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Kaur N, Singh J, Minz RW, Anand S, Saikia B, Bhadada SK, Dayal D, Kumar M, Dhanda SK. Shared and distinct genetics of pure type 1 diabetes and type 1 diabetes with celiac disease, homology in their auto-antigens and immune dysregulation states: a study from North India. Acta Diabetol 2024; 61:791-805. [PMID: 38483572 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
AIM This study was undertaken to explicate the shared and distinctive genetic susceptibility and immune dysfunction in patients with T1D alone and T1D with CD (T1D + CD). METHODS A total of 100 T1D, 50 T1D + CD and 150 healthy controls were recruited. HLA-DRB1/DQB1 alleles were determined by PCR-sequence-specific primer method, SNP genotyping for CTLA-4 and PTPN22 was done by simple probe-based SNP-array and genotyping for INS-23 Hph1 A/T was done by RFLP. Autoantibodies and cytokine estimation was done by ELISA. Immune-regulation was analysed by flow-cytometry. Clustering of autoantigen epitopes was done by epitope cluster analytical tool. RESULTS Both T1D alone and T1D + CD had a shared association of DRB1*03:01, DRB1*04, DRB3*01:07/15 and DQB1*02. DRB3*01:07/15 confers the highest risk for T1D with relative risk of 11.32 (5.74-22.31). Non-HLA gene polymorphisms PTPN22 and INS could discriminate between T1D and T1D + CD. T1D + CD have significantly higher titers of autoantibodies, expression of costimulatory molecules on CD4 and CD8 cells, and cytokine IL-17A and TGF-β1 levels compared to T1D patients. Epitopes from immunodominant regions of autoantigens of T1D and CD clustered together with 40% homology. CONCLUSION Same HLA genes provide susceptibility for both T1D and CD. Non-HLA genes CTLA4, PTPN22 and INS provide further susceptibility while different polymorphisms in PTPN22 and INS can discriminate between T1D and T1D + CD. Epitope homology between autoantigens of two diseases further encourages the two diseases to occur together. The T1D + CD being more common in females along with co-existence of thyroid autoimmunity, and have more immune dysregulated state than T1D alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navchetan Kaur
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Jagdeep Singh
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ranjana W Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Shashi Anand
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Biman Saikia
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sanjay K Bhadada
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Devi Dayal
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sandeep K Dhanda
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA, USA
- Now at Department of Oncology, Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Alshiekh S, Maziarz M, Geraghty DE, Larsson HE, Agardh D. High-resolution genotyping indicates that children with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease share three HLA class II loci in DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5 genes. HLA 2020; 97:44-51. [PMID: 33043613 PMCID: PMC7756432 DOI: 10.1111/tan.14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) share common genetic loci, mainly within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II complex. Extended genotyping of HLA class II alleles and their potential risk for developing both diseases remains to be studied. The present study compared extended HLA-class II gene polymorphisms in children with T1D, CD, and a subgroup diagnosed with both diseases (T1D w/CD). Next-generation targeted sequencing (NGTS) of HLA-DRB3, DRB4, DRB5, DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DPA1, and DPB1 alleles from DNA collected from 68 T1D, 219 CD, and seven T1D w/CD patients were compared with 636 HLA-genotyped Swedish children from the general population selected as controls. In comparison to controls, the DRB4*01:03:01 allele occurred more frequently in T1D w/CD (odds ratio (OR) = 7.84; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = (2.24, 34.5), P = 0.0002) and T1D (OR = 3.86; 95% CI, (2.69, 5.55), P = 1.07 × 10-14 ), respectively. The DRB3*01:01:02 allele occurred more frequently in CD as compared to controls (OR = 7.87; 95% CI, (6.17, 10.03), P = 4.24 × 10-71 ), but less frequently in T1D (OR = 2.59; 95% CI, (1.76, 3.81), P = 7.29 × 10-07 ) and T1D w/CD (OR = 0.87; 95% CI, (0.09, 3.96), P ≤ 0.999). The frequency of the DRB4*01:03:01-DRB1*04:01:01-DQA1*03:01:01-DQB1*03:02:01 (DR4-DQ8) haplotype was higher in T1D w/CD (OR = 12.88; 95% CI (4.35, 38.14) P = 3.75 × 10-9 ), and moderately higher in T1D (OR = 2.13; 95% CI (1.18, 3.83) P = 0.01) compared with controls, but comparable in CD (OR = 1.45; 95% CI (0.94, 2.21), P = 0.08) and controls. Children with T1D and CD are associated with DRB4*01:03:01, DRB3*01:01:02, and DRB3*02:02:01 of which DRB4*01:03:01 confers the strongest risk allele for developing T1D w/CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehab Alshiekh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marlena Maziarz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Daniel E Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Helena E Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Daniel Agardh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmö, Sweden
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3
