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Wang P, Tao W, Zhou T, Wang J, Zhao C, Zhou G, Yamauchi Y. Nanoarchitectonics in Advanced Membranes for Enhanced Osmotic Energy Harvesting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404418. [PMID: 38973652 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Osmotic energy, often referred to as "blue energy", is the energy generated from the mixing of solutions with different salt concentrations, offering a vast, renewable, and environmentally friendly energy resource. The efficacy of osmotic power production considerably relies on the performance of the transmembrane process, which depends on ionic conductivity and the capability to differentiate between positive and negative ions. Recent advancements have led to the development of membrane materials featuring precisely tailored ion transport nanochannels, enabling high-efficiency osmotic energy harvesting. In this review, ion diffusion in confined nanochannels and the rational design and optimization of membrane architecture are explored. Furthermore, structural optimization of the membrane to mitigate transport resistance and the concentration polarization effect for enhancing osmotic energy harvesting is highlighted. Finally, an outlook on the challenges that lie ahead is provided, and the potential applications of osmotic energy conversion are outlined. This review offers a comprehensive viewpoint on the evolving prospects of osmotic energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Weixiang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Tianhong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Chenrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, South Korea
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Dai J, Xia X, Zhang D, He S, Wan D, Chen F, Zi Y. High-performance self-desalination powered by triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121185. [PMID: 38295459 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater is an essential resource in today's world, and how to produce freshwater with low or even zero power consumption is a major challenge. Here, a desalination system powered by a triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator (TEHG) is presented, which can utilize the water's own energy to remove the salt ions from itself, demonstrating a new concept of "self-desalination". At a relatively low rotation speed of 150 rpm, the system can dilute NaCl brine from 4000 ppm to 145 ppm with a high salt removal rate of 147.1 μg cm-2 min-1 and a freshwater productivity of up to 31.1 L m-2 h-1. The actual seawater can also be treated with a total ion removal efficiency of 99.6 % and a freshwater productivity of 2.7 L m-2 h-1, which is superior to other renewable-energy-powered desalination systems. More importantly, fully self-powered desalination process can be realized by manual cranking and hydrokinetic energy impact, both of which are capable of treating 1000 ppm salt feed to the drinking water level. The TEHG-powered desalination system not only provides excellent desalination performance but also addresses the challenges of power consumption and limited capacity, which offers a completely new paradigm of "self-desalination".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Dai
- Thrust of Sustainable Energy and Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Thrust of Sustainable Energy and Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China
| | - Dian Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Shaoshuai He
- Thrust of Sustainable Energy and Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China
| | - Dong Wan
- Thrust of Sustainable Energy and Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China
| | - Fuming Chen
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China.
| | - Yunlong Zi
- Thrust of Sustainable Energy and Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China; Guangzhou HKUST Fok Ying Tung Research Institute, Nansha, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China; HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Jung J, Choi S, Kang I, Choi K. Ultra-Thin Ion Exchange Membranes by Low Ionomer Blending for Energy Harvesting. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:478. [PMID: 38470806 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Exploring the utilization of ion exchange membranes (IEMs) in salinity gradient energy harvesting, a technique that capitalizes on the salinity difference between seawater and freshwater to generate electricity, this study focuses on optimizing PVDF to Nafion ratios to create ultra-thin membranes. Specifically, our investigation aligns with applications such as reverse electrodialysis (RED), where IEMs facilitate selective ion transport across salinity gradients. We demonstrate that membranes with reduced Nafion content, particularly the 50:50 PVDF:Nafion blend, retain high permselectivity comparable to those with higher Nafion content. This challenges traditional understandings of membrane design, highlighting a balance between thinness and durability for energy efficiency. Voltage-current analyses reveal that, despite lower conductivity, the 50:50 blend shows superior short-circuit current density under salinity gradient conditions. This is attributed to effective ion diffusion facilitated by the blend's unique microstructure. These findings suggest that blended membranes are not only cost-effective but also exhibit enhanced performance for energy harvesting, making them promising candidates for sustainable energy solutions. Furthermore, these findings will pave the way for advances in membrane technology, offering new insights into the design and application of ion exchange membranes in renewable energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Jung
- NextE&M Research Institute, Environmental Industry Research Complex, 410 Jeongseojin-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeong Choi
- NextE&M Research Institute, Environmental Industry Research Complex, 410 Jeongseojin-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilsuk Kang
- National Nanofab Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwoon Choi
- NextE&M Research Institute, Environmental Industry Research Complex, 410 Jeongseojin-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
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4
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Rastgar M, Moradi K, Burroughs C, Hemmati A, Hoek E, Sadrzadeh M. Harvesting Blue Energy Based on Salinity and Temperature Gradient: Challenges, Solutions, and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10156-10205. [PMID: 37523591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions associated with power generation from fossil fuel combustion account for 25% of global emissions and, thus, contribute greatly to climate change. Renewable energy sources, like wind and solar, have reached a mature stage, with costs aligning with those of fossil fuel-derived power but suffer from the challenge of intermittency due to the variability of wind and sunlight. This study aims to explore the viability of salinity gradient power, or "blue energy", as a clean, renewable source of uninterrupted, base-load power generation. Harnessing the salinity gradient energy from river estuaries worldwide could meet a substantial portion of the global electricity demand (approximately 7%). Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) are more prominent technologies for blue energy harvesting, whereas thermo-osmotic energy conversion (TOEC) is emerging with new promise. This review scrutinizes the obstacles encountered in developing osmotic power generation using membrane-based methods and presents potential solutions to overcome challenges in practical applications. While certain strategies have shown promise in addressing some of these obstacles, further research is still required to enhance the energy efficiency and feasibility of membrane-based processes, enabling their large-scale implementation in osmotic energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Rastgar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kazem Moradi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Computational Fluid Engineering Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Cassie Burroughs
