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Song Y, Miao K, Liu J, Kang Y, Zou D, Zhong Z. In Situ-Grown Al 2O 3 Nanoflowers and Hydrophobic Modification Enable Superhydrophobic SiC Ceramic Membranes for Membrane Distillation. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:117. [PMID: 38786951 PMCID: PMC11123319 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14050117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) is considered a promising technology for desalination. In the MD process, membrane pores are easily contaminated and wetted, which will degrade the permeate flux and salt rejection of the membrane. In this work, SiC ceramic membranes were used as the supports, and an Al2O3 micro-nano structure was constructed on its surface. The surface energy of Al2O3@SiC micro-nano composite membranes was reduced by organosilane grafting modification. The effective deposition of Al2O3 nanoflowers on the membrane surface increased membrane roughness and enhanced the anti-fouling and anti-wetting properties of the membranes. Simultaneously, the presence of nanoflowers also regulated the pore structures and thus decreased the membrane pore size. In addition, the effects of Al2(SO4)3 concentration and sintering temperature on the surface morphology and performance of the membranes were investigated in detail. It was demonstrated that the water contact angle of the resulting membrane was 152.4°, which was higher than that of the pristine membrane (138.8°). In the treatment of saline water containing 35 g/L of NaCl, the permeate flux was about 11.1 kg⋅m-2⋅h-1 and the salt rejection was above 99.9%. Note that the pristine ceramic membrane cannot be employed for MD due to its larger membrane pore size. This work provides a new method for preparing superhydrophobic ceramic membranes for MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.S.); (K.M.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Kai Miao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.S.); (K.M.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Jinxin Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.S.); (K.M.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yutang Kang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.S.); (K.M.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Dong Zou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.S.); (K.M.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
| | - Zhaoxiang Zhong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (Y.S.); (K.M.); (J.L.); (Y.K.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Special Separation Membrane, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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2
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Hussain Mana T, Alam J, Shukla AK, Alkhudhiri A, Mohammed AN, Alhoshan M. Performance investigation of poly(vinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene) membranes containing SiO 2 nanoparticles in a newly designed single vacuum membrane distillation system. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e10980. [PMID: 38267391 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The current study focuses on the development of a superhydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene) nanocomposite membrane suitable for vacuum membrane distillation by incorporating SiO2 nanoparticles. At loading hydrophobic nano-SiO2 particle concentration (0.50-1.50 wt.%), the developed nanocomposite membranes are optimized in terms of vacuum membrane distillation performance. The influence of temperature, vacuum pressure, and feed water flow is studied for desalinating high-salinity brine. The results show that the developed vacuum distillation membrane is capable of 95% salt rejection during the treatment of a highly saline feed (65,000 ppm) at fixed flow rates of 120 L/h saline feed and different operating conditions consisting of feed inlet temperatures ranging from 40°C to 70°C and distillate inlet temperatures of 7-15°C. The vacuum membrane distillation process achieves 0.38-1.66% water recovery with increasing concentration factor, meaning that recovery is increased, and shows a specific electrical energy consumption of 5.16-23.90 kWh/m3 for product water. Overall, the newly designed membrane demonstrates suitability for a vacuum membrane distillation system. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Desalinate high-salinity brine (TDS > 35,000 ppm) using a vacuum membrane distillation system. A hydrophobic PVDF-HFP/SiO2 nanocomposite membrane development for vacuum membrane distillation. A newly designed single vacuum membrane distillation system for RO brine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turki Hussain Mana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Desalination Technologies Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Alam
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun Kumar Shukla
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alkhudhiri
- Desalination Technologies Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Najib Mohammed
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Alhoshan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Chang H, Zhu Y, Huang L, Yan Z, Qu F, Liang H. Mineral scaling induced membrane wetting in membrane distillation for water treatment: Fundamental mechanism and mitigation strategies. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120807. [PMID: 37924685 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The scaling-induced wetting phenomenon seriously affects the application of membrane distillation (MD) technology in hypersaline wastewater treatment. Unlike the large amount of researches on membrane scaling and membrane wetting, scaling-induced wetting is not sufficiently studied. In this work, the current research evolvement of scaling-induced wetting in MD was systematically summarized. Firstly, the theories involving scaling-induced wetting were discussed, including evaluation of scaling potential of specific solutions, classical and non-classical crystal nucleation and growth theories, observation and evolution of scaling-induced processes. Secondly, the primary pretreatment methods for alleviating scaling-induced wetting were discussed in detail, focusing on adding agents composed of coagulation, precipitation, oxidation, adsorption and scale inhibitors, filtration including granular filtration, membrane filtration and mesh filtration and application of external fields including sound, light, heat, electromagnetism, magnetism and aeration. Then, the roles of operation conditions and cleaning conditions in alleviating scaling-induced wetting were evaluated. The main operation parameters included temperature, flow rate, pressure, ultrasound, vibration and aeration, while different types of cleaning reagents, cleaning frequency and a series of assisted cleaning measures were summarized. Finally, the challenges and future needs in the application of nucleation theory to scaling-induced wetting, the speculation, monitoring and mitigation of scaling-induced wetting were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China.