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Hagopian W, Lee HS, Liu E, Rewers M, She JX, Ziegler AG, Lernmark Å, Toppari J, Rich SS, Krischer JP, Erlich H, Akolkar B, Agardh D. Co-occurrence of Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease Autoimmunity. Pediatrics 2017; 140:e20171305. [PMID: 29018046 PMCID: PMC5654393 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Few birth cohorts have prospectively followed development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) autoimmunities to determine timing, extent of co-occurrence, and associated genetic and demographic factors. METHODS In this prospective birth cohort study, 8676 children at high genetic risk of both diseases were enrolled and 5891 analyzed in median follow-up of 66 months. Along with demographic factors and HLA-DR-DQ, genotypes for HLA-DPB1 and 5 non-HLA loci conferring risk of both T1D and CD were analyzed. RESULTS Development of persistent islet autoantibodies (IAs) and tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGAs), as well as each clinical disease, was evaluated quarterly from 3 to 48 months of age and semiannually thereafter. IAs alone appeared in 367, tTGAs alone in 808, and both in 90 children. Co-occurrence significantly exceeded the expected rate. IAs usually, but not always, appeared earlier than tTGAs. IAs preceding tTGAs was associated with increasing risk of tTGAs (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-1.91). After adjusting for country, sex, family history, and all other genetic loci, significantly greater co-occurrence was observed in children with a T1D family history (HR: 2.80), HLA-DR3/4 (HR: 1.94) and single-nucleotide polymorphism rs3184504 at SH2B3 (HR: 1.53). However, observed co-occurrence was not fully accounted for by all analyzed factors. CONCLUSIONS In early childhood, T1D autoimmunity usually precedes CD autoimmunity. Preceding IAs significantly increases the risk of subsequent tTGAs. Co-occurrence is greater than explained by demographic factors and extensive genetic risk loci, indicating that shared environmental or pathophysiological mechanisms may contribute to the increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hagopian
- Diabetes Programs Division, Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington;
| | - Hye-Seung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Edwin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marian Rewers
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Henry Erlich
- Children's Hospital of Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California; and
| | - Beena Akolkar
- Diabetes Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel Agardh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Qiao YC, Shen J, Hong XZ, Liang L, Bo CS, Sui Y, Zhao HL. Changes of regulatory T cells, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10 in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Immunol 2016; 170:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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5
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Celiac crisis in an adult type 1 diabetes mellitus patient presented with diarrhea, weight loss and hypoglycemic attacks. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-016-0477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Joshi R, Madvariya M. Prevalence and clinical profile of celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2015; 19:797-803. [PMID: 26693431 PMCID: PMC4673809 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.167555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM) in follow-up in a Tertiary Care Referral Centre in Western India and to describe the clinical features indicative of CD in screened patients of TIDM. STUDY DESIGN In this single center observational cross-sectional study, 71 children who were diagnosed with TIDM were subjected to screening for CD with tissue transglutaminase antibody testing. Those who tested positive were offered intestinal biopsy for the confirmation of diagnosis. Clinical profiles of both groups of patients were compared and manifestations of CD were delineated. RESULTS The study revealed the prevalence of CD (based on serology) in children with Type 1 diabetes as 15.49%. The prevalence of biopsy-confirmed CD was 7.04%. Of the diagnosed CD patients, one-third were symptomatic at the time of screening while the majority was asymptomatic. The major clinical features indicative of CD were intestinal symptoms, anemia, rickets, and short stature. Autoimmune thyroid disease was prevalent in 29.6% of the patients with TIDM followed by CD. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of CD in children with Type 1 diabetes emphasizes the need for routine screening programs to be in place for these high-risk populations. The clinical profile of patients with CD further elaborates the indicators of CD and the need to screen for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for children, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Monica Madvariya
