1
|
Hu W, Zhao M, Lian J, Li D, Wen J, Tan J. Lithium Cholesterol Sulfate: A Novel and Potential Drug for Treating Alzheimer's Disease and Autism Spectrum Disorder. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-125841. [PMID: 36028968 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220825114236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Recent studies have shown that lithium treatment can reduce symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, the present lithium salts clinically available have serious short-term and long-term side effects which requires frequent monitoring of blood chemistry and plasma lithium levels so as to avoid toxicity. Consequently, there is a demand for a safer and more effective lithium formulation to treat these diseases. METHODS Hence, we firstly synthesized lithium cholesterol sulfate (LiCS) and compared its pharmacological effects with that of lithium chloride (LiCl) and sodium cholesterol sulfate (NaCS) on markers of neurodegenerative disease in cell cultures. RESULTS LiCS was more potent than LiCl in increasing inhibitory GSK3β (Ser9) phosphorylation (pGSK3β) in both CHO and SH-SY5Y cells. These agents dose-dependently increased pGSK3β, starting at 10 µM for LiCS and 60µM for LiCl and maximally by approximately 100% at 60 µM for LiCS and 1.25 mM for LiCl, without altering total GSK3β levels. In HEK293/tau cells, LiCS reduced tau (Thr231) phosphorylation (ptau) starting at 10 µM and maximally by 63% at 40 µM without altering total tau levels, but ptau levels were not altered by LiCl at any dose between 60 µM and 1.25 mM. In BV2 cells, LiCS and LiCl decreased LPS-induced TNFα levels, starting at 20 µM for LiCS and 5 mM for LiCl, and maximally by approximately 30% at 80 µM for LiCS and 20 mM for LiCl. NaCS at any dose between 5 and 90 µM did not alter pGSK3β, ptau or LPS-induced TNFα. CONCLUSION LiCS may become a new drug with good pharmacological potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and ASD by allowing lithium to more readily access intracellular pathological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Hu
- Department of GCP/Psychosomatic Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Menghua Zhao
- Department of GCP/Psychosomatic Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | | | - Dandan Li
- Huankui College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jinhua Wen
- Department of GCP/Psychosomatic Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, the Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang,550004, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bi Y, Wang Y, Xie W. The interplay between hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and cholesterol sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b) in hepatic energy homeostasis. LIVER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
|
3
|
Gillberg C, Fernell E, Kočovská E, Minnis H, Bourgeron T, Thompson L, Allely CS. The role of cholesterol metabolism and various steroid abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders: A hypothesis paper. Autism Res 2017; 10:1022-1044. [PMID: 28401679 PMCID: PMC5485071 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Based on evidence from the relevant research literature, we present a hypothesis that there may be a link between cholesterol, vitamin D, and steroid hormones which subsequently impacts on the development of at least some of the "autisms" [Coleman & Gillberg]. Our hypothesis, driven by the peer reviewed literature, posits that there may be links between cholesterol metabolism, which we will refer to as "steroid metabolism" and findings of steroid abnormalities of various kinds (cortisol, testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, vitamin D) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Further research investigating these potential links is warranted to further our understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying ASD. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1022-1044. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Elisabeth Fernell
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Eva Kočovská
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute58 Turner StreetE1 2ABLondon
| | - Helen Minnis
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, RHSC YorkhillGlasgowScotlandG3 8SJUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions UnitParisFrance
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéHuman Genetics and Cognitive FunctionsParisFrance
- FondaMental FoundationCréteilFrance
| | - Lucy Thompson
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, RHSC YorkhillGlasgowScotlandG3 8SJUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare S. Allely
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- School of Health SciencesUniversity of SalfordManchesterEngland
- Honorary Research Fellow in the College of MedicalVeterinary and Life Sciences affiliated to the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Glasgow
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aluminum-induced entropy in biological systems: implications for neurological disease. J Toxicol 2014; 2014:491316. [PMID: 25349607 PMCID: PMC4202242 DOI: 10.1155/2014/491316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 200 years, mining, smelting, and refining of aluminum (Al) in various forms have increasingly exposed living species to this naturally abundant metal. Because of its prevalence in the earth's crust, prior to its recent uses it was regarded as inert and therefore harmless. However, Al is invariably toxic to living systems and has no known beneficial role in any biological systems. Humans are increasingly exposed to Al from food, water, medicinals, vaccines, and cosmetics, as well as from industrial occupational exposure. Al disrupts biological self-ordering, energy transduction, and signaling systems, thus increasing biosemiotic entropy. Beginning with the biophysics of water, disruption progresses through the macromolecules that are crucial to living processes (DNAs, RNAs, proteoglycans, and proteins). It injures cells, circuits, and subsystems and can cause catastrophic failures ending in death. Al forms toxic complexes with other elements, such as fluorine, and interacts negatively with mercury, lead, and glyphosate. Al negatively impacts the central nervous system in all species that have been studied, including humans. Because of the global impacts of Al on water dynamics and biosemiotic systems, CNS