| | - Yingyuan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Lin Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Zhongsen Yan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Fangshu Qu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Carmona B, Abejón R. Innovative Membrane Technologies for the Treatment of Wastewater Polluted with Heavy Metals: Perspective of the Potential of Electrodialysis, Membrane Distillation, and Forward Osmosis from a Bibliometric Analysis. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:385. [PMID: 37103812 PMCID: PMC10145262 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A bibliometric analysis, using the Scopus database as a source, was carried out in order to study the scientific documents published up to 2021 regarding the use of electrodialysis, membrane distillation, and forward osmosis for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. A total of 362 documents that fulfilled the search criteria were found, and the results from the corresponding analysis revealed that the number of documents greatly increased after the year 2010, although the first document was published in 1956. The exponential evolution of the scientific production related to these innovative membrane technologies confirmed an increasing interest from the scientific community. The most prolific country was Denmark, which contributed 19.3% of the published documents, followed by the two main current scientific superpowers: China and the USA (with 17.4% and 7.5% contributions, respectively). Environmental Science was the most common subject (55.0% of contributions), followed by Chemical Engineering (37.3% of contributions) and Chemistry (36.5% of contribution). The prevalence of electrodialysis over the other two technologies was clear in terms of relative frequency of the keywords. An analysis of the main hot topics identified the main advantages and drawbacks of each technology, and revealed that examples of their successful implementation beyond the lab scale are still scarce. Therefore, complete techno-economic evaluation of the treatment of wastewater polluted with heavy metals via these innovative membrane technologies must be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Carmona
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago 9170019, Chile
| | - Ricardo Abejón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago 9170019, Chile
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Gayatri R, Fizal ANS, Yuliwati E, Hossain MS, Jaafar J, Zulkifli M, Taweepreda W, Ahmad Yahaya AN. Preparation and Characterization of PVDF-TiO 2 Mixed-Matrix Membrane with PVP and PEG as Pore-Forming Agents for BSA Rejection. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1023. [PMID: 36985917 PMCID: PMC10057082 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric membranes offer straightforward modification methods that make industry scaling affordable and easy; however, these materials are hydrophobic, prone to fouling, and vulnerable to extreme operating conditions. Various attempts were made in this study to fix the challenges in using polymeric membranes and create mixed-matrix membrane (MMMs) with improved properties and hydrophilicity by adding titanium dioxide (TiO2) and pore-forming agents to hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The PVDF mixed-matrix ultrafiltration membranes in this study were made using the non-solvent phase inversion approach which is a simple and effective method for increasing the hydrophilic nature of membranes. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as pore-forming chemicals were created. Pure water flux, BSA flux, and BSA rejection were calculated to evaluate the mixed-matrix membrane's efficiency. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution was employed in this study to examine the protein rejection ability. Increases in hydrophilicity, viscosity, and flux in pure water and BSA solution were achieved using PVP and PEG additives. The PVDF membrane's hydrophilicity was raised with the addition of TiO2, showing an increased contact angle to 71°. The results show that the PVDF-PVP-TiO2 membrane achieved its optimum water flux of 97 L/(m2h) while the PVDF-PEG-TiO2 membrane rejected BSA at a rate greater than 97%. The findings demonstrate that use of a support or additive improved filtration performance compared to a pristine polymeric membrane by increasing its hydrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianyza Gayatri
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian, Alor Gajah 78000, Melaka, Malaysia; (R.G.); (A.N.S.F.); (M.Z.)
- Polymer Science Program, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand;
| | - Ahmad Noor Syimir Fizal
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian, Alor Gajah 78000, Melaka, Malaysia; (R.G.); (A.N.S.F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Erna Yuliwati
- Program Study of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Jalan A. Yani 13 Ulu Kota, Palembang 30263, Indonesia;
| | - Md Sohrab Hossain
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia;
| | - Juhana Jaafar
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Muzafar Zulkifli
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian, Alor Gajah 78000, Melaka, Malaysia; (R.G.); (A.N.S.F.); (M.Z.)
| | - Wirach Taweepreda
- Polymer Science Program, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand;
| | - Ahmad Naim Ahmad Yahaya
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian, Alor Gajah 78000, Melaka, Malaysia; (R.G.); (A.N.S.F.); (M.Z.)
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A novel UiO-66-NH2/graphene oxide composite thin membrane for retarding membrane wetting in membrane distillation. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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7
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Fluoropolymer Membranes for Membrane Distillation and Membrane Crystallization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245439. [PMID: 36559805 PMCID: PMC9782556 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoropolymer membranes are applied in membrane operations such as membrane distillation and membrane crystallization where hydrophobic porous membranes act as a physical barrier separating two phases. Due to their hydrophobic nature, only gaseous molecules are allowed to pass through the membrane and are collected on the permeate side, while the aqueous solution cannot penetrate. However, these two processes suffer problems such as membrane wetting, fouling or scaling. Membrane wetting is a common and undesired phenomenon, which is caused by the loss of hydrophobicity of the porous membrane employed. This greatly affects the mass transfer efficiency and separation efficiency. Simultaneously, membrane fouling occurs, along with membrane wetting and scaling, which greatly reduces the lifespan of the membranes. Therefore, strategies to improve the hydrophobicity of membranes have been widely investigated by researchers. In this direction, hydrophobic fluoropolymer membrane materials are employed more and more for membrane distillation and membrane crystallization thanks to their high chemical and thermal resistance. This paper summarizes different preparation methods of these fluoropolymer membrane, such as non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS), thermally-induced phase separation (TIPS), vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS), etc. Hydrophobic modification methods, including surface coating, surface grafting and blending, etc., are also introduced. Moreover, the research advances on the application of less toxic solvents for preparing these membranes are herein reviewed. This review aims to provide guidance to researchers for their future membrane development in membrane distillation and membrane crystallization, using fluoropolymer materials.
