1
|
Jia C, Huang L, Zhou H, Cao Q, Wang Z, He F, Li Y, Yue M. A global genome dataset for Salmonella Gallinarum recovered between 1920 and 2024. Sci Data 2024; 11:1094. [PMID: 39375387 PMCID: PMC11458892 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) is an avian-specific pathogen responsible for fowl typhoid, a severe systemic disease with high mortality in chickens. This disease poses a substantial burden to the poultry industry, particularly in developing countries like China. However, comprehensive genome datasets on S. Gallinarum are lacking. Here, we present the most extensive S. Gallinarum genome dataset, comprising 574 well-collated samples. This dataset consists of 366 genomes sequenced in our laboratory and 208 publicly available genomes, collected from various continents over the past century. Using in silico prediction, we categorized S. Gallinarum into three distinct biovars. Regarding antimicrobial resistance, 238 strains (41.5%) carried antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) with a total of 635 records, while 232 strains (40.4%) exhibited multi-drug resistance. Mobile genomic elements (MGEs) serve as critical drivers for ARGs. Our dataset includes 5,636 MGEs records, with most MGEs belonging to prophages and plasmids. This dataset expands our understanding of the genomic characteristics of S. Gallinarum, providing valuable resources for future genomic studies to improve disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Linlin Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haiyang Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Qianzhe Cao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zining Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Fang He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre (TianMu Laboratory), Gaochuang Hi- Tech Park, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Min Yue
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Farhat M, Khayi S, Berrada J, Mouahid M, Ameur N, El-Adawy H, Fellahi S. Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 13:23. [PMID: 38247582 PMCID: PMC10812584 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum (SG) has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are bacterial pathogens that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic birds, causing severe systemic diseases known as fowl typhoid (FT) and Pullorum disease (PD), respectively. The virulence mechanisms of biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum are multifactorial, involving a variety of genes and pathways that contribute to their pathogenicity. In addition, these serovars have developed resistance to various antimicrobial agents, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Due to their economic and public health significance, rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective control and prevention of these diseases. Conventional methods, such as bacterial culture and serological tests, have been used for screening and diagnosis. However, molecular-based methods are becoming increasingly important due to their rapidity, high sensitivity, and specificity, opening new horizons for the development of innovative approaches to control FT and PD. The aim of this review is to highlight the current state of knowledge on biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, emphasizing the importance of continued research into their pathogenesis, drug resistance and diagnosis to better understand and control these pathogens in poultry farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mouad Farhat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
| | - Slimane Khayi
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, Rabat Principale, BP 415, Rabat 10090, Morocco;
| | - Jaouad Berrada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
| | | | - Najia Ameur
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, National Institute of Hygiene. Av. Ibn Batouta, 27, BP 769, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 35516, Egypt
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chacón RD, Ramírez M, Rodríguez-Cueva CL, Sánchez C, Quispe-Rojas WU, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Genomic Characterization and Genetic Profiles of Salmonella Gallinarum Strains Isolated from Layers with Fowl Typhoid in Colombia. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040823. [PMID: 37107581 PMCID: PMC10138188 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) is the causative agent of fowl typhoid (FT), a disease that is harmful to the poultry industry. Despite sanitation and prophylactic measures, this pathogen is associated with frequent disease outbreaks in developing countries, causing high morbidity and mortality. We characterized the complete genome sequence of Colombian SG strains and then performed a comparative genome analysis with other SG strains found in different regions worldwide. Eight field strains of SG plus a 9R-derived vaccine were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analysis, and the results were used for subsequent molecular typing; virulome, resistome, and mobilome characterization; and a comparative genome study. We identified 26 chromosome-located resistance genes that mostly encode efflux pumps, and point mutations were found in gyrase genes (gyrA and gyrB), with the gyrB mutation S464T frequently found in the Colombian strains. Moreover, we detected 135 virulence genes, mainly in 15 different Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). We generated an SPI profile for SG, including C63PI, CS54, ssaD, SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-3, SPI-4, SPI-5, SPI-6, SPI-9, SPI-10, SPI-11, SPI-12, SPI-13, and SPI-14. Regarding mobile genetic elements, we found the plasmids Col(pHAD28) and IncFII(S) in most of the strains and 13 different prophage sequences, indicating a frequently obtained profile that included the complete phage Gifsy_2 and incomplete phage sequences resembling Escher_500465_2, Shigel_SfIV, Entero_mEp237, and Salmon_SJ46. This study presents, for the first time, the genomic content of Colombian SG strains and a profile of the genetic elements frequently found in SG, which can be further studied to clarify the pathogenicity and evolutionary characteristics of this serotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruy D Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
