1
|
Jin YJ, Hah JH, Kwon MJ, Kim JH, Kim JH, Kim SK, Park B, Choi HG. Association between Thyroid Cancer and Weight Change: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116753. [PMID: 35682332 PMCID: PMC9180614 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate body mass index (BMI) and systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between Korean adults who underwent thyroidectomy and comparison groups. METHODS Data were included from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort (2002-2015). BMI and SBP/DBP were measured before thyroidectomy, 1 and 2 years after thyroidectomy (n = 1995 in study I, n = 2162 in study II), comparing 1:4 matched participants (n = 7980 in study I, n = 8648 in study II). The paired t-test and linear mixed model were used to identify the differences between groups. RESULTS DBP in both thyroid cancer II and comparison II group were significantly lower after thyroidectomy than before thyroidectomy. However, the interaction effect of thyroidectomy in study I and study II did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION BMI, SBP and DBP were not significantly different between the thyroidectomy group and the matched comparison group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Jin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Wonkwang University Hospital, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Korea;
| | - Jeong Hun Hah
- ThanQ Seoul Thyroid—Head and Neck Surgery Center, Seoul 06150, Korea;
| | - Mi Jung Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea;
| | - Ji Hee Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea;
| | - Joo-Hee Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea;
| | - Sung-Kyun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Dongtan 18450, Korea;
| | - Bumjung Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea;
| | - Hyo Geun Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea;
- Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Korea
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Di Zazzo E, Polito R, Bartollino S, Nigro E, Porcile C, Bianco A, Daniele A, Moncharmont B. Adiponectin as Link Factor between Adipose Tissue and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040839. [PMID: 30781341 PMCID: PMC6412253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a key regulator of energy balance playing an active role in lipid storage as well as in synthesizing several hormones directly involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. Obesity represents a peculiar risk factor for a growing list of cancers and is frequently associated to poor clinical outcome. The mechanism linking obesity and cancer is not completely understood, but, amongst the major players, there are both chronic low-grade inflammation and deregulation of adipokines secretion. In obesity, the adipose tissue is pervaded by an abnormal number of immune cells that create an inflammatory environment supporting tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Adiponectin (APN), the most abundant adipokine, shows anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties. Circulating levels of APN are drastically decreased in obesity, suggesting that APN may represent the link factor between obesity and cancer risk. The present review describes the recent advances on the involvement of APN and its receptors in the etiology of different types of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Di Zazzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Rita Polito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta 81100, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Napoli 80145, Italy.
| | - Silvia Bartollino
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta 81100, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraciche e Respiratorie, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli 80131, Italy.
| | - Carola Porcile
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraciche e Respiratorie, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli 80131, Italy.
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta 81100, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Napoli 80145, Italy.
| | - Bruno Moncharmont
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effect of maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy on insulin resistance, lipid accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle of fetal rats. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171731. [PMID: 29784871 PMCID: PMC6028760 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy on thyroid function of the fetal rat. Female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized into two groups. Propylthiouracil (PTU) group received PTU in drinking water for 6 weeks (n=90), normal group received normal drinking water (n=50). The pregnant rats were obtained and had a cesarean-section to get at gestational ages of 8.5, 13, and 21 days, following blood samples and skeletal muscle were obtained from fetal rats. Levels of thyroid hormone, insulin, mitochondrial protein, and adipokines were detected using ELISA. Western blotting was performed to analyze mitochondria and insulin signal transduction-related protein in fetal rat skeletal muscle. Immunostaining of Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) and Oil Red O was used to observe the accumulation of muscle glycogen and lipid in the fetal rat. The results showed that the levels of thyroid hormone, insulin, insulin signal transduction-related protein, mitochondrial, and adipokines increased with the fetus developed, but had no statistical differences in the PTU group compared with the normal group. In conclusion, pregnant rats with hypothyroidism had no influence on insulin resistance (IR), lipid accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle of the fetal rats.