWID; 52.0 % (95 % CI:37.9-66.6 %), tattoo; 28.8 % (95 % CI:23-32.3 %), sexual transmission; 12.0 % (95 % CI:9.6-13.7 %), glass syringe and transfusion; 6.4 % (95 % CI:2.4-17.8 %), and vertical transmission; 0.7 % (95 % CI:0.4-1.2 %). CONCLUSION Under the assumption that most untreated HCV-infected individuals with stage F0-F3 are undiagnosed, more than 280,000 individuals are undiagnosed and/or unlinked to care in Italy. Marked heterogeneity across the major routes of HCV transmission was estimated. This modelling approach may be a useful tool to characterise the HCV epidemic profile also in other countries, based on country specific epidemiology and HCV main transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta A Kondili
- Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Walter Marrocco
- Federazione Italiana Medici di Medicina Generale (FIMMG), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Craxì
- Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Marascio N, Mazzitelli M, Scarlata GG, Giancotti A, Barreca GS, Lamberti AG, Divenuto F, Costa C, Trecarichi EM, Matera G, Liberto MC, Torti C. HCV Antibody Prevalence and Genotype Evolution in a Teaching Hospital, Calabria Region, Southern Italy Over A Decade (2008-2018). Open Microbiol J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802014010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is associated with a high risk of developing liver diseases. Globally, HCV prevalence is changing due to improving health care procedures, population movement, and availability of new antiviral therapy. In Italy, data on the prevalence of HCV infection are insufficient, out-dated, and restricted to specific areas.
Objective:
Between 2008 and 2018, we investigated HCV antibody (Ab) seroprevalence and genotypes distribution among patients presenting for testing at our Teaching Hospital.
Methods:
The HCV Ab and genotyping assays were performed by routine diagnostic methods. Chi-square for linear trend was carried out by OpenEpi (v3.01).
Results:
Among 120,009 consecutive patients, 5877 subjects were HCV Ab positive (4.89%). During the observational period 2008-2018, prevalence decreased significantly (p<0.001) from 4.7% in 2008 to 3.6% in 2018. HCV1b was the most prevalent subtype (47.2%) followed by HCV2a/2c (20.2%), and HCV3 (9.7%), while HCV4 showed a rate of 6.1%. HCV infection was more frequent in males (55.4%) than in females (44.6%). Overall, most infected patients were born before 1949.
Conclusion:
Epidemiological analyses are important to understand the evolution of the HCV epidemics under the influence of several factors, such as risk behaviour and therapy with direct-acting antivirals.
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Epidemiology of hepatitis B and C virus infection in Central West Argentina. Arch Virol 2020; 165:913-922. [PMID: 32078045 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Little information is available regarding the prevalence of viral hepatitis in Central West Argentina. This study aims to give new information regarding HBV and HCV prevalence, genotypes, and risk factors in Central West Argentina and the suitability of dried blood spot (DBS) sampling for HBV and HCV screening. METHODS A total of 622 individuals were included; the mean age was 36.6 ± 14.3 years and 55.4% were females. HBV and HCV markers were detected using serological and molecular analysis, and risk factors were evaluated using statistical analysis. RESULTS Using serum samples, the HBsAg prevalence was 1.8%, the rate of HBV exposure (anti-HBc positivity) was 5.3%, and the rate of HBV immunity was 34.9%. HBV DNA was found in four out of 11 HBsAg+ samples, and the viruses in three of these samples were classified as genotypes A1, A2 and F2a. Multivariate analysis showed that anti-HBs positivity was associated with the level of schooling and history of HBV vaccination. The anti-HCV prevalence was 2.6%, and HCV RNA was found in 11 samples, seven of which contained viruses of genotypes 1a (n = 2), 1b (n = 3) and 2 (n = 2). The sensitivity of the DBS assay for HBsAg, anti-HBc, and anti-HCV was 100%, 66.6%, and 75%, respectively, and the specificity was above 98% for all markers when compared to serum. CONCLUSION A low rate of HBV immunity was observed, demonstrating the importance of HBV vaccination. High HCV prevalence was found, and HCV 1b was closely related to other Argentinian isolates. Finally, the performance of DBS testing in this population needs more optimization to increase its sensitivity and specificity.