- Inter-Units Program in Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Bellavista 07006, Peru
| | - Carmen L Rodríguez-Cueva
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Christian Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wilma Ursula Quispe-Rojas
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15081, Peru
| | - Claudete S Astolfi-Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Piantino Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wales A, Lawes J. JMM Profile: Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum, biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 36753431 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella
serovar Gallinarum has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are host-adapted avian pathogens that infect a number of wild and domesticated species but they pose a particular threat to farmed and backyard chickens and turkeys. Both biovars cause invasive and septicaemic disease, often resulting in high mortality. Pullorum is transmitted in eggs and typically affects birds soon after hatch. Gallinarum may cause disease in any age of bird, which often progresses through mature flocks. The establishment of clean breeding stock has resulted in freedom from the pathogens in many countries although even in these territories sporadic incursions still occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Joanna Lawes
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tahir H, Basit A, Tariq H, Haider Z, Ullah A, Hayat Z, Rehman SU. Coupling CRISPR/Cas9 and Lambda Red Recombineering System for Genome Editing of Salmonella Gallinarum and the Effect of ssaU Knock-Out Mutant on the Virulence of Bacteria. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123028. [PMID: 36551784 PMCID: PMC9776377 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry in developing countries still faces a significant threat from fowl typhoid, a disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum that has been well contained in more economically developed countries. In addition to the virulence exhibited by large virulence plasmid (85 kb), Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 in S. Gallinarum plays a key role in mediating disease through its type III secretion systems (TTSS). The TTSS secrete effector protein across the Salmonella containing vacuoles and mediate the internalization of bacteria by modulating vesicular passage. In this study, candidate virulent ssaU gene (~1 kb) encoding type III secretion system was successfully deleted from indigenously isolated S. Gallinarum genome through homology-directed repair using CRISPR/Cas9 and lambda recombination systems. CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing of poultry-derived Salmonella Gallinarum has not been previously reported, which might be linked to a lack of efficiency in its genetic tools. This is the first study which demonstrates a complete CRISPR/Cas9-based gene deletion from this bacterial genome. More importantly, a poultry experimental model was employed to assess the virulence potential of this mutant strain (ΔssaU_SG18) which was unable to produce any mortality in the experimentally challenged birds as compared to the wild type strain. No effect on weight gain was observed whereas bacteria were unable to colonize the intestine and liver in our challenge model. This in vivo loss of virulence in mutant strain provides an excellent functionality of this system to be useful in live vaccine development against this resistant and patho genic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Tahir
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Basit
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, UK
| | - Hafsa Tariq
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Zulquernain Haider
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Asim Ullah
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinbrugh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Zafar Hayat
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinbrugh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-3214905423
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sreekantapuram S, Berens C, Barth SA, Methner U, Berndt A. Interaction of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Enteritidis with peripheral leucocytes of hens with different laying performance. Vet Res 2021; 52:123. [PMID: 34563266 PMCID: PMC8467188 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovars Enteritidis (SE) and Gallinarum (SG) cause different diseases in chickens. However, both are able to reach the blood stream where heterophils and monocytes are potentially able to phagocytose and kill the pathogens. Using an ex vivo chicken whole blood infection model, we compared the complex interactions of the differentially host-adapted SE and SG with immune cells in blood samples of two White Leghorn chicken lines showing different laying performance (WLA: high producer; R11: low producer). In order to examine the dynamic interaction between peripheral blood leucocytes and the Salmonella serovars, we performed flow cytometric