1
|
Trabelsi K, Ben Khalaf N, Ramadan AR, Elsharkawy A, Ashoor D, Chlif S, Boussoffara T, Ben-Ahmed M, Kumar M, Fathallah MD. A novel approach to designing viral precision vaccines applied to SARS-CoV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1346349. [PMID: 38628551 PMCID: PMC11018900 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1346349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient precision vaccines against several highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses are currently lacking. Proteolytic activation is instrumental for a number of these viruses to gain host-cell entry and develop infectivity. For SARS-CoV-2, this process is enhanced by the insertion of a furin cleavage site at the junction of the spike protein S1/S2 subunits upstream of the metalloprotease TMPRSS2 common proteolytic site. Here, we describe a new approach based on specific epitopes selection from the region involved in proteolytic activation and infectivity for the engineering of precision candidate vaccinating antigens. This approach was developed through its application to the design of SARS-CoV-2 cross-variant candidates vaccinating antigens. It includes an in silico structural analysis of the viral region involved in infectivity, the identification of conserved immunogenic epitopes and the selection of those eliciting specific immune responses in infected people. The following step consists of engineering vaccinating antigens that carry the selected epitopes and mimic their 3D native structure. Using this approach, we demonstrated through a Covid-19 patient-centered study of a 500 patients' cohort, that the epitopes selected from SARS-CoV-2 protein S1/S2 junction elicited a neutralizing antibody response significantly associated with mild and asymptomatic COVID-19 (p<0.001), which strongly suggests protective immunity. Engineered antigens containing the SARS-CoV-2 selected epitopes and mimicking the native epitopes 3D structure generated neutralizing antibody response in mice. Our data show the potential of this combined computational and experimental approach for designing precision vaccines against viruses whose pathogenicity is contingent upon proteolytic activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Trabelsi
- Health Biotechnology Program, King Fahad Chair for Health Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Noureddin Ben Khalaf
- Health Biotechnology Program, King Fahad Chair for Health Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Ahmed R. Ramadan
- Health Biotechnology Program, King Fahad Chair for Health Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Amany Elsharkawy
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dana Ashoor
- Health Biotechnology Program, King Fahad Chair for Health Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Sadok Chlif
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Thouraya Boussoffara
- Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections Laboratory, Institute Pasteur of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Melika Ben-Ahmed
- Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections Laboratory, Institute Pasteur of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - M-Dahmani Fathallah
- Health Biotechnology Program, King Fahad Chair for Health Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nogueira GM, Rocha PN, Cruz CMS. Case fatality rate among COVID-19 patients treated with acute kidney replacement therapy. J Bras Nefrol 2024; 46:9-17. [PMID: 37955522 PMCID: PMC10962413 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2022-0161en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of severe COVID-19 and is associated with high case fatality rate (CFR). However, there is scarcity of data referring to the CFR of AKI patients that underwent kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in Brazil. The main objective of this study was to describe the CFR of critically ill COVID-19 patients treated with acute kidney replacement therapy (AKRT). METHODS Retrospective descriptive cohort study. We included all patients treated with AKRT at an intensive care unit in a single tertiary hospital over a 15-month period. We excluded patients under the age of 18 years, patients with chronic kidney disease on maintenance dialysis, and cases in which AKI preceded COVID-19 infection. RESULTS A total of 100 out of 1479 (6.7%) hospitalized COVID-19 patients were enrolled in this study. The median age was 74.5 years (IQR 64 - 82) and 59% were male. Hypertension (76%) and diabetes mellitus (56%) were common. At the first KRT prescription, 85% of the patients were on invasive mechanical ventilation and 71% were using vasoactive drugs. Continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) was the preferred KRT modality (82%). CFR was 93% and 81 out of 93 deaths (87%) occurred within the first 10 days of KRT onset. CONCLUSION AKRT in hospitalized COVID-19 patients resulted in a CFR of 93%. Patients treated with AKRT were typically older, critically ill, and most died within 10 days of diagnosis. Better strategies to address this issue are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Novis Rocha
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia,
Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abedi Dorcheh F, Balmeh N, Hejazi SH, Allahyari Fard N. Investigation of the mutated antimicrobial peptides to inhibit ACE2, TMPRSS2 and GRP78 receptors of SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) as well as controlling COVID-19 disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-24. [PMID: 38109185 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2292307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a global problem nowadays. Based on studies, some human receptors are involved in binding to SARS-CoV-2. Thus, the inhibition of these receptors can be effective in the treatment of Covid-19. Because of the proven benefits of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and the side effects of chemical drugs, they can be known as an alternative to recent medicines. RCSB PDB to obtain PDB id, StraPep and PhytAMP to acquire Bio-AMPs information and 3-D structure, and AlgPred, Toxinpred, TargetAntiAngio, IL-4pred, IL-6pred, ACPred and Hemopred databases were used to find the best score peptide features. HADDOCK 2.2 was used for molecular docking analysis, and UCSF Chimera software version 1.15, SWISS-MODEL and BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer4.5 were used for mutation and structure modeling. Furthermore, MD simulation results were achieved from GROMACS 4.6.5. Based on the obtained results, the Moricin peptide was found to have the best affinity for ACE2. Moreover, Bacteriocin leucocin-A had the highest affinity for GRP78, Cathelicidin-6 had the best affinity for AT1R, and Bacteriocin PlnK had the best binding affinity for TMPRSS2. Additionally, Bacteriocin glycocin F, Bacteriocin lactococcin-G subunit beta and Cathelicidin-6 peptides were the most common compounds among the four receptors. However, these peptides also have some side effects. Consequently, the mutation eliminated the side effects, and MD simulation results indicated that the mutation proved the result of the docking analysis. The effect of AMPs on ACE2, GRP78, TMPRSS2 and AT1R receptors can be a novel treatment for Covid-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abedi Dorcheh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani University of Isfahan, Sepahan Shahr, Iran
| | - Negar Balmeh
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Najaf Allahyari Fard
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ghafouri E, Bigdeli M, Khalafiyan A, Amirkhani Z, Ghanbari R, Hasan A, Khanahmad H, Boshtam M, Makvandi P. Unmasking the complex roles of hypocalcemia in cancer, COVID-19, and sepsis: Engineered nanodelivery and diagnosis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:116979. [PMID: 37660871 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is essential for maintaining physiological processes in the body. Disruptions in Ca2+ signaling can lead to various pathological conditions including inflammation, fibrosis, impaired immune function, and accelerated senescence. Hypocalcemia, a common symptom in diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cancer, septic shock, and COVID-19, can have both potential protective and detrimental effects. This article explores the multifaceted role of Ca2+ dysregulation in inflammation, fibrosis, impaired immune function, and accelerated senescence, contributing to disease severity. Targeting Ca2+ signaling pathways may provide opportunities to develop novel therapeutics for age-related diseases and combat viral infections. However, the role of Ca2+ in viral infections is complex, and evidence suggests that hypocalcemia may have a protective effect against certain viruses, while changes in Ca2+ homeostasis can influence susceptibility to viral infections. The effectiveness and safety of Ca2+ supplements in COVID-19 patients remain a subject of ongoing research and debate. Further investigations are needed to understand the intricate interplay between Ca2+ signaling and disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ghafouri
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Anis Khalafiyan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohre Amirkhani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roham Ghanbari
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Boshtam
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, 324000, Zhejiang, China; School of Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ogarek N, Oboza P, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Kocelak P. SARS-CoV-2 infection as a potential risk factor for the development of cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1260776. [PMID: 37753372 PMCID: PMC10518417 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1260776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on public health and the estimated number of excess deaths may be more than three times higher than documented in official statistics. Numerous studies have shown an increased risk of severe COVID-19 and death in patients with cancer. In addition, the role of SARS-CoV-2 as a potential risk factor for the development of cancer has been considered. Therefore, in this review, we summarise the available data on the potential effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on oncogenesis, including but not limited to effects on host signal transduction pathways, immune surveillance, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, cell cycle dysregulation, potential viral genome integration, epigenetic alterations and genetic mutations, oncolytic effects and reactivation of dormant cancer cells. We also investigated the potential long-term effects and impact of the antiviral therapy used in COVID-19 on cancer development and its progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ogarek
- Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paulina Oboza
- Students’ Scientific Society at the Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Kocelak
- Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jalavu TP, Sigwadhi LN, Kotze MJ, Yalew A, Ngah V, Tamuzi JL, Chapanduka ZC, Allwood BW, Koegelenberg CF, Irusen EM, Lalla U, Matsha TE, Erasmus RT, Zumla A, Zemlin AE, Nyasulu PS. An investigation of the correlation of vitamin D status and management outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 at a South African tertiary hospital. IJID REGIONS 2023; 8:S2772-7076(23)00063-2. [PMID: 37363198 PMCID: PMC10234344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Severe COVID-19 has a poor prognosis, and biomarkers may predict disease severity. This study aimed to assess the effect of baseline Vitamin D (VitD) inadequacy on outcome of patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) in a tertiary hospital in South Africa. Methods Patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 were recruited during wave II of the pandemic in Cape Town. Eighty-six patients were included in the study. They were categorized into three groups "VitD deficient, VitD insufficient and VitD sufficient". We combined the VitD deficient with insufficient group to form "VitD inadequate'' group. Cox regression analysis was done to assess the association between VitD status and mortality. Factors with p< 0.05 in adjusted multivariable cox regression were considered statistically significant. Results The proportion of VitD inadequacy was 64% (55/86), with significantly higher proportion of hypertension (66%; p 0.012). Kaplan Meir curve showed no significant difference in the probability of survival among the COVID-19 patients admitted in the ICU with or without VitD inadequacy. However, patients with elevated serum creatinine were significantly more at risk of dying (Adjusted Hazard Ratio 1.008 (1.002 - 1.030, p<0.017). Conclusion Our study found a high prevalence of VitD inadequacy (combined deficiency and insufficiency) in COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU. This may indicate a possible risk of severe disease. Whilst there was no statistically significant relationship between VitD status and mortality in this cohort, baseline VitD may be an important prognostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU, particularly in those with comorbidities that predispose to VitD deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thumeka P. Jalavu
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lovemore N. Sigwadhi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maritha J. Kotze
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anteneh Yalew
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vera Ngah
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacques L. Tamuzi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zivanai C. Chapanduka
- Division of Haematological Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian W. Allwood
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Coenraad F. Koegelenberg
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elvis M. Irusen
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Usha Lalla
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tandi E. Matsha
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
- SAMRC/CPUT/Cardiometabolic Health Research Unit, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rajiv T. Erasmus
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alimmudin Zumla
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annalise E. Zemlin
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter S. Nyasulu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng L, Perl Y, He Y. Big knowledge visualization of the COVID-19 CIDO ontology evolution. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2023; 23:88. [PMID: 37161560 PMCID: PMC10169115 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-023-02184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extensive international research for medications and vaccines for the devastating COVID-19 pandemic requires a standard reference ontology. Among the current COVID-19 ontologies, the Coronavirus Infectious Disease Ontology (CIDO) is the largest one. Furthermore, it keeps growing very frequently. Researchers using CIDO as a reference ontology, need a quick update about the content added in a recent release to know how relevant the new concepts are to their research needs. Although CIDO is only a medium size ontology, it is still a large knowledge base posing a challenge for a user interested in obtaining the "big picture" of content changes between releases. Both a theoretical framework and a proper visualization are required to provide such a "big picture". METHODS The child-of-based layout of the weighted aggregate partial-area taxonomy summarization network (WAT) provides a "big picture" convenient visualization of the content of an ontology. In this paper we address the "big picture" of content changes between two releases of an ontology. We introduce a new DIFF framework named Diff Weighted Aggregate Taxonomy (DWAT) to display the differences between the WATs of two releases of an ontology. We use a layered approach which consists first of a DWAT of major subjects in CIDO, and then drill down a major subject of interest in the top-level DWAT to obtain a DWAT of secondary subjects and even further refined layers. RESULTS A visualization of the Diff Weighted Aggregate Taxonomy is demonstrated on the CIDO ontology. The evolution of CIDO between 2020 and 2022 is demonstrated in two perspectives. Drilling down for a DWAT of secondary subject networks is also demonstrated. We illustrate how the DWAT of CIDO provides insight into its evolution. CONCLUSIONS The new Diff Weighted Aggregate Taxonomy enables a layered approach to view the "big picture" of the changes in the content between two releases of an ontology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zheng
- Computer Science and Software Engineering Department, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, USA.