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Loureiro CL, Jaspe RC, Pujol FH. Variation in Hepatitis C Virus Subtype Distribution during 20 Years in Venezuela. Intervirology 2019; 62:191-197. [PMID: 31865350 DOI: 10.1159/000505065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a public health problem and a major cause of chronic hepatitis. This virus exhibits a great genetic variability, with 8 genotypes and numerous subtypes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluctuations of HCV subtypes during 2 decades in Venezuela. METHODS HCV genotypes were determined by direct sequencing of the 5'-noncoding region in 392 isolates circulating in patients attended during the years 2014-2015. HCV subtype assignment was confirmed in a subset of samples (n = 24) by partial sequencing of the NS5B region. The genotype distribution was compared with the one observed in a previous study of patients followed up during the years 1994-1996 and 2005-2006. RESULTS Some variation was observed in the HCV genotype distribution over these 20 years. HCV genotype 1b prevalence was reduced significantly from 1994-1995 to 2004-2005, as previously described, and then remained constant. During the last 10 years, a significant decrease of HCV subtype 2b (36/237 in 2005-2006 vs. 24/392 in 2014-2015, p < 0.001) was observed. Patients infected with HCV G2acj were significantly older than the ones infected with G1 (53 vs. 47 years, p = 0.004), and male sex was significantly more prevalent among G3a-infected patients compared to the other ones (71 vs. 47%, p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS Fluctuations in HCV subtype distribution have been observed over 2 decades in Venezuela. Different major mode of transmission and susceptibility to the available HCV treatment during each period might be playing a role in the observed fluctuations in HCV subtype distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen L Loureiro
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Rossana C Jaspe
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela,
| | - Flor H Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
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Chionne P, Madonna E, Villano U, Tritarelli E, Pisani G, Costantino A, Equestre M, Marcantonio C, Bruni R, Ciccaglione AR. Sensitivity of hepatitis C virus rapid tests in detecting antibodies in general population. Panminerva Med 2019; 62:125-130. [PMID: 31692308 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.19.03678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of clinical performance of the anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) rapid tests were carried out mostly in chronic hepatitis C patients and in individuals at high risk of HCV infection. METHODS The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of OraQuick and Wantai rapid tests on archived serum samples from 1408 individuals (mean age 46, range 18-90; 65% female) recruited with a systematic sampling procedure during a general population survey. RESULTS The analysis of samples by Ortho HCV 3.0 ELISA and Cobas Taqman HCV RNA assays resulted in 69 anti-HCV antibody positive sera, including 42 HCV RNA positive (group 1) and 27 HCV RNA negative (group 2) samples. The performance of rapid tests was evaluated on the 69 anti-HCV positive (group 1+2) and 206 (OraQuick) and 198 (Wantai) anti-HCV negative sera, randomly selected from the 1339 anti-HCV negative samples. The OraQuick and Wantai rapid assays showed a sensitivity in group 1 of 92.9% and 90.5%, respectively. The sensitivity in group 2 was 40.7% and 51.9%, respectively. The anti-HCV antibodies signal/cutoff mean value was the only parameter that statistically differed between group 1 and group 2 individuals (P<0.0001). Further, 3 (OraQuick) and 4 samples (Wantai) from group 1, with very low HCV RNA level (<25 UI/mL), were misdiagnosed by rapid assays as false negative. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of infections with low level of viremia and the risk associated with rapid assay failure remained to be carefully estimated in general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Chionne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Madonna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Umbertina Villano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Tritarelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Pisani
- Center for Immunobiologicals Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Costantino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marcantonio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna R Ciccaglione
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy -
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Ciccozzi M, Lai A, Zehender G, Borsetti A, Cella E, Ciotti M, Sagnelli E, Sagnelli C, Angeletti S. The phylogenetic approach for viral infectious disease evolution and epidemiology: An updating review. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1707-1724. [PMID: 31243773 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the phylogenetic approach is recurrent in molecular evolutionary analysis. On 12 May, 2019, about 2 296 213 papers are found, but typing "phylogeny" or "epidemiology AND phylogeny" only 199 804 and 20 133 are retrieved, respectively. Molecular epidemiology in infectious diseases is widely used to define the source of infection as so as the ancestral relationships of individuals sampled from a population. Coalescent theory and phylogeographic analysis have had scientific application in several, recent pandemic events, and nosocomial outbreaks. Hepatitis viruses and immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus) have been largely studied. Phylogenetic analysis has been recently applied on Polyomaviruses so as in the more recent outbreaks due to different arboviruses type as Zika and chikungunya viruses discovering the source of infection and the geographic spread. Data on sequences isolated by the microorganism are essential to apply the phylogenetic tools and research in the field of infectious disease phylodinamics is growing up. There is the need to apply molecular phylogenetic and evolutionary methods in areas out of infectious diseases, as translational genomics and personalized medicine. Lastly, the application of these tools in vaccine strategy so as in antibiotic and antiviral researchers are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cella
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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10
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Petruzziello A, Loquercio G, Sabatino R, Balaban DV, Ullah Khan N, Piccirillo M, Rodrigo L, di Capua L, Guzzo A, Labonia F, Botti G. Prevalence of Hepatitis C virus genotypes in nine selected European countries: A systematic review. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 33:e22876. [PMID: 30843304 PMCID: PMC6595292 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22876,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem especially for its increasing level of mortality. Detailed knowledge of HCV genotypes prevalence has clinical relevance since the efficacy of therapies is impacted by genotypes and subtypes distribution. Moreover, HCV exhibits a great genetic variability regionally. To date, there are no published studies assessing HCV genotypes distribution in specific countries of the Mediterranean basin. The aim of this study was to review data published from 2000 to 2017 with the purpose to estimate genotypes distribution of HCV infection in nine European countries all located in the Mediterranean basin. METHODS A systematic research of peer-reviewed journals indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases selected if containing data regarding distribution of HCV genotypes in nine selected European countries (Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Slovenia, and Spain) was performed. RESULTS Genotype 1 is the most common (61.0%), ranging from 80.0% in Croatia to 46.0% in Greece, followed by genotype 3 (20.0%), varying from 38.0% in Slovenia to 7.0% and 8.0%, respectively, in Italy and in Albania and by genotype 4 (10.0%) that shows an increase of 1.1% with respect to data obtained till 2014 probably due to the increasing migrants arrivals to Southern Europe. G2, the fourth most frequent genotype (8.5%), particularly common in Italy (27.0%) and Albania (18.0%) might be probably introduced in Southern Italy as a result of Albanian campaign during Second World War and more and more increased by the migration flows from Albania to Italy in the 90s. CONCLUSION Epidemiology of HCV infection shows a high variability across the European countries that border the Mediterranean Sea. HCV genotyping is a relevant tool to monitor the dynamic process influenced by both evolving transmission trends and new migration flows on HCV scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanna Loquercio
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic AreaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS ItaliaNaplesItaly
| | - Rocco Sabatino
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic AreaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS ItaliaNaplesItaly
| | - Daniel Vasile Balaban
- Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military Emergency University HospitalBucharestRomania
| | - Najeeb Ullah Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (Health Davison)The University of AgriculturePeshawarPakistan
| | - Mauro Piccirillo
- Hepatobiliar and Pancreatic Unit, Department of Surgical OncologyIstituto Nazionale Tumori–Fondazione “G. Pascale”IRCCS ItaliaNaplesItaly
| | - Luis Rodrigo
- Gastroenterology ServiceHospital Universitario Central de Asturias, University of OviedoOviedoSpain
| | - Lucia di Capua
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic AreaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS ItaliaNaplesItaly
| | - Annunziata Guzzo
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic AreaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS ItaliaNaplesItaly
| | - Francesco Labonia
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic AreaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS ItaliaNaplesItaly
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific DirectorIRCCS Fondazione PascaleNaplesItaly
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11