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Alsebaeai MK, Ahmad AL, Seng OB. Potential effects of nano‐fumed silica particles (NFS)/PVDF mixed matrix hollow fiber membrane on the performance of direct contact membrane distillation. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Karama Alsebaeai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Penang 14300 Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Petroleum Hadhramout University Hadhramout Yemen
| | - Abdul Latif Ahmad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Penang 14300 Malaysia
| | - Ooi Boon Seng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Penang 14300 Malaysia
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Chang J, Chang H, Meng Y, Zhao H, Lu M, Liang Y, Yan Z, Liang H. Effects of surfactant types on membrane wetting and membrane hydrophobicity recovery in direct contact membrane distillation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Zuo J, Chow CA, Dumée LF, Prince AJ. A Zero-Brine Discharge Seawater Desalination Using a Pilot-Scale Membrane Distillation System Integrated with Crystallizer. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:799. [PMID: 36005714 PMCID: PMC9414708 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The management of brines generated from reverse osmosis operation remains a critical challenge requiring new approaches and processes to limit the impact of brine discharge onto ecosystems and to enhance both water and valuable resource recovery. The treatment of real seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) brines (45,000 ppm TDS) obtained from a local Singaporean desalination plant with a crystallizer integrated pilot-scale membrane distillation unit (MDC) was studied. Commercial STOMATE® hollow fiber membranes were used in vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) configuration, leading to an average flux of around 3.7 L/m2-h at a permeate vacuum of 80 kPa and an average feed temperature of 65 °C. Consistent separation operations were achieved for the treatment of real SWRO brine over a period of 280 h; this led to a water recovery of >95% and to the collection of salt slurries, containing up to ~10−20 wt% of moisture, from the crystallizer. This approach demonstrates the potential of MDC systems to achieve zero brine discharge efficiently from seawater desalination systems, providing an environmentally friendly alternative to manage brines by increasing water recovery and generating salt slurries of economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zuo
- Food Chemical and Biotechnology, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683, Singapore
| | - Chin Ann Chow
- Food Chemical and Biotechnology, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683, Singapore
| | - Ludovic F. Dumée
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Treatment (CMAT), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Antony J. Prince
- Memsift Innovations Pte Ltd., 192 Pandan Loop, Singapore 128381, Singapore
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Hu CC, Yeh HH, Hu CP, Lecaros RLG, Cheng CC, Hung WS, Tsai HA, Lee KR, Lai JY. The influence of intermediate layer and graphene oxide modification on the CO2 capture efficiency of Pebax-GO/PDMS/PSf mixed matrix composite membranes. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Spectral and Structural Properties of High-Quality Reduced Graphene Oxide Produced via a Simple Approach Using Tetraethylenepentamine. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081240. [PMID: 35457948 PMCID: PMC9031607 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple temperature-assisted solution interaction technique was used to functionalize and reduce graphene oxide (GO) using tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) with less chemicals, low temperature, and without using other reducing agents. GO nanosheets, produced using a modified Hummers’ method, were functionalized using two different GO:TEPA ratios (1:5 and 1:10). The reduction of GO was evaluated and confirmed by different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The FTIR and XPS spectra revealed that most of the oxygenated groups of GO were reduced. The emergence of amide groups in the XPS survey of the rGO-TEPA samples confirmed the successful reaction of TEPA with the carboxyl groups on the edges of GO. The replacement of the oxygenated groups increased the carbon/oxygen (C/O) ratio of GO by approximately 60%, suggesting a good reduction degree. It was found that the I2D/ID+D′ ratio and the relative intensity of the D″ band clearly increased after the reduction reaction, suggesting that these bands are good estimators for the reduction degree of GO. The morphological structure of GO was also affected by the reaction with TEPA, which was confirmed by SEM and TEM images. The TEM images showed that the transparent GO sheets became denser and opaque after functionalization with TEPA, indicating an increase in the stacking level of the GO sheets. This was further confirmed by the XRD analysis, which showed a clear decrease in the d-spacing, caused by the removal of oxygenated groups during the reduction reaction.
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Zhang T, Huang H, Zhang W, Lu Z, Shen M, Liu T, Bai J, Yang Y, Zhang J. Free-standing hybrid film for separation of dye pollutant with self-cleaning ability under visible light. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132725. [PMID: 34718025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of low cost and environmental-friendly materials has long been an ambition for effective removal of dye pollutants in complex water environments. In this study, a free-standing separation film of bacterial cellulose reinforced/functionalized by graphitic phase carbon nitride is developed by a facile suction filtration strategy, of which the former is precoated by polypyrrole, and the latter is pre-doped by oxygen to endow the as-obtained film an enhanced photocatalytic performance and self-cleaning ability. The as-obtained film exhibits a high tensile stress of 51.8 ± 1.1 MPa, and a high resistance to cold, heat, acid and alkali. For typical dyes of methylene blue and rhodamine B, a high dye rejection rate of 99.9% at 138 L/m2•h•bar feed flux is obtained by the as-obtained film. Even at a salt concentration higher than 5%, it still maintained high dye removal rates and achieves effective separation of dye and salt. Simultaneously, a high dye photocatalytic degradation of the composite films rates up to 98% in only 90 min, and a high self-cleaning ability demonstrated by recovery of flux after light treatment in cyclic tests. The density functional theory calculation validates the beneficial effects of improved light response range and separated photogenerated electron/holes for the effective degradation of dyes by oxygen-doped carbon nitride coupled with one-dimensional polypyrrole chains. Overall, this study proposes a new direction for the separation of dye pollutants with a high visible-light self-cleaning capacity by structural tailoring of bacterial cellulose with carbon nitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmeng Zhang
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, PR China.