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 12-263 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Arman Hemmati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Computational Fluid Engineering Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Eric Hoek
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095-1593, United States
- Energy Storage & Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mohtada Sadrzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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Li R, Wang H, Yan J, Fu R, Wang B, Jiang C, Wang Y, Xu T. A cascade electro-dehydration process for simultaneous extraction and enrichment of uranium from simulated seawater. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 240:120079. [PMID: 37224666 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Uranium extraction from seawater has become a crucial issue that has raised tremendous attention. The transport of water molecules along with salt ions through an ion-exchange membrane is a common phenomenon for typical electro-membrane processes such as selective electrodialysis (SED). In this study, a cascade electro-dehydration process was proposed for the simultaneous extraction and enrichment of uranium from simulated seawater by taking advantage of water transport through ion-exchange membranes and the high permselectivity of membranes for monovalent ions against uranate ions. The results indicated that the electro-dehydration effect in SED allowed 1.8 times the concentration of uranium with a loose structure CJMC-5 cation-exchange membrane at a current density of 4 mA/cm2. Thereafter, a cascade electro-dehydration by a combination of SED with conventional electrodialysis (CED) enabled approximately 7.5 times uranium concentration with the extraction yield rate reaching over 80% and simultaneously desalting the majority of salts. Overall, a cascade electro-dehydration is a viable approach, creating a novel route for highly effective uranium extraction and enrichment from seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Huangying Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Junying Yan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoying Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxiao Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tongwen Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Veerman J, Gómez-Coma L, Ortiz A, Ortiz I. Resistance of Ion Exchange Membranes in Aqueous Mixtures of Monovalent and Divalent Ions and the Effect on Reverse Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:322. [PMID: 36984709 PMCID: PMC10056131 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salinity gradient energy has gained attention in recent years as a renewable energy source, especially employing reverse electrodialysis technology (RED), which is based on the role of ion exchange membranes. In this context, many efforts have been developed by researchers from all over the world to advance the knowledge of this green source of energy. However, the influence of divalent ions on the performance of the technology has not been deeply studied. Basically, divalent ions are responsible for an increased membrane resistance and, therefore, for a decrease in voltage. This work focuses on the estimation of the resistance of the RED membrane working with water flows containing divalent ions, both theoretically by combining the one-thread model with the Donnan exclusion theory for the gel phase, as well as the experimental evaluation with Fumatech membranes FAS-50, FKS-50, FAS-PET-75, and FKS-PET-75. Furthermore, simulated results have been compared to data recently reported with different membranes. Besides, the influence of membrane resistance on the overall performance of reverse electrodialysis technology is evaluated to understand the impact of divalent ions in energy generation. Results reflect a minor effect of sulfate on the gross power in comparison to the effect of calcium and magnesium ions. Thus, this work takes a step forward in the knowledge of reverse electrodialysis technology and the extraction of salinity gradient energy by advancing the influence of divalent ions on energy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Veerman
- REDstack BV, Graaf Adolfstraat 35-G, 8606 BT Sneek, The Netherlands
| | - Lucía Gómez-Coma
- Departmento de Ingenierías Químicas y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Alfredo Ortiz
- Departmento de Ingenierías Químicas y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departmento de Ingenierías Químicas y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
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7
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Yang ZQ, Zhang WB, Guo SB, Theint MM, Yin Y, Li JJ, Yang JL, Ma XJ. Flow Electrode Capacitive Deionization System with Simultaneous Desalting of Na + and Gathering of Na . LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15740-15746. [PMID: 36493336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oceans contain many freshwater resources and metal elements that people need, so the rational development of marine resources can solve the two major problems of shortage of freshwater resources and metal elements for people. To solve these two challenges, a system was designed to obtain freshwater resources and metallic elements simultaneously. An ion enrichment module was added to the conventional flow capacitor deionization system to collect metal elements while the seawater was deionized. A flowing electrode allows the metal elements to enter the flowing electrode through the desalination ability. It transports the metal elements to the enrichment module through the fluidity of the fluid while reducing the ion concentration at the flowing electrode, thus reducing the effect caused by the rejection of the same ion and collecting and enriching the metal elements. We purchased activated carbon to test the feasibility of the system with different mass fractions of activated carbon suspensions. The results showed that the elemental enrichment capacity of the system increased from 12.291 to 14.795 mg, and the enrichment rate increased from 13.536 to 16.294 mg cm-2 h-1 as the mass fraction of activated carbon increased. Thus, the system accomplished the goals of desalination and metal collection simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Qin Yang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Wei-Bin Zhang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Shao-Bo Guo
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Myat Myintzu Theint
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
- Mineral Development Section for International Relation, Department of Mines, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Nay Pyi Taw15011, Myanmar
| | - Yi Yin
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Jia-Jun Li
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Jing-Lei Yang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
| | - Xue-Jing Ma
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu610059, China
