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Nthunya LN, Chong KC, Lai SO, Lau WJ, López-Maldonado EA, Camacho LM, Shirazi MMA, Ali A, Mamba BB, Osial M, Pietrzyk-Thel P, Pregowska A, Mahlangu OT. Progress in membrane distillation processes for dye wastewater treatment: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 360:142347. [PMID: 38759802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Textile and cosmetic industries generate large amounts of dye effluents requiring treatment before discharge. This wastewater contains high levels of reactive dyes, low to none-biodegradable materials and chemical residues. Technically, dye wastewater is characterised by high chemical and biological oxygen demand. Biological, physical and pressure-driven membrane processes have been extensively used in textile wastewater treatment plants. However, these technologies are characterised by process complexity and are often costly. Also, process efficiency is not achieved in cost-effective biochemical and physical treatment processes. Membrane distillation (MD) emerged as a promising technology harnessing challenges faced by pressure-driven membrane processes. To ensure high cost-effectiveness, the MD can be operated by solar energy or low-grade waste heat. Herein, the MD purification of dye wastewater is comprehensively and yet concisely discussed. This involved research advancement in MD processes towards removal of dyes from industrial effluents. Also, challenges faced by this process with a specific focus on fouling are reviewed. Current literature mainly tested MD setups in the laboratory scale suggesting a deep need of further optimization of membrane and module designs in near future, especially for textile wastewater treatment. There is a need to deliver customized high-porosity hydrophobic membrane design with the appropriate thickness and module configuration to reduce concentration and temperature polarization (CP and TP). Also, energy loss should be minimized while increasing dye rejection and permeate flux. Although laboratory experiments remain pivotal in optimizing the MD process for treating dye wastewater, the nature of their time intensity poses a challenge. Given the multitude of parameters involved in MD process optimization, artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies present a promising avenue for assistance. Thus, AI-driven algorithms have the potential to enhance overall process efficiency, cutting down on time, fine-tuning parameters, and driving cost reductions. However, achieving an optimal balance between efficiency enhancements and financial outlays is a complex process. Finally, this paper suggests a research direction for the development of effective synthetic and natural dye removal from industrially discharged wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lebea N Nthunya
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Kok Chung Chong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Soon Onn Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Woei Jye Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - Lucy Mar Camacho
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 2013, 700 University Blvd., Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Mohammad Mahdi A Shirazi
- Centre for Membrane Technology, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Aamer Ali
- Centre for Membrane Technology, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Bhekie B Mamba
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 1709 Roodepoort, South Africa
| | - Magdalena Osial
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Pietrzyk-Thel
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pregowska
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oranso T Mahlangu
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, 1709 Roodepoort, South Africa.
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2
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Aquino M, Santoro S, Politano A, D’Andrea G, Siciliano A, Straface S, La Russa MF, Curcio E. Environmentally Friendly Photothermal Membranes for Halite Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Brine via Solar-Driven Membrane Crystallization. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:87. [PMID: 38668115 PMCID: PMC11052490 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Modern society and industrial development rely heavily on the availability of freshwater and minerals. Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) has been widely adopted for freshwater supply, although many questions have arisen about its environmental sustainability owing to the disposal of hypersaline rejected solutions (brine). This scenario has accelerated significant developments towards the hybridization of SWRO with membrane distillation-crystallization (MD-MCr), which can extract water and minerals from spent brine. Nevertheless, the substantial specific energy consumption associated with MD-MCr remains a significant limitation. In this work, energy harvesting was secured from renewables by hotspots embodied in the membranes, implementing the revolutionary approach of brine mining via photothermal membrane crystallization (PhMCr). This method employs self-heating nanostructured interfaces under solar radiation to enhance water evaporation, creating a carefully controlled supersaturated environment responsible for the extraction of minerals. Photothermal mixed matrix photothermal membranes (MMMs) were developed by incorporating graphene oxide (GO) or carbon black (CB) into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) solubilized in an eco-friendly solvent (i.e., triethyl phosphate (TEP)). MMMs were prepared using non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS). The effect of GO or GB on the morphology of MMMs and the photothermal behavior was examined. Light-to-heat conversion was used in PhMCr experiments to facilitate the evaporation of water from the SWRO brine to supersaturation, leading to sodium chloride (NaCl) nucleation and crystallization. Overall, the results indicate exciting perspectives of PhMCr in brine valorization for a sustainable desalination industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aquino
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria (DIAm-UNICAL), Via P. Bucci, CUBO 44/A, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.A.); (G.D.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Sergio Santoro
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria (DIAm-UNICAL), Via P. Bucci, CUBO 44/A, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.A.); (G.D.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Antonio Politano
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe D’Andrea
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria (DIAm-UNICAL), Via P. Bucci, CUBO 44/A, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.A.); (G.D.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Alessio Siciliano
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria (DIAm-UNICAL), Via P. Bucci, CUBO 44/A, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.A.); (G.D.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Salvatore Straface
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria (DIAm-UNICAL), Via P. Bucci, CUBO 44/A, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.A.); (G.D.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Mauro Francesco La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria (DiBEST-UNICAL), Via P. Bucci, CUBO 12/B, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Efrem Curcio
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria (DIAm-UNICAL), Via P. Bucci, CUBO 44/A, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.A.); (G.D.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (E.C.)