analyses and survival assays measuring (i) leucocyte numbers, (ii) pathogen association with immune cells, (iii) Salmonella viability and (iv) immune gene transcription in infected whole blood over a four-hour co-culture period. Inoculation of blood from the two chicken lines with Salmonella led primarily to an interaction of the bacteria with monocytes, followed by heterophils and thrombocytes. We found higher proportions of monocytes associated with SE than with SG. In blood samples of high producing chickens, a decrease in the numbers of both heterophils and Salmonella was observed. The Salmonella challenge induced transcription of interleukin-8 (IL-8) which was more pronounced in SG- than SE-inoculated blood of R11. In conclusion, the stronger interaction of monocytes with SE than SG and the better survivability of Salmonella in blood of low-producer chickens shows that the host-pathogen interaction and the strength of the immune defence depend on both the Salmonella serovar and the chicken line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sravya Sreekantapuram
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie A Barth
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Methner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Angela Berndt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bae WY, Kim HY, Yu HS, Chang KH, Hong YH, Lee NK, Paik HD. Antimicrobial effects of three herbs (Brassica juncea, Forsythia suspensa, and Inula britannica) on membrane permeability and apoptosis in Salmonella. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:394-404. [PMID: 32734653 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed synergistic effects of three herbs in Salmonella via increased membrane permeability and apoptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using high-performance liquid chromatography, four types of phenylethyl glycosides and a lignan were detected in the herb mixture (Brassica juncea, Forsythia suspensa, and Inula britannica). During treatment with the herb mixture (1×, 2×, or 4× the MIC), viable cells decreased to 1·87 log CFU per ml (Salmonella Gallinarum) and 2·33 log CFU per ml (Salmonella Enteritidis) after 12 h of incubation according to inhibition of tricarboxylic acid cycle (P < 0·01). In addition, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine uptake increased from 229·00 to 249·67 AU in S. Gallinarum and from 232·00 to 250·67 AU in S. Enteritidis (P < 0·05), whereas membrane potential decreased from 8855·00 to 3763·25 AU and from 8703·67 to 4300·38 AU, respectively. Apoptotic Salmonella cells were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. Transmission electron microscopy observations with negative staining showed protein leakage from damaged Salmonella. CONCLUSIONS These results showed the synergistic effect of the three herbs against avian pathogenic Salmonella induced by membrane damage and apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Salmonella causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry. These results indicated that potency of natural antimicrobial agents due to apoptosis in Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W-Y Bae
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H-Y Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H-S Yu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - K-H Chang
- CJ CheilJedang Blossom Park, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Y-H Hong
- CJ CheilJedang Blossom Park, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - N-K Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H-D Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liao J, Orsi RH, Carroll LM, Wiedmann M. Comparative genomics reveals different population structures associated with host and geographic origin in antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2811-2828. [PMID: 32337816 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variation in a pathogen, including the causative agent of salmonellosis, Salmonella enterica, can occur as a result of eco-evolutionary forces triggered by dissimilarities of ecological niches. Here, we applied comparative genomics to study 90 antimicrobial resistant (AMR) S. enterica isolates from bovine and human hosts in New York and Washington states to understand host- and geographic-associated population structure. Results revealed distinct presence/absence profiles of functional genes and pseudogenes (e.g., virulence genes) associated with bovine and human isolates. Notably, bovine isolates contained significantly more transposase genes but fewer transposase pseudogenes than human isolates, suggesting the occurrence of large-scale transposition in genomes of bovine and human isolates at different times. The high correlation between transposase genes and AMR genes, as well as plasmid replicons, highlights the potential role of horizontally transferred transposons in promoting adaptation to antibiotics. By contrast, a number of potentially geographic-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rather than geographic-associated genes, were identified. Interestingly, 38% of these SNPs were in genes annotated as cell surface protein-encoding genes, including some essential for antibiotic resistance and host colonization. Overall, different evolutionary forces and limited recent inter-population transmission appear to shape AMR S. enterica population structure in different hosts and geographic origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiu Liao
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Graduate Field of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Renato Hohl Orsi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Laura M Carroll