| | - Yehoshua Perl
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yongqun He
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sher EK, Ćosović A, Džidić-Krivić A, Farhat EK, Pinjić E, Sher F. Covid-19 a triggering factor of autoimmune and multi-inflammatory diseases. Life Sci 2023; 319:121531. [PMID: 36858313 PMCID: PMC9969758 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus has attracted a lot of attention globally due to the autoimmune and inflammatory processes that were observed during the development of Covid-19 disease. Excessive activation of immune response and triggering of autoantibodies synthesis as well as an excessive synthesis of inflammatory cytokines and the onset of cytokine storm has a vital role in the disease outcome and the occurring autoimmune complications. This scenario is reminiscent of infiltration of lymphocytes and monocytes in specific organs and the increased production of autoantibodies and chemoattractants noted in other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The main goal of this study is to investigate the complex inflammatory processes that occur in Covid-19 disease and to find similarities with other inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Kawasaki syndrome to advance existing diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. The therapy with Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and the use of S1P receptor modulators showed promising results. However, there are many unknowns about these mechanisms and possible novel therapies. Therefore, the inflammation and autoimmunity triggered by Covid-19 should be further investigated to improve existing diagnostic procedures and therapeutic protocols for Covid-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emina Karahmet Sher
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Adnan Ćosović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Modern Sciences - CKM, Mostar 88000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amina Džidić-Krivić
- International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Zenica, Zenica 72000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Esma Karahmet Farhat
- International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Food and Nutrition Research, Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology, Croatia
| | - Emma Pinjić
- International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, MA, United States
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zemlin AE, Sigwadhi LN, Wiese OJ, Jalavu TP, Chapanduka ZC, Allwood BW, Tamuzi JL, Koegelenberg CF, Irusen EM, Lalla U, Ngah VD, Yalew A, Erasmus RT, Matsha TE, Zumla A, Nyasulu PS. The association between acid-base status and clinical outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit with an emphasis on high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Ann Clin Biochem 2023; 60:86-91. [PMID: 36220779 PMCID: PMC9643107 DOI: 10.1177/00045632221134687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify arterial blood gas (ABG) abnormalities, with a focus on a high anion gap (AG) metabolic acidosis and evaluate outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients admitted to the ICU. METHODS A retrospective, observational study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Cape Town during the first and second COVID-19 waves. Age, gender, sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), bicarbonate (HCO3std), pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), lactate levels and ABG results were obtained. The Pearson χ2 test or Fisher exact test and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to compare mortality and survival. To identify factors associated with non-survival, a multivariable model was developed. RESULTS This study included 465 patients, 226 (48%) of whom were female. The sample population's median (IQR) age was 54.2 (46.1-61.3) years, and 63% of the patients died. ABG analyses found that 283 (61%) of the 465 patients had alkalosis (pH ≥ 7.45), 65 (14%) had acidosis (pH ≤ 7.35) and 117 (25%) had normal pH (7.35-7.45). In the group with alkalosis, 199 (70.3%) had a metabolic alkalosis and in the group with acidosis, 42 (64%) had a metabolic acidosis with an increased AG of more than 17. Non-survivors were older than survivors (56.4 years versus 50.3 years, p < .001). CONCLUSION Most of the COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU had an alkalosis, and those with acidosis had a much worse prognosis. Higher AG metabolic acidosis was not associated with patients' characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalise E Zemlin
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lovemore N Sigwadhi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Owen J Wiese
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thumeka P Jalavu
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zivanai C Chapanduka
- Division of Haematological Pathology, Department of Pathology, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian W Allwood
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacques L Tamuzi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Coenraad F Koegelenberg
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elvis M Irusen
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Usha Lalla
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Veranyuy D Ngah
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anteneh Yalew
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rajiv T Erasmus
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tandi E Matsha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, 146301Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville Campus, Cape Town.,Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, 159057University College London Royal Free Campus, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter S Nyasulu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, 121470Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Enichen E, Harvey C, Demmig-Adams B. COVID-19 Spotlights Connections between Disease and Multiple Lifestyle Factors. Am J Lifestyle Med 2023; 17:231-257. [PMID: 36883129 PMCID: PMC9445631 DOI: 10.1177/15598276221123005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), and the disease it causes (COVID-19), have had a profound impact on global human society and threaten to continue to have such an impact with newly emerging variants. Because of the widespread effects of SARS-CoV-2, understanding how lifestyle choices impact the severity of disease is imperative. This review summarizes evidence for an involvement of chronic, non-resolving inflammation, gut microbiome disruption (dysbiosis with loss of beneficial microorganisms), and impaired viral defenses, all of which are associated with an imbalanced lifestyle, in severe disease manifestations and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). Humans' physiological propensity for uncontrolled inflammation and severe COVID-19 are briefly contrasted with bats' low propensity for inflammation and their resistance to viral disease. This insight is used to identify positive lifestyle factors with the potential to act in synergy for restoring balance to the immune response and gut microbiome, and thereby protect individuals against severe COVID-19 and PASC. It is proposed that clinicians should consider recommending lifestyle factors, such as stress management, balanced nutrition and physical activity, as preventative measures against severe viral disease and PASC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Enichen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA (EE, CH, BDA)
| | - Caitlyn Harvey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA (EE, CH, BDA)
| | - Barbara Demmig-Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA (EE, CH, BDA)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shams E, Kamalumpundi V, Cheng L, Taiwo A, Shibli-Rahhal A, Dokun AO, Correia ML. Association between RAAS Antagonism and COVID-19-related Mortality in Patients with Overweight/Obesity-related Hypertension: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Arq Bras Cardiol 2023; 120:e20220277. [PMID: 37098985 PMCID: PMC10263421 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) increase the expression of ACE2, which is a receptor for entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells. Though evidence suggests that ARB/ACEI are safe among the general population with COVID-19, their safety in patients with overweight/obesity-related hypertension deserves further evaluation. OBJECTIVE We assessed the association between ARB/ACEI use and COVID-19 severity in patients with overweight/obesity-related hypertension. METHODS This study included 439 adult patients with overweight/obesity (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2) and hypertension, diagnosed with COVID-19 and admitted to University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinic from March 1 to December 7, 2020. Mortality and severity of COVID-19 were evaluated based on length of stay in hospital, intensive care unit admission, use of supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressors. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the associations of ARB/ACEI use with mortality and other markers of COVID-19 severity, with a two-sided alpha set at 0.05. RESULTS Exposure to ARB (n = 91) and ACEI (n = 149) before hospitalization was significantly associated with lower mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 0.362, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.149 to 0.880, p = 0.025) and a shorter length of stay (95% CI -0.217 to -0.025, p = 0.015). Additionally, patients using ARB/ACEI showed a non-significant trend toward lower intensive care unit admission (OR = 0.727, 95% CI 0.485 to 1.090, p = 0.123), use of supplemental oxygen (OR = 0.929, 95% CI 0.608 to 1.421, p = 0.734), mechanical ventilation (OR = 0.728, 95% CI 0.457 to 1.161, p = 0.182), and vasopressors (OR = 0.677, 95% CI 0.430 to 1.067, p = 0.093). CONCLUSION Results suggest that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and overweight/obesity-related hypertension who were prescribed ARB/ACEI before admission to the hospital exhibit lower mortality and less severe COVID-19 than those who were not taking ARB/ACEI. The results also suggest that exposure to ARB/ACEI may protect patients with overweight/obesity-related hypertension from severe COVID-19 and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Shams
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of lowaEUADivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of lowa – EUA
| | - Vijayvardhan Kamalumpundi
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of lowaEUADivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of lowa – EUA
- Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaEUACarver College of Medicine, University of Iowa - EUA
| | - Linhai Cheng
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of lowaEUADivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of lowa – EUA
| | - Adeyinka Taiwo
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of lowaEUADivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of lowa – EUA
- Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaEUACarver College of Medicine, University of Iowa - EUA
| | - Amal Shibli-Rahhal
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of lowaEUADivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of lowa – EUA
- Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaEUACarver College of Medicine, University of Iowa - EUA
| | - Ayotunde O. Dokun
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of lowaEUADivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of lowa – EUA
- Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaEUACarver College of Medicine, University of Iowa - EUA
| | - Marcelo L.G. Correia
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of lowaEUADivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of lowa – EUA
- Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaEUACarver College of Medicine, University of Iowa - EUA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Diallo I, Jacob RA, Vion E, Kozak RA, Mossman K, Provost P. Altered microRNA Transcriptome in Cultured Human Airway Cells upon Infection with SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020496. [PMID: 36851710 PMCID: PMC9962802 DOI: 10.3390/v15020496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous proteomic and transcriptomic studies have been carried out to better understand the current multi-variant SARS-CoV-2 virus mechanisms of action and effects. However, they are mostly centered on mRNAs and proteins. The effect of the virus on human post-transcriptional regulatory agents such as microRNAs (miRNAs), which are involved in the regulation of 60% of human gene activity, remains poorly explored. Similar to research we have previously undertaken with other viruses such as Ebola and HIV, in this study we investigated the miRNA profile of lung epithelial cells following infection with SARS-CoV-2. At the 24 and 72 h post-infection time points, SARS-CoV-2 did not drastically alter the miRNome. About 90% of the miRNAs remained non-differentially expressed. The results revealed that miR-1246, miR-1290 and miR-4728-5p were the most upregulated over time. miR-196b-5p and miR-196a-5p were the most downregulated at 24 h, whereas at 72 h, miR-3924, miR-30e-5p and miR-145-3p showed the highest level of downregulation. In the top significantly enriched KEGG pathways of genes targeted by differentially expressed miRNAs we found, among others, MAPK, RAS, P13K-Akt and renin secretion signaling pathways. Using RT-qPCR, we also showed that SARS-CoV-2 may regulate several predicted host mRNA targets involved in the entry of the virus into host cells (ACE2, TMPRSS2, ADAM17, FURIN), renin-angiotensin system (RAS) (Renin, Angiotensinogen, ACE), innate immune response (IL-6, IFN1β, CXCL10, SOCS4) and fundamental cellular processes (AKT, NOTCH, WNT). Finally, we demonstrated by dual-luciferase assay a direct interaction between miR-1246 and ACE-2 mRNA. This study highlights the modulatory role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idrissa Diallo
- CHU de Québec Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rajesh Abraham Jacob
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Elodie Vion
- CHU de Québec Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Robert A. Kozak
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Patrick Provost
- CHU de Québec Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-525-4444 (ext. 48842)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nambiar S, Mohan M, Rosin Jose A. Voltammetric Sensors: A Versatile Tool in COVID‐19 Diagnosis and Prognosis. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Souparnika Nambiar
- PG and Research Dept. of Chemistry Sacred Heart College (Autonomous) Thevara Kochi Kerala INDIA 682013
| | - Malavika Mohan
- PG and Research Dept. of Chemistry Sacred Heart College (Autonomous) Thevara Kochi Kerala INDIA 682013
| | - Ammu Rosin Jose
- PG and Research Dept. of Chemistry Sacred Heart College (Autonomous) Thevara Kochi Kerala INDIA 682013
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dinda B, Dinda S, Dinda M. Therapeutic potential of green tea catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3- O-gallate (EGCG) in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Major interactions with host/virus proteases. PHYTOMEDICINE PLUS : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 3:100402. [PMID: 36597465 PMCID: PMC9800022 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current COVID-19 pandemic from the human pathogenic virus SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in a major health hazard globally. The morbidity and transmission modality of this disease are severe and uncontrollable. As no effective clinical drugs are available for treatment of COVID-19 infection till to date and only vaccination is used as prophylaxis and its efficacy is restricted due to emergent of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need for effective drugs for its treatment. PURPOSE The aim of this review was to provide a detailed analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin constituent of green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) beverage to highlight the scope of EGCG in clinical medicine as both prophylaxis and treatment of present COVID-19 infection. In addition, the factors related to poor oral bioavailabilty of EGCG was also analysed for a suggestion for future research in this direction. STUDY DESIGN We collected the published articles related to anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of EGCG against the original strain (Wuhan type) and its newly emerged variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus. METHODS A systematic search on the published literature was conducted in various databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus to collect the relevant literature. RESULTS The findings of this search demonstrate that EGCG shows potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 virus by preventing viral entry and replication in host cells in vitro models. The studies on the molecular mechanisms of EGCG in inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in host cells reveal that EGCG blocks the entry of the virus particles by interaction with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of viral spike (S) protein to host cell surface receptor protease angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as well as suppression of the expressions of host proteases, ACE2, TMPRSS2 and GRP78, required for viral entry, by Nrf2 activation in host cells. Moreover, EGCG inhibits the activities of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), papain-like protease (PLpro), endoribonuclease Nsp15 in vitro models and of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in molecular docking model for suppression of viral replication. In addition, EGCG significantly inhibits viral inflammatory cytokine production by stimulating Nrf2- dependent host immune response in virus-infected cells. EGCG significantly reduces the elevated levels of HMGB1, a biomarker of sepsis, lung fibrosis and thrombotic complications in viral infections. EGCG potentially inhibits the infection of original (Wuhan type) strain of SARS-CoV-2 and other newly emerged variants as well as the infections of SARS-CoV-2 virus spike-protein of WT and its mutants-mediated pseudotyped viruses . EGCG shows maximum inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection when the host cells are pre-incubated with the drug prior to viral infection. A sorbitol/lecithin-based throat spray containing concentrated green tea extract rich in EGCG content significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in oral mucosa. Several factors including degradation in gastrointestinal environment, low absorption in small intestine and extensive metabolism of EGCG are responsible for its poor bioavailability in humans. Pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies of EGCG in humans reveal poor bioavailability of EGCG in human plasma and EGCG-4"-sulfate is its major metabolite. The concentration of EGCG-4"-sulfate in human plasma is almost equivalent to that of free EGCG (Cmax 177.9 vs 233.5 nmol/L). These findings suggest that inhibition of sulfation of EGCG is a crucial factor for improvement of its bioavailability. In vitro study on the mechanism of EGCG sulfonation indicates that sulfotransferases, SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 are responsible for sulfonation in human liver and small intestine, respectively. Some attempts including structural modifications, and nanoformulations of EGCG and addition of nutrients with EGCG have been made to improve the bioavailability of EGCG. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that EGCG has strong antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection independent of viral strains (Wuhan type (WT), other variants) by inhibition of viral entry and replication in host cells in vitro models. EGCG may be useful in reduction of this viral load in salivary glands of COVID-19 patients, if it is applied in mouth and throat wash formulations in optimal concentrations. EGCG could be a promising candidate in the development of effective vaccine for prevention of the infections of newly emergent strains of SARS-CoV-2 virus. EGCG might be useful also as a clinical medicine for treatment of COVID-19 patients if its bioavailability in human plasma is enhanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, 799 022, India
| | - Subhajit Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Kamalpur Govt Degree College, Dhalai,Tripura, 799 285, India
| | - Manikarna Dinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, 1300 Jefferson Park Ave, VA, 22908, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The association of ACE I/D polymorphism with the severity of COVID-19 in Iranian patients: A case-control study. HUMAN GENE 2022. [PMID: 37521445 PMCID: PMC9364667 DOI: 10.1016/j.humgen.2022.201099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have tried to find the reason behind the variety of the symptoms and disease severity among patients. It seems that genetic background may contribute in severity of this infection. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. An Insertion/Deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the ACE1 gene may explain the genetic risk for disease severity. Methods We genotyped 251 COVID-19 patients: 151 patients with mild or asymptomatic disease compared with 100 patients with severe to critical illness (without any comorbidities for the disease severity). Results There was a significant association between the ACE1 DD genotype and disease severity (p-value = 1 × 10-2; OR = 2.004, 95%CI = 1.147-3.499) and our results showed that it was inherited under recessive or codominant inheritance patterns. Also, the I allele showed a protective role against the severe form of COVID-19 disease (p-value = 1 × 10-4). Conclusion We concluded that ACE1 DD genotype can predict the risk of severe form of COVID-19 infection in the absence of known comorbidities as disease severity risk factors. Further studies with larger sample sizes in other populations are still needed to clarify the role of ACE I/D polymorphism in SARS-CoV-2 infection severity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zebardast A, Latifi T, Shabani M, Hasanzadeh A, Danesh M, Babazadeh S, Sadeghi F. Thrombotic storm in coronavirus disease 2019: from underlying mechanisms to its management. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, is associated with high mortality rates worldwide.
Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Thrombotic problems, such as coagulopathy, are common in COVID-19 patients. Despite anticoagulation, thrombosis is more common in patients in the intensive care unit and patients with more severe disease. Although the exact mechanisms of coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients are still unclear, studies showed that overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), cytokine storm, endothelial damage, formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and also extracellular vesicles (EVs) in response to COVID-19 induced inflammation can lead to systemic coagulation and thrombosis.
Aim. The management of COVID-19 patients requires the use of basic and readily available laboratory markers, both on admission and during hospitalization. Because it is critical to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 induced coagulopathy and treatment strategies, in this review we attempt to explain the underlying mechanism of COVID-19 coagulopathy, its diagnosis, and the associated successful treatment strategies.