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3
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Ratnasari A. Modified polymer membranes for the removal of pharmaceutical active compounds in wastewater and its mechanism-A review. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2252234. [PMID: 37712708 PMCID: PMC10506444 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2252234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane technology can play a suitable role in removing pharmaceutical active compounds since it requires low energy and simple operation. Even though membrane technology has progressed for wastewater applications nowadays, modifying membranes to achieve the strong desired membrane performance is still needed. Thus, this study overviews a comprehensive insight into the application of modified polymer membranes to remove pharmaceutical active compounds from wastewater. Biotoxicity of pharmaceutical active compounds is first prescribed to gain deep insight into how membranes can remove pharmaceutical active compounds from wastewater. Then, the behavior of the diffusion mechanism can be concisely determined using mass transfer factor model that represented by β and B with value up to 2.004 g h mg-1 and 1.833 mg g-1 for organic compounds including pharmaceutical active compounds. The model refers to the adsorption of solute to attach onto acceptor sites of the membrane surface, external mass transport of solute materials from the bulk liquid to the membrane surface, and internal mass transfer to diffuse a solute toward acceptor sites of the membrane surface with evidenced up to 0.999. Different pharmaceutical compounds have different solubility and relates to the membrane hydrophilicity properties and mechanisms. Ultimately, challenges and future recommendations have been presented to view the future need to enhance membrane performance regarding fouling mitigation and recovering compounds. Afterwards, the discussion of this study is projected to play a critical role in advance of better-quality membrane technologies for removing pharmaceutical active compounds from wastewater in an eco-friendly strategy and without damaging the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Ratnasari
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Planning and Geo Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
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Chang H, Zhu Y, Huang L, Yan Z, Qu F, Liang H. Mineral scaling induced membrane wetting in membrane distillation for water treatment: Fundamental mechanism and mitigation strategies. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120807. [PMID: 37924685 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The scaling-induced wetting phenomenon seriously affects the application of membrane distillation (MD) technology in hypersaline wastewater treatment. Unlike the large amount of researches on membrane scaling and membrane wetting, scaling-induced wetting is not sufficiently studied. In this work, the current research evolvement of scaling-induced wetting in MD was systematically summarized. Firstly, the theories involving scaling-induced wetting were discussed, including evaluation of scaling potential of specific solutions, classical and non-classical crystal nucleation and growth theories, observation and evolution of scaling-induced processes. Secondly, the primary pretreatment methods for alleviating scaling-induced wetting were discussed in detail, focusing on adding agents composed of coagulation, precipitation, oxidation, adsorption and scale inhibitors, filtration including granular filtration, membrane filtration and mesh filtration and application of external fields including sound, light, heat, electromagnetism, magnetism and aeration. Then, the roles of operation conditions and cleaning conditions in alleviating scaling-induced wetting were evaluated. The main operation parameters included temperature, flow rate, pressure, ultrasound, vibration and aeration, while different types of cleaning reagents, cleaning frequency and a series of assisted cleaning measures were summarized. Finally, the challenges and future needs in the application of nucleation theory to scaling-induced wetting, the speculation, monitoring and mitigation of scaling-induced wetting were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China.