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xie T, Wu G, He X, Lai Z, Zhang H, Zhao J. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica from eggs. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:2847-2853. [PMID: 31572578 PMCID: PMC6766569 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a common foodborne pathogen responsible for major global health problems such as paratyphoid fever and gastroenteritis. Here, we report the prevalence, antibiotic resistance phenotypes, serotypes, and molecular subtyping of Salmonella isolated from eggs in Guangdong, China. Out of 1,000 egg samples, 54 (5.40%) were positive. S. Enteritidis made up the largest proportion of samples with 11 serotypes. Antimicrobial susceptibility test indicated that most strains were resistant to β-lactam, aminoglycoside, and tetracycline antibiotics (27.00%-40.00%). There were 37 STs based on MLST typing. MLST and ERIC-PCR classified 54 isolates into three and five clusters, respectively, which revealed the genetic relatedness and diversity. In conclusion, frequent monitoring of eggs for Salmonella, antibiotic resistance profiles and genetic diversity is essential for improving food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Xie
- Research Center of Plant Pest Management and Bioenvironmental Health TechnologyGuangdong Eco‐engineering PolytechnicGuangzhouChina
| | - Gang Wu
- Research Center of Plant Pest Management and Bioenvironmental Health TechnologyGuangdong Eco‐engineering PolytechnicGuangzhouChina
| | - Xujun He
- Research Center of Plant Pest Management and Bioenvironmental Health TechnologyGuangdong Eco‐engineering PolytechnicGuangzhouChina
| | - Zengzhe Lai
- Research Center of Plant Pest Management and Bioenvironmental Health TechnologyGuangdong Eco‐engineering PolytechnicGuangzhouChina
| | - Huatong Zhang
- Research Center of Plant Pest Management and Bioenvironmental Health TechnologyGuangdong Eco‐engineering PolytechnicGuangzhouChina
| | - Jing Zhao
- Research Center of Plant Pest Management and Bioenvironmental Health TechnologyGuangdong Eco‐engineering PolytechnicGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xiong D, Song L, Pan Z, Jiao X. Identification and Discrimination of Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum Based on a One-Step Multiplex PCR Assay. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1718. [PMID: 30108571 PMCID: PMC6079294 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Pullorum (S. Pullorum) and Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) can result in pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in avian species, respectively, and cause considerable economic losses in poultry in many developing countries. Conventional Salmonella serotyping is a time-consuming, labor-intensive and expensive process, and the two biovars cannot be distinguished using the traditional serological method. In this study, we developed a rapid and reliable one-step multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to simultaneously identify and discriminate the biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum. The multiplex PCR method focused on three specific genes, stn, I137_08605 and ratA. Based on bioinformatics analysis, we found that gene I137_08605 was present only in S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum, and a region of difference in ratA was deleted only in S. Pullorum after comparison with that of S. Gallinarum and other Salmonella serovars. Three pairs of primers specific for the three genes were designed for the multiplex PCR system and their selectivity and sensitivity were determined. The multiplex PCR results showed that S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum could be identified and discriminated accurately from all tested strains including 124 strains of various Salmonella serovars and 42 strains of different non-Salmonella pathogens. In addition, this multiplex PCR assay could detect a minimum genomic DNA concentration of 67.4 pg/μL, and 100 colony forming units. The efficiency of the multiplex PCR was evaluated by detecting natural-occurring Salmonella isolates from a chicken farm. The results demonstrated that the established multiplex PCR was able to identify S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum individually, with results being consistent with traditional serotyping and biochemical testing. These results demonstrated that a highly accurate and simple biovar-specific multiplex PCR assay could be performed for the rapid identification and discrimination of Salmonella biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, which will be useful, particularly under massive screening situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-Food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alves Batista DF, de Freitas Neto OC, Maria de Almeida A, Maboni G, de Carvalho TF, de Carvalho TP, Barrow PA, Berchieri A. Evaluation of pathogenicity of Salmonella Gallinarum strains harbouring deletions in genes whose orthologues are conserved pseudogenes in S. Pullorum. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200585. [PMID: 30028856 PMCID: PMC6054384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diseases caused by Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum in chickens known as fowl typhoid and pullorum disease, respectively, pose a great threat to the poultry industry mainly in developing countries, since they have already been controlled in the developed ones. These bacteria are very similar at the genomic level but develop distinct host-pathogen relationships with chickens. Therefore, a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms whereby S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum interact with the host could lead to the development of new approaches to control and, perhaps, eradicate both diseases from the chicken flocks worldwide. Based on our previous study, it was hypothesised that metabolism-related pseudogenes, fixed in S. Pullorum genomes, could play a role in the distinct host-pathogen interaction with susceptible chickens. To test this idea, three genes (idnT, idnO and ccmH) of S. Gallinarum str. 287/91, which are pseudogenes on the S. Pullorum chromosomes, were inactivated by mutations. These genetically engineered strains grew well on the solid media without any colony morphology difference. In addition, similar growth curves were obtained by cultivation in M9 minimal medium containing D-gluconate as the sole carbon source. Infection of chickens with idnTO mutants led to increased numbers of bacteria in the livers and spleens at 5 days post-infection, but with slightly decreased heterophil infiltration in the spleens when compared to the wild-type strain. On the other hand, no significant phenotypic change was caused by mutation to ccmH genes. Apart from the above-mentioned alterations, all S. Gallinarum strains provoked similar infections, since mortality, clinical signs, macroscopic alterations and immune response were similar to the infected chickens. Therefore, according to the model applied to this study, mutation to the idnTO and ccmH genes showed minor impact on the fowl typhoid pathogenesis and so they may be relics from the ancestor genome. Our data hints at a more complex mechanism driving the distinct host-pathogen interaction of S. Gallinarum/Pullorum with chickens than differential inactivation of a few genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Felipe Alves Batista
- Post Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), campus at Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Post Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), campus at Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- Post Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), campus at Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Grazieli Maboni
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiane Furtado de Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaynara Parente de Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paul Andrew Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- Post Graduate Program in Agricultural and Livestock Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), campus at Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yin C, Xu L, Li Y, Liu Z, Gu D, Li Q, Jiao X. Construction of pSPI12-cured Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum and identification of IpaJ as an immune response modulator. Avian Pathol 2018; 47:410-417. [PMID: 29712441 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2018.1471195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In Salmonella, plasmids participate in many pathways involved in virulence, metabolism, and antibiotic resistance. To investigate the function of the ipaJ gene in a multi-copy plasmid pSPI12 prevalent in Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum), we established a method to eliminate the plasmid and constructed the plasmid-cured bacteria C79-13-ΔpSPI12 by using the suicide vector pDM4. Briefly, a 500 bp fragment ipaJU from pSPI12 was cloned into pDM4 and transformed into S. Pullorum C79-13 by conjugative transfer. After homologous recombination, the suicide vector was inserted into pSPI12 to produce pSPI12-pDM4-ipaJU. Induction of the expression of the sacB gene in the suicide vector killed the bacteria harbouring plasmid, while the progeny losing the plasmid survived in the plate with sucrose. The plasmid-cured strain showed extremely decreased ability to infect chicken macrophage HD11 cells and LMH hepatic epithelial cells compared to wild type strain and complementary strain carrying ipaJ. Additionally, IFN-γ mRNA levels were up-regulated in HD11 cells or chicken spleens infected by plasmid-cured strain, but no difference was detected in IL-4 among the three strains. Transforming ipaJ into S. Enteritidis also decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in infected macrophages or chicken spleens compared to wild type strain. These results suggest that the ipaJ gene in pSPI12 is involved in S. Pullorum infection and that IpaJ protein modulates immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yin
- a Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- a Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- a Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,c Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,c Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Gu
- a Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,c Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuchun Li
- a Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- a Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,c Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Eriksson H, Söderlund R, Ernholm L, Melin L, Jansson DS. Diagnostics, epidemiological observations and genomic subtyping in an outbreak of pullorum disease in non-commercial chickens. Vet Microbiol 2018; 217:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
14
|
