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Tang Z, Lu Y, Dong JL, Wu W, Li J. The extracellular vesicles in HIV infection and progression: mechanisms, and theranostic implications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1376455. [PMID: 38655385 PMCID: PMC11035885 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1376455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), these minute yet mighty cellular messengers are redefining our understanding of a spectrum of diseases, from cancer to cardiovascular ailments, neurodegenerative disorders, and even infectious diseases like HIV. Central to cellular communication, EVs emerge as both potent facilitators and insightful biomarkers in immune response and the trajectory of disease progression. This review ventures deep into the realm of EVs in HIV-unraveling their pivotal roles in diagnosis, disease mechanism unravelling, and therapeutic innovation. With a focus on HIV, we will highlights the transformative potential of EVs in both diagnosing and treating this formidable virus. Unveiling the intricate dance between EVs and HIV, the review aims to shed light on novel therapeutic strategies that could significantly benefit HIV therapy, potentially even leading to the eradication of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tang
- AIDS Prevention and Control Center of Yichang Third People’s Hospital, Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Sanxia University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Yichang Changyang County People’s Hospital, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jiu-Long Dong
- AIDS Prevention and Control Center of Yichang Third People’s Hospital, Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Sanxia University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Wu
- AIDS Prevention and Control Center of Yichang Third People’s Hospital, Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Sanxia University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Li
- AIDS Prevention and Control Center of Yichang Third People’s Hospital, Third People’s Hospital Affiliated to Sanxia University, Yichang, Hubei, China
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Habib A, Liang Y, Zhu N. Exosomes multifunctional roles in HIV-1: insight into the immune regulation, vaccine development and current progress in delivery system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1249133. [PMID: 37965312 PMCID: PMC10642161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1249133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) is known to establish a persistent latent infection. The use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can effectively reduce the viral load, but the treatment can be costly and may lead to the development of drug resistance and life-shortening side effects. It is important to develop an ideal and safer in vivo target therapy that will effectively block viral replication and expression in the body. Exosomes have recently emerged as a promising drug delivery vehicle due to their low immunogenicity, nanoscale size (30-150nm), high biocompatibility, and stability in the targeted area. Exosomes, which are genetically produced by different types of cells such as dendritic cells, neurons, T and B cells, epithelial cells, tumor cells, and mast cells, are designed for efficient delivery to targeted cells. In this article, we review and highlight recent developments in the strategy and application of exosome-based HIV-1 vaccines. We also discuss the use of exosome-based antigen delivery systems in vaccine development. HIV-1 antigen can be loaded into exosomes, and this modified cargo can be delivered to target cells or tissues through different loading approaches. This review also discusses the immunological prospects of exosomes and their role as biomarkers in disease progression. However, there are significant administrative and technological obstacles that need to be overcome to fully harness the potential of exosome drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Habib
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulai Liang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naishuo Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Kaminski VDL, Michita RT, Ellwanger JH, Veit TD, Schuch JB, Riesgo RDS, Roman T, Chies JAB. Exploring potential impacts of pregnancy-related maternal immune activation and extracellular vesicles on immune alterations observed in autism spectrum disorder. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15593. [PMID: 37305482 PMCID: PMC10256833 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders usually observed in early life, with impacts on behavioral and social skills. Incidence of ASD has been dramatically increasing worldwide, possibly due to increase in awareness/diagnosis as well as to genetic and environmental triggers. Currently, it is estimated that ∼1% of the world population presents ASD symptoms. In addition to its genetic background, environmental and immune-related factors also influence the ASD etiology. In this context, maternal immune activation (MIA) has recently been suggested as a component potentially involved in ASD development. In addition, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are abundant at the maternal-fetal interface and are actively involved in the immunoregulation required for a healthy pregnancy. Considering that alterations in concentration and content of EVs have also been associated with ASD, this article raises a debate about the potential roles of EVs in the processes surrounding MIA. This represents the major differential of the present review compared to other ASD studies. To support the suggested correlations and hypotheses, findings regarding the roles of EVs during pregnancy and potential influences on ASD are discussed, along with a review and update concerning the participation of infections, cytokine unbalances, overweight and obesity, maternal anti-fetal brain antibodies, maternal fever, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, labor type and microbiota unbalances in MIA and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia - ICT, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Tomoya Michita