- Department of Pediatrics, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for children, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Adlercreutz EH, Svensson J, Hansen D, Buschard K, Lernmark Å, Mortensen HB, Agardh D. Prevalence of celiac disease autoimmunity in children with type 1 diabetes: regional variations across the Øresund strait between Denmark and southernmost Sweden. Pediatr Diabetes 2015; 16:504-9. [PMID: 25131687 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine the prevalence of celiac disease autoimmunity in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosed in Denmark and Sweden. METHODS A total of 662 Swedish children with T1D were matched with 1080 Danish children with T1D and 309 healthy children from Sweden and 283 from Denmark served as controls. Sera were analyzed for the presence of IgA and IgG (IgAG) autoantibodies against deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) and tissue transglutaminase (tTG) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and IgG-tTG separately in a radioligand binding assay (RBA). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1 and DQA1 genotyping were determined in the T1D cohorts. RESULTS In the Swedish T1D cohort, 17.2% (114/662) were IgAG-DGP/tTG positive compared with 11.7% (126/1080) in the Danish T1D cohort (p = 0.001) and with 9.4% (29/309) Swedish (p = 0.001) and 5.7% (16/283) Danish (p = 0.003) controls. In the Swedish T1D cohort, both levels of IgAG-DGP/tTG and IgG-tTG were higher compared with the levels in the Danish T1D (p < 0.001). In the control group, 2.8% of the Danish children were positive for both IgAG-DGP/tTG and IgG-tTG, compared to 0.3% of the Swedish. Presence of HLA-DQ2 was equally distributed among 89 children with T1D positive for both IgAG-DGP/tTG and IgG-tTG. CONCLUSION The discrepancy in levels of IgAG-DGP/tTG and IgG-tTG between Swedish and Danish T1D cohorts was independent of HLA and suggests that regional variations in comorbidity of celiac disease in T1D is caused by difference in exposure to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H Adlercreutz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jannet Svensson
- Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Hansen
- Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Henrik Bindesbøl Mortensen
- Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Agardh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
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Brorsson CA, Onengut S, Chen WM, Wenzlau J, Yu L, Baker P, Williams AJK, Bingley PJ, Hutton JC, Eisenbarth GS, Concannon P, Rich SS, Pociot F. Novel Association Between Immune-Mediated Susceptibility Loci and Persistent Autoantibody Positivity in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64:3017-27. [PMID: 25829454 PMCID: PMC4512221 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Islet autoantibodies detected at disease onset in patients with type 1 diabetes are signs of an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells. To further investigate the genetic determinants of autoantibody positivity, we performed dense immune-focused genotyping on the Immunochip array and tested for association with seven disease-specific autoantibodies in a large cross-sectional cohort of 6,160 type 1 diabetes-affected siblings. The genetic association with positivity for GAD autoantibodies (GADAs), IA2 antigen (IA-2A), zinc transporter 8, thyroid peroxidase, gastric parietal cells (PCAs), tissue transglutaminase, and 21-hydroxylase was tested using a linear mixed-model regression approach to simultaneously control for population structure and family relatedness. Four loci were associated with autoantibody positivity at genome-wide significance. Positivity for GADA was associated with 3q28/LPP, for IA-2A with 1q23/FCRL3 and 11q13/RELA, and for PCAs with 2q24/IFIH1. The 3q28 locus showed association after only 3 years duration and might therefore be a marker of persistent GADA positivity. The 1q23, 11q13, and 2q24 loci were associated with autoantibodies close to diabetes onset and constitute candidates for early screening. Major susceptibility loci for islet autoantibodies are separate from type 1 diabetes risk, which may have consequences for intervention strategies to reduce autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suna Onengut
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Janet Wenzlau
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Peter Baker
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Alistair J K Williams
- Diabetes & Metabolism, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Polly J Bingley
- Diabetes & Metabolism, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - John C Hutton
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - George S Eisenbarth
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Patrick Concannon
- Genetics Institute and Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Department of Pediatrics, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Hamari S, Kirveskoski T, Glumoff V, Kulmala P, Simell O, Knip M, Ilonen J, Veijola R. CD4⁺ T-cell proliferation responses to wheat polypeptide stimulation in children at different stages of type 1 diabetes autoimmunity. Pediatr Diabetes 2015; 16:177-88. [PMID: 25643742 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Our aim was to study whether immune responses to wheat-based proteins are related to the development of type 1 diabetes. METHODS We analysed proliferative T-cell responses after in vitro gliadin, gluten, whole wheat, and tetanus toxoid stimulation with a carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) based T-cell proliferation assay in children at various phases of type 1 diabetes autoimmunity and in healthy autoantibody-negative control children. RESULTS At an early stage of beta cell autoimmunity the strength and frequencies of positive proliferation responses to gliadin, gluten, and whole wheat did not differ between newly seroconverted children positive for one islet autoantibody and the controls. However, in prediabetic children with at least two islet autoantibodies and also in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes positive T-cell responses to gliadin were significantly less frequent and the strength of gliadin responses was reduced when compared to the controls. No differences were seen in T-cell responses to wheat-based antigens when comparing children with long-lasting type 1 diabetes with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Decreased in vitro T-cell responses to wheat-based antigens were observed in children with multiple islet autoantibodies and in those with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, probably reflecting a generally aberrant immune response during the development of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Hamari