| | - Haimeng Huang
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, PR China.
| | - Zhiyong Lu
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, PR China.
| | - Mingxia Shen
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, PR China.
| | - Tao Liu
- N-Tech Environment Protection Science and Technology (ChangZhou) Co., Ltd., Changzhou, 213100, China.
| | - Jie Bai
- N-Tech Environment Protection Science and Technology (ChangZhou) Co., Ltd., Changzhou, 213100, China.
| | - Yan Yang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center on Utilization of Alternative Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, PR China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center on Utilization of Alternative Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211100, China.
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Zhang T, Guo X, Solomon B, Sharifpur M, Zhang LZ. A hydrophobic-hydrophilic MXene/PVDF composite hollow fiber membrane with enhanced antifouling properties for seawater desalination. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Robust ultrathin nanoporous MOF membrane with intra-crystalline defects for fast water transport. Nat Commun 2022; 13:266. [PMID: 35017513 PMCID: PMC8752604 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rational design of high-performance stable metal–organic framework (MOF) membranes is challenging, especially for the sustainable treatment of hypersaline waters to address critical global environmental issues. Herein, a molecular-level intra-crystalline defect strategy combined with a selective layer thinning protocol is proposed to fabricate robust ultrathin missing-linker UiO-66 (ML-UiO-66) membrane to enable fast water permeation. Besides almost complete salt rejection, high and stable water flux is achieved even under long-term pervaporation operation in hash environments, which effectively addresses challenging stability issues. Then, detailed structural characterizations are employed to identify the type, chemical functionality, and density of intra-crystalline missing-linker defects. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations shed light on the positive atomistic role of these defects, which are responsible for substantially enhancing structural hydrophilicity and enlarging pore window, consequently allowing ultra-fast water transport via a lower-energy-barrier pathway across three-dimensional sub-nanochannels during pervaporation. Unlike common unfavorable defect effects, the present positive intra-crystalline defect engineering concept at the molecular level is expected to pave a promising way toward not only rational design of next-generation MOF membranes with enhanced permeation performance, but additional water treatment applications. The development of highly water-permeable membranes is key for the treatment of high salinity waters. Here the authors enhance the water permeability of a metal-organic framework nanoporous membrane via an intra-crystalline defect engineering strategy.
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El-badawy T, Othman MHD, Matsuura T, Bilad MR, Adam MR, Tai ZS, Ravi J, Ismail A, Rahman MA, Jaafar J, Usman J, Kurniawan TA. Progress in treatment of oilfield produced water using membrane distillation and potentials for beneficial re-use. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Eryildiz B, Ozbey-Unal B, Gezmis-Yavuz E, Koseoglu-Imer DY, Keskinler B, Koyuncu I. Flux-enhanced reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/PVDF nanofibrous membrane distillation membranes for the removal of boron from geothermal water. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Ravi J, Othman MHD, Tai ZS, El-badawy T, Matsuura T, Kurniawan TA. Comparative DCMD performance of hydrophobic-hydrophilic dual-layer hollow fibre PVDF membranes incorporated with different concentrations of carbon-based nanoparticles. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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19
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Alkhouzaam A, Qiblawey H. Functional GO-based membranes for water treatment and desalination: Fabrication methods, performance and advantages. A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129853. [PMID: 33581397 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) and GO-based materials have gained a significant interest in the membrane synthesis and functionalization sector in the recent years. Inspired by their unique and tuneable properties, several GO-based nanomaterials have been investigated and utilized as effective nanofillers for various membranes in the water treatment, purification and desalination sectors. This paper comprehensively reviews the recent advances of GO utilization in pressure, concentration and thermal-driven membrane processes. A brief overview on GO particles, properties, synthesis and functionalization methods was provided. The conventional and the state-of-art fabrication methods of GO-based membranes were summarized and discussed, and consequently the GO-based membranes were classified into different categories. The applications, types, and the performance in terms of flux and rejection were summarized and reviewed. The advantages of GO-based membranes in terms of antifouling properties, bactericidal effects, mechanical strength and stability have been reviewed, too. The review gives insights on the future perspectives of GO functional materials and their potential use in the various membrane processes discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abedalkader Alkhouzaam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hazim Qiblawey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box, 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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20
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Li Y, Qian J, Zhao D, Song R. Preparation of perovskite CsPb(Br x I 1-x ) 3 quantum dots at room temperature. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18432-18439. [PMID: 35480956 PMCID: PMC9033440 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02772g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we propose a method for preparing red perovskite CsPb(BrxI1−x)3 quantum dots (QDs) at room temperature. The PL emission peak of the QDs is close to 650 nm, and the full width at half maximum reaches 61 nm. The red CsPb(BrxI1−x)3 QDs with higher water stability are obtained successfully at room temperature by adjusting the proportion of halogen elements and incorporating polystyrene. At the same time, the red QDs are combined with a blue light-emitting diode to prepare a white light-emitting device (WLED). Compared with the WLED based on the Ce-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG:Ce) phosphor alone, the new WLED based on QDs exhibits a reduced correlated color temperature of 2976 K, while achieving a lumen efficiency of 55.3 lm W−1, which provides a feasible solution for future research on light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Here, we propose a method for preparing red perovskite CsPb(BrxI1−x)3 quantum dots (QDs) at room temperature and successfully applied to WLEDs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University 129 Luoyu St. Hongshan Wuhan China