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Universidade Luterana do Brasil - ULBRA, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tiago Degani Veit
- Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Bohrer Schuch
- Centro de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rudimar dos Santos Riesgo
- Child Neurology Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Roman
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Bahmani L, Ullah M. Different Sourced Extracellular Vesicles and Their Potential Applications in Clinical Treatments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11131989. [PMID: 35805074 PMCID: PMC9265969 DOI: 10.3390/cells11131989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) include a heterogeneous group of natural cell-derived nanostructures that are increasingly regarded as promising biotherapeutic agents and drug delivery vehicles in human medicine. Desirable intrinsic properties of EVs including the ability to bypass natural membranous barriers and to deliver their unique biomolecular cargo to specific cell populations position them as fiercely competitive alternatives for currently available cell therapies and artificial drug delivery platforms. EVs with distinct characteristics can be released from various cell types into the extracellular environment as a means of transmitting bioactive components and altering the status of the target cell. Despite the existence of a large number of preclinical studies confirming the therapeutic efficacy of different originated EVs for treating several pathological conditions, in this review, we first provide a brief overview of EV biophysical properties with an emphasis on their intrinsic therapeutic benefits over cell-based therapies and synthetic delivery systems. Next, we describe in detail different EVs derived from distinct cell sources, compare their advantages and disadvantages, and recapitulate their therapeutic effects on various human disorders to highlight the progress made in harnessing EVs for clinical applications. Finally, knowledge gaps and concrete hurdles that currently hinder the clinical translation of EV therapies are debated with a futuristic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Bahmani
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA;
- Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mujib Ullah
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA;
- Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Correspondence:
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Ellwanger JH, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VDL, Rodrigues AG, Bragatte MADS, Chies JAB. Beyond HIV infection: Neglected and varied impacts of CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 on viral diseases. Virus Res 2020; 286:198040. [PMID: 32479976 PMCID: PMC7260533 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CCR5 regulates multiple cell types (e.g., T regulatory and Natural Killer cells) and immune responses. The effects of CCR5, CCR5Δ32 (variant associated with reduced CCR5 expression) and CCR5 antagonists vary between infections. CCR5 affects the pathogenesis of flaviviruses, especially in the brain. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 increases the risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection. The triad “CCR5, extracellular vesicles and infections” is an emerging topic.
The interactions between chemokine receptors and their ligands may affect susceptibility to infectious diseases as well as their clinical manifestations. These interactions mediate both the traffic of inflammatory cells and virus-associated immune responses. In the context of viral infections, the human C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) receives great attention from the scientific community due to its role as an HIV-1 co-receptor. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 (32 base-pair deletion in CCR5 gene) impairs CCR5 expression on the cell surface and is associated with protection against HIV infection in homozygous individuals. Also, the genetic variant CCR5Δ32 modifies the CCR5-mediated inflammatory responses in various conditions, such as inflammatory and infectious diseases. CCR5 antagonists mimic, at least in part, the natural effects of the CCR5Δ32 in humans, which explains the growing interest in the potential benefits of using CCR5 modulators for the treatment of different diseases. Nevertheless, beyond HIV infection, understanding the effects of the CCR5Δ32 variant in multiple viral infections is essential to shed light on the potential effects of the CCR5 modulators from a broader perspective. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CCR5 and the effects of the CCR5Δ32 in human infections caused by the following pathogens: West Nile virus, Influenza virus, Human papillomavirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Poliovirus, Dengue virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Enterovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Hantavirus. Subsequently, this review addresses the impacts of CCR5 gene editing and CCR5 modulation on health and viral diseases. Also, this article connects recent findings regarding extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes), viruses, and CCR5. Neglected and emerging topics in “CCR5 research” are briefly described, with focus on Rocio virus, Zika virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Rhinovirus. Finally, the potential influence of CCR5 on the immune responses to coronaviruses is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia - ICT, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Gonçalves Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves de Souza Bragatte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Cerebrospinal