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Rabiu OR, Dada-Adegbola H, Falade CO, Arinola OG, Odaibo AB, Ademowo OG. Serum cytokine profile of pregnant women with malaria, intestinal helminths and HIV infections in Ibadan, Nigeria. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1983-1992. [PMID: 35522326 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, helminthiasis and HIV are widespread in developing countries taking a heavy toll on pregnant women. Due to similar environmental and human factors of transmission, they co-exist. The epidemiology and pathology of these diseases have been extensively studied but data on serum cytokine profile changes which is crucial in pregnancy is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the co-infections and their impact on peripheral blood cytokines. Blood and stool samples were collected from recruited 18-45-year-old pregnant women in different trimesters who were apparently healthy with no obvious complications in pregnancy. Pretested questionnaires were administered for personal and socio-demographic details. Malaria parasitemia in Giemsa-stained thick blood films was examined microscopically. Stool samples were screened for helminths using Kato-Katz method. Cytokine levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13 and IL-17 in 121 serum samples were determined using ELISA. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U test at α0.05. Relative to the single infections, there were significant reductions in IFN-γ and IL-13 in second and third trimesters respectively in those with Plasmodium and helminth co-infection. IFN-γ and IL-17 were elevated while IL-1α and IL-12p70 were reduced in co-infection of helminths and HIV. Co-infection of Plasmodium and HIV in second and third trimesters showed significant elevations in IL-1α, IL-10 and IL-17 while TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-12p70 were significantly reduced. HIV in pregnancy and its co-infection with Plasmodium resulted in significant distortions in the cytokine profile. However, helminth and its co-infection with Plasmodium or HIV produced less changes in the cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawunmi R Rabiu
- Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Hannah Dada-Adegbola
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Catherine O Falade
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olatunbosun G Arinola
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Olusegun G Ademowo
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Lim ZW, Wang ID, Wang P, Chung CH, Huang SS, Huang CC, Tsai PY, Wu GJ, Wu KH, Chien WC. Obstructive sleep apnea increases risk of female infertility: A 14-year nationwide population-based study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260842. [PMID: 34910749 PMCID: PMC8673645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the risk of having OSA in a cohort of female subjects who are infertile and the odds of being infertile in women with OSA. PATIENTS AND METHODS A nationwide, case-control study of female patients 20 years or older diagnosed with female infertility living in Taiwan, from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2013 (N = 4,078). We identified women who were infertile and created a 2:1 matched control group with women who were not infertile. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to further estimate the effects of OSA on female infertility. RESULTS In this 14- year retrospective study, we included 4,078 patients having an initial diagnosis of female infertility. Of those women with infertility, 1.38% had a history of OSA compared with 0.63% of fertile controls (p = 0.002). The mean ages in the study groups were 32.19 ± 6.20 years, whereas the mean ages in the control groups were 32.24 ± 6.37years. Women with OSA had 2.101- times the risk of female infertility compared to women without OSA (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Our study showed that OSA is more commonly seen in infertile women and increases the odds that a woman will be infertile. More studies need to be done on the whether or not diagnosing and treating OSA can decrease the rate of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wei Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - I-Duo Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Panchalli Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Song-Shan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institution of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Tsai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jang Wu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Nursing, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Rajak P, Roy S, Dutta M, Podder S, Sarkar S, Ganguly A, Mandi M, Khatun S. Understanding the cross-talk between mediators of infertility and COVID-19. Reprod Biol 2021; 21:100559. [PMID: 34547545 PMCID: PMC8407955 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is the ongoing health emergency affecting individuals of all ages around the globe. Initially, the infection was reported to affect pulmonary structures. However, recent studies have delineated the impacts of COVID-19 on the reproductive system of both men and women. Hence, the present review aims to shed light on the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in various reproductive organs. In addition, impacts of COVID-19 mediators like disrupted renin angiotensin system, oxidative stress, cytokine storm, fever, and the mental stress on reproductive physiology have also been discussed. For the present study, various keywords were used to search literature on PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. Articles were screened for relevancy and were studied in detail for qualitative synthesis of the review. Through our literature review, we found a multitude of effects of COVID-19 mediators on reproductive systems. Studies reported expression of receptors like ACE-2, TMPRSS2, and CD147 in the testes, epididymis, prostrate, seminal vesicles, and ovarian follicles. These proteins are known to serve as major SARS-CoV-2 entry factors. The expression of lysosomal cathepsins (CTSB/CTSL) and/ neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) are also evident in the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, fallopian tube, cervix, and endometrium. The binding of viral spike protein with ACE-2 was found to alter the renin-angiotensin cascade, which could invite additional infertility problems. Furthermore, COVID-19 mediated cytokine storm, oxidative stress, and elevated body temperature could be detrimental to gametogenesis, steroidogenesis, and reproductive cycles in patients. Finally, social isolation, confinement, and job insecurities have fueled mental stress and frustration that might promote glucocorticoid-mediated subnormal sperm quality in men and higher risk of miscarriage in women. Hence, the influence of COVID-19 on the alteration of reproductive health and fertility is quite apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Rajak