| | - Yingyuan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Lin Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Zhongsen Yan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Fangshu Qu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Hu J, Harandi HB, Chen Y, Zhang L, Yin H, He T. Anisotropic gypsum scaling of corrugated polyvinylidene fluoride hydrophobic membrane in direct contact membrane distillation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120513. [PMID: 37651864 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) technology has gained a lot of attention for treatment of geothermal brine, high salinity waste streams. However, mineral scaling remains a major challenge when treating complex high-salt brines. The development of surface-patterned superhydrophobic membranes is one of the core strategies to solve this problem. We prepared flat sheet membranes (F-PVDF) and hydrophobic membranes with micron-scale corrugated pattern (C-PVDF) using a phase separation method. Their scaling behavior was systematically evaluated using calcium sulfate solutions and the impact of the feed flow was innovatively investigated. Although C-PVDF shows higher contact angle and lower sliding angle than F-PVDF, the scaling resistance of C-PVDF in the perpendicular flow direction has worst scaling resistance. Although the nucleation barrier of the corrugated membrane is the same at both parallel and perpendicular flow directions based on the traditional thermodynamic nucleation theory, experimental observations show that the C-PVDF has the best scaling resistance in the parallel flow direction. A 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was used and the hydrodynamic state of the pattern membranes was assessed as a determinant of the scaling resistance. The corrugated membrane with parallel flow mode (flow direction in parallel to the corrugation ridge) induces higher fluid velocity within the channel, which mitigated the deposition of crystals. While in the perpendicular flow mode (flow direction in perpendicular to the corrugation ridge), the solutions confined in the corrugated grooves due to vortex shielding, which aggravates the scaling. These results shed light on the mechanism of scaling resistance of corrugated membranes from a hydrodynamic perspective and reveal the mechanism of anisotropy exhibited by corrugated membranes in MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Hu
- Laboratory for Membrane Materials and Separation Technologies, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hesam Bazargan Harandi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yecang Chen
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Liwei Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Huabing Yin
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Tao He
- Laboratory for Membrane Materials and Separation Technologies, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Ha S, Lee J, Jeong S, Jeong S. Fouling Control Strategies for High Concentrated Liquid Desiccants Concentrating Using Membrane Distillation. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:222. [PMID: 36837725 PMCID: PMC9959213 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Air conditioning using a liquid desiccant (LD) is an energy-efficient air purification and cooling system. However, high energy is required to concentrate or regenerate the LD. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of membrane fouling in more detail and determine control strategies for LD concentrating using membrane distillation (MD). Two different LDs-lithium chloride (LiCl) and potassium formate (HCOOK)-were used. Because LDs require high concentrations by nature (i.e., 40 wt% for LiCl and 70 wt% for HCOOK), the concentration was started from half of those concentrations. This resulted in a flux decline with severe membrane fouling during the concentration using MD. Different membrane fouling mechanisms were also observed, depending on the LD type. Three different physical membrane fouling control methods, including water flushing (WF), air backwashing (AB), and membrane spacer (SP), were introduced. Results showed that WF was the most effective. Both AB and SP showed a marginal change to no cleaning; however, an initial flux with SP was about 1.5 times higher than no cleaning. Therefore, WF combined with the SP could maintain a high flux and a low fouling propensity in the treatment of a high-concentration solution using MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonguk Ha
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Institute for Environmental and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongeom Jeong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Jeong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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7
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Gryta M. The effects of fibers layer assembled on the capillary membranes applied for separation of brines by membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Woźniak P, Gryta M. Wettability Studies of Capillary PTFE Membranes Applied for Membrane Distillation. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:80. [PMID: 36676887 PMCID: PMC9860704 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the membrane distillation (MD) process was studied with the use of commercial polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) capillary membranes. For this purpose, both solutions with NaCl concentrations up to 300 g/L and brines contaminated with oil (70-120 mg/L) were used as feeds. The membrane's wetting resistance was tested by conducting long-term experiments for over 3500 h. Using detailed studies, it has been shown that increasing the salt concentration from 35 to 300 g/L resulted in a 50% reduction in the permeate flux. Nevertheless, the membranes retained 100% of the salt rejection after 2000 h of the module's operation. Moreover, it has been found that performing the MD process with brines contaminated with oil (120 mg/L) led to the wetting of some membranes pores, which it turn resulted in an increase in the distillate's conductivity to 450 µS/cm after 700 h running the process. The mechanism of pore wetting by oil droplets adsorbed on the membrane's surface was presented. Finally, the proposed method of membrane cleaning with the use of a solvent allowed restoring the initial MD module's performance. Consequently, both the permeate flux and distillate conductivity were stable during the MD of the feed containing 35 g/L of NaCl over the next 280 h.