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Guo TL, Germolec DR, Zheng JF, Kooistra L, Auttachoat W, Smith MJ, White KL, Elmore SA. Genistein protects female nonobese diabetic mice from developing type 1 diabetes when fed a soy- and alfalfa-free diet. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:435-48. [PMID: 24713318 PMCID: PMC4190109 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314526318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) on the time of onset and/or the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in female nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, when administered GEN by gavage once every day for up to 180 days. Five groups of mice (approximately 24 animals/group; 6-7 weeks of age) were included: naive control, vehicle control (25 mM Na2CO3 in water), and 3 GEN treatment groups (2 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg). Mice were maintained on a soy- and alfalfa-free diet (5K96) during the study and were monitored for blood glucose changes every week. When compared to the vehicle control, exposure to 2-mg/kg GEN produced significant decreases ranging from 55 to 79% in the total incidences of diabetes (blood glucose ≥ 250 mg/dl) and severe diabetes (blood glucose ≥ 400 mg/dl) starting at week 14 of the study. However, during the later stages of the study (i.e., after week 23), the 2-mg/kg dose had no effect on disease incidence. In animals treated with 6-mg/kg and 20-mg/kg GEN, significant decreases in the total incidence of diabetes were observed starting at week 16, while the incidence of severe diabetes was significantly decreased with the changes being observed initially at weeks 18 and 17 for the 6-mg/kg and 20-mg/kg GEN treatment groups, respectively. Several lines of evidence, including histopathological analysis, suggested that GEN protected the pancreas from autoimmune destruction. However, this protective effect of GEN was absent when female NOD mice were maintained on NTP-2000 rodent diet, which contained 5% soybean meal and 7.5% alfalfa meal (the total concentrations of phytoestrogens ranged between 95 and 134 mg/kg). In summary, oral dosing of GEN reduced the incidence and increased the time to onset of T1D in female NOD mice but only when fed a soy- and alfalfa-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dori R Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian Feng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Wimolnut Auttachoat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew J Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kimber L White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Hansson T, Dahlbom I, Tuvemo T, Frisk G. Silent coeliac disease is over-represented in children with type 1 diabetes and their siblings. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:185-91. [PMID: 25283799 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study measured autoantibodies against tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) to detect untreated coeliac disease in children with type 1 diabetes and their siblings. METHODS Anti-tTG was measured in prospectively collected sera from 169 children at the onset of diabetes, 88 of their siblings and 96 matched control children. Coeliac disease was confirmed with a small intestinal biopsy. RESULTS Coeliac disease was diagnosed in five children before diabetes onset. A further 12 children were diagnosed after diabetes onset, without any gastrointestinal symptoms, and 11 of these had anti-tTG at the onset of diabetes, with the remaining child showing seroconversion within 6 months. Hence, all the children with both diseases had anti-tTG at or before diabetes diagnosis, and the prevalence of coeliac disease was 10.1%. Moreover, 6.8% of the siblings and 3.1% of the control children had elevated levels of anti-tTG. None of the siblings reported any coeliac-related symptoms, despite being positive for anti-tTG, and coeliac disease has so far been biopsy confirmed in 4.5%. CONCLUSION Silent coeliac disease is over-represented in children with type 1 diabetes and their siblings. All diabetes children and their siblings should be tested and followed for the presence of anti-tTG and coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Hansson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ingrid Dahlbom
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Therapeutic Immune Design Unit; Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Torsten Tuvemo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Gun Frisk
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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12