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Petrov KV, Bui JC, Baumgartner L, Weng LC, Dischinger SM, Larson DM, Miller DJ, Weber AZ, Vermaas DA. Anion-exchange membranes with internal microchannels for water control in CO 2 electrolysis. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS 2022; 6:5077-5088. [PMID: 36389085 PMCID: PMC9642111 DOI: 10.1039/d2se00858k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2R) poses substantial promise to convert abundant feedstocks (water and CO2) to value-added chemicals and fuels using solely renewable energy. However, recent membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) devices that have been demonstrated to achieve high rates of CO2R are limited by water management within the cell, due to both consumption of water by the CO2R reaction and electro-osmotic fluxes that transport water from the cathode to the anode. Additionally, crossover of potassium (K+) ions poses concern at high current densities where saturation and precipitation of the salt ions can degrade cell performance. Herein, a device architecture incorporating an anion-exchange membrane (AEM) with internal water channels to mitigate MEA dehydration is proposed and demonstrated. A macroscale, two-dimensional continuum model is used to assess water fluxes and local water content within the modified MEA, as well as to determine the optimal channel geometry and composition. The modified AEMs are then fabricated and tested experimentally, demonstrating that the internal channels can both reduce K+ cation crossover as well as improve AEM conductivity and therefore overall cell performance. This work demonstrates the promise of these materials, and operando water-management strategies in general, in handling some of the major hurdles in the development of MEA devices for CO2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostadin V Petrov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Justin C Bui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Berkeley California 94720-1462 USA
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory California 94720-1462 USA
| | - Lorenz Baumgartner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Lien-Chun Weng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Berkeley California 94720-1462 USA
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory California 94720-1462 USA
| | - Sarah M Dischinger
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory California 94720-1462 USA
| | - David M Larson
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory California 94720-1462 USA
| | - Daniel J Miller
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory California 94720-1462 USA
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory California 94720-1462 USA
| | - David A Vermaas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
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Huang Y, Fan H, Yip NY. Influence of electrolyte on concentration-induced conductivity-permselectivity tradeoff of ion-exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Transport mechanisms in electrodialysis: The effect on selective ion transport in multi-ionic solutions. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Ozel B, McClements DJ, Arikan C, Kaner O, Oztop MH. Challenges in dried whey powder production: Quality problems. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111682. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Cheng C, Rashed MZ, Fridman GY. Ionic transistor using ion exchange membranes. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2707-2713. [PMID: 35748422 PMCID: PMC9472566 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00312k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ionic transistors can be used to modulate ionic current in a way that is analogous to their electronic counterparts. An ionic transistor can reversibly change its ionic conduction to control ionic current by injecting electrical charges. To facilitate its applications in biomedical devices (e.g., controlled drug delivery, rectification of ionic current, and signal processing), an ionic transistor should maintain high performance of ionic current control within physiological solutions (e.g., 0.9% NaCl) for long durations. Here, we introduce an ionic transistor using cation and anion exchange membranes (CEM and AEM). It could impose a 10× impedance change in a channel filled with 0.9% NaCl solution and we observed a stable modulation of ionic current throughout a test of 1000 cycles of on/off switching of the ionic transistor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Cheng
- Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA
| | - Mohamed Z Rashed
- Otolaryngology HNS, Johns Hopkins University, Ross 830, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Gene Y Fridman
- Otolaryngology HNS, Johns Hopkins University, Ross 830, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA
- Computer and Electrical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, USA
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13
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A mathematical model of the external circuits in a bipolar membrane electrodialysis stack: Leakage currents and Joule heating effect. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Study of the Electrical Conductivity of Ion-Exchange Resins and Membranes in Equilibrium Solutions of Inorganic Electrolytes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020243. [PMID: 35207164 PMCID: PMC8880273 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of the electrical conductivity of ion-exchange membranes in equilibrium electrolyte solutions is of great importance for the theory of membrane processes, in particular for practical electrodialysis. The purpose of the work is to determine the electrical conductivity of industrial ion-exchange membranes MK-40 and MA-40, as well as their basis—granules of a bulk layer of industrial ion exchangers KU-2-8 and EDE-10p, by differential and modified contact methods in electrolyte solutions and the development of a new methodology that will give the values that are closest to the true ones; determination of the dependence of electrical membrane conductivity depending on the type of counterion and concentration equilibrium solution and granules of a bulk layer of ion exchangers on the volume fraction of a dry ion exchanger with different degrees of compaction. It is shown that the dependence of the electrical conductivity of diaphragms on the electrolyte concentration, according to theoretical ideas, disappears under compression. It has been experimentally established that the difference method gives lower values of electrical conductivity in the region of low concentrations. The data obtained by the contact method are in good agreement with the results obtained for compressed diaphragms. The membrane conductivity decreases with increasing ion size.
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15
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Naim MM, Batouti ME, Elewa MM. Novel heterogeneous cellulose-based ion-exchange membranes for electrodialysis. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03978-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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17
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Renewable Power Generation by Reverse Electrodialysis Using an Ion Exchange Membrane. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110830. [PMID: 34832059 PMCID: PMC8619607 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a promising technology to extract sustainable salinity gradient energy. However, the RED technology has not reached its full potential due to membrane efficiency and fouling and the complex interplay between ionic flows and fluidic configurations. We investigate renewable power generation by harnessing salinity gradient energy during reverse electrodialysis using a lab-scaled fluidic cell, consisting of two reservoirs separated by a nanoporous ion exchange membrane, under various flow rates (qf) and salt-concentration difference (Δc). The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the single RED unit reveals a linear dependence, similar to an electrochemical cell. The experimental results show that the change of inflow velocity has an insignificant impact on the I-V data for a wide range of flow rates explored (0.01–1 mL/min), corresponding to a low-Peclet number regime. Both the maximum RED power density (Pc,m) and open-circuit voltage (ϕ0) increase with increasing Δc. On the one hand, the RED cell’s internal resistance (Rc) empirically reveals a power-law dependence of Rc∝Δc−α. On the other hand, the open-circuit voltage shows a logarithmic relationship of ϕ0=BlnΔc+β. These experimental results are consistent with those by a nonlinear numerical simulation considering a single charged nanochannel, suggesting that parallelization of charged nano-capillaries might be a good upscaling model for a nanoporous membrane for RED applications.