Rubio MDS, Penha Filho RAC, Almeida AMD, Berchieri A. Development of a multiplex qPCR in real time for quantification and differential diagnosis of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:644-651. [PMID: 28589774 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1339866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are 2659 Salmonella serovars. The host-specific biovars Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Gallinarum cause systemic infections in food-producing and wild birds. Fast diagnosis is crucial to control the dissemination in avian environments. The present work describes the development of a multiplex qPCR in real time using a low-cost DNA dye (SYBr Green) to identify and quantify these biovars. Primers were chosen based on genomic regions of difference (RoD) and optimized to control dimers. Primers pSGP detect both host-specific biovars but not other serovars and pSG and pSP differentiate biovars. Three amplicons showed different melting temperatures (Tm), allowing differentiation. The pSGP amplicon (97 bp) showed Tm of 78°C for both biovars. The pSG amplicon (273 bp) showed a Tm of 86.2°C for S. Gallinarum and pSP amplicon (260 bp) dissociated at 84.8°C for S. Pullorum identification. The multiplex qPCR in real time showed high sensitivity and was capable of quantifying 108-101 CFU of these biovars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela da Silva Rubio
- a School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences , São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Maria de Almeida
- a School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences , São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- a School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences , São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wigley P. Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum: addressing fundamental questions in bacteriology sixty years on from the 9R vaccine. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:119-124. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1240866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wigley
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute for Infection & Global Health and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ibrahim HM, El-Moaty DAMA, Ahmed HA, El-Enbaawy MI. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of locally isolated Salmonella strains used in preparation of Salmonella antigens in Egypt. Vet World 2017; 9:1435-1439. [PMID: 28096617 PMCID: PMC5234059 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1435-1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This work was conducted to study the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of locally isolated Salmonella strains (Salmonella Pullorum, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhimurium) from poultry used in the preparation of Salmonella antigens in Egypt. Materials and Methods: The phenotypic characterization of Salmonella strains was done using standard microbiological, biochemical, and serological techniques. Molecular identification was done using different sets of primers on different genes using different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Results: The phenotypic characterization of Salmonella strains was confirmed. Molecular identification revealed detection of 284 bp fragment of InvA gene in all studied Salmonella strains. Furthermore, multiplex PCR was used for more confirmation of being Salmonella spp., generally at 429 bp as well as genotyping of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis at 559 and 312 bp, respectively, in one reaction. Conclusion: The locally isolated field Salmonella strains were confirmed phenotypically and genotypically to be Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhimurium and could be used for the preparation of Salmonella antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Mohammed Ibrahim
- Department of Bacterial Sera and Antigens Research, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Hanan Ali Ahmed
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Cairo, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Keerthirathne TP, Ross K, Fallowfield H, Whiley H. A Review of Temperature, pH, and Other Factors that Influence the Survival of Salmonella in Mayonnaise and Other Raw Egg Products. Pathogens 2016; 5:E63. [PMID: 27869756 PMCID: PMC5198163 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the main causes of foodborne illnesses worldwide, with outbreaks predominately linked to contamination of eggs and raw egg products, such as mayonnaise. This review explores previous studies that have investigated Salmonella control mechanisms utilized in the production of raw egg mayonnaise and other food products. Apart from the use of pasteurized eggs, the main control mechanism identified is the pH of the raw egg products, which plays an important role in the consistency and stability while affecting the survival of Salmonella spp. However, currently there is no consensus regarding the critical pH limit for the control of Salmonella. The effectiveness of pH as a control mechanism is influenced by the type of acid used, with the effectiveness of lemon juice compared with vinegar highly debated. Additionally, Salmonella susceptibility to pH stresses may also be influenced by storage temperature (in some studies refrigeration temperatures protected Salmonella spp. from acidulants) and is further complicated by the development of Salmonella cross-tolerance-induced responses, pH homeostasis achieved by the cellular antiport and symport systems, and acid tolerance response (ATR). These mechanisms all provide Salmonella with an added advantage to ensure survival under various pH conditions. Other confounding factors include the fat content, and the addition of NaCl, garlic and plant essential oils (PEOs) from mint, cinnamon, cardamom and clove.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirstin Ross
- School of the Environment, Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Howard Fallowfield
- School of the Environment, Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Harriet Whiley
- School of the Environment, Health and the Environment, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|