Conclusion. The exact mechanisms behind COVID-19-related coagulopathy are still unclear, but several studies revealed some mechanisms. More research is needed to determine the best anticoagulant regimen and to study other therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arghavan Zebardast
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shabani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hasanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Manizheh Danesh
- Assistant Professor, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sara Babazadeh
- Department of Pathology, Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Therapeutic Approaches in COVID-19 Patients: The Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Can Respir J 2022; 2022:8698825. [PMID: 36199292 PMCID: PMC9529525 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8698825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Two and a half years after COVID-19 was first reported in China, thousands of people are still dying from the disease every day around the world. The condition is forcing physicians to adopt new treatment strategies while emphasizing continuation of vaccination programs. The renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the development and progression of COVID-19 patients. Nonetheless, administration of recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 has been proposed for the treatment of the disease. The catalytic activity of cellular ACE2 (cACE2) and soluble ACE2 (sACE2) prevents angiotensin II and Des-Arg-bradykinin from accumulating in the body. On the other hand, SARS-CoV-2 mainly enters cells via cACE2. Thus, inhibition of ACE2 can prevent viral entry and reduce viral replication in host cells. The benefits of bradykinin inhibitors (BKs) have been reported in some COVID-19 clinical trials. Furthermore, the effects of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors on ACE2 cleavage and prevention of viral entry into host cells have been reported in COVID-19 patients. However, the administration of COX inhibitors can reduce innate immune responses and have the opposite effect. A few studies suggest benefits of low-dose radiation therapy (LDR) in treating acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 patients. Nonetheless, radiation therapy can stimulate inflammatory pathways, resulting in adverse effects on lung injury in these patients. Overall, progress is being made in treating COVID-19 patients, but questions remain about which drugs will work and when. This review summarizes studies on the effects of a recombinant ACE2, BK and COX inhibitor, and LDR in patients with COVID-19.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nogueira GM, Silva NLOR, Moura AF, Duarte Silveira MA, Moura-Neto JA. Acute kidney injury and electrolyte disorders in COVID-19. World J Virol 2022; 11:283-292. [PMID: 36188735 PMCID: PMC9523327 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i5.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and electrolyte disorders are important complications of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. AKI is thought to occur due to multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, such as multiple organ dysfunction (mainly cardiac and respiratory), direct viral entry in the renal tubules, and cytokine release syndrome. AKI is present in approximately one in every ten hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The incidence rates of AKI increase in patients who are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), with levels higher than 50%. Additionally, renal replacement therapy (RRT) is used in 7% of all AKI cases, but in nearly 20% of patients admitted to an ICU. COVID-19 patients with AKI are considered moderate-to-severe cases and are managed with multiple interdisciplinary conducts. AKI acts as a risk factor for mortality in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, especially when RRT is needed. Electrolyte disorders are also common manifestations in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, mainly hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia. Hyponatremia occurs due to a combination of syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone and gastrointestinal fluid loss from vomiting and diarrhea. When it comes to hypokalemia, its mechanism is not fully understood but may derive from hyperaldosteronism due to renin angiotensin aldosterone system overstimulation and gastrointestinal fluid loss as well. The clinical features of hypokalemia in COVID-19 are similar to those in other conditions. Hypocalcemia is the most common electrolyte disorder in COVID-19 and seems to occur because of vitamin D deficiency and parathyroid imbalance. It is also highly associated with longer hospital and ICU stay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Martins Nogueira
- Department of Medicine, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador 40290-000, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Flávia Moura
- Department of Medicine, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador 40290-000, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - José A Moura-Neto
- Department of Medicine, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador 40290-000, Bahia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sojka M, Drelich-Zbroja A, Kuczyńska M, Cheda M, Dąbrowska I, Kopyto E, Halczuk I, Zbroja M, Cyranka W, Jargiełło T. Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Cerebrovascular Events Related to COVID-19 Coagulopathy and Hypoxemia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11823. [PMID: 36142094 PMCID: PMC9517511 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the very beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous researchers have made an effort to determine the molecular composition of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the exact pathomechanism through which the virus exerts such a devastating effect on the host/infected organism. Recent scientific evidence highlights the affinity of the virus towards ACE2 receptors, which are widespread in multiple human systems, including the central nervous system (CNS) and cerebral vessels. Such an affinity may explain endothelial dysfunction and damage that is observed in COVID-positive patients in histopathological studies, with subsequent dysregulation of the cerebral circulation leading to transient or acute cerebrovascular accidents. In this paper, we aimed to evaluate the effects of COVID-related hypoxemia and direct viral invasion on the cerebral circulation, with special respect to the postulated pathomechanism, vulnerable groups of patients, clinical course and outcomes, as well as diagnostic imaging findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Sojka
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Drelich-Zbroja
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maryla Kuczyńska
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Cheda
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Dąbrowska
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kopyto
- Students’ Scientific Society at the Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Halczuk
- Students’ Scientific Society at the Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Zbroja
- Students’ Scientific Society at the Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Weronika Cyranka
- Students’ Scientific Society at the Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jargiełło
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hunter J, Bura P, King R, Thomson G. Covid 19: Acing the Treatment. Med Princ Pract 2022; 144:000525550. [PMID: 35970134 PMCID: PMC9747718 DOI: 10.1159/000525550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ACE 2 is the functional receptor that SARS-Cov-2 virus requires to enter cells and cause dysregulated inflammatory conditions that contribute towards acute lung injuries. The RAAS with its physiological surveillance and regulation system can be implicated in both harm and therapeutic benefit. The initial observational studies suggesting the discontinuation of ACE-I and ARBs have been firmly rebutted by international societies. On the contrary, these therapeutics may confer a survival benefit in Covid 19 infections. Understanding the biological plausibility of this pathway alongside the emerging therapeutic evidence may yield new modes of treatment. Such developments appear fundamentally important in the battle against the inevitable emergence of new variants and their potential to drive future waves of Covid 19 pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jez Hunter
- Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro, UK
| | - Puskar Bura
- Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Angiotensin II Exaggerates SARS-CoV-2 Specific T-Cell Response in Convalescent Individuals following COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158669. [PMID: 35955801 PMCID: PMC9368904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of renin−angiotensin systems during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection worsens the symptoms and contributes to COVID-19 severity and mortality. This study sought to investigate the effect of exogenous angiotensin II (Ang-II) on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T-cells response in recovered COVID-19 patients. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with Ang II and then stimulated with a SARS-CoV-2 peptide pool. T-cell responses were measured using flow cytometry, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays determined functional capability and polarization. Additionally, the relative level of protein phosphorylation was measured using a phosphokinase array. Our results showed that Ang II treatment significantly increased the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell response in stimulated PBMCs with a SARS-CoV-2 peptide pool. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of numerous proteins implicated in cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and viral infection showed significant increases in the presence of Ang II. The mitogenic stimulation of PBMCs after Ang II and SARS-CoV-2 peptide pool stimulation showed functional polarization of T-cells toward Th1/Th17 and Th17 phenotypes, respectively. Meanwhile, ELISA showed increased productions of IL-1β and IL-6 in Ang II-stimulated PBMCs without affecting the IL-10 level. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that Ang II exaggerates SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells response. Therefore, during COVID-19 infection, Ang II may aggravate the inflammatory response and change the immune response toward a more inflammatory profile against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
|
22
|
Associations of Dynapenic Obesity and Sarcopenic Obesity with the Risk of Complications in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158277. [PMID: 35955411 PMCID: PMC9368708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with changes in body composition, such as low muscle mass (sarcopenia), decreased grip strength or physical function (dynapenia), and accumulation of fat mass. When the accumulation of fat mass synergistically accompanies low muscle mass or reduced grip strength, it results in sarcopenic obesity and dynapenic obesity, respectively. These types of obesity contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the elderly, which could increase the damage caused by COVID-19. In this review, we associated factors that could generate a higher risk of COVID-19 complications in dynapenic obesity and sarcopenic obesity. For example, skeletal muscle regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and supports metabolic stress in pulmonary disease; hence, the presence of dynapenic obesity or sarcopenic obesity could be related to a poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
|
23
|
Sada KE, Yamamoto R, Yano A, Miyauchi A, Kawamura M, Ito H. Bicarbonate concentration as a predictor of prognosis in moderately severe COVID-19 patients: A multicenter retrospective study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270141. [PMID: 35749694 PMCID: PMC9232226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients reportedly have high bicarbonate concentration. However, its relationship to the disease progression are obscure. Methods In this two-center retrospective study, we included COVID-19 patients with moderate severity between March 2020 and May 2021. We classified patients into three groups according to bicarbonate concentrations: high (>27 mEq/L), normal (21 to 27 mEq/L), and low (<21 mEq/L). The primary outcome was the time to clinical worsening defined by the requirement of intubation or death during 90 days. We evaluated high or low bicarbonate concentration during the clinical course related to the primary outcome using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. Results Of the 60 participants (median age 72 years), 60% were men. Participants were classified into high (13 patients), normal (30 patients), and low (17 patients) groups. Clinical worsening occurred in 54% of patients in the high group, 23% in the normal group, and 65% in the low group. Both high and low groups were associated with a higher clinical worsening rate: HR, 3.02 (95% CI, 1.05 to 8.63) in the high group; 3.49 (95% CI: 1.33 to 9.12) in the low group. Conclusion Monitoring of bicarbonate concentrations may be useful to predict the prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ei Sada
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kochi Prefectural Hata-Kenmin Hospital, Sukumo, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Kochi Health Sciences Center, Kochi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ryohei Yamamoto
- Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, School of Public Health in the Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yano
- Department of General Medicine, Kochi Health Sciences Center, Kochi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyauchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kochi Prefectural Hata-Kenmin Hospital, Sukumo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kawamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kochi Prefectural Hata-Kenmin Hospital, Sukumo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ito
- Department of General Medicine, Kochi Health Sciences Center, Kochi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Allwood BW, Koegelenberg CF, Ngah VD, Sigwadhi LN, Irusen EM, Lalla U, Yalew A, Tamuzi JL, McAllister M, Zemlin AE, Jalavu TP, Erasmus R, Chapanduka ZC, Matsha TE, Fwemba I, Zumla A, Nyasulu PS. Predicting COVID-19 outcomes from clinical and laboratory parameters in an intensive care facility during the second wave of the pandemic in South Africa. IJID REGIONS 2022; 3:242-247. [PMID: 35720137 PMCID: PMC8971059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in South Africa was caused by the Beta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirurus-2. This study aimed to explore clinical and biochemical parameters that could predict outcome in patients with COVID-19. Methods A prospective study was conducted between 5 November 2020 and 30 April 2021 among patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary hospital. The Cox proportional hazards model in Stata 16 was used to assess risk factors associated with survival or death. Factors with P<0.05 were considered significant. Results Patients who died were found to have significantly lower median pH (P<0.001), higher median arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P<0.001), higher D-dimer levels (P=0.001), higher troponin T levels (P=0.001), higher N-terminal-prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide levels (P=0.007) and higher C-reactive protein levels (P=0.010) compared with patients who survived. Increased standard bicarbonate (HCO3std) was associated with lower risk of death (hazard ratio 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.93-0.99). Conclusions The mortality of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU was associated with elevated D-dimer and a low HCO3std level. Large studies are warranted to increase the identification of patients at risk of poor prognosis, and to improve the clinical approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Allwood
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Coenraad F. Koegelenberg
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Veranyuy D. Ngah
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lovemore N. Sigwadhi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elvis M. Irusen
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Usha Lalla
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anteneh Yalew
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- National Data Management Centre for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jacques L. Tamuzi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marli McAllister
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Annalise E. Zemlin
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thumeka P. Jalavu
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rajiv Erasmus
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zivanai C. Chapanduka
- Division of Haematological Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tandi E. Matsha
- Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville Campus, Cape Town
| | - Isaac Fwemba
- School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London Royal Free Campus, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter S. Nyasulu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - COVID-19 Research Response Collaboration
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- National Data Management Centre for Health, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Haematological Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and NHLS Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville Campus, Cape Town
- School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London Royal Free Campus, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rhoades R, Solomon S, Johnson C, Teng S. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Host Factors Involved in Mental Disorders. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845559. [PMID: 35444632 PMCID: PMC9014212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a systemic illness due to its multiorgan effects in patients. The disease has a detrimental impact on respiratory and cardiovascular systems. One early symptom of infection is anosmia or lack of smell; this implicates the involvement of the olfactory bulb in COVID-19 disease and provides a route into the central nervous system. However, little is known about how SARS-CoV-2 affects neurological or psychological symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 exploits host receptors that converge on pathways that impact psychological symptoms. This systemic review discusses the ways involved by coronavirus infection and their impact on mental health disorders. We begin by briefly introducing the history of coronaviruses, followed by an overview of the essential proteins to viral entry. Then, we discuss the downstream effects of viral entry on host proteins. Finally, we review the literature on host factors that are known to play critical roles in neuropsychiatric symptoms and mental diseases and discuss how COVID-19 could impact mental health globally. Our review details the host factors and pathways involved in the cellular mechanisms, such as systemic inflammation, that play a significant role in the development of neuropsychological symptoms stemming from COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raina Rhoades
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sarah Solomon
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Christina Johnson
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Negm EM. Does mass management of chronic hepatitis C protect the Egyptian population against fulminant coronavirus disease-2019? “Postulating a hypothesis”. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8961476 DOI: 10.1186/s43168-022-00120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by the pathogenic virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Egypt has launched a national treatment program to provide a cure for Egyptian patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). A common mechanism is shared between both the anticipated and unexpected aspects of COVID-19. The activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is intrinsically high in the lungs, which is a major source of ACE and hence a significant site of systemic synthesis of Ang II. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of the COVID-19 disease. ACE-2 and its angiotensin 1–7 (Ang 1–7) product, which acts on the Mas oncogene receptor, have been shown to play a protective role in fibrogenesis and inflammation of many organs, including the liver and lung. Antiviral treatment with interferon (IFN) in conjunction with ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C reduces serum ACE activity and indirectly affects liver parenchyma fibrogenesis. The antifibrotic activity of sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir (SOF/DAC) is independent of its antiviral action. Elimination of HCV infection by DAA therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C could improve natural killer (NK) activity by increasing the frequency of CD 16+ CD 56+ NK cells. COVID-19 individuals exhibit enhanced platelet activation and aggregation, as well as platelet-monocyte aggregation, which is linked to coagulative disorders. Lower systemic inflammation and enhanced hepatic synthesis of both pro- and anti-coagulant factors were noticed soon after antiviral therapy. In order to protect against the severity of COVID-19, treatment of chronic hepatitis C has been observed as a possible key as a prophylaxis beside the vaccine and should be tested for evidence or rejection of observation.
Collapse
|
27
|
Angiotensin II Type I Receptor (AT1R): The Gate towards COVID-19-Associated Diseases. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072048. [PMID: 35408447 PMCID: PMC9000463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein to its cellular receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), causes its downregulation, which subsequently leads to the dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in favor of the ACE-angiotensin II (Ang II)-angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) axis. AT1R has a major role in RAS by being involved in several physiological events including blood pressure control and electrolyte balance. Following SARS-CoV-2 infection, pathogenic episodes generated by the vasoconstriction, proinflammatory, profibrotic, and prooxidative consequences of the Ang II-AT1R axis activation are accompanied by a hyperinflammatory state (cytokine storm) and an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). AT1R, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, modulates Ang II deleterious effects through the activation of multiple downstream signaling pathways, among which are MAP kinases (ERK 1/2, JNK, p38MAPK), receptor tyrosine kinases (PDGF, EGFR, insulin receptor), and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases (Src, JAK/STAT, focal adhesion kinase (FAK)), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. COVID-19 is well known for generating respiratory symptoms, but because ACE2 is expressed in various body tissues, several extrapulmonary pathologies are also manifested, including neurologic disorders, vasculature and myocardial complications, kidney injury, gastrointestinal symptoms, hepatic injury, hyperglycemia, and dermatologic complications. Therefore, the development of drugs based on RAS blockers, such as angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), that inhibit the damaging axis of the RAS cascade may become one of the most promising approaches for the treatment of COVID-19 in the near future. We herein review the general features of AT1R, with a special focus on the receptor-mediated activation of the different downstream signaling pathways leading to specific cellular responses. In addition, we provide the latest insights into the roles of AT1R in COVID-19 outcomes in different systems of the human body, as well as the role of ARBs as tentative pharmacological agents to treat COVID-19.
Collapse
|
28
|
Alimoradi N, Sharqi M, Firouzabadi D, Sadeghi MM, Moezzi MI, Firouzabadi N. SNPs of ACE1 (rs4343) and ACE2 (rs2285666) genes are linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection but not with the severity of disease. Virol J 2022; 19:48. [PMID: 35305693 PMCID: PMC8934128 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are linked by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key enzyme in RAS that has been validated as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor. Functional ACE1/ACE2 gene polymorphisms may lead to the imbalance between ACE/ACE2 ratio and thus generating RAS imbalance that is associated with higher degrees of lung damage in ARDS that may contribute to the COVID-19 infection outcome. Herein, we investigated the role of RAS gene polymorphisms, ACE1 (A2350G) and ACE2 (G8790A) as risk predictors for susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 infection. A total of 129 included: negative controls without a history of COVID-19 infection (n = 50), positive controls with a history of COVID-19 infection who were not hospitalized (n = 35), and patients with severe COVID-19 infection who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit (n = 44). rs4343 of ACE and rs2285666 of ACE2 were genotyped using PCR–RFLP method. Our results indicated that susceptibility to COVID-19 infection was associated with age, GG genotype of A2350G (Pa = 0.01; OR 4.7; 95% CI 1.4–15.1 and Pc = 0.040; OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.05–6.3) and GG genotype of G8790A (Pa = 0.044; OR 6.17; 95% CI 1.05–35.71 and Pc = 0.0001; OR 5.5; 95% CI 2.4–12.4). The G allele of A2350G (Pa = 0.21; OR 1.74; 95% CI 0.73–4.17 and Pc = 0.007; OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.2–3.5) and G allele of G8790A (Pa = 0.002; OR 4.26; 95% CI 1.7–10.65 and Pc = 0.0001; OR 4.7; 95% CI 2.4–9.2) were more frequent in ICU-admitted patients and positive control group. Also lung involvement due to COVID-19 infection was associated with age and the comorbidities such as diabetes. In conclusion, our findings support the association between the wild genotype (GG) of ACE2 and homozygote genotype (GG) of ACE1 and sensitivity to COVID-19 infection, but not its severity. However, confirmation of this hypothesis requires further studies with more participants.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
![]()
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic has a significant
impact on healthcare systems and our lives. Vaccines against severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) provide protection
against SARS-CoV-2. However, mutations in the viral genome are common,
raising concerns about the effectiveness of existing vaccines for
SARS-CoV-2. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting
enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as a gateway to enter host cells. Therefore, the
ACE-2-RBD interaction may be targeted by antiviral drugs. In this
context, allosteric modulation of ACE-2 may offer a promising approach.
