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Etesami H, Glick BR. Bacterial indole-3-acetic acid: A key regulator for plant growth, plant-microbe interactions, and agricultural adaptive resilience. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127602. [PMID: 38228017 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a fundamental phytohormone categorized under auxins, not only influences plant growth and development but also plays a critical role in plant-microbe interactions. This study reviews the role of IAA in bacteria-plant communication, with a focus on its biosynthesis, regulation, and the subsequent effects on host plants. Bacteria synthesize IAA through multiple pathways, which include the indole-3-acetamide (IAM), indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA), and several other routes, whose full mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. The production of bacterial IAA affects root architecture, nutrient uptake, and resistance to various abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity, enhancing plant resilience and thus offering promising routes to sustainable agriculture. Bacterial IAA synthesis is regulated through complex gene networks responsive to environmental cues, impacting plant hormonal balances and symbiotic relationships. Pathogenic bacteria have adapted mechanisms to manipulate the host's IAA dynamics, influencing disease outcomes. On the other hand, beneficial bacteria utilize IAA to promote plant growth and mitigate abiotic stresses, thereby enhancing nutrient use efficiency and reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers. Advancements in analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, have improved the quantification of bacterial IAA, enabling accurate measurement and analysis. Future research focusing on molecular interactions between IAA-producing bacteria and host plants could facilitate the development of biotechnological applications that integrate beneficial bacteria to improve crop performance, which is essential for addressing the challenges posed by climate change and ensuring global food security. This integration of bacterial IAA producers into agricultural practice promises to revolutionize crop management strategies by enhancing growth, fostering resilience, and reducing environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Etesami
- Soil Science Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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2
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Janda M, Rybak K, Krassini L, Meng C, Feitosa-Junior O, Stigliano E, Szulc B, Sklenar J, Menke FL, Malone JG, Brachmann A, Klingl A, Ludwig C, Robatzek S. Biophysical and proteomic analyses of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 extracellular vesicles suggest adaptive functions during plant infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0358922. [PMID: 37366628 PMCID: PMC10470744 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03589-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesiculation is a process employed by Gram-negative bacteria to release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment. EVs from pathogenic bacteria play functions in host immune modulation, elimination of host defenses, and acquisition of nutrients from the host. Here, we observed EV production of the bacterial speck disease causal agent, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000, as outer membrane vesicle release. Mass spectrometry identified 369 proteins enriched in Pto DC3000 EVs. The EV samples contained known immunomodulatory proteins and could induce plant immune responses mediated by bacterial flagellin. Having identified two biomarkers for EV detection, we provide evidence for Pto DC3000 releasing EVs during plant infection. Bioinformatic analysis of the EV-enriched proteins suggests a role for EVs in antibiotic defense and iron acquisition. Thus, our data provide insights into the strategies this pathogen may use to develop in a plant environment. IMPORTANCE The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment is ubiquitous among bacteria. Vesiculation has been recognized as an important mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis and human disease but is poorly understood in phytopathogenic bacteria. Our research addresses the role of bacterial EVs in plant infection. In this work, we show that the causal agent of bacterial speck disease, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, produces EVs during plant infection. Our data suggest that EVs may help the bacteria to adapt to environments, e.g., when iron could be limiting such as the plant apoplast, laying the foundation for studying the factors that phytopathogenic bacteria use to thrive in the plant environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Janda
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Krassini
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chen Meng
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse, Freising, United Kingdom
| | | | - Egidio Stigliano
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Beata Szulc
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Frank L.H. Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob G. Malone
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Klingl
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse, Freising, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Robatzek
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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3
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Nomura K, Imboden LA, Tanaka H, He SY. Multiple host targets of Pseudomonas effector protein HopM1 form a protein complex regulating apoplastic immunity and water homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.31.551310. [PMID: 37577537 PMCID: PMC10418078 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial type III effector proteins injected into the host cell play a critical role in mediating bacterial interactions with plant and animal hosts. Notably, some bacterial effectors are reported to target sequence-unrelated host proteins with unknown functional relationships. The Pseudomonas syringae effector HopM1 is such an example; it interacts with and/or degrades several HopM1-interacting (MIN) Arabidopsis proteins, including HopM1-interacting protein 2 (MIN2/RAD23), HopM1-interacting protein 7 (MIN7/BIG5), HopM1-interacting protein 10 (MIN10/14-3-3ĸ), and HopM1-interacting protein 13 (MIN13/BIG2). In this study, we purified the MIN7 complex formed in planta and found that it contains MIN7, MIN10, MIN13, as well as a tetratricopeptide repeat protein named HLB1. Mutational analysis showed that, like MIN7, HLB1 is required for pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-, effector-, and benzothiadiazole (BTH)-triggered immunity. HLB1 is recruited to the trans-Golgi network (TGN)/early endosome (EE) in a MIN7-dependent manner. Both min7 and hlb1 mutant leaves contained elevated water content in the leaf apoplast and artificial water infiltration into the leaf apoplast was sufficient to phenocopy immune-suppressing phenotype of HopM1. These results suggest that multiple HopM1-targeted MIN proteins form a protein complex with a dual role in modulating water level and immunity in the apoplast, which provides an explanation for the dual phenotypes of HopM1 during bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinya Nomura