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Badawy Elsheniti M, Ibrahim A, Elsamni O, Elewa M. Experimental and Economic Investigation of Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation/Pervaporation Modules using Novel Pilot Scale Device. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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10
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Gryta M. Membrane Distillation Crystallizer Applied for Separation of NaCl Solutions Contaminated with Oil. MEMBRANES 2022; 13:35. [PMID: 36676842 PMCID: PMC9862495 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the membrane crystallizer was used to separate a saturated NaCl solution contaminated with an oil emulsion. The crystallizer was connected via a mesh separator with a feed tank in which capillary submerged modules were assembled. The effect of scaling and oil sorption on the wetting of polypropylene (PP) membranes has been investigated during the long-term studies. It has been found that cooling the solution in the crystallizer by 15 K below the feed temperature resulted in intensive NaCl crystallization in the zone below the mesh separator. A result, the salt crystallization on the membrane surface was eliminated. Contamination of saturated brines with oil in the concentration exceeding 100 mg/L caused the oil penetration into the membrane pores. The application of a PP net assembled on the capillary membranes surface reduced the intensity of wetting phenomenon caused by scaling and the oil sorption, which provides a stable membrane module performance during 1300 h test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gryta
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
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11
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Harimawan A, Wonoputri V, Ariel J, Julian H. Biofouling control of membrane distillation for seawater desalination: Effect of air-backwash and chemical cleaning on biofouling formation. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:889-902. [PMID: 36382389 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2146496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the applicability of chemical cleaning and air-backwash to alleviate biofouling on seawater membrane distillation (SWMD). Membrane performance and wettability properties maintained at optimum duration and frequency of the treatments, as indicated by low permeate conductivity throughout the tests. The cleaning of the membrane using 2% NaOH by immersing the membrane for 30 min after 240 min operation removed the biofouling layer, indicated by low permeate conductivity of 370 µScm-1 after cleaning. However, more frequent membrane cleaning led to membrane damage, more severe wetting, and membrane hydrophobicity reduction. Ten-second air-backwash after 240 min of operation was also effective in controlling the biofouling, particularly when conducted at air pressure of 1 bar. More frequent air-backwash resulted in more aggravated inorganic fouling and accelerated biofouling formation due to the recurring introduction of air, leading to rapid membrane wetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardiyan Harimawan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Vita Wonoputri
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Jonathan Ariel
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Helen Julian
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
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Abdelrazeq H, Khraisheh M, Hassan MK. Long-Term Treatment of Highly Saline Brine in a Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) Pilot Unit Using Polyethylene Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040424. [PMID: 35448393 PMCID: PMC9031770 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) is an attractive separation process for wastewater treatment and desalination. There are continuing challenges in implementing MD technologies at a large industrial scale. This work attempts to investigate the desalination performance of a pilot-scale direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) system using synthetic thermal brine mimicking industrial wastewater in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). A commercial polyethylene membrane was used in all tests in the DCMD pilot unit. Long-term performance exhibited up to 95.6% salt rejection rates using highly saline feed (75,500 ppm) and 98% using moderate saline feed (25,200 ppm). The results include the characterization of the membrane surface evolution during the tests, the fouling determination, and the assessment of the energy consumption. The fouling effect of the polyethylene membrane was studied using Humic acid (HA) as the feed for the whole DCMD pilot unit. An optimum specific thermal energy consumption (STEC) reduction of 10% was achieved with a high flux recovery ratio of 95% after 100 h of DCMD pilot operation. At fixed operating conditions for feed inlet temperature of 70 °C, a distillate inlet temperature of 20 °C, with flowrates of 70 l/h for both streams, the correlations were as high as 0.919 between the pure water flux and water contact angle, and 0.963 between the pure water flux and salt rejection, respectively. The current pilot unit study provides better insight into existing thermal desalination plants with an emphasis on specific energy consumption (SEC). The results of this study may pave the way for the commercialization of such filtration technology at a larger scale in global communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Abdelrazeq