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Petruzziello A, Loquercio G, Sabatino R, Balaban DV, Ullah Khan N, Piccirillo M, Rodrigo L, di Capua L, Guzzo A, Labonia F, Botti G. Prevalence of Hepatitis C virus genotypes in nine selected European countries: A systematic review. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 33:e22876. [PMID: 30843304 PMCID: PMC6595292 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem especially for its increasing level of mortality. Detailed knowledge of HCV genotypes prevalence has clinical relevance since the efficacy of therapies is impacted by genotypes and subtypes distribution. Moreover, HCV exhibits a great genetic variability regionally. To date, there are no published studies assessing HCV genotypes distribution in specific countries of the Mediterranean basin. The aim of this study was to review data published from 2000 to 2017 with the purpose to estimate genotypes distribution of HCV infection in nine European countries all located in the Mediterranean basin. METHODS A systematic research of peer-reviewed journals indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases selected if containing data regarding distribution of HCV genotypes in nine selected European countries (Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Slovenia, and Spain) was performed. RESULTS Genotype 1 is the most common (61.0%), ranging from 80.0% in Croatia to 46.0% in Greece, followed by genotype 3 (20.0%), varying from 38.0% in Slovenia to 7.0% and 8.0%, respectively, in Italy and in Albania and by genotype 4 (10.0%) that shows an increase of 1.1% with respect to data obtained till 2014 probably due to the increasing migrants arrivals to Southern Europe. G2, the fourth most frequent genotype (8.5%), particularly common in Italy (27.0%) and Albania (18.0%) might be probably introduced in Southern Italy as a result of Albanian campaign during Second World War and more and more increased by the migration flows from Albania to Italy in the 90s. CONCLUSION Epidemiology of HCV infection shows a high variability across the European countries that border the Mediterranean Sea. HCV genotyping is a relevant tool to monitor the dynamic process influenced by both evolving transmission trends and new migration flows on HCV scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanna Loquercio
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic AreaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS ItaliaNaplesItaly
| | - Rocco Sabatino
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic AreaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS ItaliaNaplesItaly
| | - Daniel Vasile Balaban
- Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military Emergency University HospitalBucharestRomania
| | - Najeeb Ullah Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (Health Davison)The University of AgriculturePeshawarPakistan
| | - Mauro Piccirillo
- Hepatobiliar and Pancreatic Unit, Department of Surgical OncologyIstituto Nazionale Tumori–Fondazione “G. Pascale”IRCCS ItaliaNaplesItaly
| | - Luis Rodrigo
- Gastroenterology ServiceHospital Universitario Central de Asturias, University of OviedoOviedoSpain
| | - Lucia di Capua
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic AreaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS ItaliaNaplesItaly
| | - Annunziata Guzzo
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic AreaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS ItaliaNaplesItaly
| | - Francesco Labonia
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic AreaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS ItaliaNaplesItaly
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific DirectorIRCCS Fondazione PascaleNaplesItaly
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12
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Petruzziello A, Sabatino R, Loquercio G, Guzzo A, Di Capua L, Labonia F, Cozzolino A, Azzaro R, Botti G. Nine-year distribution pattern of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Southern Italy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212033. [PMID: 30785909 PMCID: PMC6382136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been greatly described that different hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes are strictly correlated to various evolution, prognosis and response to therapy during the chronic liver disease. Aim of this study was to outline the changes in the epidemiology of Hepatitis C genotypes in Southern Italy regions from 2006 to 2014. MATERIAL/METHODS Prevalence of HCV genotypes was analyzed in 535 HCV-RNA positive patients with chronic Hepatitis C infection, selected during the period 2012-2014, and compared with our previous data, referred to periods 2006-2008 and 2009-2011. RESULTS In all the three periods analyzed, genotype 1b is predominant (51.8% in 2006-08, 48.3% in 2009-11 and 54.4% in 2012-14) while genotype 2 showed an increase in prevalence (27.9% in 2006-08, 31.7% in 2009-11 and 35.2% in 2012-14) and genotypes 3a and 1a a decrease during the same period (6.8% in 2006-08, 4.7% in 2009-11 and 3.2% in 2012-14 and 7.9% in 2006-08, 4.7% in 2009-11 and 2.6% in 2012-14, respectively). Subtype 1b seems to be equally distributed between males and females (52.7% vs 56.6%) and the prevalence in the age range 31-40 years is significantly higher in the 2012-14 period than in both previous periods (53.8% vs. 16.6% in 2009-11, p< 0.001 and 13.4% in 2006-08, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Genotype 1b is still the most prevalent, even if shows a significantly increase in the under 40 years old population. Instead, genotype 3a seems to have a moderate increase among young people. Overall, the alarming finding is the "returning" role of the iatrogenic transmission as risk factor for the diffusion of Hepatitis C infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnolfo Petruzziello