| | - Jun Qian
- School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University 129 Luoyu St. Hongshan Wuhan China .,Lab of Green Platemaking and Standardization for Flexographic Printing, Shanghai Publishing and Printing College Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Di Zhao
- School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University 129 Luoyu St. Hongshan Wuhan China
| | - Rong Song
- School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University 129 Luoyu St. Hongshan Wuhan China
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21
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Advances in seawater membrane distillation (SWMD) towards stand-alone zero liquid discharge (ZLD) desalination. REV CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Seawater membrane distillation (SWMD) is a promising separation technology due to its ability to operate as a stand-alone desalination unit operation. This paper reviews approaches to improve laboratory-to-pilot-scale MD performance, which comprise operational strategies, module design, and specifically tailored membranes. A detailed comparison of SWMD and sea water reverse osmosis is presented to further analyze the critical shortcomings of SWMD. The unique features of SWMD, namely the ability to operate with extremely high salt rejection and at extreme feed concentration, highlight the SWMD potential to be operated under zero liquid discharge (ZLD) conditions, which results in the production of high-purity water and simultaneous salt recovery, as well as the elimination of the brine disposal cost. However, technical challenges, such as thermal energy requirements, inefficient heat transfer and integration, low water recovery factors, and lack of studies on real-case valuable-salt recovery, are impeding the commercialization of ZLD SWMD. This review highlights the possibility of applying selected strategies to push forward ZLD SWMD commercialization. Suggestions are projected to include intermittent removal of valuable salts, in-depth study on the robustness of novel membranes, module and configuration, utilization of a low-cost heat exchanger, and capital cost reduction in a renewable-energy-integrated SWMD plant.
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22
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Lin Y, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Zhang M, Li D, Deng G, Guan L, Dong M. Studies on the electrostatic effects of stretched PVDF films and nanofibers. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:79. [PMID: 33939029 PMCID: PMC8093351 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The electroactive β-phase in Poly (vinylidene fluoride, PVDF) is the most desirable conformation due to its highest pyro- and piezoelectric properties, which make it feasible to be used as flexible sensors, wearable electronics, and energy harvesters etc. In this study, we successfully developed a method to obtain high-content β-phase PVDF films and nanofiber meshes by mechanical stretching and electric spinning. The phase transition process and pyro- and piezoelectric effects of stretched films and nanofiber meshes were characterized by monitoring the polarized light microscopy (PLM) images, outputting currents and open-circuit voltages respectively, which were proved to be closely related to stretching ratio (λ) and concentrations. This study could expand a new route for the easy fabrication and wide application of PVDF films or fibers in wearable electronics, sensors, and energy harvesting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dalong Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology At Weihai, Weihai, 264209 Shandong People’s Republic of China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gaofeng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Environment, China Academy of Building Research, Beijing, 100013 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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23
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Deng W, Fan T, Li Y. In situ biomineralization-constructed superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic PVDF-TiO2 membranes for superior antifouling separation of oil-in-water emulsions. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.119030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Nawaz H, Umar M, Ullah A, Razzaq H, Zia KM, Liu X. Polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposite super hydrophilic membrane integrated with Polyaniline-Graphene oxide nano fillers for treatment of textile effluents. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123587. [PMID: 32791478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution from the fashion industries containing dyes has become a major source of water pollution. These anthropogenic contaminated waters directly enter irrigation and drinking water systems, causing irreversible environmental damage to human health. Nanomembrane technology has attracted extensive attention to remove these toxic chemicals but new approaches are still required for improving removal efficiency and control the channel size. The work deals with the fabrication of a novel hybrid polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-polyaniline (PANI) membrane with graphene oxide (GO). Incorporation of PANI-GO as a nanofiller has significantly improved antifouling properties and a solvent content of the fabricated membrane. Besides, pure water flux also increases from 112 to 454 L m-2 h-1 indicating the hydrophilic nature of the nanocomposite membrane. Among various compositions, the nanocomposites membrane with 0.1 %w/v GO demonstrated a maximum of 98 % dye rejection at 0.1 MPa operating pressure. After multiple testing of the membrane, the flux recovery ratio reached about 94 % and dyes rejection improved with the addition of PANI-GO. The removal efficiency of the composite membrane for Allura red is 98 % and for methyl orange is 95 %. Based on the above results the PVDF/PANI/GO membranes are recommended for practical use in wastewater treatment, particularly for anionic dyes removal from textile effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hifza Nawaz
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan; Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Muhammad Umar
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Azeem Ullah
- Nano Fusion Technology Research Lab, Institute for Fiber Engineering (IFES), Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Humaira Razzaq
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Khalid Mahmood Zia
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38030, Pakistan.