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Gilissen LJ, van der Meer IM, Smulders MJ. Reducing the incidence of allergy and intolerance to cereals. J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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The lack of association between interleukin-6 gene −174 G/C polymorphism and the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of 18,152 subjects. Gene 2013; 515:461-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Sarmiento L, Galvan JA, Cabrera-Rode E, Aira L, Correa C, Sariego S, Fonseca M, Cubas-Dueñas I, Hung LH, Resik S, Cilio CM. Type 1 diabetes associated and tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies in patients without type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease with confirmed viral infections. J Med Virol 2012; 84:1049-53. [PMID: 22585721 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes are autoimmune diseases that may share the same initiating environmental factors. In this study, the occurrence of type 1 diabetes associated autoantibodies (GADA and IA-2A) and tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (TGA) was determined in patients with confirmed viral infections and no signs of type 1 diabetes or coeliac disease. Serum samples from 82 Cuban patients tested positive for PCR and IgG specific to enterovirus (HEV, serotype echovirus 16, 20 samples), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, 20 samples), cytomegalovirus (CMV, 21 samples), and hepatitis C virus (HCV, 21 samples); and sera from 164 controls negative serologically to EBV, CMV, HCV, and echovirus 16 were enrolled in the study. All subjects were screened for GADA, IA-2A, and TGA. The prevalence of TGA in patients infected with HEV, EBV, CMV, or HCV was 55% (11/20), 25% (5/20), 9.5% (2/21), and 9.5% (2/21), respectively. GADA and IA-2A were found in 15% (3/20) and 25% (5/20) of patients infected with HEV. None of the patients infected by EBV, CMV, and HCV had GADA or IA-2A. All children infected with HEV who were positive for type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies were also TGA-positive. None of the sera from uninfected subjects were positive for GADA, IA-2A or TGA. In conclusion, TGA can develop during infection with HEV, EBV, CMV, or HCV, while the emergence of islet cell related autoantibodies is restricted to HEV infections. The findings suggest that HEV may be a shared environmental factor for the development of islet and gut-related autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sarmiento
- Department of Virology, Pedro Kouri Tropical Medicine Institute, Havana, Cuba.
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15
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Metzgar M. Externalities from grain consumption: a survey. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 63:453-60. [PMID: 22082016 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.634789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) publishes their MyPyramid plan as a recommended eating model for all Americans. As part of this model, grain consumption is emphasized. This grain consumption has the potential to generate positive externalities, such as reduced rates of obesity, diabetes and other chronic diseases. Such positive externalities can potentially produce tangible economic benefits in terms of public health. In contrast, newer nutritional research shows that grain consumption may have negative effects on health for certain population groups. Celiac disease is four times as common as it was 50 years ago and is often under-diagnosed. Other population groups exhibit gluten sensitivity which can impact the development of asthma, allergies and neurological difficulties. This survey intends to provide a comprehensive description of both the positive and negative externalities associated with grain consumption and the resulting impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Metzgar
- Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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16
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Volta U, Tovoli F, Caio G. Clinical and immunological features of celiac disease in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 5:479-87. [PMID: 21780895 DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most frequent autoimmune disorders occurring in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The prevalence of CD in T1DM varies from 3 to 16%, with a mean prevalence of 8%. The clinical presentation of CD in T1DM is classified as symptomless in approximately half of cases, but a more accurate analysis often discloses a wide array of symptoms suggestive of CD. Both T1DM and CD show the same genetic background and an abnormal small intestinal immune response with inflammation and a variable grade of enteropathy. Serological screening for CD should be performed in all T1DM patients by means of antibodies to tissue transglutaminase at T1DM onset. T1DM patients found to be celiacs must be treated by a gluten-free diet. Potential CD cases (especially when asymptomatic) should be kept on a gluten-containing diet with a careful clinical and antibody follow-up, since many of them will not develop villous atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Volta
- Department of Digestive Diseases and Internal Medicine, S Orsola-Malpighi Policlinic, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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17