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Majeda Khraisheh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohammad K. Hassan
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
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Liu J, Albdoor AK, Lin W, Hai FI, Ma Z. Membrane fouling in direct contact membrane distillation for liquid desiccant regeneration: Effects of feed temperature and flow velocity. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Investigation of fouling mechanism in membrane distillation using in-situ optical coherence tomography with green regeneration of fouled membrane. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Zhu Z, Tan G, Lei D, Yang Q, Tan X, Liang N, Ma D. Omniphobic membrane with process optimization for advancing flux and durability toward concentrating reverse-osmosis concentrated seawater with membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Julian H, Rizqullah H, Siahaan MA, Wenten IG. Cane sugar crystallization using submerged vacuum membrane distillation crystallization (SVMDC). JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 58:2368-2376. [PMID: 33967333 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04749-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The performance of Submerged Vacuum Membrane Distillation and Crystallization (SVMDC) for cane sugar concentration and crystallization was investigated in this study. Using hollow fiber membrane, the effect of operation parameters, such as feed concentration, feed temperature, and feed agitation were evaluated against the permeate flux. Following the operation parameters optimization, long-term SVMDC tests were performed using cane sugar model solution and raw sugarcane juice as the feed. Porous fouling layer was formed in test using cane sugar model solution which led to membrane fouling and wetting. However, sugar crystals were successfully formed in this test, despite under-saturated final feed concentration of 73.3°Brix. This indicated the occurrence of heterogeneous crystallization in the feed solution, that was induced by the sugar crystals detached from the membrane surface. In test using raw sugarcane juice as the feed, extremely low flux was observed due to the presence of impurities. However, membrane wetting did not occur as the implication of weak drag force occurred due to the low permeate flux. In this test, there was no observable crystal formed as the final feed concentration was much lower than the saturation concentration. In addition, the impurities hindered the interaction of sucrose molecules and disrupted crystal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Julian
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132 Indonesia
- Food Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Let. Jen. Purn. Dr. (HC). Mashudi No.1/ Jl. Raya Jatinangor Km 20,75, Sumedang, 45363 Indonesia
| | - Hafizh Rizqullah
- Food Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Let. Jen. Purn. Dr. (HC). Mashudi No.1/ Jl. Raya Jatinangor Km 20,75, Sumedang, 45363 Indonesia
| | - Michael Armando Siahaan
- Food Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Let. Jen. Purn. Dr. (HC). Mashudi No.1/ Jl. Raya Jatinangor Km 20,75, Sumedang, 45363 Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132 Indonesia
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Advances in seawater membrane distillation (SWMD) towards stand-alone zero liquid discharge (ZLD) desalination. REV CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Seawater membrane distillation (SWMD) is a promising separation technology due to its ability to operate as a stand-alone desalination unit operation. This paper reviews approaches to improve laboratory-to-pilot-scale MD performance, which comprise operational strategies, module design, and specifically tailored membranes. A detailed comparison of SWMD and sea water reverse osmosis is presented to further analyze the critical shortcomings of SWMD. The unique features of SWMD, namely the ability to operate with extremely high salt rejection and at extreme feed concentration, highlight the SWMD potential to be operated under zero liquid discharge (ZLD) conditions, which results in the production of high-purity water and simultaneous salt recovery, as well as the elimination of the brine disposal cost. However, technical challenges, such as thermal energy requirements, inefficient heat transfer and integration, low water recovery factors, and lack of studies on real-case valuable-salt recovery, are impeding the commercialization of ZLD SWMD. This review highlights the possibility of applying selected strategies to push forward ZLD SWMD commercialization. Suggestions are projected to include intermittent removal of valuable salts, in-depth study on the robustness of novel membranes, module and configuration, utilization of a low-cost heat exchanger, and capital cost reduction in a renewable-energy-integrated SWMD plant.