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sumedha Roy
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sayanti Podder
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurabh Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya, Gushkara, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhratanu Ganguly
- Post Graduate Department of Zoology, A.B.N. Seal College, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Moutushi Mandi
- Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India
| | - Salma Khatun
- Department of Zoology, Krishna Chandra College, Hetampur, West Bengal, India
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Cakan P, Yildiz S. Effects of Half- or Whole-Night Shifts on Physiological and Cognitive Parameters in Women. Am J Med Sci 2020; 360:525-536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Esfandiari N, Nesbit C, Litzky J, Dela Cruz D, Gibson S, DeMars L, Esfandiari N. High prevalence of allergy in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:311-320. [PMID: 31965419 PMCID: PMC7056777 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of allergy in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) and the relationship between having allergy and IVF treatment outcomes. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of female infertility patients aged 20-49 years and their male partners undergoing IVF cycles from August 2010 to December 2016 in an academic fertility program. RESULTS Prevalence data was collected for 493 couples (935 cycles). Over half of the female patients (54%) had at least one reported allergy versus the cited US prevalence of 10-30%. Antibiotic (54.7%) and non-antibiotic medication (39.2%) were the most common female allergy subtypes. Fewer male patients reported allergy (21.7%). Data on β-hCG outcomes were calculated for 841 cycles from 458 couples with no significant relationship found except for number of cycles including ICSI and number of embryos transferred per cycle (1.81 for those without allergy vs 2.07 for those with allergy, p = 0.07). Female patients with allergy were marginally statistically more likely to have a negative β-hCG (p = 0.07) and less likely to have a successful cycle (p = 0.06). When allergy subgroups were evaluated, there were no significant differences between groups except for a higher number of embryos transferred in women with environmental/other allergies (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION The prevalence of allergy among patients seeking infertility treatment is high compared with the general population. However, allergy was not found to be associated with IVF cycle outcomes. These findings are likely primarily limited by difficulty in defining specific allergy types within a retrospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Esfandiari
- Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Carleigh Nesbit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Dennis Dela Cruz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sarah Gibson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Navid Esfandiari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
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Kunicka Z, Kurzyńska A, Szydłowska A, Bogacka I. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha regulates the expression of the immune response mediators in the porcine endometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 83:e13211. [PMID: 31732996 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Cytokines are immune response mediators that play an important role in the regulation of reproductive functions. An association between cytokines and peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPARs) has been reported in various tissues, including the endometrium. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of PPARα ligands on the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and LIF) in the porcine endometrium in different reproductive stages. METHODS OF STUDY Endometrial slices were collected from gilts on days 10-12 or 14-16 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Endometrial tissue explants were incubated in vitro in the presence or absence of PPARα agonist WY-14643 and antagonist MK886. Expression of mRNA and protein for NF-ĸB and selected cytokines was evaluated by real-time PCR and immunoblot. RESULTS PPARα agonist WY-14643 decreased the mRNA expression of NF-κB in most of the analyzed stages (excluding days 10-12 of the estrous cycle), but increased the expression of NF-κB protein (excluding days 14-16 of pregnancy). The WY-14643 increased expression of IL-1β and IL-6 proteins, and the mRNA expression of IL-8 and LIF, decreased IL-4 expression, and did not affect the mRNA and protein expression of IL-10. CONCLUSION The obtained results demonstrate that PPARα is involved in the regulation of NF-κB and cytokine expression in the porcine endometrium. PPARα ligands exert a varied influence on immune system components, which could be attributed to differences in the receptivity of porcine endometrial tissue during the reproductive cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Kunicka
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kurzyńska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Szydłowska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Bogacka
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Zhang J, Chen L, Zheng CH, Wang J, Xie D, Zhou YX. Effect of Shoutai Pills on Th1/Th2 Cytokines in Serum and Endometrium of Rats with Stimulated Ovulation. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:285-290. [PMID: 31016523 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we found that Shoutai pills could improve the embryo implantation rate as well as the levels of estrogen, progesterone and estrogen receptor in rats with stimulated ovulation. However, the mechanism is not clear. This study was designed to investigate the effect of Shoutai pills on the levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in rats with stimulated ovulation and the mechanism. The rat model of stimulated ovulation was established by combined injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Then the rats were randomly divided into model group (M), Shoutai pills group (S), progesterone group (P) and normal group (N). All the pregnant rats were treated from the first day. The S and P groups were administrated with gavage of Shoutai pills and injection of progesterone respectively, and N and M groups were given the same volume of normal saline and distilled water respectively. After treatment for 7 days, the animals were executed for serum and uterine tissues. The ELISA method was adopted to detect the contents of Th1 cytokines [interferon-γ (INF-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2)] and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10). The expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) was detected by Western blotting and real-time PCR. As compared with N group, the expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 in M group were significantly increased, and those of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, LIF and LIFR were significantly decreased (P<0.05). As compared with M group, the levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, LIF and LIFR in S group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and those of IFN-γ and IL-2 were significantly decreased (P<0.05). It was suggested that Shoutai pills can increase the levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, LIF and LIFR as well as reduce the levels of INF-γ and IL-2 in rats with stimulated ovulation. The Shoutai pills may improve endometrial receptivity and promote embryo implantation by maintaining the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Theater General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Theater General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Cui-Hong Zheng
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Theater General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Di Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Theater General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yue-Xi Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Theater General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
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Kyvelidou C, Sotiriou D, Antonopoulou T, Tsagkaraki M, Tserevelakis GJ, Filippidis G, Athanassakis I. l-Carnitine affects preimplantation embryo development toward infertility in mice. Reproduction 2016; 152:283-91. [PMID: 27402869 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
l-Carnitine (l-Cn), despite the beneficial role as energy-generating substance delivering long-chain fatty acids to the β-oxidation pathway in mitochondria, has been accused to cause an endometriosis-like state to BALB/c mice manifested by increased inflammatory cytokines in serum and peritoneal fluid, accumulation of immune cells in the peritoneal cavity and uterine walls and most importantly, correlating to infertility. Exploring this type of infertility, the effect of l-Cn on preimplantation embryo development, ovarian integrity and systemic maternal immunity was studied. Using nonlinear microscopy analysis, which was shown to be a powerful tool for determining embryo quality by quantitatively estimating the lipid body (LB) content of the cells, it was shown that in vitro and in vivo administration of l-Cn significantly decreased LB mean area in zygotes. Daily intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg l-Cn for 3, 4 and 7days to mice significantly decreased the percent of normal zygotes. However, only the 7-day treatment persisted by affecting 2- and 8-cell stage embryos, while almost abolishing blastocyst development. Such effects were accompanied by abnormal ovarian histology, showing increased numbers of corpora luteus and elevated progesterone concentration in the serum. In addition, it was shown that the 7-day l-Cn treatment pushed maternal systemic immunity toward inflammation and immunosuppression by increasing CD11b-, CD25- and CD11bGr1-positive cells in spleen, which opposed the necessity for immunostimulation at these early stages of pregnancy. In conclusion, the results presented here demonstrated that elevated doses of l-Cn affect early stages of embryo development, leading to infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Margarita Tsagkaraki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and LaserFoundation of Research and Technology, Crete, Greece Department of PhysicsUniversity of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - George J Tserevelakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and LaserFoundation of Research and Technology, Crete, Greece
| | - George Filippidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and LaserFoundation of Research and Technology, Crete, Greece
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Kowsar R, Marey MA, Shimizu T, Miyamoto A. Short communication: Urea induces T helper 2 (Th2) type environment at transcriptional level and prostaglandin E2 secretion in bovine oviduct epithelial cells in culture. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5844-5850. [PMID: 27132094 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Excess dietary protein intake in early lactation dairy cows resulting in blood urea nitrogen of greater than 19 to 20mg/dL is associated with decreased fertility. Little is known about the local interference of urea in the normal immunological environment of the oviduct that provides optimal conditions for early reproductive events. A bovine oviduct epithelial cell (BOEC) culture was used to determine how urea influences immune environment. The BOEC monolayer was supplemented with low (20mg/dL) and high (40mg/dL) concentrations of urea together with ovarian steroids, estradiol (1ng/mL) and progesterone (1ng/mL), and LH (10ng/mL) at concentrations observed during the preovulatory period. The urea values used in this study were equivalent to 9.3 and 18.7mg/dL of blood urea nitrogen, which are typically common in lactating dairy cows with low or high protein intake, respectively. Stimulation of BOEC with 40mg/dL of urea induced gene expression of IL10 and IL4, epithelial-derived T helper type 2-driving (anti-inflammatory) cytokines as well as mPGES-1 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion. However, urea concentrations of both 20 and 40mg/dL failed to alter the expression of IL1B and TNFA, Th1-driving cytokines, and the gene expression of TLR4. However, a concentration of 40mg/dL of urea stimulated α 1-acid glycoprotein expression, an acute phase protein. Data from this in vitro study suggest that urea, at least in part, contributes to influence the expression of some immune-related genes toward T helper type 2 type and prostaglandin E2 secretion, leading to disruption in local environment for fertilization and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kowsar
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - M A Marey
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Behera, Egypt 22511
| | - T Shimizu
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - A Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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