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gong N, Gao C, Chen X, Wang Y, Tian L. Adipokine expression and endothelial function in subclinical hypothyroidism rats. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:295-304. [PMID: 29440225 PMCID: PMC5811986 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to observe adipokine expression and endothelial function in subclinical hypothyroidism (sHT) rats and to determine whether levothyroxine (LT4) treatment affects these changes. Sixty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: the control group; sHT A, B and C groups and the sHT + T4 group. The sHT rats were induced by methimazole (MMI) and the sHT + T4 rats were administered LT4 treatment after 8 weeks of MMI administration. Thyroid function and lipid levels were measured using radioimmunoassays and enzymatic colorimetric methods, respectively. Serum adiponectin (APN), chemerin, TNF-α, endothelin (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured using ELISA kits and a nitric-reductive assay. The expression of APN, chemerin and TNF-α in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was measured in experimental rats using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe changes in adipose tissue. The sHT rats had significantly higher levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), TNF-α, chemerin, ET-1, total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and lower levels of APN and NO than those in control and sHT + T4 rats. Based on Pearson correlation analysis, the levels of chemerin, TNF-α, ET-1, LDL-C, TC and triglyceride (TG) were positively correlated with TSH, but APN and NO levels were negatively correlated with TSH. These findings demonstrated that high TSH levels contribute to the changes of adipokines and endothelial dysfunction in sHT, but LT4 treatment ameliorates those changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Gong
- Department of EndocrinologyGansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Clinical MedicineGansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Cuixia Gao
- Department of Ultrasonic DiagnosisGansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuedi Chen
- Department of EndocrinologyGansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of EndocrinologyGansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Limin Tian
- Department of EndocrinologyGansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Atıci E, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK, Menevse E. The effect of thyroid dysfunction on nesfatin-1 and adiponectin levels in rats. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 32:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2017-0033/hmbci-2017-0033.xml. [PMID: 28796641 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Changes in thyroid hormone concentrations may affect adiponectin concentrations through various mechanisms. A molecule released primarily from the fat cells adiposities; adiponectin has important effects on the regulation of body weight. Aim The present study aimed to explore the effects of experimental thyroid dysfunction and its treatment on nesfatin-1 and adiponectin levels in rats. Methods The study included 40 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats which were grouped as follows: (1) control; (2) hypothyroidism [hypothyroidism was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg/day propylthiouracil (PTU) for 3 weeks]; (3) hypothyroidism + thyroxine group [after hypothyroidism was induced by 2-week PTU injection, they were treated with high-dose L-thyroxine (1.5 mg/kg/day) for 1 week]; (4) hyperthyroidism [hyperthyroidism was induced by 3-weeks' thyroxine injection (0.3 mg/kg/day)]; (5) hyperthyroidism + PTU (after hyperthyroidism was induced by 2-weeks' thyroxine injection, the animals were given 10 mg/kg/day PTU for 1 week). Blood samples taken at the end of the study were analyzed to measure nesfatin-1 and adiponectin levels. Results It was found that nesfatin-1 levels increased in hypothyroidism, while adiponectin levels decreased (p < 0.001). In experimental hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, both nesfatin-1 and adiponectin levels were found significantly elevated (p < 0.001). Conclusion The results of the study indicate that nesfatin-1 and adiponectin levels were modified considerably in hypo- and hyperthyroidism, whereas with the restoration of the thyroid function, modified hormone levels went back to normal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Atıci
- Health Sciences Faculty, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rasim Mogulkoc
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Esma Menevse
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University, Medical School, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Malaguarnera R, Vella V, Nicolosi ML, Belfiore A. Insulin Resistance: Any Role in the Changing Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:314. [PMID: 29184536 PMCID: PMC5694441 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer (TC), namely of its papillary hystotype (PTC), has shown a steady increase worldwide, which has been attributed at least in part to the increasing diagnosis of early stage tumors. However, some evidence suggests that environmental and lifestyle factors can also play a role. Among the potential risk factors involved in the changing epidemiology of TC, particular attention has been drawn to insulin-resistance and related metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, which have been also rapidly increasing worldwide due to widespread dietary and lifestyle changes. In accordance with this possibility, various epidemiological studies have indeed gathered substantial evidence that insulin resistance-related metabolic disorders might be associated with an increased TC risk either through hyperinsulinemia or by affecting other TC risk factors including iodine deficiency, elevated thyroid stimulating hormone, estrogen-dependent signaling, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, and others. This review summarizes the current literature evaluating the relationship between metabolic disorders characterized by insulin resistance and the risk for TC as well as the possible underlying mechanisms. The potential implications of such association in TC prevention and therapy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Malaguarnera