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Pismenskaya N, Bdiri M, Sarapulova V, Kozmai A, Fouilloux J, Baklouti L, Larchet C, Renard E, Dammak L. A Review on Ion-Exchange Membranes Fouling during Electrodialysis Process in Food Industry, Part 2: Influence on Transport Properties and Electrochemical Characteristics, Cleaning and Its Consequences. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110811. [PMID: 34832040 PMCID: PMC8623251 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) are increasingly used in dialysis and electrodialysis processes for the extraction, fractionation and concentration of valuable components, as well as reagent-free control of liquid media pH in the food industry. Fouling of IEMs is specific compared to that observed in the case of reverse or direct osmosis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, and other membrane processes. This specificity is determined by the high concentration of fixed groups in IEMs, as well as by the phenomena inherent only in electromembrane processes, i.e., induced by an electric field. This review analyzes modern scientific publications on the effect of foulants (mainly typical for the dairy, wine and fruit juice industries) on the structural, transport, mass transfer, and electrochemical characteristics of cation-exchange and anion-exchange membranes. The relationship between the nature of the foulant and the structure, physicochemical, transport properties and behavior of ion-exchange membranes in an electric field is analyzed using experimental data (ion exchange capacity, water content, conductivity, diffusion permeability, limiting current density, water splitting, electroconvection, etc.) and modern mathematical models. The implications of traditional chemical cleaning are taken into account in this analysis and modern non-destructive membrane cleaning methods are discussed. Finally, challenges for the near future were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pismenskaya
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (N.P.); (V.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Myriam Bdiri
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (M.B.); (J.F.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Veronika Sarapulova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (N.P.); (V.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Anton Kozmai
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (N.P.); (V.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Julie Fouilloux
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (M.B.); (J.F.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Lassaad Baklouti
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts at Al Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Christian Larchet
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (M.B.); (J.F.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Estelle Renard
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (M.B.); (J.F.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Lasâad Dammak
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (M.B.); (J.F.); (C.L.); (E.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-145171786
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Guha A, Kalkus TJ, Schroeder TBH, Willis OG, Rader C, Ianiro A, Mayer M. Powering Electronic Devices from Salt Gradients in AA-Battery-Sized Stacks of Hydrogel-Infused Paper. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101757. [PMID: 34165826 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Strongly electric fish use gradients of ions within their bodies to generate stunning external electrical discharges; the most powerful of these organisms, the Atlantic torpedo ray, can produce pulses of over 1 kW from its electric organs. Despite extensive study of this phenomenon in nature, the development of artificial power generation schemes based on ion gradients for portable, wearable, or implantable human use has remained out of reach. Previously, an artificial electric organ inspired by the electric eel demonstrated that electricity generated from ion gradients within stacked hydrogels can exceed 100 V. The current of this power source, however, was too low to power standard electronics. Here, an artificial electric organ inspired by the unique morphologies of torpedo rays for maximal current output is introduced. This power source uses a hybrid material of hydrogel-infused paper to create, organize, and reconfigure stacks of thin, arbitrarily large gel films in series and in parallel. The resulting increase in electrical power by almost two orders of magnitude compared to the original eel-inspired design makes it possible to power electronic devices and establishes that biology's mechanism of generating significant electrical power can now be realized from benign and soft materials in a portable size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirvan Guha
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Trevor J Kalkus
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Thomas B H Schroeder
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Oliver G Willis
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Chris Rader
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Ianiro
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Michael Mayer
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
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Investigation of ion-exchange membranes by means of chronopotentiometry: A comprehensive review on this highly informative and multipurpose technique. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 293:102439. [PMID: 34058435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrodialysis is mostly used for drinking water production but it has gained applicability in different new fields in recent decades. Membrane characteristics and ion transport properties strongly influence the efficiency of electrodialysis and must be evaluated to avoid an intense energy consumption and ensure long membrane times of usage. To this aim, conducting studies on ion transport across membranes is essential. Several dynamic characterization methods can be employed, among which, chronopotentiometry has shown special relevance because it allows a direct access to the contribution of the potential in different states of the membrane/solution system. The present paper provides a critical review on the use of chronopotentiometry to determine the main membrane transport properties and to evaluate mass transfer phenomena. Properties, such as limiting current density, electrical resistances, plateau length, transport number of counter-ions in the membrane, transition times, and apparent fraction of membrane conductive area have been intensively discussed in the literature and are presented in this review. Some of the phenomena evaluated using this technique are concentration polarization, gravitational convection, electroconvection, water dissociation, and fouling/scaling, all of them also shown herein. Mathematical and experimental studies were considered. New trends in chronopotentiometric studies should include ion-exchange membranes that have been recently developed (presenting anti-fouling, anti-microbial, and monovalent-selective properties) and a deeper discussion on the behaviour of complex solutions that have been often treated by electrodialysis, such as municipal wastewaters. New mathematical models, especially 3D ones, are also expected to be developed in the coming years.
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Raka YD, Bock R, Karoliussen H, Wilhelmsen Ø, Stokke Burheim O. The Influence of Concentration and Temperature on the Membrane Resistance of Ion Exchange Membranes and the Levelised Cost of Hydrogen from Reverse Electrodialysis with Ammonium Bicarbonate. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:135. [PMID: 33669178 PMCID: PMC7919660 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ohmic resistances of the anion and cation ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) that constitute a reverse electrodialysis system (RED) are of crucial importance for its performance. In this work, we study the influence of concentration (0.1 M, 0.5 M, 1 M and 2 M) of ammonium bicarbonate solutions on the ohmic resistances of ten commercial IEMs. We also studied the ohmic resistance at elevated temperature 313 K. Measurements have been performed with a direct two-electrode electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method. As the ohmic resistance of the IEMs depends linearly on the membrane thickness, we measured the impedance for three different layered thicknesses, and the results were normalised. To gauge the role of the membrane resistances in the use of RED for production of hydrogen by use of waste heat, we used a thermodynamic and an economic model to study the impact of the ohmic resistance of the IEMs on hydrogen production rate, waste heat required, thermochemical conversion efficiency and the levelised cost of hydrogen. The highest performance was achieved with a stack made of FAS30 and CSO Type IEMs, producing hydrogen at 8.48× 10-7 kg mmem-2s-1 with a waste heat requirement of 344 kWh kg-1 hydrogen. This yielded an operating efficiency of 9.7% and a levelised cost of 7.80 € kgH2-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Dharmendra Raka
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Kolbjørn Hejes vei 1B, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Y.D.R.); (R.B.); (H.K.)