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Rocco Sabatino
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Loquercio
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Annunziata Guzzo
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Capua
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Labonia
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Cozzolino
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Azzaro
- Transfusion Service, Department of Hemathology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- SSD Virology and Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostic Area, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione “G. Pascale”, IRCCS Italia, Naples, Italy
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13
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Marascio N, Quirino A, Barreca GS, Galati L, Costa C, Pisani V, Mazzitelli M, Matera G, Liberto MC, Focà A, Torti C. Discussion on critical points for a tailored therapy to cure hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Mol Hepatol 2019; 25:30-36. [PMID: 30669818 PMCID: PMC6435970 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2018.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects around 71 million people worldwide and in 2018 it is still a major health problem. Since 2011, anti-HCV therapy with availability of direct-acting antiviral drugs has revolutionized the clinical response and paved the way to eradication strategies. However, despite the high rate of sustained virological response, treatment failure may occur in a limited percentage of patients, possibly due to resistance-associated substitutions (RASs), either emergent or pre-existent even in minority viral populations. Clearly this problem may impair success of eradication strategies. With this background, several questions marks still exist around HCV treatment, including whether pan-genotypic treatments with complete effectiveness in any clinical conditions really exist outside clinical trials, the actual cost-effectiveness of genotyping testing, and utility of RAS detection in viral quasispecies by next generation sequencing approach. In this review, we describe these critical points by discussing recent literature data and our research experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Marascio
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Quirino
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giorgio Settimo Barreca
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luisa Galati
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Costa
- Department of Health Sciences, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pisani
- Department of Health Sciences, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Mazzitelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Matera
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Liberto
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alfredo Focà
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Torti
- Department of Health Sciences, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
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14
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Marascio N, Pavia G, Romeo I, Talarico C, Di Salvo S, Reale M, Marano V, Barreca GS, Fabiani F, Perrotti N, De Siena M, Giancotti F, Gravina T, Alcaro S, Artese A, Torti C, Liberto MC, Focà A. Real-life 3D therapy failure: Analysis of NS5A 93H RAS plus 108 K polymorphism in complex with ombitasvir by molecular modeling. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1257-1263. [PMID: 29575060 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report a real-life 3D therapy failure in a patient treated with ombitasvir (OMV)/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir without ribavirin (3D-R). He had therapy failure at week 12 after the end of treatment. We detected resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) plus polymorphisms on NS3, NS5A, and NS5B target regions by population sequencing (15% cut-off) at baseline, at relapse and during follow-up. About this, NS5A RASs generally persist longer than resistances in the other target genes and may impact treatment outcome. Therefore, to evaluate OMV drug-resistance mechanism, we studied the acquired RAS plus polymorphisms on NS5A phosphoprotein by computational studies. OMV showed a higher affinity towards baseline and 93H/108 K mutant structure (follow-up) with respect to 93H/R108 mutant structure (relapse) on phosphoprotein. By Molecular Dynamics simulations (MDs), structural information about the protein stability in presence of OMV were observed. According to our data, molecular modeling approach has proved to be a powerful method to evaluate the impact of these RASs plus specific amino acid (AA) changes on phosphoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Marascio
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Grazia Pavia
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Isabella Romeo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmine Talarico
- Department of Health Sciences, University of "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Mariaconcetta Reale
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vito Marano
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giorgio Settimo Barreca