It may lead to allosteric inhibition of the interaction between ACE-2
and SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Dutta
- Department of Human Physiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102 West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mahmood ZS, Fadhil HY, Abdul Hussein TA, Ad'hiah AH. Severity of coronavirus disease 19: Profile of inflammatory markers and ACE (rs4646994) and ACE2 (rs2285666) gene polymorphisms in Iraqi patients. Meta Gene 2022; 31:101014. [PMID: 35036327 PMCID: PMC8744396 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2022.101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and disease severity has recently been associated with inflammatory markers and genetic polymorphisms of ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) and ACE2 genes, but the evidence has been inconclusive. This case-control study (99 COVID-19 patients and 96 controls) sought to assess the significance of age, C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) in severity of COVID-19. Besides, two variants of ACE and ACE2 genes (rs4646994 and rs2285666, respectively) were analyzed to determine their role in COVID-19 susceptibility and/or disease severity. Results revealed that age, CRP and NLR were significantly elevated in severe cases compared to moderate cases, while RT-PCR Ct value was significantly decreased. Allele and genotypes of both variants were not associated with COVID-19 risk, with the exception of rs2285666 A allele. It showed a significantly higher frequency in female patients than in female controls (probability = 0.041). In conclusion, the study indicated the role of age, CRP, NLR and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Ct in susceptibility to COVID-19 severity. However, analysis of the ACE and ACE2 gene variants (rs4646994 and rs2285666, respectively) showed that the two variants were not associated with the risk of developing COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zainab S Mahmood
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hula Y Fadhil
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Ali H Ad'hiah
- Tropical-Biological Research Unit, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Drelich-Zbroja A, Cheda M, Kuczyńska M, Dąbrowska I, Kopyto E, Halczuk I. Parkinson's Disease in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Brain Sci 2022; 12:143. [PMID: 35203906 PMCID: PMC8869942 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we attempt to collate the existing scientific evidence regarding the possible role of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as to investigate the impact of PD/parkinsonism on the clinical course of the viral infection itself. Since etiology of PD is not completely understood, various studies suggest different potential links between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and PD. Suggested connections include, among others, similar prodromal symptoms, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system involvement, or gut microbiome dysbiosis participation. Despite the initial assumptions that, as a mainly elderly population suffering from rigidity of respiratory muscles, impairment of cough reflex, and dyspnea, PD patients would be more susceptible to viral infection, and would experience a more aggressive course of COVID-19, the published scientific reports contain mutually exclusive data that require further investigation and meta-analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drelich-Zbroja
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (M.C.); (M.K.); (I.D.)
| | - Mateusz Cheda
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (M.C.); (M.K.); (I.D.)
| | - Maryla Kuczyńska
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (M.C.); (M.K.); (I.D.)
| | - Izabela Dąbrowska
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (M.C.); (M.K.); (I.D.)
| | - Ewa Kopyto
- Students’ Scientific Society at the Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (E.K.); (I.H.)
| | - Izabela Halczuk
- Students’ Scientific Society at the Department of Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (E.K.); (I.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Caradonna A, Patel T, Toleska M, Alabed S, Chang SL. Meta-Analysis of APP Expression Modulated by SARS-CoV-2 Infection via the ACE2 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031182. [PMID: 35163117 PMCID: PMC8835589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques from improper amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) cleavage. Following studies of inflammation caused by coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) infection, this study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on APP expression. A meta-analysis was conducted utilizing QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to examine the link between severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the modulation of APP expression upon virus binding the Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor. A Core Analysis was run on the infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus node, which included molecules affected by SARS-CoV-2, revealing its upstream regulators. Intermediary molecules were found between the upstream regulators and ACE2 and between ACE2 and APP. Activation of the upstream regulators downregulated the expression of ACE2 with a Z-score of -1.719 (p-value = 0.086) and upregulated APP with a Z-score of 1.898 (p-value = 0.058), showing a less than 10% chance of the results occurring by chance and pointing to an inverse relationship between ACE2 and APP expression. The neuroinflammation signaling pathway was the fifth top canonical pathway involved in APP upregulation. The study results suggest that ACE2 could be downregulated by SARS-CoV-2, resulting in APP upregulation, and potentially exacerbating the onset and progression of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Caradonna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Tanvi Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Matea Toleska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Sedra Alabed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (S.L.C.)
| | - Sulie L. Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA; (A.C.); (T.P.); (M.T.)
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (S.L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Danilenko V, Devyatkin A, Marsova M, Shibilova M, Ilyasov R, Shmyrev V. Common Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Parkinson's Diseases: The Role of Microbiome, Pharmabiotics and Postbiotics in Their Prevention. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6349-6381. [PMID: 34876830 PMCID: PMC8643201 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s333887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, metagenomic studies have shown the key role of the gut microbiome in maintaining immune and neuroendocrine systems. Malfunction of the gut microbiome can induce inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and cytokine storm. Dysfunction of the gut microbiome can be caused by short-term (virus infection and other infectious diseases) or long-term (environment, nutrition, and stress) factors. Here, we reviewed the inflammation and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases and coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Here, we reviewed the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) involved in the processes of formation of oxidative stress and inflammation in viral and neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the coronavirus uses ACE2 receptors of the RAAS to penetrate human cells. The coronavirus infection can be the trigger for neurodegenerative diseases by dysfunction of the RAAS. Pharmabiotics, postbiotics, and next-generation probiotics, are considered as a means to prevent oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, neurodegenerative and viral diseases through gut microbiome regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valery Danilenko
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Devyatkin
- Central Clinical Hospital with a Polyclinic CMP RF, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariya Marsova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Rustem Ilyasov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Emadi-Baygi M, Ehsanifard M, Afrashtehpour N, Norouzi M, Joz-Abbasalian Z. Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a System-Level Infectious Disease With Distinct Sex Disparities. Front Immunol 2021; 12:778913. [PMID: 34912345 PMCID: PMC8667725 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current global pandemic of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19, has infected millions of people and continues to pose a threat to many more. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important player of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) expressed on the surface of the lung, heart, kidney, neurons, and endothelial cells, which mediates SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells. The cytokine storms of COVID-19 arise from the large recruitment of immune cells because of the dis-synchronized hyperactive immune system, lead to many abnormalities including hyper-inflammation, endotheliopathy, and hypercoagulability that produce multi-organ dysfunction and increased the risk of arterial and venous thrombosis resulting in more severe illness and mortality. We discuss the aberrated interconnectedness and forthcoming crosstalks between immunity, the endothelium, and coagulation, as well as how sex disparities affect the severity and outcome of COVID-19 and harm men especially. Further, our conceptual framework may help to explain why persistent symptoms, such as reduced physical fitness and fatigue during long COVID, may be rooted in the clotting system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Modjtaba Emadi-Baygi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ehsanifard
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Najmeh Afrashtehpour
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Norouzi
- Department of Research and Development, Erythrogen Medical Genetics Lab, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Joz-Abbasalian
- Clinical Laboratory, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xu X, Kawakami J, Millagaha Gedara NI, Riviere J, Meyer E, Wyckoff GJ, Jaberi-Douraki M. Data-driven methodology for discovery and response to pulmonary symptomology in hypertension through statistical learning and data mining: Application to COVID-19 related pharmacovigilance. eLife 2021; 10:70734. [PMID: 34812146 PMCID: PMC8754433 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Potential therapy and confounding factors including typical co-administered medications, patient's disease states, disease prevalence, patient demographics, medical histories, and reasons for prescribing a drug often are incomplete, conflicting, missing, or uncharacterized in spontaneous adverse drug event (ADE) reporting systems. These missing or incomplete features can affect and limit the application of quantitative methods in pharmacovigilance for meta-analyses of data during randomized clinical trials. Methods: Data from patients with hypertension were retrieved and integrated from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. 134 antihypertensive drugs out of 1151 drugs were filtered and then evaluated using the Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean (EBGM) of the posterior distribution to build ADE-drug profiles with an emphasis on the pulmonary ADEs (pADE). Afterward, the Graphical Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (GLASSO) captured drug associations based on pADEs by correcting hidden factors and confounder misclassification. Selected drugs were then compared using the Friedman test in drug classes and clusters obtained from GLASSO. Results: Following multiple filtering stages to exclude insignificant and noise-driven reports, we found that drugs from antihypertensives agents, urologicals, and antithrombotic agents (macitentan, bosentan, epoprostenol, selexipag, sildenafil, tadalafil, and beraprost) form a similar class with a significantly higher incidence of pADEs. Macitentan and bosentan were associates with 64% and 56% of pADEs, respectively. Because these two medications are prescribed in diseases affecting pulmonary function and may be likely to emerge among the highest reported pADEs, in fact, they serve to validate the methods utilized here. Conversely, doxazosin and rilmenidine were found to have the least pADEs in selected drugs from hypertension patients. Nifedipine and candesartan were also found by signal detection methods to form a drug cluster, shown by several studies an effective combination of these drugs on lowering blood pressure and appeared an improved side effect profile in comparison with single-agent monotherapy. Conclusions: We consider pADE profiles in multiple long-standing groups of therapeutics including antihypertensive agents, antithrombotic agents, beta-blocking agents, calcium channel blockers, or agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system, in patients with hypertension associated with high-risk for COVID-19. We found that several individual drugs have significant differences between their drug classes and compared to other drug classes. For instance, macitentan and bosentan from endothelin receptor antagonists show major concern while doxazosin and rilmenidine exhibited the least pADEs compared to the outcomes of other drugs. Using techniques in this study, we assessed and confirmed the hypothesis that drugs from the same drug class could have very different pADE profiles affecting outcomes in acute respiratory illness. Funding: GJW and MJD accepted funding from BioNexus KC for funding on this project, but BioNexus KC had no direct role in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xu
- Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University, Olathe, United States
| | - Jessica Kawakami
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, United States
| | | | - Jim Riviere
- Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University, Olathe, United States
| | - Emma Meyer
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, United States
| | - Gerald J Wyckoff
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Akbari M, Taheri M, Mehrpoor G, Eslami S, Hussen BM, Ghafouri-Fard S, Arefian N. Assessment of ACE1 variants and ACE1/ACE2 expression in COVID-19 patients. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 142:106934. [PMID: 34774774 PMCID: PMC8579741 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Contribution of the renin-angiotensinogen system in the risk of COVID-19 and related complications have been assessed by several groups. However, the results are not consistent. We examined levels of ACE1 and ACE2 in the circulation of two groups of COVID-19 patients (ICU-admitted and general ward-admitted patients) compared with healthy controls. We also genotyped two polymorphisms in ACE1 gene (the ACE1-I/D polymorphism rs1799752 and rs4359) to appraise their association with expression levels of ACE1 and ACE2. Expression level of ACE1 was significantly higher in ICU patients compared with non-ICU patients (P value = 0.02). However, its expression was not significantly different between total COVID-19 patients and total controls (P value = 0.34). ACE2 expression was not different ether between two groups of COVID-19 patients (P value = 0.12) or between total COVID-19 patients and total controls (P value = 0.79). While distribution of rs1799752 and rs4359 alleles was similar between study groups, genotype frequencies of rs1799752 were differently distributed among total COVID-19 patients and controls (P value = 0.00001). Moreover, genotypes of the other polymorphism tended to be distinctively distributed among these two groups (P value = 0.06). In the total population of patients and controls, different ACE1 mRNA levels were observed among carriers of different rs1799752 genotypes; of note, ID genotype carriers showed a higher expression of ACE1 compared with II genotype carriers (P = 0.01). ACE1 polymorphisms might affect risk of COVID-19 and expression of ACE transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadarian Akbari
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Golbarg Mehrpoor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Solat Eslami
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Noormohammad Arefian
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Berrichi S, Bouayed Z, Benbouchta K, Kossir A, Bkiyar H, Ismaili N, Ouafi NE, Housni B. Incidental diagnosis of a large cardiac thrombus swinging through an interatrial communication in a COVID-19 patient: Case report and literature review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 71:102967. [PMID: 34691408 PMCID: PMC8524807 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The hypercoagulability state induced by COVID-19 has been well established and various forms of subsequent thromboembolic events have been reported throughout literature including multiple cases of intracardiac thrombi, four of which in our center alone, this case being the fifth. Case report We report the case of a 38-year-old male with no prior cardiovascular history who -subsequently to a COVID-19 infection-developped a right atrial thrombosis associated to a pulmonary embolism, and in whom cardiography revealed an interatrial communication. Management relied upon curative doses of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) with favourable outcome. Discussion In our discussion, we lay out the various physiopathological mechanisms incriminated throughout literature in the genesis of a hypercoagulability state distinctive of COVID-19, before highlighting the incidence of an interatrial communication (whether a Potent Foramen Ovale or Atrial Septal Defect) discovered in patients with COVID-19, and the potential paradoxical embolization risks they imply as well as reported cases. A mention of hemostatic parameters monitored was also warranted. Finally we discuss the guidelines in terms of prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation in hospitalized patients before discussing cardiac thrombosis's therapeutic options. Conclusion Our case highlights various key points which could change the prognosis of COVID-19 patients, whether related to the underdiagnosis of interatrial abnormalities or with regards to the diagnosis to thromboembolic events, but also the indisputable place of anticoagulation in COVID-19 management. Thromboembolic events complicating COVID-19 have been well described and are attributed to a hypercoagulability state distinctive of COVID-19. A pre-existing Potent Foramen Ovale (PFO) or Atrial septal Defect (ASD) in COVID-19 patients is unknown as only a handful of studies covered the subject. The association of a cardiac thrombosis with a pulmonary embolism and interatrial communication exposes patients to risks of paradoxical embolization and subsequent arterial thrombotic events. Prophylactic and curatrive anticoagulation is unrefutably a key pillar in the management of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samia Berrichi
- Anesthesia and Resuscitation Department, MOHAMMED VI University Hospital Center, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Zakaria Bouayed
- Anesthesia and Resuscitation Department, MOHAMMED VI University Hospital Center, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Karima Benbouchta
- Cardiology Department, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Amine Kossir
- Cardiology Department, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Houssam Bkiyar
- Anesthesia and Resuscitation Department, MOHAMMED VI University Hospital Center, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Nabila Ismaili
- Cardiology Department, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, Morocco.,Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research, and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Noha El Ouafi
- Cardiology Department, Mohammed VI University Hospital, Oujda, Morocco.,Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research, and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Brahim Housni
- Anesthesia and Resuscitation Department, MOHAMMED VI University Hospital Center, Oujda, Morocco.,Simulation Center, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oujda, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Akhtar H, Khalid S, Ur Rahman F, Umar M, Ali S, Afridi M, Hassan F, Saleh Khader Y, Akhtar N, Mujeeb Khan M, Ikram A. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among COVID-19 patients hospitalized in twin cities of Pakistan. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e32203. [PMID: 34710053 PMCID: PMC8673715 DOI: 10.2196/32203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 became a pandemic rapidly after its emergence in December 2019. It belongs to the coronavirus family of viruses, which have struck a few times before in history. Data based on previous research regarding etiology and epidemiology of other viruses from this family helped played a vital role in formulating prevention and precaution strategies during the initial stages of this pandemic. Data related to COVID-19 in Pakistan were not initially documented on a large scale. In addition, due to a weak health care system and low economic conditions, Pakistan’s population, in general, already suffers from many comorbidities, which can severely affect the outcome of patients infected with COVID-19. Objective COVID-19 infections are coupled with a manifestation of various notable outcomes that can be documented and characterized clinically. The aim of this study was to examine these clinical manifestations, which can serve as indicators for early detection as well as severity prognosis for COVID-19 infections, especially in high-risk groups. Methods A retrospective observational study involving abstraction of demographic features, presenting symptoms, and adverse clinical outcomes for 1812 patients with COVID-19 was conducted. Patients were admitted to the four major hospitals in the Rawalpindi-Islamabad region of Pakistan, and the study was conducted from February to August 2020. Multivariate regression analysis was carried out to identify significant indicators of COVID-19 severity, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ventilator aid, and mortality. The study not only relates COVID-19 infection with comorbidities, but also examines other related factors, such as age and gender. Results This study identified fever (1592/1812, 87.9%), cough (1433/1812, 79.1%), and shortness of breath (998/1812, 55.1%) at the time of hospital admission as the most prevalent symptoms for patients with COVID-19. These symptoms were common but not conclusive of the outcome of infection. Out of 1812 patients, 24.4% (n=443) required ICU admission and 21.5% (n=390) required ventilator aid at some point of disease progression during their stay at the hospital; 25.9% (n=469) of the patients died. Further analysis revealed the relationship of the presented symptoms and comorbidities with the progression of disease severity in these patients. Older adult patients with comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and asthma, were significantly affected in higher proportions, resulting in requirement of ICU admission and ventilator aid in some cases and, in many cases, even mortality. Conclusions Older adult patients with comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, and chronic kidney disease, are at increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 infections, with an increased likelihood of adverse clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hashaam Akhtar
- Yusra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (YIPs), Zaraj Housing Society, Opposite DHA Phase 2 Gate III, Main G.T. Road, Islamabad, PK
| | - Sundas Khalid
- School Of Chemical And Materials Engineering, National University Of Science And Technology, Islamabad, PK
| | - Fazal Ur Rahman
- HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE BENAZIR BHUTTO HOSPITAL, Rawalpindi, PK
| | - Muhammad Umar
- Vice Chancellor, Rawalpindi Medical University (RMU), Rawalpindi, PK
| | - Sabahat Ali
- Department Of Gynecology And Obstetrics, Paf Hospital, Islamabad, PK
| | - Maham Afridi
- Department Of Biotechnology, Quaid I Azam University, Islamabad, PK
| | - Faheem Hassan
- CT Angio-Department, Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology (AFIC), Rawalpindi, PK
| | - Yousef Saleh Khader
- Medical Education And Biostatistics Department Of Community Medicine, Public Health And Family Medicine/ Faculty Of Medicine.Jordan University Of Science & Technology, Irbid, JO
| | - Nasim Akhtar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pakistan Institute Of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, PK
| | - Muhammad Mujeeb Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rawalpindi Medical University (RMU), Rawalpindi, PK
| | - Aamer Ikram
- Executive Director, National Institute Of Health, Islamabad, PK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pucci F, Annoni F, dos Santos RAS, Taccone FS, Rooman M. Quantifying Renin-Angiotensin-System Alterations in COVID-19. Cells 2021; 10:2755. [PMID: 34685735 PMCID: PMC8535134 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in a wide series of physiological processes, among which inflammation and blood pressure regulation. One of its key components, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, has been identified as the entry point of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into the host cells, and therefore a lot of research has been devoted to study RAS dysregulation in COVID-19. Here we discuss the alterations of the regulatory RAS axes due to SARS-CoV-2 infection on the basis of a series of recent clinical investigations and experimental analyzes quantifying, e.g., the levels and activity of RAS components. We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of these data in view of disentangling the links between the impaired RAS functioning and the pathophysiological characteristics of COVID-19. We also review the effects of several RAS-targeting drugs and how they could potentially help restore the normal RAS functionality and minimize the COVID-19 severity. Finally, we discuss the conflicting evidence found in the literature and the open questions on RAS dysregulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection whose resolution would improve our understanding of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pucci
- 3BIO—Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- (IB)—Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filippo Annoni
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (F.A.); (F.S.T.)
| | | | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (F.A.); (F.S.T.)