| | - Robert Bock
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Kolbjørn Hejes vei 1B, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Y.D.R.); (R.B.); (H.K.)
| | - Håvard Karoliussen
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Kolbjørn Hejes vei 1B, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Y.D.R.); (R.B.); (H.K.)
| | | | - Odne Stokke Burheim
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Kolbjørn Hejes vei 1B, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Y.D.R.); (R.B.); (H.K.)
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Kingsbury R, Coronell O. Modeling and validation of concentration dependence of ion exchange membrane permselectivity: Significance of convection and Manning's counter-ion condensation theory. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tuning the Electrochemical Properties of Novel Asymmetric Integral Sulfonated Polysulfone Cation Exchange Membranes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020265. [PMID: 33430426 PMCID: PMC7827739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel asymmetric integral cation exchange membranes were prepared by the wet phase inversion of sulfonated polysulfone (SPSf) solutions. SPSf with different degrees of sulfonation (DS) was synthesized by variation in the amount of chlorosulfonic acid utilized as a sulfonating agent. The characterization of SPSf samples was performed using FTIR and 1H-NMR techniques. SPSf with a DS of 0.31 (0.67 meq/g corresponding ion exchange capacity) was chosen to prepare the membranes, as polymers with a higher DS resulted in poor mechanical properties and excessive swelling in water. By a systematic study, the opportunity to tune the properties of SPSf membranes by acting on the composition of the polymeric solution was demonstrated. The effect of two different phase inversion parameters, solvent type and co-solvent ratio, were investigated by morphological and electrochemical characterization. The best properties (permselectivity of 0.86 and electrical resistance of 6.3 Ω∙cm2) were obtained for the membrane prepared with 2-propanol (IPA):1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) in a 20:80 ratio. This membrane was further characterized in different solution concentrations to estimate its performance in a Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) operation. Although the estimated generated power was less than that of the commercial CMX (Neosepta) membrane, used as a benchmark, the tailor-made membrane can be considered as a cost-effective alternative, as one of the main limitations to the commercialization of RED is the high membrane price.
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Díaz JC, Kamcev J. Ionic conductivity of ion-exchange membranes: Measurement techniques and salt concentration dependence. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Díaz Nieto CH, Rabaey K, Flexer V. Membrane electrolysis for the removal of Na+ from brines for the subsequent recovery of lithium salts. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rommerskirchen A, Alders M, Wiesner F, Linnartz CJ, Kalde A, Wessling M. Process model for high salinity flow-electrode capacitive deionization processes with ion-exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sosa-Fernández PA, Post JW, Nabaala HL, Bruning H, Rijnaarts H. Experimental Evaluation of Anion Exchange Membranes for the Desalination of (Waste) Water Produced after Polymer-Flooding. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E352. [PMID: 33218012 PMCID: PMC7698788 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) has been recently proposed to desalinate polymer-flooding produced water (PFPW), a byproduct stream from the oil and gas industry rich in charged polymers. However, process performance is limited by fouling occurring on the ion-exchange membranes, particularly on the anionic ones (AEMs). Thus, this study aimed to correlate the properties of different AEMs with their performance while desalinating PFPW, ultimately evaluating their significance when fouling is to be minimized and operation improved. Six stacks containing different homogeneous and commercially available AEMs were employed to desalinate synthetic PFPW during 8-days ED experiments operated in reversal mode. AEMs recovered from the stacks were analyzed in terms of water uptake, ion-exchange capacity, permselectivity, and area resistance, and compared with virgin AEMs. Relatively small changes were measured for most of the parameters evaluated. For most AEMs, the water uptake and resistance increased, while the ion-exchange capacity (IEC) and permselectivity decreased during operation. Ultimately, AEMs with high area resistance were linked to the fast development of limiting current conditions in the stack, so this property turned out to be the most relevant when desalinating PFPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina A. Sosa-Fernández
- European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, P.O. Box 1113, 8911CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; (P.A.S.-F.); (J.W.P.); (H.L.N.)
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700EV Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jan W. Post
- European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, P.O. Box 1113, 8911CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; (P.A.S.-F.); (J.W.P.); (H.L.N.)
| | - Harrison L. Nabaala
- European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, P.O. Box 1113, 8911CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; (P.A.S.-F.); (J.W.P.); (H.L.N.)