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Sakly W, Mankaï A, Sakly N, Thabet Y, Achour A, Ghedira-Besbes L, Jeddi M, Ghedira I. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies are frequent in type 1 diabetes. Endocr Pathol 2010; 21:108-14. [PMID: 20387011 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-010-9118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) have been described in many autoimmune diseases in which there is an increased intestinal permeability. Also in type 1 diabetes (T1D), there is an increased intestinal permeability. Since no data are available about ASCA in T1D, we evaluated, retrospectively, the frequency of ASCA in this disease. ASCA, IgG, and IgA, were determined by ELISA in sera of 224 T1D patients in which coeliac disease has been excluded and 157 healthy control group. The frequency of ASCA (IgG or IgA) was significantly higher in T1D patients than in the control group (24.5% vs. 2.5%, p < 10(-7)). The same observation was found in children and in adult patients when we compare them to healthy children and blood donors group respectively. Compared to children, adult patients with T1D showed significantly higher frequencies of ASCA of any isotype (38% vs. 13.7%, p < 10(-4)), both ASCA IgG and IgA (12% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.002), ASCA IgG (35% vs. 9.8%, p < 10(-5)) and ASCA IgA (15% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.001). The frequency of ASCA was statistically higher in females of all T1D than in males (30.8% vs.17.7%, p = 0.03), in girls than in boys (22% vs.6.2%, p = 0.017), and significantly higher in men than in boys (35.7% vs. 6.2%, p < 10(-4)). The frequency of ASCA IgG was significantly higher than that of ASCA IgA in all T1D patients (21% vs. 9.8%, p < 0.002), in all females (26.5% vs. 10.2%, p < 0.002), in women (37.9% vs. 12%, p < 0.001). The frequency of ASCA was significantly higher in all long-term T1D than in an inaugural T1D (29% vs. 14.5%, p = 0.019). The same observation was found in adults (45.8% vs. 17.8%, p = 0.01). In long-term T1D patients, ASCA were significantly more frequent in adults than children (45.8% vs. 14.5%, p < 10(-4)). The frequency of ASCA IgG was significantly higher in long-term T1D than in an inaugural T1D (25.2% vs. 11.6%, p = 0.03). Patients with T1D had a high frequency of ASCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Sakly
- Research unit (03UR/07-02), Faculty of Pharmacy, Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
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18
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Scientific Opinion on the appropriate age for introduction of complementary feeding of infants. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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19
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Arregui MV, de Esteban JPM, Llenas LF, Urmeneta JMZ. [Type 1 diabetes mellitus and celiac disease: family secrets]. ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION : ORGANO DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION 2009; 56:437-440. [PMID: 20114012 DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(09)73310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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20
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Abstract
Celiac sprue (CS) is a gluten-sensitive enteropathy with many autoimmune features. CS involves multiple organs through immune and nonimmune processes, and is frequently associated with other autoimmune disorders. This article reviews the co-occurrence of CS with autoimmune disorders of the cutaneous, nervous, endocrine, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. The types of autoimmune disorders associated with CS and the prevalence of CS in other autoimmune disorders are also discussed. A brief review of the literature on the potential mechanisms behind these associations and the therapeutic effects of a gluten-free diet for autoimmune comorbidities in CS is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Rashtak
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eric V Marietta
- Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph A Murray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Tel.: +1 507 284 2631, Fax: +1 507 266 9081,
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21
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Weber D, Cléroux C, Godefroy SB. Emerging analytical methods to determine gluten markers in processed foods--method development in support of standard setting. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:111-7. [PMID: 19636545 PMCID: PMC2724643 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The availability of analytical methods to detect and determine levels of markers of priority allergens in foods is of the utmost importance to support standard setting initiatives, the development of compliance and enforcement activities, as well as to provide guidance to industry on implementation of quality control practices, ensuring the effectiveness of allergen-related sanitation techniques. This paper describes the development and implementation of a mass-spectrometry-based technique to determine markers for individual sources of gluten in beer products. This methodology was shown to answer the requirements of Health Canada’s proposed labeling standard for individual gluten source declaration, in order to achieve its policy objectives (i.e., protection of sensitive consumers, while promoting choice). Minimal sample work-up was required and the results obtained by ELISA were further complemented using the LC-MS/MS method. This paper aims to demonstrate the feasibility of alternative techniques to ELISA-based methodologies to determine allergen and gluten markers in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas Weber