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fernanda Fabiani
- Unit of Medical Genetics, "Mater Domini" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Perrotti
- Unit of Medical Genetics, "Mater Domini" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Massimo De Siena
- Unit of Hepatology, "Mater Domini" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Gravina
- Unit of Hepatology, "Mater Domini" University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Artese
- Department of Health Sciences, University of "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Torti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, University of "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Liberto
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alfredo Focà
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
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15
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Petruzziello A, Marigliano S, Loquercio G, Cacciapuoti C. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes distribution: an epidemiological up-date in Europe. Infect Agent Cancer 2016; 11:53. [PMID: 27752280 PMCID: PMC5062817 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-016-0099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health burden in Europe, causing an increasing level of liver-related morbidity and mortality, characterized by several regional variations in the genotypes distribution. A comprehensive review of the literature from 2000 to 2015 was used to gather country-specific data on prevalence and genotype distribution of HCV infection in 33 European countries (about 80 % of the European population), grouped in three geographical areas (Western, Eastern and Central Europe), as defined by the Global Burden of Diseases project (GBD). The estimated prevalence of HCV in Europe is 1.7 % showing a decrease than previously reported (− 0.6 %) and accounting over 13 million of estimated cases. The lowest prevalence (0.9 %) is reported from Western Europe (except for some rural areas of Southern Italy and Greece) and the highest (3.1 %) from Central Europe, especially Romania and Russia. The average HCV viraemic rate is 72.4 %, with a population of almost 10 million of HCV RNA positive patients. Genotype distribution does not show high variability among the three macro-areas studied, ranging between 70.0 % (Central Europe), 68.1 % (Eastern Europe) and 55.1 % (Western Europe) for genotype 1, 29.0 % (Western Europe), 26.6 % (Eastern Europe) and 21.0 % (Central Europe) for genotype 3. Genotype 2 seems, instead, to have a major prevalence in the Western Europe (8.9 %), if compared to Eastern (4.3 %) or Central (3.2 %), whereas genotype 4 is present especially in Central and Western area (4.9 % and 5.8 %, respectively). Despite the eradication of transmission by blood products, HCV infection continues to be one of the leading blood-borne infections in Europe. The aim of this review is, therefore, to provide an update on the epidemiology of HCV infection across Europe, and to foster the discussion about eventual potential strategies to eradicate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnolfo Petruzziello
- Virology and Molecular Biology Unit "V. Tridente", Istituto Nazionale Tumori - Fondazione "G. Pascale", IRCCS Italia, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Samantha Marigliano
- Virology and Molecular Biology Unit "V. Tridente", Istituto Nazionale Tumori - Fondazione "G. Pascale", IRCCS Italia, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Loquercio
- Virology and Molecular Biology Unit "V. Tridente", Istituto Nazionale Tumori - Fondazione "G. Pascale", IRCCS Italia, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Cacciapuoti
- Virology and Molecular Biology Unit "V. Tridente", Istituto Nazionale Tumori - Fondazione "G. Pascale", IRCCS Italia, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
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16
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Marascio N, Pavia G, Strazzulla A, Dierckx T, Cuypers L, Vrancken B, Barreca GS, Mirante T, Malanga D, Oliveira DM, Vandamme AM, Torti C, Liberto MC, Focà A. Detection of Natural Resistance-Associated Substitutions by Ion Semiconductor Technology in HCV1b Positive, Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents-Naïve Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1416. [PMID: 27618896 PMCID: PMC5037695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) can negatively impact the response to direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) agents-based therapies for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Herein, we set out to characterize the RASs in the HCV1b genome from serum samples of DAA-naïve patients in the context of the SINERGIE (South Italian Network for Rational Guidelines and International Epidemiology, 2014) project. We deep-sequenced the NS3/4A protease region of the viral population using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine, and patient-specific majority rule consensus sequence summaries were constructed with a combination of freely available next generation sequencing data analysis software. We detected NS3/4A protease major and minor variants associated with resistance to boceprevir (V36L), telaprevir (V36L, I132V), simeprevir (V36L), and grazoprevir (V36L, V170I). Furthermore, we sequenced part of HCV NS5B polymerase using Sanger-sequencing and detected a natural RAS for dasabuvir (C316N). This mutation could be important for treatment strategies in cases of previous therapy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Marascio