disorders in humans are sensitive indicators of the Al toxicants to which we are being exposed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Shi X, Cheng Q, Xu L, Yan J, Jiang M, He J, Xu M, Stefanovic-Racic M, Sipula I, O'Doherty RM, Ren S, Xie W. Cholesterol sulfate and cholesterol sulfotransferase inhibit gluconeogenesis by targeting hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:485-97. [PMID: 24277929 PMCID: PMC3911511 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01094-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferase (SULT)-mediated sulfation represents a critical mechanism in regulating the chemical and functional homeostasis of endogenous and exogenous molecules. The cholesterol sulfotransferase SULT2B1b catalyzes the sulfoconjugation of cholesterol to synthesize cholesterol sulfate (CS). In this study, we showed that the expression of SULT2B1b in the liver was induced in obese mice and during the transition from the fasted to the fed state, suggesting that the regulation of SULT2B1b is physiologically relevant. CS and SULT2B1b inhibited gluconeogenesis by targeting the gluconeogenic factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) in both cell cultures and transgenic mice. Treatment of mice with CS or transgenic overexpression of the CS-generating enzyme SULT2B1b in the liver inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis and alleviated metabolic abnormalities both in mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and in leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice. Mechanistically, CS and SULT2B1b inhibited gluconeogenesis by suppressing the expression of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) synthetase (Acss), leading to decreased acetylation and nuclear exclusion of HNF4α. Our results also suggested that leptin is a potential effector of SULT2B1b in improving metabolic function. We conclude that SULT2B1b and its enzymatic by-product CS are important metabolic regulators that control glucose metabolism, suggesting CS as a potential therapeutic agent and SULT2B1b as a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disorders.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acetylation/drug effects
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol Esters/metabolism
- Cholesterol Esters/pharmacology
- Coenzyme A Ligases/genetics
- Coenzyme A Ligases/metabolism
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gluconeogenesis/drug effects
- Gluconeogenesis/genetics
- Glucose/metabolism
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4/genetics
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4/metabolism
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Obese
- Mice, Transgenic
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sulfotransferases/genetics
- Sulfotransferases/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Shi
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qiuqiong Cheng
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leyuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jiong Yan
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mengxi Jiang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jinhan He
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meishu Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maja Stefanovic-Racic
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian Sipula
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Martin O'Doherty
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fong BMW, Tam S, Leung KSY. Determination of plasma cholesterol sulfate by LC-APCI-MS/MS in the context of pediatric autism. Talanta 2013; 116:115-21. [PMID: 24148381 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol sulfate (CS) has various biological functions. Previously, plasma CS was measured primarily as a means to diagnose X-linked ichthyosis; however, a recent hypothesis suggests that CS deficiency might be related to autism. As such, an assay capable of measuring both very high (in the case of X-linked ichthyosis) and very low (in the case of autism) plasma CS levels is required. Here we describe a novel LC-APCI-MS/MS method for the determination of CS in human plasma, and we propose normal CS ranges for children, based on studies of a local population of normal Chinese children between the ages of 2 and 10. In addition, we have used this method to measure plasma CS in autistic children. CS was isolated by solid-phase extraction, and quantified by isotope-dilution LC-APCI-MS/MS in negative ion mode monitoring 465.3>97.1 m/z (CS) and 472.3>97.1 m/z (CS-d7). Mean recovery of the assay ranged from 88.1 to 112.7%; within- and between-run imprecisions have CVs less than 7.2 and 8.1%, respectively. The assay was linear up to at least 100 µmol L(-1). The reference interval of plasma CS in males (range: 1.16-4.23 µmol L(-1)) was found to be higher than in females (range: 0.86-3.20 µmol L(-1)). Comparison of normal and autistic children showed no statistically significant difference in the plasma CS level. In conclusion, a robust LC-APCI-MS/MS method for plasma CS was developed, and a pediatric reference interval was derived from applying the method to normal and autistic children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Mei-Wah Fong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, HKSAR, Kowloon Tong, PR China; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, HKSAR, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Crain S, Crain MA, Crain SM. Emotional and Physical Distress Relief Using a Novel Endorphinergic Formulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2013.36046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
9
|
Is Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase a Moonlighting Protein Whose Day Job is Cholesterol Sulfate Synthesis? Implications for Cholesterol Transport, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. ENTROPY 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/e14122492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
10
|
Is Cholesterol Sulfate Deficiency a Common Factor in Preeclampsia, Autism, and Pernicious Anemia? ENTROPY 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/e14112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
11
|
Empirical Data Confirm Autism Symptoms Related to Aluminum and Acetaminophen Exposure. ENTROPY 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/e14112227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
12
|
|
13
|
|