fluid extracellular vesicles and neurofilament light protein as biomarkers of central nervous system injury in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2019; 33:615-625. [PMID: 30557159 PMCID: PMC6399073 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The relationship of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) extracellular vesicles to neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in HIV-infected individuals is unclear. Here, we characterize CSF extracellular vesicles and their association with central nervous system (CNS) injury related biomarkers [neurofilament light (NFL), S100B, neopterin] and NCI in HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Design: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of CSF samples from HIV-positive individuals on cART. Methods: NFL, S100B and neopterin were measured by ELISA in 190 CSF samples from 112 individuals (67 HIV-positive and 45 HIV-negative). CSF extracellular vesicles were isolated and characterized by electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, immunoblotting for exosome markers (CD9, CD63, CD81, FLOT-1) and ELISA for HLA-DR. Results: HIV-positive individuals had median age 52 years, 67% with suppressed plasma viral load (< 50 copies/ml), median CD4+ nadir 66 cells/μl and CD4+ cell count 313 cells/μl. CSF NFL, S100B and neopterin levels were higher in HIV-positive vs. HIV-negative individuals, and nonsuppressed vs. suppressed HIV-positive individuals. Although CSF NFL and S100B levels were higher in NCI vs. unimpaired HIV-positive individuals (P < 0.05), only NFL was associated with NCI in adjusted models (P < 0.05). CSF extracellular vesicles were increased in HIV-positive vs. HIV-negative individuals, and NCI vs. unimpaired HIV-positive individuals (P < 0.05), and correlated positively with NFL (P < 0.001). HLA-DR was enriched in CSF extracellular vesicles from HIV-positive individuals with NCI (P < 0.05), suggesting that myeloid cells are a potential source of CSF extracellular vesicles during HIV infection. Conclusion: Increased CSF extracellular vesicles correlate with neuronal injury biomarker NFL in cART-treated HIV-positive individuals with neurocognitive impairment, suggesting potential applications as novel biomarkers of CNS injury.
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7
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da Silva LT, Santillo BT, de Almeida A, Duarte AJDS, Oshiro TM. Using Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy to Treat HIV: How Can This Strategy be Improved? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2993. [PMID: 30619346 PMCID: PMC6305438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing dendritic cells (DC) to treat HIV infection is considered a key strategy to improve anti-HIV treatment and promote the discovery of functional or sterilizing cures. Although this strategy represents a promising approach, the results of currently published trials suggest that opportunities to optimize its performance still exist. In addition to the genetic and clinical characteristics of patients, the efficacy of DC-based immunotherapy depends on the quality of the vaccine product, which is composed of precursor-derived DC and an antigen for pulsing. Here, we focus on some factors that can interfere with vaccine production and should thus be considered to improve DC-based immunotherapy for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Teodoro da Silva
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Tereso Santillo
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre de Almeida
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto Jose da Silva Duarte
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Telma Miyuki Oshiro
- Laboratorio de Investigacao em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiencias, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Antes TJ, Middleton RC, Luther KM, Ijichi T, Peck KA, Liu WJ, Valle J, Echavez AK, Marbán E. Targeting extracellular vesicles to injured tissue using membrane cloaking and surface display. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:61. [PMID: 30165851 PMCID: PMC6116387 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exosomes are nano-sized, membrane-bound vesicles shed by most eukaryotic cells studied to date. EVs play key signaling roles in cellular development, cancer metastasis, immune modulation and tissue regeneration. Attempts to modify exosomes to increase their targeting efficiency to specific tissue types are still in their infancy. Here we describe an EV membrane anchoring platform termed "cloaking" to directly embed tissue-specific antibodies or homing peptides on EV membrane surfaces ex vivo for enhanced vesicle uptake in cells of interest. The cloaking system consists of three components: DMPE phospholipid membrane anchor, polyethylene glycol spacer and a conjugated streptavidin platform molecule, to which any biotinylated molecule can be coupled for EV decoration. RESULTS We demonstrate the utility of membrane surface engineering and biodistribution tracking with this technology along with targeting EVs for enhanced uptake in cardiac fibroblasts, myoblasts and ischemic myocardium using combinations of fluorescent tags, tissue-targeting antibodies and homing peptide surface cloaks. We compare cloaking to a complementary approach, surface display, in which parental cells are engineered to secrete EVs with fusion surface targeting proteins. CONCLUSIONS EV targeting can be enhanced both by cloaking and by surface display; the former entails chemical modification of preformed EVs, while the latter requires genetic modification of the parent cells. Reduction to practice of the cloaking approach, using several different EV surface modifications to target distinct cells and tissues, supports the notion of cloaking as a platform technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J. Antes
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Ryan C. Middleton