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Veronica Vella
- School of Human and Social Sciences, “Kore” University of Enna, Enna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Veronica Vella, ; Antonino Belfiore,
| | - Maria Luisa Nicolosi
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Veronica Vella, ; Antonino Belfiore,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Changes in profile of lipids and adipokines in patients with newly diagnosed hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26174. [PMID: 27193069 PMCID: PMC4872157 DOI: 10.1038/srep26174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in profile of lipids and adipokines have been reported in patients with thyroid dysfunction. But the evidence is controversial. The present study aimed to explore the relationships between thyroid function and the profile of lipids and adipokines. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 197 newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients, 230 newly diagnosed hyperthyroid patients and 355 control subjects. Hypothyroid patients presented with significantly higher serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), fasting insulin, resistin and leptin than control (p < 0.05). Hyperthyroid patients presented with significantly lower serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDLC and leptin, as well as higher levels of fasting insulin, resistin, adiponectin and homeostasis model insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) than control (p < 0.05). Nonlinear regression and multivariable linear regression models all showed significant associations of resistin or adiponectin with free thyroxine and association of leptin with thyroid-stimulating hormone (p < 0.001). Furthermore, significant correlation between resistin and HOMA-IR was observed in the patients (p < 0.001). Thus, thyroid dysfunction affects the profile of lipids and adipokines. Resistin may serve as a link between thyroid dysfunction and insulin resistance.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lim JA, Kim HJ, Ahn HY, Park KU, Yi KH, Park DJ, Jang HC, Park YJ. Influence of thyroid dysfunction on serum levels of angiopoietin-like protein 6. Metabolism 2015; 64:1279-83. [PMID: 26189599 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein 6 (ANGPTL6) is a novel metabolic regulator that modulates energy expenditure as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. Thyroid hormone can induce metabolic changes that are similar to those induced by ANGPTL6. Herein, we investigated whether circulating ANGPTL6 levels change according to thyroid hormone status in humans. We measured the serum levels of ANGPTL6 and metabolic parameters in 150 drug-naïve subjects with overt hyperthyroid, subclinical hyperthyroid, euthyroid, subclinical hypothyroid, or overt hypothyroid status (n=30 in each group). Serum ANGPTL6 levels were significantly higher in patients with overt hypothyroidism than in the other subjects. Women had significantly higher serum levels of ANGPTL6 than men. ANGPTL6 levels correlated positively with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and negatively with serum free thyroxine (T4) level. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that sex, TSH, free T4, and ALT were independent predictors of serum ANGPTL6 levels. In summary, serum ANGPTL6 levels increased in patients with a hypothyroid status, and both TSH and free T4 levels are associated with ANGPLT6 levels, suggesting a possible association between thyroid function and ANGPTL6 levels. Whether the upregulated ANGPTL6 level in the hypothyroid status is primarily owing to a direct association or a compensatory mechanism remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ah Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul
| | - Hyo Jeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Eulji Medical Center, Seoul
| | - Hwa Young Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul
| | - Kyoung Un Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Hee Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Do Joon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Hak Chul Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao Y, Xue Q, Su X, Xie L, Yan Y, Steinman AD. Microcystin-LR induced thyroid dysfunction and metabolic disorders in mice. Toxicology 2014; 328:135-41. [PMID: 25497113 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that microcystins (MCs) act as hazardous materials and can disrupt the endocrine systems of animals. However, the response of thyroid function and the related energy metabolism following MCs exposure is still unknown. In the present study, mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with doses of either 5 or 20 μg/kg MC-LR for 4 weeks. We report, for the first time, that mice exposed to 20 μg/kg MC-LR showed disrupted glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism with obvious symptoms of hyperphagia, polydipsia, and weight loss. The circulating thyroid hormone (TH) levels in mice following MC-LR exposure were detected. Significantly increased free triiodothyronine (FT3) and decreased free thyroxin (FT4) were largely responsible for the physiological aberrations and metabolic disorders observed in mice after the 20 μg/kg MC-LR exposure. Increased expression of TH receptor (Trα) and mTOR expression in the brain after the 20 μg/kg MC-LR exposure suggests that the increased FT3 enhanced mTOR signaling subsequently led to hyperphagia and elevated energy expenditure in mice. Furthermore, several genes involved in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, which have been identified affected by TH, were also differentially expressed after MC-LR exposure. The above results clearly showed that mice exposed to MC-LR experienced thyroid dysfunction and its downstream functional changes, and are useful to better understand the endocrine toxicity of MC-LR to mammals or even humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Qingju Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Yunjun Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Alan D Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carmean CM, Cohen RN, Brady MJ. Systemic regulation of adipose metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:424-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