| | - Marianne Rooman
- 3BIO—Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- (IB)—Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hezavehei M, Shokoohian B, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Shpichka A, Timashev P, Shahverdi AH, Vosough M. Possible Male Reproduction Complications after Coronavirus Pandemic. CELL JOURNAL 2021; 23:382-388. [PMID: 34455712 PMCID: PMC8405085 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.7982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a severe respiratory disease, affects various tissues and organs. The
specific SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is highly expressed in male gonads. Thus,
male reproductive tissues could be a potential target for virus colonization. We performed a comprehensive search in
PubMed and Google Scholar to retrieve relevant articles published till 15 April 2021. The keywords used were: male
fertility, male reproductive health, semen parameters, sex hormones, SARS-CoV-2, and COVID-19. Validated evidence
about the adverse effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection on the male reproductive system is limited and few studies have
reported semen analysis results or presence of viral RNA in semen samples of infected men. Nevertheless, alterations
in reproductive hormones such as decreased level of testosterone (T) with raised luteinizing hormone (LH) have been
reported in some patients. Although the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the male reproduction health remains
unclear, evidence suggests that male gonads may be potentially vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this article,
we discussed the possible impacts of COVID-19 on male gonads, sex hormones, and semen quality and suggested
preventive solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hezavehei
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahare Shokoohian
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian
| | - Abdol Hossein Shahverdi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Philips CA, Kakkar K, Joseph M, Yerol PK, Ahamed R, Rajesh S, Augustine P. Critically Ill COVID-19 Patient with Chronic Liver Disease - Insights into a Comprehensive Liver Intensive Care. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:576-586. [PMID: 34447688 PMCID: PMC8369022 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus-related coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been relentless in disrupting and overwhelming healthcare the world over. Clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with chronic comorbidities, especially in those with metabolic syndrome, are well documented. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis patients are a special sub-group, among whom the management of COVID-19 is challenging. Understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension improves our identification of at-risk patients for disease progression that will further help compartmentalize generalized and specialized treatment options in this special patient group. In this exhaustive review, we critically review the impact of COVID-19 on the liver and in chronic liver disease and cirrhosis patients. We further discuss common features associated with the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and cirrhosis, based on the renin-angiotensin system and deliberate current literature on guidelines for the treatment of COVID-19 and extrapolate the same to the cirrhosis population to provide a concise and stepwise, evidence-based management for cirrhosis patients with severe and critical COVID-19. There are no specific management guidelines for cirrhosis patients with COVID-19 and current recommendations for treatment are as per guidelines for general population. Nevertheless, specific issues like avoiding corticosteroids in decompensated patients with variceal bleeding, suspected sepsis, high grade hepatic encephalopathy and acute kidney injury, use of early mechanical ventilation strategies in those with severe ascites and hepatopulmonary syndrome, avoidance of remdesivir in advanced liver disease, and application of liver-specific severity scores for prognostication and identification of futility need to be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyriac Abby Philips
- Department of Clinical Hepatology, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in GI Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Chunangamvely, Aluva, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
- Correspondence to: Cyriac Abby Philips, Department of Clinical Hepatology, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in GI Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Chunangamvely, Aluva, Ernakulam, Kerala 683112, India. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9587-336X. Tel: +91-484-2905000, Fax: +91-484-7184000, E-mail:
| | - Kamna Kakkar
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pt. B. D. Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Moby Joseph
- Great Western Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Swindon, United Kingdom
| | - Praveen Kumar Yerol
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Government Medicine College and Hospital, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Rizwan Ahamed
- Gastroenterology and Advanced G.I Endoscopy, Center of Excellence in GI Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Chunangamvely, Aluva, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| | - Sasidharan Rajesh
- Interventional Hepatobiliary Radiology, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in GI Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Chunangamvely, Aluva, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| | - Philip Augustine
- Gastroenterology and Advanced G.I Endoscopy, Center of Excellence in GI Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Chunangamvely, Aluva, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Berrichi S, Bouayed Z, Berrajaa S, Mezzeoui SE, Moujahid A, Nasri S, Bkiyar H, Skiker I, Housni B. Acute limb ischemia with concomitant splenic and renal infarcts: Thromboembolic events revealing COVID-19. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 68:102646. [PMID: 34341687 PMCID: PMC8319040 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since December 2019, the coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to spread worldwide and has caused millions of deaths. Although the main manifestation of the disease is acute respiratory distress syndrome, hypercoagulability resulting from hypoxemia leads to venous thromboembolism and arterial thrombosis, which have a fatal prognosis for COVID-19. Case report management We report the case of patient admitted to our unit for management of a concomitant limb ischemia, splenic and renal infarcts associated to a COVID-19 infection with favorable outcomes after thrombectomy and therapeutic doses of heparin. Conclusion Systemic procoagulant manifestations related to a COVID-19 infection is a newly described phenomenon responsible of cardiovascular and neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samia Berrichi
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Oujda, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Mohammed University 1st, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Zakaria Bouayed
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Oujda, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Mohammed University 1st, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Sara Berrajaa
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Oujda, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Mohammed University 1st, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Sanae El Mezzeoui
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Oujda, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Mohammed University 1st, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Amal Moujahid
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Oujda, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Mohammed University 1st, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Siham Nasri
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Oujda, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Mohammed University 1st, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Houssam Bkiyar
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Oujda, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Mohammed University 1st, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Imane Skiker
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Oujda, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Mohammed University 1st, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Brahim Housni
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Oujda, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Mohammed University 1st, Oujda, Morocco.,Oujda Medical Simulation Training Center, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oujda, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Eckenstaler R, Sandori J, Gekle M, Benndorf RA. Angiotensin II receptor type 1 - An update on structure, expression and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114673. [PMID: 34252409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The AT1 receptor, a major effector of the renin-angiotensin system, has been extensively studied in the context of cardiovascular and renal disease. Moreover, angiotensin receptor blockers, sartans, are among the most frequently prescribed drugs for the treatment of hypertension, chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease. However, precise molecular insights into the structure of this important drug target have not been available until recently. In this context, seminal studies have now revealed exciting new insights into the structure and biased signaling of the receptor and may thus foster the development of novel therapeutic approaches to enhance the efficacy of pharmacological angiotensin receptor antagonism or to enable therapeutic induction of biased receptor activity. In this review, we will therefore highlight these and other seminal publications to summarize the current understanding of the tertiary structure, ligand binding properties and downstream signal transduction of the AT1 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Sandori
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael Gekle
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Ralf A Benndorf
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Perez A, Naljayan M, Shuja I, Florea A, Reisin E. Hypertension, Obesity, and COVID-19: a Collision of Pandemics. Curr Hypertens Rep 2021; 23:36. [PMID: 34189678 PMCID: PMC8241408 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-021-01153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight the epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension and obesity in COVID-19 infection RECENT FINDINGS: Hypertension and obesity have emerged as significant risk factors for contracting the COVID-19 virus and the subsequent severity of illness. ACE2 receptor expression and dysregulation of the RAAS pathway play important roles in the pathophysiology of these associations, as do the pro-inflammatory state and cytokine dysregulation seen in obesity. Some of these patterns have also been seen historically in other viral illnesses. Understanding the mechanisms behind the associations between COVID-19, hypertension, and obesity is important in developing effective targeted therapies and monitoring vaccine response and efficacy. More research is needed to apply our growing knowledge of the pathophysiology of COVID-19, hypertension, and obesity to prevention and treatment. Interventions focusing on lifestyle modification in managing hypertension and obesity can potentially have a positive impact on containing this pandemic and future viral illness outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Perez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, Louisiana State University, 1542 Tulane Avenue Suite 330, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Mihran Naljayan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, Louisiana State University, 1542 Tulane Avenue Suite 330, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Imran Shuja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, Louisiana State University, 1542 Tulane Avenue Suite 330, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Andre Florea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, Louisiana State University, 1542 Tulane Avenue Suite 330, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Efrain Reisin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology and Hypertension, Louisiana State University, 1542 Tulane Avenue Suite 330, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Koudelka M, Sovová E. COVID-19 Causing Hypotension in Frail Geriatric Hypertensive Patients? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060633. [PMID: 34207161 PMCID: PMC8235779 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: The association of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with hypertension has been one of the frequently discussed topics in current studies since hypertension was identified as a risk factor for coronavirus disease. However, no studies seem to be focused on the BP (blood pressure) in patients with hypertension after COVID-19. Report: This report presents the cases of five frail geriatric patients (avg. age 78.3 (±6.4) years) with sarcopenia and controlled hypertension (office BP < 140 mmHg) who were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2. Findings: Control ABPM performed after COVID-19 showed that these hypertensive patients were hypotensive and that the previously well-established therapy was suddenly too intensive for them. Conclusions: These findings suggest that BP control after COVID-19 is needed and that ABPM is, particularly in frail geriatric patients, by no means a luxury but a necessity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Koudelka
- Department of Exercise Medicine and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, 77520 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Department of Internal Medicine, FRANZISKUS SPITAL GmbH, Landstraßer Hauptstraße 4a, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-71126; Fax: +43-1-711269968
| | - Eliška Sovová
- Department of Exercise Medicine and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Palacký University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, 77520 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shahani P, Datta I. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for coronavirus disease 2019: which? when? and how much? Cytotherapy 2021; 23:861-873. [PMID: 34053857 PMCID: PMC8084615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are under active consideration as a treatment strategy for controlling the hyper-inflammation and slow disease progression associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The possible mechanism of protection through their immunoregulatory and paracrine action has been reviewed extensively. However, the importance of process control in achieving consistent cell quality, maximum safety and efficacy—for which the three key questions are which, when and how much—remains unaddressed. Any commonality, if it exists, in ongoing clinical trials has yet to be analyzed and reviewed. In this review, the authors have therefore compiled study design data from ongoing clinical trials to address the key questions of “which” with regard to tissue source, donor profile, isolation technique, culture conditions, long-term culture and cryopreservation of MSCs; “when” with regard to defining the transplantation window by identifying and staging patients based on their pro-inflammatory profile; and “how much” with regard to the number of cells in a single administration, number of doses and route of transplantation. To homogenize MSC therapy for COVID-19 on a global scale and to make it readily available in large numbers, a shared understanding and uniform agreement with respect to these fundamental issues are essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya Shahani
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Indrani Datta
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dean AQ, Bozza WP, Twomey JD, Luo S, Nalli A, Zhang B. The fight against COVID-19: Striking a balance in the renin-angiotensin system. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2214-2220. [PMID: 33865979 PMCID: PMC8049177 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters host cells by interacting with membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a vital element in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and cardiovascular functions. We herein evaluate existing evidence for the molecular alterations within the RAS pathway (e.g., ACE2 and angiotensin II) during SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This includes reports regarding potential effect of RAS blockade (e.g., ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers) on ACE2 expression and clinical outcomes in patients with co-morbidities commonly treated with these agents. The collective evidence suggests a dual role for ACE2 in COVID-19, depending on the stage of infection and the coexisting diseases in individual patients. This information is further discussed with respect to potential therapeutic strategies targeting RAS for COVID-19 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Q Dean
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - William P Bozza
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Julianne D Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Ancy Nalli
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| |
Collapse
|