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Kristin M. Luther
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Takeshi Ijichi
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Kiel A. Peck
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Weixin Jane Liu
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Jackie Valle
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Antonio K. Echavez
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Davis Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
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Ellwanger JH, Zambra FMB, Guimarães RL, Chies JAB. MicroRNA-Related Polymorphisms in Infectious Diseases-Tiny Changes With a Huge Impact on Viral Infections and Potential Clinical Applications. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1316. [PMID: 29963045 PMCID: PMC6010531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded sequences of non-coding RNA with approximately 22 nucleotides that act posttranscriptionally on gene expression. miRNAs are important gene regulators in physiological contexts, but they also impact the pathogenesis of various diseases. The role of miRNAs in viral infections has been explored by different authors in both population-based as well as in functional studies. However, the effect of miRNA polymorphisms on the susceptibility to viral infections and on the clinical course of these diseases is still an emerging topic. Thus, this review will compile and organize the findings described in studies that evaluated the effects of genetic variations on miRNA genes and on their binding sites, in the context of human viral diseases. In addition to discussing the basic aspects of miRNAs biology, we will cover the studies that investigated miRNA polymorphisms in infections caused by hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein–Barr virus, and human papillomavirus. Finally, emerging topics concerning the importance of miRNA genetic variants will be presented, focusing on the context of viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francis Maria Báo Zambra
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lima Guimarães
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Jing H, He X, Zheng J. Exosomes and regenerative medicine: state of the art and perspectives. Transl Res 2018; 196:1-16. [PMID: 29432720 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes have attracted the attention of the scientific community in recent years due to their widespread distribution, their possible functions as biomarkers of disease, and their great potential to be applied as therapeutic agents. Exosomes carry proteins and nucleic acids that can facilitate their uptake by distant target cells through endocytosis, such that exosomes could be targeted to a specific cell or cells to enhance or interfere with specific biological processes. This review will mainly focus on their roles in tissue repair and regenerative processes. Exosomal engineering and their potential applications in tissue regeneration are also reviewed here as an outlook for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jing
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin He
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinghao Zheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Wen C, Seeger RC, Fabbri M, Wang L, Wayne AS, Jong AY. Biological roles and potential applications of immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1400370. [PMID: 29209467 PMCID: PMC5706476 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1400370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) deliver bioactive macromolecules (i.e. proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) for intercellular communication in multicellular organisms. EVs are secreted by all cell types including immune cells. Immune cell-derived EVs modulate diverse aspects of the immune system to either enhance or suppress immune activities. The extensive effects of immune cell-derived EVs have become the focus of great interest for various nano-biomedical applications, ranging from the medical use of nanoplatform-based diagnostic agents to the development of therapeutic interventions as well as vaccine applications, and thus may be ideal for ‘immune-theranostic’. Here, we review the latest advances concerning the biological roles of immune cell-derived EVs in innate and acquired immunity. The intercellular communication amongst immune cells through their EVs is highlighted, showing that all immune cell-derived EVs have their unique function(s) in immunity through intricate interaction(s). Natural-killer (NK) cell-derived EVs, for example, contain potent cytotoxic proteins and induce apoptosis to targeted cancer cells. On the other hand, cancer cell-derived EVs bearing NK ligands may evade immune surveillance and responses. Finally, we discuss possible medical uses for the immune cell-derived EVs as a tool for immune-theranostic: as diagnostic biomarkers, for use in therapeutic interventions and for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation.,Division of Hematology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University/Institute of Pediatrics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Robert C Seeger
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation
| | - Larry Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan S Wayne
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation
| | - Ambrose Y Jong
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases and Divisions of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation
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12
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Wang G, Wang Z, Zhuang P, Zhao X, Cheng Z. Exosomes carring gag/env of ALV-J possess negative effect on immunocytes. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:142-147. [PMID: 28916320 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