11
|
Pazaitou-Panayiotou K, Polyzos SA, Mantzoros CS. Obesity and thyroid cancer: epidemiologic associations and underlying mechanisms. Obes Rev 2013; 14:1006-22. [PMID: 24034423 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer has been rising over the past few decades along with a parallel increase in obesity. Observational studies have provided evidence for a potential association between the two. By contrast, clinical data for a link between type 2 diabetes mellitus, a condition strongly associated with obesity, and thyroid cancer are limited and largely not supportive of such an association. Obesity leads to hypoadiponectinemia, a pro-inflammatory state, and insulin resistance, which, in turn, leads to high circulating insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, thereby possibly increasing the risk for thyroid cancer. Thus, insulin resistance possibly plays a pivotal role in underlying the observed association between obesity and thyroid cancer, potentially leading to the development and/or progression of thyroid cancer, through its interconnections with other factors including insulin-like growth factor-1, adipocytokines/cytokines and thyroid-stimulating hormone. In this review, epidemiological and clinical evidence and potential mechanisms underlying the proposed association between obesity and thyroid cancer risk are reviewed. If the association between obesity and thyroid cancer demonstrated in observational studies proves to be causal, targeting obesity (and/or downstream mediators of risk) could be of importance in the prevention and management of thyroid cancer.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bowers J, Terrien J, Clerget-Froidevaux MS, Gothié JD, Rozing MP, Westendorp RGJ, van Heemst D, Demeneix BA. Thyroid hormone signaling and homeostasis during aging. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:556-89. [PMID: 23696256 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies in humans and in animal models show negative correlations between thyroid hormone (TH) levels and longevity. TH signaling is implicated in maintaining and integrating metabolic homeostasis at multiple levels, notably centrally in the hypothalamus but also in peripheral tissues. The question is thus raised of how TH signaling is modulated during aging in different tissues. Classically, TH actions on mitochondria and heat production are obvious candidates to link negative effects of TH to aging. Mitochondrial effects of excess TH include reactive oxygen species and DNA damage, 2 factors often considered as aging accelerators. Inversely, caloric restriction, which can retard aging from nematodes to primates, causes a rapid reduction of circulating TH, reducing metabolism in birds and mammals. However, many other factors could link TH to aging, and it is these potentially subtler and less explored areas that are highlighted here. For example, effects of TH on membrane composition, inflammatory responses, stem cell renewal and synchronization of physiological responses to light could each contribute to TH regulation of maintenance of homeostasis during aging. We propose the hypothesis that constraints on TH signaling at certain life stages, notably during maturity, are advantageous for optimal aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bowers
- Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Physiologie Générale et Comparée, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7221, 75231 Paris cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Anil C, Akkurt A, Ayturk S, Kut A, Gursoy A. Impaired glucose metabolism is a risk factor for increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in a mild-to-moderate iodine deficient area. Metabolism 2013; 62:970-5. [PMID: 23395200 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance (IR) is a key factor involved in the pathogenesis of impaired glucose metabolism. IR is associated with increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in patients with metabolic syndrome. Data on the association of thyroid morphology and abnormal glucose metabolism are limited. This prospective study was carried out to evaluate thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in patients with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in a mild-to-moderate iodine deficient area. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were gathered on all newly diagnosed patients with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus between May 2008 and February 2010. 156 patients with pre-diabetes and 123 patients with type 2 DM were randomly matched for age, gender, and smoking habits with 114 subjects with normal glucose metabolism. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid ultrasonography was performed in all participants. RESULTS Mean TSH level in the diabetes group (1.9±0.9 mIU/L) was higher than in the control group (1.4±0.8 mIU/L) and the pre-diabetes group (1.5±0.8 mIU/L) (P<0.0001 for both). Mean thyroid volume was higher in the pre-diabetes (18.2±9.2mL) and diabetes (20.0±8.2mL) groups than in controls (11.4±3.8mL) (P<0.0001 for both). Percentage of patients with thyroid nodules was also higher in the pre-diabetes (51.3%) and diabetes groups (61.8%) than in controls (23.7%) (P<0.0001 for both). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that patients with impaired glucose metabolism have significantly increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyd Anil