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Grazia Pavia
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Alessio Strazzulla
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Tim Dierckx
- Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lize Cuypers
- Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bram Vrancken
- Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Giorgio Settimo Barreca
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Teresa Mirante
- Centro di Servizio Interdipartimentale (CIS)-Genomica funzionale e Patologia Molecolare, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Donatella Malanga
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Duarte Mendes Oliveira
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Center for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute for Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Carlo Torti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Maria Carla Liberto
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Focà
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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Kartashev V, Döring M, Nieto L, Coletta E, Kaiser R, Sierra S, Guerrero A, Stoiber H, Paar C, Vandamme A, Nevens F, Ranst MV, Cuypers L, Braun P, Ehret R, Obermeier M, Schneeweiss S, Scholten S, Römer K, Isernhagen K, Qurashi N, Heger E, Knops E, Neumann-Fraune M, Timm J, Walker A, Lübke N, Wedemeyer H, Wiesch JSZ, Lütgehetmann M, Polywka S, Däumer M, Hoffmann D, Protzer U, Marascio N, Foca A, Liberto M, Barreca G, Galati L, Torti C, Pisani V, Perno C, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Cento V, Ciotti M, Zazzi M, Rossetti B, Luca A, Caudai C, Mor O, Devaux C, Staub T, Araujo F, Gomes P, Cabanas J, Markin N, Khomenko I, Govorukhina M, Lugovskaya G, Dontsov D, Mas A, Martró E, Saludes V, Rodríguez-Frías F, García F, Casas P, Iglesia ADL, Alados J, Pena-López M, Rodríguez M, Galán J, Suárez A, Cardeñoso L, Guerrero M, Vegas-Dominguez C, Blas-Espada J, García R, García-Bujalance S, Benítez-Gutiérrez L, Mendoza CD, Montiel N, Santos J, Viciana I, Delgado A, Martínez-Sanchez P, Fernández-Alonso M, Reina G, Trigo M, Echeverría M, Aguilera A, Navarro D, Bernal S, Lozano M, Fernández-Cuenca F, Orduña A, Eiros J, Lejarazu ROD, Martínez-Sapiña A, García-Díaz A, Haque T. New findings in HCV genotype distribution in selected West European, Russian and Israeli regions. J Clin Virol 2016; 81:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Temporal dynamics of hepatitis C genotypes in a five-year hospital-based surveillance in Northern Italy. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2727-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rajhi M, Ghedira K, Chouikha A, Djebbi A, Cheikh I, Ben Yahia A, Sadraoui A, Hammami W, Azouz M, Ben Mami N, Triki H. Phylogenetic Analysis and Epidemic History of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2 in Tunisia, North Africa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153761. [PMID: 27100294 PMCID: PMC4839596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HCV genotype 2 (HCV-2) has a worldwide distribution with prevalence rates that vary from country to country. High genetic diversity and long-term endemicity were suggested in West African countries. A global dispersal of HCV-2 would have occurred during the 20th century, especially in European countries. In Tunisia, genotype 2 was the second prevalent genotype after genotype 1 and most isolates belong to subtypes 2c and 2k. In this study, phylogenetic analyses based on the NS5B genomic sequences of 113 Tunisian HCV isolates from subtypes 2c and 2k were carried out. A Bayesian coalescent-based framework was used to estimate the origin and the spread of these subtypes circulating in Tunisia. Phylogenetic analyses of HCV-2c sequences suggest the absence of country-specific or time-specific variants. In contrast, the phylogenetic grouping of HCV-2k sequences shows the existence of two major genetic clusters that may represent two distinct circulating variants. Coalescent analysis indicated a most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of Tunisian HCV-2c around 1886 (1869-1902) before the introduction of HCV-2k in 1901 (1867-1931). Our findings suggest that the introduction of HCV-2c in Tunisia is possibly a result of population movements between Tunisia and European population following the French colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Rajhi
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kais Ghedira
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematics and Statistics, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, 1036, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Chouikha
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Djebbi
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imed Cheikh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Regional Hospital of Bizerte, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Ben Yahia
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Sadraoui
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Walid Hammami