| | - Xuqing Liu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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25
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Alkhouzaam A, Qiblawey H. Novel polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes incorporating polydopamine functionalized graphene oxide with enhanced flux and fouling resistance. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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26
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Step-by-step improvement of mixed-matrix nanofiber membrane with functionalized graphene oxide for desalination via air-gap membrane distillation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Alkhouzaam A, Qiblawey H, Khraisheh M. Polydopamine Functionalized Graphene Oxide as Membrane Nanofiller: Spectral and Structural Studies. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:86. [PMID: 33513669 PMCID: PMC7910935 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-degree functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles (NPs) using polydopamine (PDA) was conducted to produce polydopamine functionalized graphene oxide nanoparticles (GO-PDA NPs). Aiming to explore their potential use as nanofiller in membrane separation processes, the spectral and structural properties of GO-PDA NPs were comprehensively analyzed. GO NPs were first prepared by the oxidation of graphite via a modified Hummers method. The obtained GO NPs were then functionalized with PDA using a GO:PDA ratio of 1:2 to obtain highly aminated GO NPs. The structural change was evaluated using XRD, FTIR-UATR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM and TEM. Several bands have emerged in the FTIR spectra of GO-PDA attributed to the amine groups of PDA confirming the high functionalization degree of GO NPs. Raman spectra and XRD patterns showed different crystalline structures and defects and higher interlayer spacing of GO-PDA. The change in elemental compositions was confirmed by XPS and CHNSO elemental analysis and showed an emerging N 1s core-level in the GO-PDA survey spectra corresponding to the amine groups of PDA. GO-PDA NPs showed better dispersibility in polar and nonpolar solvents expanding their potential utilization for different purposes. Furthermore, GO and GO-PDA-coated membranes were prepared via pressure-assisted self-assembly technique (PAS) using low concentrations of NPs (1 wt. %). Contact angle measurements showed excellent hydrophilic properties of GO-PDA with an average contact angle of (27.8°).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hazim Qiblawey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (A.A.); (M.K.)
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28
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Preparation of hydrophobic zeolitic imidazolate framework-71 (ZIF-71)/PVDF hollow fiber composite membrane for membrane distillation through dilute solution coating. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Tofighy MA, Mohammadi T, Sadeghi MH. High‐flux
PVDF
/
PVP
nanocomposite ultrafiltration membrane incorporated with graphene oxide nanoribbones with improved antifouling properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ahmadzadeh Tofighy
- Center of Excellence for Membrane Science and Technology, Department of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) Tehran Iran
| | - Toraj Mohammadi
- Center of Excellence for Membrane Science and Technology, Department of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Sadeghi
- Center of Excellence for Membrane Science and Technology, Department of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) Tehran Iran
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30
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Ramlow H, Machado RAF, Bierhalz ACK, Marangoni C. Dye synthetic solution treatment by direct contact membrane distillation using commercial membranes. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:2253-2265. [PMID: 30569840 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1561758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of treated dyeing wastewater has become a viable option to minimizing water scarcity problems and environmental impacts in the textile industry. The potentiality of commercial flat sheet membranes of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polypropylene (PP) in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) for dye synthetic solution treatment has been explored in this work. DCMD is interesting for the textile industry since a recovery of heat by hot dyeing wastewater for thermal energy is possible. Moreover, DCMD enables water and dye reclamation with possible reuse in the textile process. The commercial availability of membranes may expedite the DCMD commercialization in the textile industry. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory-scale circulating unit with synthetic solutions containing reactive or disperse dye. High mean permeate flux up to 18.8 kg m-2 h-1 with complete colour rejection was obtained. The dyes tested in this study are not able to completely wet the membranes and the increase of the permeate flux when compared to distilled water is attributed to electrostatic interactions between the dyes and the membranes. Moreover, a partial wetting reduced vapour diffusion path and the permeate flux was increased. PP membrane showed higher performance due to higher porosity when compared to the PTFE membrane. In addition, an influence of dye class on permeability was observed. The results were promising when compared to other studies, which used commercial or lab-scale membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Ramlow
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cintia Marangoni
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Department of Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau, Brazil
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31
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Zou L, Gusnawan P, Jiang YB, Zhang G, Yu J. Macrovoid-Inhibited PVDF Hollow Fiber Membranes via Spinning Process Delay for Direct Contact Membrane Distillation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:28655-28668. [PMID: 32469495 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane was fabricated through water-induced dope crystallization by allowing a facile spinning process delay (SPD) in the nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) process for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). The SPD was achieved by the addition of a small amount of water to the PVDF dope solution that was held in a closed container for a particular time. The crystalline property of the PVDF dope solution was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The obtained PVDF hollow fiber membranes were characterized with different techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and the mechanical strength. Both the formation mechanism and properties were studied for the membranes with different SPD times. The results showed that macrovoid-inhibited PVDF membranes were obtained from 12 days of the SPD via the crystallization-dominated membrane formation process. The obtained membrane 4D-12 exhibited desirable membrane structure and properties for DCMD, which includes an improved liquid entry pressure of 2.25 bar, a surface water contact angle of 129°, a maximum pore size of 0.40 μm, and a mean pore size of 0.34 μm. The membrane 4D-12 possessed a twofold increase in both energy efficiency and permeate water flux in DCMD and stable permeate water flux and salt rejection through 224 h of continuous desalination operation. Compared to the commonly used approach by adding chemicals to the external coagulant, the SPD method provided a low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative to pursuing the macrovoid-free PVDF membranes for DCMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusi Zou
- Petroleum Recovery Research Center, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
- Materials Engineering Department, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
| | - Pri Gusnawan
- Petroleum Recovery Research Center, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