| | - Harry Bruning
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700EV Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Huub Rijnaarts
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700EV Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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Sosa-Fernandez PA, Miedema SJ, Bruning H, Leermakers FAM, Post JW, Rijnaarts HHM. Effects of feed composition on the fouling on cation-exchange membranes desalinating polymer-flooding produced water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 584:634-646. [PMID: 33176931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Cation exchange membranes (CEMs) are subject to fouling when utilized to desalinate wastewater from the oil and gas industry, hampering their performance. The kind and extent of the fouling are most likely dependent on the composition of the stream, which in practical applications can vary significantly. EXPERIMENTS Fouling experiments were performed on commercial cation exchange membranes, which were used in electrodialysis runs to desalinate solutions of varying composition. The variations included ionic strength, type of ions, amount of viscosifying polyelectrolyte (partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide), presence of crude oil, and surfactants. Performance parameters, like electric potential and pH, were monitored during the runs, after which the membranes were recovered and analyzed. FINDINGS Fouling was detected on most CEMs and occurred mainly in the presence of the viscosifying polyelectrolyte. Under normal pH conditions (pH ~ 8), the polyelectrolyte fouled the concentrate side of the CEMs, as expected due to electrophoresis. However, by applying a current in the opposite direction, the polyelectrolyte layer could be removed. Precipitation occurred mostly on the opposite side of the membrane, with different morphology depending on the feed composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Sosa-Fernandez
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8911 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 8038, 6700 EK, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - S J Miedema
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8911 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
| | - H Bruning
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - F A M Leermakers
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 8038, 6700 EK, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - J W Post
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8911 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
| | - H H M Rijnaarts
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Avci AH, Messana DA, Santoro S, Tufa RA, Curcio E, Di Profio G, Fontananova E. Energy Harvesting from Brines by Reverse Electrodialysis Using Nafion Membranes. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E168. [PMID: 32731421 PMCID: PMC7463554 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10080168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) have consolidated applications in energy conversion and storage systems, like fuel cells and battery separators. Moreover, in the perspective to address the global need for non-carbon-based and renewable energies, salinity-gradient power (SGP) harvesting by reverse electrodialysis (RED) is attracting significant interest in recent years. In particular, brine solutions produced in desalination plants can be used as concentrated streams in a SGP-RED stack, providing a smart solution to the problem of brine disposal. Although Nafion is probably the most prominent commercial cation exchange membrane for electrochemical applications, no study has investigated yet its potential in RED. In this work, Nafion 117 and Nafion 115 membranes were tested for NaCl and NaCl + MgCl2 solutions, in order to measure the gross power density extracted under high salinity gradient and to evaluate the effect of Mg2+ (the most abundant divalent cation in natural feeds) on the efficiency in energy conversion. Moreover, performance of commercial CMX (Neosepta) and Fuji-CEM 80050 (Fujifilm) cation exchange membranes, already widely applied for RED applications, were used as a benchmark for Nafion membranes. In addition, complementary characterization (i.e., electrochemical impedance and membrane potential test) was carried out on the membranes with the aim to evaluate the predominance of electrochemical properties in different aqueous solutions. In all tests, Nafion 117 exhibited superior performance when 0.5/4.0 M NaCl fed through 500 µm-thick compartments at a linear velocity 1.5 cm·s-1. However, the gross power density of 1.38 W·m-2 detected in the case of pure NaCl solutions decreased to 1.08 W·m-2 in the presence of magnesium chloride. In particular, the presence of magnesium resulted in a drastic effect on the electrochemical properties of Fuji-CEM-80050, while the impact on other membranes investigated was less severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet H. Avci
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (A.H.A.); (D.A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Diego A. Messana
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (A.H.A.); (D.A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
- Institute on Membrane Technology of the National Research Council (ITM-CNR), at University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy;
| | - Sergio Santoro
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (A.H.A.); (D.A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Ramato Ashu Tufa
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Building 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Efrem Curcio
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; (A.H.A.); (D.A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
- SELIGENDA Membrane Technologies SrL, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Gianluca Di Profio
- Institute on Membrane Technology of the National Research Council (ITM-CNR), at University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy;
- SELIGENDA Membrane Technologies SrL, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Enrica Fontananova
- Institute on Membrane Technology of the National Research Council (ITM-CNR), at University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy;
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Gurreri L, Tamburini A, Cipollina A, Micale G. Electrodialysis Applications in Wastewater Treatment for Environmental Protection and Resources Recovery: A Systematic Review on Progress and Perspectives. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E146. [PMID: 32660014 PMCID: PMC7408617 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10070146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of studies on electrodialysis (ED) applications in wastewater treatment, outlining the current status and the future prospect. ED is a membrane process of separation under the action of an electric field, where ions are selectively transported across ion-exchange membranes. ED of both conventional or unconventional fashion has been tested to treat several waste or spent aqueous solutions, including effluents from various industrial processes, municipal wastewater or salt water treatment plants, and animal farms. Properties such as selectivity, high separation efficiency, and chemical-free treatment make ED methods adequate for desalination and other treatments with significant environmental benefits. ED technologies can be used in operations of concentration, dilution, desalination, regeneration, and valorisation to reclaim wastewater and recover water and/or other products, e.g., heavy metal ions, salts, acids/bases, nutrients, and organics, or electrical energy. Intense research activity has been directed towards developing enhanced or novel systems, showing that zero or minimal liquid discharge approaches can be techno-economically affordable and competitive. Despite few real plants having been installed, recent developments are opening new routes for the large-scale use of ED techniques in a plethora of treatment processes for wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Tamburini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (L.G.); (A.C.); (G.M.)
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Maxwell-Stefan modeling and experimental study on the ionic resistance of cation-selective membranes in concentrated lye solutions. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Mubita T, Porada S, Aerts P, van der Wal A. Heterogeneous anion exchange membranes with nitrate selectivity and low electrical resistance. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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The Effect of the NaCl Bulk Concentration on the Resistance of Ion Exchange Membranes—Measuring and Modeling. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13081946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ion exchange membranes are used in different fields of energy and separation technology such as electrodialysis, reverse electrodialysis, and fuel cells. Important aspects are permselectivity, resistance, and water transport. In this paper, we focus on the effect of the bulk NaCl concentration on the membrane resistance. Data from 36 publications containing 145 datasets using 6 different methods for measuring membrane resistance were compared. This study showed that the membrane resistance is dependent on the method of measuring. Two probable causes are identified: the application of reference electrodes and the presence of direct electrode–membrane contact. In addition, three physical and three phenomenological membrane models were tested by fitting these to the datasets. First, fits in the resistance domain were compared with fits in the conductivity domain. Resistance fits are sensitive to fluctuations in low concentrations, whereas fits in the conductivity domain are subject to nonlinear responses at high concentration. Resistance fits resulted in higher coefficients of determination (R2). Then, the six models were compared. The 1-thread model with two fit parameters was in almost all cases a good start. More improvements were difficult to test due to the restricted number of data points in most of the used publications, although this study shows that the so-called Gierke model (with 4 parameters) fits better than the 3-thread model. Phenomenological models were also tested, but they did not lead to much better fits.