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaplan O, Uzum AK, Aral H, Uzum G, Tunali V, Demir O, Planci KN, Kesmezacar O, Ozbey NC. Unchanged serum adipokine concentrations in the setting of short-term thyroidectomy-induced hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract 2013; 18:887-93. [PMID: 22982786 DOI: 10.4158/ep12001.or] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate short-term effects of thyroidectomy-induced hypothyroidism on leptin, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations in association with anthropometric data. METHODS Thirty premenopausal women with euthyroid nodular goiter-mean age, 44.0 ± 11.6 years; mean body mass index (BMI), 28.6 ± 5.9 kg/m2; 13 obese, 7 overweight, and 10 normal weight subjects-scheduled for total thyroidectomy were included in the study. Serum leptin, adiponectin, resistin, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein concentrations, lipid profile, and anthropometric variables were determined in the euthyroid state (preoperatively) and the hypothyroid state (postoperatively, with a thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration >30 mIU/L). RESULTS Body weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, body fat mass, and serum lipid concentrations increased significantly after thyroidectomy. No significant difference was found between preoperative and postoperative serum leptin, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations. Fat tissue mass-corrected leptin, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations did not differ significantly between euthyroid and hypothyroid periods. Thyroid hormone concentrations showed no significant correlations with adipokine levels. CONCLUSION Serum adipokine concentrations seem not to change significantly during short-term thyroidectomy-induced hypothyroidism despite significant increases in body weight, BMI, fat mass, and lipid concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Kaplan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Okan Yildiz B, Yazgan Aksoy D, Harmanci A, Unluturk U, Cinar N, Isildak M, Usman A, Bayraktar M. Effects of L-Thyroxine Therapy on Circulating Leptin and Adiponectin Levels in Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Prospective Study. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:317-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
16
|
Cinar N, Gurlek A. Association between novel adipocytokines adiponectin, vaspin, visfatin, and thyroid: An experimental and clinical update. Endocr Connect 2013; 2:R30-8. [PMID: 24145612 PMCID: PMC3847914 DOI: 10.1530/ec-13-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue secretes a variety of active biological substances, called adipocytokines, that act in an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine manner. They have roles in appetite control, thermogenesis, and thyroid and reproductive functions. All these molecules may lead to local and generalized inflammation, mediating obesity-associated vascular disorders including hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and insulin resistance. Thyroid dysfunction is associated with changes in body weight, thermogenesis, and energy expenditure. The connections between cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and thyroid dysfunction have been reported in several studies. The adipocytokines serve as causative or protective factors in the development of these disorders in the states of thyroid dysfunction. Abnormal levels of adipocytokines (adiponectin (ADP), leptin, resistin, vaspin, and visfatin) in hypo- and hyperthyroidism have been reported with controversial results. This review aims to update the implication of novel adipokines ADP, vaspin, and visfatin in thyroid dysfunction.
Collapse
|
17
|
Polotsky HN, Brokhin M, Omry G, Polotsky AJ, Tuttle RM. Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism does not promote weight loss or prevent ageing-related increases in body mass in thyroid cancer survivors. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76:582-5. [PMID: 22004309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid cancer survivors represent a unique population in which the potential long-term effects of brief periods of intentional thyroid hormone withdrawal and/or prolonged periods of iatrogenic hyperthyroidism on body weight and body mass were evaluated. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to characterize body mass changes over several years in a cohort of thyroid cancer patients with iatrogenic hyperthyroidism and to compare these changes with the expected weight gain in age-matched healthy control populations. We also evaluated the possibility that the method of preparation [thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) vs recombinant human TSH (rhTSH)] for radioactive iodine remnant ablation may be associated with differences in body mass at the time of the final follow-up. DESIGN/SETTING/PATIENTS/INTERVENTIONS: A retrospective review identified 153 patients with thyroid cancer who underwent total thyroidectomy at one major medical centre. Of the 153 patients, 143 also had radioactive iodine remnant ablation: 70 after THW and 73 after rhTSH. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change in weight and BMI at 1-2 and 3-5 years of follow-up points were examined. Annualized weight variation within the cohort was compared with age-matched population controls expressed in kilogram/year. RESULTS Significant weight gain was noted for the full cohort after 3-5 years of follow-up as compared to baseline (76 ± 21 kg at baseline vs 79 ± 23 kg at 3-5 years of follow-up, P < 0·01), which represented a 3·2% increase. Female and male patients with thyroid cancer experienced 0·46 and 0·94 kg/year gain in weight, respectively, which is similar or somewhat higher than previously published age-matched population controls (ranging from 0·23 to 0·34 kg/year). When expressed as per cent change and comparing the final weight to the pre-operative baseline, the rhTSH group experienced approximately a 1·7% increase in weight compared with the 3·9% increase seen with THW patients (P = 0·02). When expressed as kg/year change, the rhTSH cohort had 0·34 kg/year change compared with the 0·64 kg/year change seen in the thyroid hormone withdrawal patients (P = 0·02). CONCLUSION In otherwise, healthy patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, significant weight gain occurred during the 3-5 years of follow-up despite ongoing thyrotropin suppression. The data suggest that mild iatrogenic hyperthyroidism does not promote weight loss or prevent ageing-related weight gain. Greater weight gain was seen in patients prepared for radioactive remnant ablation with THW than with rhTSH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanah N Polotsky
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
de Oliveira C, de Mattos ABM, Silva CBR, Mota JF, Zemdegs JCS. Nutritional and hormonal modulation of adiponectin and its receptors adipoR1 and adipoR2. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 90:57-94. [PMID: 23017712 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398313-8.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is the most abundant plasma protein synthesized mostly by adipose tissue and is an insulin-sensitive hormone, playing a central role in glucose and lipid metabolism. Adiponectin effects are mediated via two receptors, adipoR1 and adipoR2. Several hormones and diet components that are involved in insulin resistance may impair insulin sensitivity at least in part by decreasing adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Adiponectin expression and serum levels are associated with the amount and type of fatty acids and carbohydrate consumed. Other food items, such as vitamins, alcohol, sodium, green tea, and coffee, have been reported to modify adiponectin levels. Several hormones, including testosterone, estrogen, prolactin, glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and growth hormone, have been shown to inhibit adiponectin production, but the studies are still controversial. Even so, adiponectin is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and other diseases associated with hypoadiponectinemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane de Oliveira
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mitsiades N, Pazaitou-Panayiotou K, Aronis KN, Moon HS, Chamberland JP, Liu X, Diakopoulos KN, Kyttaris V, Panagiotou V, Mylvaganam G, Tseleni-Balafouta S, Mantzoros CS. Circulating adiponectin is inversely associated with risk of thyroid cancer: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E2023-8. [PMID: 21937620 PMCID: PMC3232611 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Circulating adiponectin has been inversely associated with risk for several malignancies. Its association with thyroid cancer has not yet been evaluated. OBJECTIVE/METHODS We measured circulating adiponectin levels in 175 thyroid carcinoma patients and 107 controls. We also examined the expression of adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) using immunohistochemistry in 82 thyroid carcinoma tissues and using RT-qPCR in 40 human thyroid carcinoma tissues (32 papillary, six follicular/Hurthle, one anaplastic, one medullary), four normal human thyroid tissue specimens, and the BHP7 and SW579 thyroid cancer cell lines. We then utilized these thyroid cancer cell lines to investigate whether adiponectin could directly regulate cell cycle or apoptosis. RESULTS Thyroid cancer patients had lower circulating adiponectin levels than controls (17.00 ± 6.32 vs. 19.26 ± 6.28 μg/ml; P < 0.001). Subjects in the highest tertile of circulating adiponectin concentrations had significantly lower odds of developing any type of thyroid carcinoma (odds ratio = 0.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.55), or papillary thyroid carcinoma (odds ratio = 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.55), before and after adjustment for potential confounders. Both thyroid carcinoma cell lines and tissues expressed AdipoR1 and AdipoR2. Recombinant adiponectin did not exert a clinically significant direct effect on cell cycle, proliferation, or apoptosis in thyroid cancer cell lines in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Circulating adiponectin is independently and inversely associated with the risk of thyroid cancer. Human thyroid carcinomas and cell lines express adiponectin receptors. However, in the absence of a major direct effect of adiponectin on thyroid cancer cell lines in vitro, the negative association observed herein may be attributed to the metabolic effects of adiponectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Mitsiades