- Materials Engineering Department, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
| | - Ying-Bing Jiang
- TEM/FIB Laboratory, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Guoyin Zhang
- Petroleum Recovery Research Center, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
| | - Jianjia Yu
- Petroleum Recovery Research Center, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
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32
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Membrane distillation: Progress in the improvement of dedicated membranes for enhanced hydrophobicity and desalination performance. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Engineering construction of robust superhydrophobic two-tier composite membrane with interlocked structure for membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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34
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Chen Y, Lu KJ, Chung TS. An omniphobic slippery membrane with simultaneous anti-wetting and anti-scaling properties for robust membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Improved desalination properties of hydrophobic GO-incorporated PVDF electrospun nanofibrous composites for vacuum membrane distillation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Arumugham T, Kaleekkal NJ, Rana D, Sathiyanarayanan KI. PFOM fillers embedded PVDF/cellulose dual-layered membranes with hydrophobic-hydrophilic channels for desalination via direct contact membrane distillation process. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41462-41474. [PMID: 35541587 PMCID: PMC9076459 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08945d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research work, novel perfluorooctanoic acid-modified melamine (PFOM) was synthesized as a hydrophobic filler using a facile one-pot synthesis. PFOM incorporating polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) solution was cast on a cellulose sheet to prepare a dual-layered membrane employing the phase-inversion technique for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) application. The influence of PFOM to tailor the dual-layered membrane performance was then investigated. The long perfluoro chain in PFOM hydrophobic fillers increased the surface roughness of the membranes due to its random overlapping with PVDF backbone, and these membranes exhibited a higher water contact angle value. The increase in pore size and membrane porosity did not significantly influence the liquid entry pressure of water (LEPw). The microporous membranes displayed good mechanical strength for use in the test setup. Pure water permeation was the highest (6.9 kg m-2 h-1) for membrane (M1) with 1 wt% of PFOM when tested with a simulated sea-water solution (3.5% w/v NaCl) in the direct contact distillation mode. These membranes also achieved the theoretical salt-rejection of 99.9%, thus confirming the potential of these membranes to be investigated for large scale membrane distillation (MD) applications like desalination of seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaivelan Arumugham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Vellore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Noel Jacob Kaleekkal
- Membrane Separation Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC) Kerala India
| | - Dipak Rana
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Industrial Membrane Research Institute, University of Ottawa 161 Louis Pasteur St. Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Kulathu Iyer Sathiyanarayanan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Vellore Tamil Nadu India
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37
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Abejón R, Saidani H, Deratani A, Richard C, Sánchez-Marcano J. Concentration of 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone in Aqueous Solutions by Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation: From Bench to Industrial Scale. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9120158. [PMID: 31779174 PMCID: PMC6950459 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9120158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) is a useful option for dehydration of aqueous solvent solutions. This study investigated the technical viability and competitiveness of the use of SGMD to concentrate aqueous solutions of 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), a dipolar aprotic solvent. The concentration from 30% to 50% of aqueous DMI solutions was attained in a bench installation with Liqui-Cel SuperPhobic® hollow-fiber membranes. The selected membranes resulted in low vapor flux (below 0.15 kg/h·m2) but were also effective for minimization of DMI losses through the membranes, since these losses were maintained below 1% of the evaporated water flux. This fact implied that more than 99.2% of the DMI fed to the system was recovered in the produced concentrated solution. The influence of temperature and flowrate of the feed and sweep gas streams was analyzed to develop simple empirical models that represented the vapor permeation and DMI losses through the hollow-fiber membranes. The proposed models were successfully applied to the scaling-up of the process with a preliminary multi-objective optimization of the process based on the simultaneous minimization of the total membrane area, the heat requirement and the air consumption. Maximal feed temperature and air flowrate (and the corresponding high operation costs) were optimal conditions, but the excessive membrane area required implied an uncompetitive alternative for direct industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Abejón
- Institut Européen des Membranes UMR 5635, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, CC 047, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France; (R.A.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Hafedh Saidani
- Institut Européen des Membranes UMR 5635, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, CC 047, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France; (R.A.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
| | - André Deratani
- Institut Européen des Membranes UMR 5635, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, CC 047, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France; (R.A.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
| | | | - José Sánchez-Marcano
- Institut Européen des Membranes UMR 5635, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, CC 047, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France; (R.A.); (H.S.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Li Z, Xu ZL, Huang BQ, Li YX, Wang M. Three-channel stainless steel hollow fiber membrane with inner layer modified by nano-TiO2 coating method for the separation of oil-in-water emulsions. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Effects of Pluronic F127 on phase inversion and membrane formation of PAN hollow fibers for air filtration. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Khorramdel H, Dabiri E, Tabrizi FF, Galehdari M. Synthesis and characterization of graphene acid membrane with ultrafast and selective water transport channels. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Wu P, Jiang LY, Hu B. Fabrication of novel PVDF/P(VDF-co-HFP) blend hollow fiber membranes for DCMD. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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42
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Venault A, Chiang CH, Chang HY, Hung WS, Chang Y. Graphene oxide/PVDF VIPS membranes for switchable, versatile and gravity-driven separation of oil and water. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Athanasekou C, Sapalidis A, Katris I, Savopoulou E, Beltsios K, Tsoufis T, Kaltzoglou A, Falaras P, Bounos G, Antoniou M, Boutikos P, Romanos GE. Mixed Matrix PVDF/Graphene and Composite-Skin PVDF/Graphene Oxide Membranes Applied in Membrane Distillation. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Athanasekou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos; Agia Paraskevi, Athens 153 41 Greece