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34
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Avci AH, Rijnaarts T, Fontananova E, Di Profio G, Vankelecom IF, De Vos WM, Curcio E. Sulfonated polyethersulfone based cation exchange membranes for reverse electrodialysis under high salinity gradients. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Besha AT, Tsehaye MT, Aili D, Zhang W, Tufa RA. Design of Monovalent Ion Selective Membranes for Reducing the Impacts of Multivalent Ions in Reverse Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2019; 10:membranes10010007. [PMID: 31906203 PMCID: PMC7022468 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) represents one of the most promising membrane-based technologies for clean and renewable energy production from mixing water solutions. However, the presence of multivalent ions in natural water drastically reduces system performance, in particular, the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and the output power. This effect is largely described by the “uphill transport” phenomenon, in which multivalent ions are transported against the concentration gradient. In this work, recent advances in the investigation of the impact of multivalent ions on power generation by RED are systematically reviewed along with possible strategies to overcome this challenge. In particular, the use of monovalent ion-selective membranes represents a promising alternative to reduce the negative impact of multivalent ions given the availability of low-cost materials and an easy route of membrane synthesis. A thorough assessment of the materials and methodologies used to prepare monovalent selective ion exchange membranes (both cation and anion exchange membranes) for applications in (reverse) electrodialysis is performed. Moreover, transport mechanisms under conditions of extreme salinity gradient are analyzed and compared for a better understanding of the design criteria. The ultimate goal of the present work is to propose a prospective research direction on the development of new membrane materials for effective implementation of RED under natural feed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abreham Tesfaye Besha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Science, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia;
| | - Misgina Tilahun Tsehaye
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38 000 Grenoble, France;
| | - David Aili
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Building 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China;
| | - Ramato Ashu Tufa
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Building 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
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36
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Ionizing Radiation for Preparation and Functionalization of Membranes and Their Biomedical and Environmental Applications. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9120163. [PMID: 31816943 PMCID: PMC6950004 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9120163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of ionizing radiation processing technologies has proven to be one of the most versatile ways to prepare a wide range of membranes with specific tailored functionalities, thus enabling them to be used in a variety of industrial, environmental, and biological applications. The general principle of this clean and environmental friendly technique is the use of various types of commercially available high-energy radiation sources, like 60Co, X-ray, and electron beam to initiate energy-controlled processes of free-radical polymerization or copolymerization, leading to the production of functionalized, flexible, structured membranes or to the incorporation of functional groups within a matrix composed by a low-cost polymer film. The present manuscript describes the state of the art of using ionizing radiation for the preparation and functionalization of polymer-based membranes for biomedical and environmental applications.
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Gómez-Coma L, Ortiz-Martínez VM, Carmona J, Palacio L, Prádanos P, Fallanza M, Ortiz A, Ibañez R, Ortiz I. Modeling the influence of divalent ions on membrane resistance and electric power in reverse electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Nichka VS, Mareev SA, Porozhnyy MV, Shkirskaya SA, Safronova EY, Pismenskaya ND, Nikonenko VV. Modified Microheterogeneous Model for Describing Electrical Conductivity of Membranes in Dilute Electrolyte Solutions. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751619030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Mei Y, Liu L, Lu YC, Tang CY. Reverse Electrodialysis Chemical Cell for Energy Harvesting from Controlled Acid-Base Neutralization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4640-4647. [PMID: 30916548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel reverse electrodialysis (RED) chemical cell that integrates RED with acid/base neutralization. This RED neutralization process (REDn) approximately doubled the power density compared to a conventional RED stack (REDc), thanks to the additional salinity gradients established by H+ and OH- ions as a result of the neutralization reaction. Detailed analysis shows that the power performance, i.e., the open circuit voltage and power density, of the REDn cell was greatly limited by concentration polarization and uphill transport of ions. Addressing these issues could potentially lead to an order of magnitude improvement in power density as predicted by the Nernst equation. The current study provides a simple strategy for effectively extracting energy from the neutralization of waste acid and base solutions. Future studies shall further explore the treatment of acid mine drainage and landfill leachate with the RED chemical cell as well as its extension to a wider range of reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Mei
- Department of Civil Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Electrochemical Energy and Interfaces Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territiories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Anhui Normal University , Wuhu 241000 , China
| | - Yi-Chun Lu
- Electrochemical Energy and Interfaces Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territiories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , P. R. China
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , P. R. China
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40
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Paltrinieri L, Huerta E, Puts T, van Baak W, Verver AB, Sudhölter EJ, de Smet LCPM. Functionalized Anion-Exchange Membranes Facilitate Electrodialysis of Citrate and Phosphate from Model Dairy Wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2396-2404. [PMID: 30574781 PMCID: PMC6407041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the preparation of a new, functional anion-exchange membrane (AEM), containing guanidinium groups as the anion-exchanging sites (Gu-100), is described as well as the membrane characterization by XPS, water uptake, permselectivities, and electrical resistances. The functional membrane was also employed in pH-dependent electrodialysis experiments using model dairy wastewater streams. The properties of the new membrane are compared to those of a commercially available anion-exchange membrane bearing conventional quaternary ammonium groups (Gu-0). Guanidinium was chosen for its specific binding properties toward oxyanions: e.g., phosphate. This functional moiety was covalently coupled to an acrylate monomer via a facile two-step synthesis to yield bulk-modified membranes upon polymerization. Significant differences were observed in the electrodialysis experiments for Gu-0 and Gu-100 at pH 7, showing an enhanced phosphate and citrate transport for Gu-100 in comparison to Gu-0. At pH 10 the difference is much more pronounced: for Gu-0 membranes almost no phosphate and citrate transport could be detected, while the Gu-100 membranes transported both ions significantly. We conclude that having guanidinium groups as anion-exchange sites improves the selectivity of AEMs. As the presented monomer synthesis strategy is modular, we consider the implementation of functional groups into a polymer-based membrane via the synthesis of tailor-made monomers as an important step toward selective ion transport, which is relevant for various fields, including water treatment processes and fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Paltrinieri