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18
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Performance enhancement of a submerged vacuum membrane distillation (S-VMD) system using low-power ultrasound. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.119004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Chang YS, Ooi BS, Ahmad AL, Leo CP, Lyly Leow HT, Abdullah MZ, Aziz NA. Correlating scalants characteristic and air bubbling rate in submerged vacuum membrane distillation: A fouling control strategy. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Chang H, Liu B, Zhang Z, Pawar R, Yan Z, Crittenden JC, Vidic RD. A Critical Review of Membrane Wettability in Membrane Distillation from the Perspective of Interfacial Interactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1395-1418. [PMID: 33314911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic membranes used in membrane distillation (MD) systems are often subject to wetting during long-term operation. Thus, it is of great importance to fully understand factors that influence the wettability of hydrophobic membranes and their impact on the overall separation efficiency that can be achieved in MD systems. This Critical Review summarizes both fundamental and applied aspects of membrane wetting with particular emphasis on interfacial interaction between the membrane and solutes in the feed solution. First, the theoretical background of surface wetting, including the relationship between wettability and interfacial interaction, definition and measurement of contact angle, surface tension, surface free energy, adhesion force, and liquid entry pressure, is described. Second, the nature of wettability, membrane wetting mechanisms, influence of membrane properties, feed characteristics and operating conditions on membrane wetting, and evolution of membrane wetting are reviewed in the context of an MD process. Third, specific membrane features that increase resistance to wetting (e.g., superhydrophobic, omniphobic, and Janus membranes) are discussed briefly followed by the comparison of various cleaning approaches to restore membrane hydrophobicity. Finally, challenges with the prevention of membrane wetting are summarized, and future work is proposed to improve the use of MD technology in a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Baicang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Zhewei Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Ritesh Pawar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Zhongsen Yan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Radisav D Vidic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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Bamasag A, Alqahtani T, Sinha S, Ghaffour N, Phelan P. Solar-heated submerged vacuum membrane distillation system with agitation techniques for desalination. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Numerical study on performance and efficiency of batch submerged vacuum membrane distillation for desalination. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Long-Running Comparison of Feed-Water Scaling in Membrane Distillation. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10080173. [PMID: 32751820 PMCID: PMC7463528 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10080173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) has shown promise for concentrating a wide variety of brines, but the knowledge is limited on how different brines impact salt scaling, flux decline, and subsequent wetting. Furthermore, past studies have lacked critical details and analysis to enable a physical understanding, including the length of experiments, the inclusion of salt kinetics, impact of antiscalants, and variability between feed-water types. To address this gap, we examined the system performance, water recovery, scale formation, and saturation index of a lab-scale vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) in long-running test runs approaching 200 h. The tests provided a comparison of a variety of relevant feed solutions, including a synthetic seawater reverse osmosis brine with a salinity of 8.0 g/L, tap water, and NaCl, and included an antiscalant. Saturation modeling indicated that calcite and aragonite were the main foulants contributing to permeate flux reduction. The longer operation times than typical studies revealed several insights. First, scaling could reduce permeate flux dramatically, seen here as 49% for the synthetic brine, when reaching a high recovery ratio of 91%. Second, salt crystallization on the membrane surface could have a long-delayed but subsequently significant impact, as the permeate flux experienced a precipitous decline only after 72 h of continuous operation. Several scaling-resistant impacts were observed as well. Although use of an antiscalant did not reduce the decrease in flux, it extended membrane operational time before surface foulants caused membrane wetting. Additionally, numerous calcium, magnesium, and carbonate salts, as well as silica, reached very high saturation indices (>1). Despite this, scaling without wetting was often observed, and scaling was consistently reversible and easily washed. Under heavy scaling conditions, many areas lacked deposits, which enabled continued operation; existing MD performance models lack this effect by assuming uniform layers. This work implies that longer times are needed for MD fouling experiments, and provides further scaling-resistant evidence for MD.