| | - A. Sapalidis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos; Agia Paraskevi, Athens 153 41 Greece
| | - I. Katris
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos; Agia Paraskevi, Athens 153 41 Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Ioannina; 45110 Ioannina Greece
| | - E. Savopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos; Agia Paraskevi, Athens 153 41 Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Ioannina; 45110 Ioannina Greece
| | - K. Beltsios
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Ioannina; 45110 Ioannina Greece
| | - T. Tsoufis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos; Agia Paraskevi, Athens 153 41 Greece
| | - A. Kaltzoglou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos; Agia Paraskevi, Athens 153 41 Greece
| | - P. Falaras
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos; Agia Paraskevi, Athens 153 41 Greece
| | - G. Bounos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos; Agia Paraskevi, Athens 153 41 Greece
| | - M. Antoniou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos; Agia Paraskevi, Athens 153 41 Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Ioannina; 45110 Ioannina Greece
| | - P. Boutikos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos; Agia Paraskevi, Athens 153 41 Greece
| | - G. Em. Romanos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos; Agia Paraskevi, Athens 153 41 Greece
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Wang LY, Yu LE, Lai JY, Chung TS. Developing ultra-high gas permeance PVDF hollow fibers for air filtration applications. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu Y, Xiao T, Bao C, Fu Y, Yang X. Fabrication of novel Janus membrane by nonsolvent thermally induced phase separation (NTIPS) for enhanced performance in membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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46
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Integration of membrane distillation (MD) and solid hollow fiber cooling crystallization (SHFCC) systems for simultaneous production of water and salt crystals. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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47
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Chen LH, Chen YR, Huang A, Chen CH, Su DY, Hsu CC, Tsai FY, Tung KL. Nanostructure depositions on alumina hollow fiber membranes for enhanced wetting resistance during membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rezaei M, Warsinger DM, Lienhard V JH, Duke MC, Matsuura T, Samhaber WM. Wetting phenomena in membrane distillation: Mechanisms, reversal, and prevention. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 139:329-352. [PMID: 29660622 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) is a rapidly emerging water treatment technology; however, membrane pore wetting is a primary barrier to widespread industrial use of MD. The primary causes of membrane wetting are exceedance of liquid entry pressure and membrane fouling. Developments in membrane design and the use of pretreatment have provided significant advancement toward wetting prevention in membrane distillation, but further progress is needed. In this study, a broad review is carried out on wetting incidence in membrane distillation processes. Based on this perspective, the study describes the wetting mechanisms, wetting causes, and wetting detection methods, as well as hydrophobicity measurements of MD membranes. This review discusses current understanding and areas for future investigation on the influence of operating conditions, MD configuration, and membrane non-wettability characteristics on wetting phenomena. Additionally, the review highlights mathematical wetting models and several approaches to wetting control, such as membrane fabrication and modification, as well as techniques for membrane restoration in MD. The literature shows that inorganic scaling and organic fouling are the main causes of membrane wetting. The regeneration of wetting MD membranes is found to be challenging and the obtained results are usually not favorable. Several pretreatment processes are found to inhibit membrane wetting by removing the wetting agents from the feed solution. Various advanced membrane designs are considered to bring membrane surface non-wettability to the states of superhydrophobicity and superomniphobicity; however, these methods commonly demand complex fabrication processes or high-specialized equipment. Recharging air in the feed to maintain protective air layers on the membrane surface has proven to be very effective to prevent wetting, but such techniques are immature and in need of significant research on design, optimization, and pilot-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rezaei
- Institute of Process Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria.
| | - David M Warsinger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA; Rohsenow Kendall Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - John H Lienhard V
- Rohsenow Kendall Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - Mikel C Duke
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Takeshi Matsuura
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Wolfgang M Samhaber
- Institute of Process Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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Wan CF, Yang T, Gai W, Lee YD, Chung TS. Thin-film composite hollow fiber membrane with inorganic salt additives for high mechanical strength and high power density for pressure-retarded osmosis. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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50
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Yang Z, Zhang Y, Liu J, Ai J, Lai S, Zhao Z, Ye B, Ruan Y, Guo T, Yu X, Chen G, Lin Y, Xu S. Ultrastable Quantum Dot Composite Films under Severe Environments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:15880-15887. [PMID: 29652475 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have attracted extensive attention because of their remarkable optical and electrical characteristics. However, the practical application of QDs and further the QD composite films have greatly been hindered mainly owing to their essential drawbacks of extreme unstability under oxygen and water environments. Herein, one simple method has been employed to enhance enormously the stability of Cd xZn1- xSe yS1- y QD composite films by a combination of Cd xZn1- xSe yS1- y QDs and poly(vinylidene) fluoride (PVDF), which is characteristic of closely arranged molecular chains and strong hydrogen bonds. There are many particular advantages in using QD/PVDF composite films such as easy processing, low cost, large-area fabrication, and especially extreme stability even in the boiling water for more than 240 min. By employing K2SiF6:Mn4+ as a red phosphor, a prototype white light-emitting diode (WLED) with color coordinates of (0.3307, 0.3387), Tc of 5568 K, and color gamut 112.1NTSC(1931)% at 20 mA has been fabricated, and there is little variation under different excitation currents, indicating that the QD/PVDF composite films fabricated by this simple blade-coating process make them ideal candidates for liquid-crystal display backlight utilization via assembling a WLED on a large scale owing to its ultrahigh stability under severe environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunxian Yang
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Ai
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China
| | - Shouqiang Lai
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China
| | - Bingqing Ye
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China
| | - Yushuai Ruan
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China
| | - Tailiang Guo
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China
| | - Xuebin Yu
- Department of Materials Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
| | - Gengxu Chen
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Lin
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China
| | - Sheng Xu
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou 350116 , P. R. China
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