J subgroup avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) is an exogenous retrovirus of avian. A key feature of ALV-J infection is leading to severe immunosuppressive characteristic of diseases. Viral components of retrovirus were reported closely associated with immunosuppression, and several similarities between exosomes and retrovirus preparations have lead to the hypotheses of retrovirus hijacker exosomes pathway. In this study, we purified exosomes from DF-1 cells infected and uninfected by ALV-J. Electron microscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis showed that ALV-J not only increased the production of exosomes from ALV-J infected DF-1 cells (Exo-J) but also stimulated some proteins expression, especially ALV-J components secreted in exosomes. Immunosuppressive domain peptide (ISD) of envelope subunit transmembrane (TM) and gag of ALV-J were secreted in Exo-J. It has been reported that HIV gag was budded from endosome-like domains of the T cell plasma membrane. But env protein was first detected in exosomes from retrovirus infected cells. We found that Exo-J caused negative effects on splenocytes in a dose-dependant manner by flow cytometric analysis. And low dose of Exo-J activated immune activity of splenocytes, while high dose possessed immunosuppressive properties. Interestingly, Exo-J has no significant effects on the immunosuppression induced by ALV-J, and the immunosuppressive effects induced by Exo-J lower than that by ALV-J. Taken together, our data indicated that Exo-J supplied a microenvironment for the replication and transformation of ALV-J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Pingping Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, PR China.
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Jakobsdottir GM, Iliopoulou M, Nolan R, Alvarez L, Compton AA, Padilla-Parra S. On the Whereabouts of HIV-1 Cellular Entry and Its Fusion Ports. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:932-944. [PMID: 28899754 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 disseminates to diverse tissues through different cell types and establishes long-lived reservoirs. The exact cellular compartment where fusion occurs differs depending on the cell type and mode of viral transmission. This implies that HIV-1 may modulate a number of common host cell factors in different cell types. In this review, we evaluate recent advances on the host cell factors that play an important role in HIV-1 entry and fusion. New insights from restriction factors inhibiting virus-cell fusion in vitro may contribute to the development of future therapeutic interventions. Collectively, novel findings underline the need for potent, host-directed therapies that disrupt the earliest stages of the virus life cycle and preclude the emergence of resistant viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maria Jakobsdottir
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maro Iliopoulou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rory Nolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luis Alvarez
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex A Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford,The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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Wolfson B, Yu JE, Zhou Q. Exosomes may play a crucial role in HIV dendritic cell immunotherapy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:337. [PMID: 28861434 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.05.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wolfson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Justine E Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Otero-Ortega L, Laso-García F, Gómez-de Frutos MDC, Rodríguez-Frutos B, Pascual-Guerra J, Fuentes B, Díez-Tejedor E, Gutiérrez-Fernández M. White Matter Repair After Extracellular Vesicles Administration in an Experimental Animal Model of Subcortical Stroke. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44433. [PMID: 28300134 PMCID: PMC5353554 DOI: 10.1038/srep44433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have previously been shown to mediate brain repair after stroke; they secrete 50–100 nm complexes called extracellular vesicles (EVs), which could be responsible for provoking neurovascular repair and functional recovery. EVs have been observed by electron microscopy and NanoSight, and they contain associated proteins such as CD81 and Alix. This purified, homogeneous population of EVs was administered intravenously after subcortical stroke in rats. To evaluate the EVs effects, we studied the biodistribution, proteomics analysis, functional evaluation, lesion size, fiber tract integrity, axonal sprouting and white matter repair markers. We found that a single administration of EVs improved functional recovery, fiber tract integrity, axonal sprouting and white matter repair markers in an experimental animal model of subcortical stroke. EVs were found in the animals’ brain and peripheral organs after euthanasia. White matter integrity was in part restored by EVs administration mediated by molecular repair factors implicated in axonal sprouting, tract connectivity, remyelination and oligodendrogenesis. These findings are associated with improved functional recovery. This novel role for EVs presents a new perspective in the development of biologics for brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Otero-Ortega
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Laso-García
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Gómez-de Frutos
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Rodríguez-Frutos
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pascual-Guerra
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Fuentes
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Exuperio Díez-Tejedor
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Neuroscience and Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, Neuroscience Area of IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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