- Delft
University of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Wetsus−European
centre of excellence for sustainable water technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8932 PG Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Huerta
- FUJIFILM
Manufacturing Europe BV, Oudenstaart 1, 5000 LJ Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Puts
- FUJIFILM
Manufacturing Europe BV, Oudenstaart 1, 5000 LJ Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Baak
- FUJIFILM
Manufacturing Europe BV, Oudenstaart 1, 5000 LJ Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Albert B. Verver
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J.R. Sudhölter
- Delft
University of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Delft
University of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Wetsus−European
centre of excellence for sustainable water technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8932 PG Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Wageningen
University & Research, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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41
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Elucidating conductivity-permselectivity tradeoffs in electrodialysis and reverse electrodialysis by structure-property analysis of ion-exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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42
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Rijnaarts T, Reurink DM, Radmanesh F, de Vos WM, Nijmeijer K. Layer-by-layer coatings on ion exchange membranes: Effect of multilayer charge and hydration on monovalent ion selectivities. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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43
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Rijnaarts T, Moreno J, Saakes M, de Vos W, Nijmeijer K. Role of anion exchange membrane fouling in reverse electrodialysis using natural feed waters. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Paltrinieri L, Poltorak L, Chu L, Puts T, van Baak W, Sudhölter EJ, de Smet LC. Hybrid polyelectrolyte-anion exchange membrane and its interaction with phosphate. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Luque Di Salvo J, Cosenza A, Tamburini A, Micale G, Cipollina A. Long-run operation of a reverse electrodialysis system fed with wastewaters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 217:871-887. [PMID: 29660712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a Reverse ElectroDialysis (RED) system fed by unconventional wastewater solutions for long operational periods is analysed for the first time. The experimental campaign was divided in a series of five independent long-runs which combined real wastewater solutions with artificial solutions for at least 10 days. The time evolution of electrical variables, gross power output and net power output, considering also pumping losses, was monitored: power density values obtained during the long-runs are comparable to those found in literature with artificial feed solutions of similar salinity. The increase in pressure drops and the development of membrane fouling were the main detrimental factors of system performance. Pressure drops increase was related to the physical obstruction of the feed channels defined by the spacers, while membrane fouling was related to the adsorption of foulants over the membrane surfaces. In order to manage channels partial clogging and fouling, different kinds of easily implemented in situ backwashings (i.e. neutral, acid, alkaline) were adopted, without the need for an abrupt interruption of the RED unit operation. The application of periodic ElectroDialysis (ED) pulses is also tested as fouling prevention strategy. The results collected suggest that RED can be used to produce electric power by unworthy wastewaters, but additional studies are still needed to characterize better membrane fouling and further improve system performance with these solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Luque Di Salvo
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cosenza
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tamburini
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Micale
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Cipollina
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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46
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Moreno D, Hatzell MC. Influence of Feed-Electrode Concentration Differences in Flow-Electrode Systems for Capacitive Deionization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, United States
| | - Marta C. Hatzell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, United States
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47
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Rijnaarts T, Shenkute NT, Wood JA, de Vos WM, Nijmeijer K. Divalent Cation Removal by Donnan Dialysis for Improved Reverse Electrodialysis. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2018; 6:7035-7041. [PMID: 29755894 PMCID: PMC5942602 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Divalent cations in feedwater can cause significant decreases in efficiencies for membrane processes, such as reverse electrodialysis (RED). In RED, power is harvested from the mixing of river and seawater, and the obtainable voltage is reduced and the resistance is increased if divalent cations are present. The power density of the RED process can be improved by removing divalent cations from the fresh water. Here, we study divalent cation removal from fresh water using seawater as draw solution in a Donnan dialysis (DD) process. In this way, a membrane system with neither chemicals nor electrodes but only natural salinity gradients can be used to exchange divalent cations. For DD, the permselectivity of the cation exchange membrane is found to be crucial as it determines the ability to block salt leakage (also referred to as co-ion transport). Operating DD using a membrane stack achieved a 76% reduction in the divalent cation content in natural fresh water with residence times of just a few seconds. DD pretreated fresh water was then used in a RED process, which showed improved gross and net power densities of 9.0 and 6.3%, respectively. This improvement is caused by a lower fresh water resistance (at similar open circuit voltages), due to exchange of divalent for monovalent cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon Rijnaarts
- Membrane
Science & Technology, University of
Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Drienerlolaan 5, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathnael T. Shenkute
- Membrane
Science & Technology, University of
Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Drienerlolaan 5, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffery A. Wood
- Soft
Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces, University
of Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Drienerlolaan 5, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebe M. de Vos
- Membrane
Science & Technology, University of
Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Drienerlolaan 5, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Nijmeijer
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Kitty Nijmeijer. E-mail:
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49
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Micari M, Bevacqua M, Cipollina A, Tamburini A, Van Baak W, Putts T, Micale G. Effect of different aqueous solutions of pure salts and salt mixtures in reverse electrodialysis systems for closed-loop applications. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Porada S, van Egmond W, Post J, Saakes M, Hamelers H. Tailoring ion exchange membranes to enable low osmotic water transport and energy efficient electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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