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, PA 2203D, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
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Schiltz B, Minich DM, Lerman RH, Lamb JJ, Tripp ML, Bland JS. A Science-Based, Clinically Tested Dietary Approach for the Metabolic Syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009; 7:187-92. [PMID: 19450142 DOI: 10.1089/met.2008.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schiltz
- Functional Medicine Research Center, MetaProteomics, LLC, Gig Harbor, Washington
| | - Deanna M. Minich
- Functional Medicine Research Center, MetaProteomics, LLC, Gig Harbor, Washington
| | - Robert H. Lerman
- Functional Medicine Research Center, MetaProteomics, LLC, Gig Harbor, Washington
| | - Joseph J. Lamb
- Functional Medicine Research Center, MetaProteomics, LLC, Gig Harbor, Washington
| | - Matthew L. Tripp
- Functional Medicine Research Center, MetaProteomics, LLC, Gig Harbor, Washington
| | - Jeffrey S. Bland
- Functional Medicine Research Center, MetaProteomics, LLC, Gig Harbor, Washington
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23
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24
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Smyth DJ, Plagnol V, Walker NM, Cooper JD, Downes K, Yang JHM, Howson JMM, Stevens H, McManus R, Wijmenga C, Heap GA, Dubois PC, Clayton DG, Hunt KA, van Heel DA, Todd JA. Shared and distinct genetic variants in type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:2767-77. [PMID: 19073967 PMCID: PMC2840835 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0807917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two inflammatory disorders, type 1 diabetes and celiac disease, cosegregate in populations, suggesting a common genetic origin. Since both diseases are associated with the HLA class II genes on chromosome 6p21, we tested whether non-HLA loci are shared. METHODS We evaluated the association between type 1 diabetes and eight loci related to the risk of celiac disease by genotyping and statistical analyses of DNA samples from 8064 patients with type 1 diabetes, 9339 control subjects, and 2828 families providing 3064 parent-child trios (consisting of an affected child and both biologic parents). We also investigated 18 loci associated with type 1 diabetes in 2560 patients with celiac disease and 9339 control subjects. RESULTS Three celiac disease loci--RGS1 on chromosome 1q31, IL18RAP on chromosome 2q12, and TAGAP on chromosome 6q25--were associated with type 1 diabetes (P<1.00x10(-4)). The 32-bp insertion-deletion variant on chromosome 3p21 was newly identified as a type 1 diabetes locus (P=1.81x10(-8)) and was also associated with celiac disease, along with PTPN2 on chromosome 18p11 and CTLA4 on chromosome 2q33, bringing the total number of loci with evidence of a shared association to seven, including SH2B3 on chromosome 12q24. The effects of the IL18RAP and TAGAP alleles confer protection in type 1 diabetes and susceptibility in celiac disease. Loci with distinct effects in the two diseases included INS on chromosome 11p15, IL2RA on chromosome 10p15, and PTPN22 on chromosome 1p13 in type 1 diabetes and IL12A on 3q25 and LPP on 3q28 in celiac disease. CONCLUSIONS A genetic susceptibility to both type 1 diabetes and celiac disease shares common alleles. These data suggest that common biologic mechanisms, such as autoimmunity-related tissue damage and intolerance to dietary antigens, may be etiologic features of both diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Celiac Disease/genetics
- Celiac Disease/immunology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Infant
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p35/genetics
- Interleukin-18 Receptor beta Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- LIM Domain Proteins
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/genetics
- Proteins/genetics
- RGS Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Smyth
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Vincent Plagnol
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Neil M Walker
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jason D Cooper
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Kate Downes
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jennie HM Yang
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Joanna MM Howson
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Helen Stevens
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ross McManus
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Genetics Department, University Medical Center and Groningen University, Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Graham A. Heap
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Patrick C. Dubois
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - David G. Clayton
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Karen A Hunt
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - David A van Heel
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - John A Todd
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Correspondence to Prof. John Todd Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK Phone 01223 762101 FAX 01223 762103
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