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bassols J, Prats-Puig A, Soriano-Rodríguez P, García-González MM, Reid J, Martínez-Pascual M, Mateos-Comerón F, de Zegher F, Ibáñez L, López-Bermejo A. Lower free thyroxin associates with a less favorable metabolic phenotype in healthy pregnant women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:3717-23. [PMID: 21917863 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT A lower free T(4) (fT4), within the euthyroid range, has been shown in adults to associate with an adverse metabolic phenotype. Thyroid physiology changes significantly during gestation and affects maternal and fetal well-being. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that a lower serum fT4 in healthy euthyroid pregnant women is related to a less favorable metabolic phenotype and to fetal or placental weight. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND OUTCOME MEASURES: We examined associations of thyroid function tests (TSH and fT4) and the free T(3) (fT3)-to-fT4 ratio (as a proxy of deiodinase activity) with a metabolic profile [preload and postload glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high molecular-weight (HMW)-adiponectin, homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and serum lipids] in 321 healthy pregnant women. All women were euthyroid and had negative anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies. None received thyroid hormone replacement. Blood tests were performed in women between 24 and 28 wk gestation. Placentas and newborns were weighed at birth. RESULTS Circulating TSH did not relate to metabolic parameters, but decreasing fT4 and increasing fT3-to-fT4 ratio associated with a less favorable metabolic phenotype, as judged by higher postload glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and triglycerides, and by a lower HMW-adiponectinemia (all P ≤ 0.005). In multiple regression analyses, fT4 was independently associated with HbA1c (β = -0.135; P = 0.038), HMW-adiponectin (β = 0.218; P < 0.001), and placental weight (β = -0.185; P < 0.005), whereas the fT3-to-fT4 ratio was independently associated with maternal body mass index (β = 0.265; P < 0.001), HMW-adiponectinemia (β = -0.237; P < 0.002), HOMA-IR (β = 0.194; P = 0.014), and placental weight (β = 0.174; P = 0.020). CONCLUSION In pregnant women without a history of thyroid dysfunction, lower concentrations of fT4 and a higher conversion of fT4 to fT3, as inferred by changes in the fT3-to-fT4 ratio, were found to be associated with a less favorable metabolic phenotype and with more placental growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Bassols
- Pediatrics, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, Avenue Francia s/n, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chu CH, Lam HC, Lee JK, Lu CC, Sun CC, Wang MC, Chuang MJ. Hyperthyroidism-associated insulin resistance is not mediated by adiponectin levels. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:194721. [PMID: 21318144 PMCID: PMC3034962 DOI: 10.4061/2011/194721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the relationship between circulating adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease, we studied 19 adult patients with this disease and 19 age- and sex-matched euthyroid controls. All hyperthyroid patients were treated with antithyroid drugs and were re-evaluated after thyroid function normalized. Before antithyroid treatment, the adiponectin plasma concentrations were not different comparing with those in control group. The adiponectin levels remained unchanged after treatment. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in hyperthyroid group was higher before treatment than after treatment. There was no significant difference in serum glucose and insulin levels between hyperthyroid and control groups and in the hyperthyroid group before and after treatment. BMI-adjusted adiponectin levels were not different among three groups. On the other hand, BMI-adjusted insulin levels and HOMA-IR values were significantly decreased after management of hyperthyroidism. Pearson's correlation revealed that insulin and HOMA-IR values positively correlated with triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels. However, adiponectin did not correlate with T3, FT4, insulin, HOMA-IR and thyrotropin receptor autoantibody (TRAb) levels. In conclusion, insulin resistance associated with hyperthyroidism is not mediated by the levels of plasma adiponectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsun Chu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386, Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Havekes B, Sauerwein HP. Adipocyte-myocyte crosstalk in skeletal muscle insulin resistance; is there a role for thyroid hormone? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010; 13:641-6. [PMID: 20689414 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32833e341d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review original research studies and reviews that present data on adipocyte-myocyte crosstalk in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance with a specific focus on thyroid hormone. RECENT FINDINGS Adipose tissue communicates with skeletal muscle not only through free fatty acids but also through secretion of various products called adipokines. Adipokines came out as governors of insulin sensitivity and are deregulated in obesity. In addition to well known leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, newer adipokines like retinol-binding protein 4 have been associated with insulin resistance. There is mounting evidence that not only adipose tissue but also skeletal muscle produces and secretes biologically active proteins or 'myokines' that facilitate metabolic crosstalk between organ systems. In recent years, increased expression of myostatin, a secreted anabolic inhibitor of muscle growth and development, has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism affect insulin sensitivity in multiple ways that might overlap adipocyte-myocyte crosstalk. Recent studies have provided new insights in effects of processing of the parent hormone T4 to the active T3 at the level of the skeletal muscle. SUMMARY Adipocyte-myocyte crosstalk is an important modulator in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Thyroid disorders are very common and may have detrimental effects on skeletal muscle insulin resistance, potentially by interacting with adipocyte-myocyte crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bas Havekes
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|