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Liu Y, Li Z, Xiao Z, Yin H, Li X, He T. Synergy of slippery surface and pulse flow: An anti-scaling solution for direct contact membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Gryta M. The Application of Submerged Modules for Membrane Distillation. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10020025. [PMID: 32041326 PMCID: PMC7073728 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with the efficiency of capillary modules without an external housing, which were used as submerged modules in the membrane distillation process. The commercial hydrophobic capillary membranes fabricated for the microfiltration process were applied. Several constructional variants of submerged modules were discussed. The influence of membrane arrangement, packing density, capillary diameter and length on the module performance was determined. The effect of process conditions, i.e., velocity and temperature of the streams, on the permeate flux was also evaluated. The submerged modules were located in the feed tank or in the distillate tank. It was found that much higher values of the permeate flux were obtained when the membranes were immersed in the feed with the distillate flowing inside the capillary membranes. The efficiency of submerged modules was additionally compared with the conventional membrane distillation (MD) capillary modules and a similar performance of both constructions was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gryta
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, ul. Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland
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26
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Permeate Flux and Rejection Behavior in Submerged Direct Contact Membrane Distillation Process Treating a Low-Strength Synthetic Wastewater. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10020677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of operational conditions such as permeate recirculation velocity, mixing intensity, and trans-membrane temperature on the performances of hydrophobic polyethylene (PE) hollow-fiber membrane were investigated by operating the submerged direct contact membrane distillation (SDCMD) process treating a synthetic low-strength wastewater. Permeate flux of the membrane increased with increasing a permeate recirculation velocity through the fiber lumen. However, the effectiveness was less pronounced as the velocity was higher than 0.5 m/s. Increasing rotational speed to 600 rpm, which can lead to mixing intensity from a bulk wastewater toward hollow-fiber membrane, enhanced permeate flux. Feed temperature played a more significant role in enhancing permeate flux rather than a permeate temperature under constant trans-membrane temperature. The SDCMD process treating a synthetic low-strength wastewater achieved an excellent rejection efficiency which is higher than 97.8% for both chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) and total phosphorus (T-P) due to the hydrophobic property of membrane material which can allow water vapor through membrane. However, the rejection efficiency of the ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) was relatively low at about 87.5% because ammonia gas could be volatized easily through membrane pores in SDCMD operation. In a long-term operation of the SDCMD process, the permeate flux decreased significantly due to progressive formation of inorganic scaling on membrane.
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27
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Huang Q, Gao S, Huang Y, Zhang M, Xiao C. Study on photothermal PVDF/ATO nanofiber membrane and its membrane distillation performance. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Xiao Z, Zheng R, Liu Y, He H, Yuan X, Ji Y, Li D, Yin H, Zhang Y, Li XM, He T. Slippery for scaling resistance in membrane distillation: A novel porous micropillared superhydrophobic surface. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 155:152-161. [PMID: 30844676 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Scaling in membrane distillation (MD) is a key issue in desalination of concentrated saline water, where the interface property between the membrane and the feed become critical. In this paper, a slippery mechanism was explored as an innovative concept to understand the scaling behavior in membrane distillation for a soluble salt, NaCl. The investigation was based on a novel design of a superhydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane with micro-pillar arrays (MP-PVDF) using a micromolding phase separation (μPS) method. The membrane showed a contact angle of 166.0 ± 2.3° and the sliding angle of 15.8 ± 3.3°. After CF4 plasma treatment, the resultant membrane (CF4-MP-PVDF) showed a reduced sliding angle of 3.0°. In direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD), the CF4-MP-PVDF membrane illustrated excellent anti-scaling in concentrating saturated NaCl feed. Characterization of the used membranes showed that aggregation of NaCl crystals occurred on the control PVDF and MP-PVDF membranes, but not on the CF4-MP-PVDF membrane. To understand this phenomenon, a "slippery" theory was introduced and correlated the sliding angle to the slippery surface of CF4-MP-PVDF and its anti-scaling property. This work proposed a well-defined physical and theoretical platform for investigating scaling problems in membrane distillation and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechun Xiao
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China; School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Hailong He
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiaofei Yuan
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Yunhui Ji
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Huabing Yin
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Yuebiao Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xue-Mei Li
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Tao He
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China; School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
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Tai ZS, Abd Aziz MH, Othman MHD, Mohamed Dzahir MIH, Hashim NA, Koo KN, Hubadillah SK, Ismail AF, A Rahman M, Jaafar J. Ceramic Membrane Distillation for Desalination. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2019.1610975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Sheng Tai
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (FCEE), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Haiqal Abd Aziz
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (FCEE), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (FCEE), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | | | - Nur Awanis Hashim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khong Nee Koo
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (FCEE), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Siti Khadijah Hubadillah
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (FCEE), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (FCEE), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Mukhlis A Rahman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (FCEE), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Juhana Jaafar
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering (FCEE), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
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30
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Numerical study of CaCO3 scaling in submerged vacuum membrane distillation and crystallization (VMDC). J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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