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Msaddek Azouz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Regional Hospital of Nabeul, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Ben Mami
- Department of Gastroenterology, La Rabta Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Henda Triki
- Pasteur Institute, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, 1036, Tunisia
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Costantino A, Spada E, Equestre M, Bruni R, Tritarelli E, Coppola N, Sagnelli C, Sagnelli E, Ciccaglione AR. Naturally occurring mutations associated with resistance to HCV NS5B polymerase and NS3 protease inhibitors in treatment-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C. Virol J 2015; 12:186. [PMID: 26577836 PMCID: PMC4650141 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of baseline resistance mutations to new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in HCV chronically infected treatment-naïve patients could be important for their management and outcome prevision. In this study, we investigated the presence of mutations, which have been previously reported to be associated with resistance to DAAs in HCV polymerase (NS5B) and HCV protease (NS3) regions, in sera of treatment-naïve patients. FINDINGS HCV RNA from 152 naïve patients (84 % Italian and 16 % immigrants from various countries) infected with different HCV genotypes (21,1a; 21, 1b; 2, 2a; 60, 2c; 22, 3a; 25, 4d and 1, 4k) was evaluated for sequence analysis. Amplification and sequencing of fragments in the NS5B (nt 8256-8640) and NS3 (nt 3420-3960) regions of HCV genome were carried out for 152 and 28 patients, respectively. The polymorphism C316N/H in NS5B region, associated with resistance to sofosbuvir, was detected in 9 of the 21 (43 %) analysed sequences from genotype 1b-infected patients. Naturally occurring mutations V36L, and M175L in the NS3 protease region were observed in 100 % of patients infected with subtype 2c and 4. CONCLUSION A relevant proportion of treatment naïve genotype 1b infected patients evaluated in this study harboured N316 polymorphism and might poorly respond to sofosbuvir treatment. As sofosbuvir has been approved for treatment of HCV chronic infection in USA and Europe including Italy, pre-treatment testing for N316 polymorphism on genotype 1b naïve patients should be considered for this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Costantino
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Viral Hepatitis Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enea Spada
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Viral Hepatitis Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Viral Hepatitis Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Tritarelli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Viral Hepatitis Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicola Coppola
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery F. Magrassi and A. Lanzara, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious diseases, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Viral Hepatitis Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161, Rome, Italy.
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Vilibic-Cavlek T, Kucinar J, Kaic B, Vilibic M, Pandak N, Barbic L, Stevanovic V, Vranes J. Epidemiology of hepatitis C in Croatia in the European context. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:9476-93. [PMID: 26327756 PMCID: PMC4548109 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i32.9476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed prevalence, risk factors and hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype distribution in different population groups in Croatia in the context of HCV epidemiology in Europe, with the aim to gather all existing information on HCV infection in Croatia which will be used to advise upon preventive measures. It is estimated that 35000-45000 of the Croatian population is chronically infected with HCV. Like in other European countries, there have been changes in the HCV epidemiology in Croatia over the past few decades. In some risk groups (polytransfused and hemodialysis patients), a significant decrease in the HCV prevalence was observed after the introduction of routine HCV screening of blood/blood products in 1992. Injecting drug users (IDUs) still represent a group with the highest risk for HCV infection with prevalence ranging from 29% to 65%. Compared to the prevalence in the Croatian general population (0.9%), higher prevalence rates were found in prison populations (8.3%-44%), human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients (15%), persons with high-risk sexual behavior (4.6%) and alcohol abusers (2.4%). Low/very low prevalence was reported in children and adolescents (0.3%) as well as in blood donors (0%-0.009%). In addition, distribution of HCV genotypes has changed due to different routes of transmission. In the general population, genotypes 1 and 3 are most widely distributed (60.4%-79.8% and 12.9%-47.9%, respectively). The similar genotype distribution is found in groups with high-risk sexual behavior. Genotype 3 is predominant in Croatian IDUs (60.5%-83.9%) while in the prison population genotypes 3 and 1 are equally distributed (52.4% and 47.6%). Data on HCV prevalence and risk factors for transmission are useful for implementation of preventive measures and HCV screening.
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