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lori Alice Imboden
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-0033, Japan
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Yoo SJ, Choi HJ, Noh SW, Cecchini NM, Greenberg JT, Jung HW. Genetic requirements for infection-specific responses in conferring disease resistance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1068438. [PMID: 36523630 PMCID: PMC9745044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1068438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunity in plants arises from defense regulatory circuits that can be conceptualized as modules. Both the types (and isolates) of pathogen and the repertoire of plant receptors may cause different modules to be activated and affect the magnitude of activation. Two major defense enzymes of Arabidopsis are ALD1 and ICS1/SID2. ALD1 is an aminotransferase needed for producing the metabolites pipecolic acid, hydroxy-pipecolic acid, and possibly other defense signals. ICS1/SID2 produces isochorismate, an intermediate in the synthesis of salicylic acid (SA) and SA-derivatives. Metabolites resulting from the activation of these enzymes are found in petiole exudates and may serve as priming signals for systemic disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Mutants lacking ALD1 are known to have reduced SA accumulation. To further investigate the role of ALD1 in relation to the SA-related module, immunity phenotypes of double mutants that disrupt ALD1 and ICS1/SID2 or SA perception by NPR1 were compared with each single mutant after infection by different Pseudomonas strains. Exudates collected from these mutants after infection were also evaluated for their ability to confer disease resistance when applied to wild-type plants. During infection with virulent or attenuated strains, the loss of ALD1 does not increase the susceptibility of npr1 or sid2 mutants, suggesting the main role of ALD1 in this context is in amplifying the SA-related module. In contrast, after an infection that leads to strong pathogen recognition via the cytoplasmic immune receptor RPS2, ALD1 acts additively with both NPR1 and ICS1/SID2 to suppress pathogen growth. The additive effects are observed in early basal defense responses as well as SA-related events. Thus, there are specific conditions that dictate whether the modules independently contribute to immunity to provide additive protection during infection. In the exudate experiments, intact NPR1 and ICS1/SID2, but not ALD1 in the donor plants were needed for conferring immunity. Mixing exudates showed that loss of SID2 yields exudates that suppress active exudates from wild-type or ald1 plants. This indicates that ICS1/SID2 may not only lead to positive defense signals, but also prevent a suppressive signal(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Je Yoo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyo Ju Choi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seong Woo Noh
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Nicolás M. Cecchini
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jean T. Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ho Won Jung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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Acidovorax citrulli Effector AopV Suppresses Plant Immunity and Interacts with Aromatic Dehydratase ADT6 in Watermelon. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911719. [PMID: 36233021 PMCID: PMC9570411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) is a disease of cucurbit plants caused by Acidovorax citrulli. Although A. citrulli has great destructive potential, the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity of A. citrulli are not clear, particularly with regard to its type III secreted effectors. In this study, we characterized the type III secreted effector protein, AopV, from A. citrulli strain Aac5. We show that AopV significantly inhibits reactive oxygen species and the expression of PTI marker genes, and helps the growth of Pseudomonas syringae D36E in Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition, we found that the aromatic dehydratase ADT6 from watermelon was a target of AopV. AopV interacts with ADT6 in vivo and in vitro. Subcellular localization indicated ADT6 and AopV were co-located at the cell membrane. Together, our results reveal that AopV suppresses plant immunity and targets ADT6 in the cell membrane. These findings provide an new characterization of the molecular interaction of A. citrulli effector protein AopV with host cells.
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Wang J, Liu J, Zhao Y, Sun M, Yu G, Fan J, Tian Y, Hu B. OxyR contributes to virulence of Acidovorax citrulli by regulating anti-oxidative stress and expression of flagellin FliC and type IV pili PilA. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:977281. [PMID: 36204623 PMCID: PMC9530317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.977281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In many bacteria, OxyR acts as a transcriptional regulator that facilitates infection via degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generated by the host defense response. Previous studies showed that OxyR also plays an important role in regulating biofilm formation, cell motility, pili relate-genes expression, and surface polysaccharide production. However, the role of OxyR has not been determined in Acidovorax citrulli strain xjl12. In the current study, the qRT-PCR and western blot assays revealed that the expression level of oxyR was significantly induced by H2O2. The oxyR deletion mutant of A. citrulli was significantly impaired bacterial tolerance to oxidative stress and reduced catalase (CAT) activity. In addition, oxyR mutant resulted in reduced swimming motility, twitching motility, biofilm formation, virulence, and bacterial growth in planta by significantly affecting flagellin and type IV pili-related gene (fliC and pilA) expression. The qRT-PCR assays and western blot revealed that OxyR positively regulated the expression of fliC and pilA. Furthermore, bacterial one-hybrid assay demonstrated that OxyR directly affected pilA and fliC promoter. Through bacterial two-hybrid assay, it was found that OxyR can directly interact with PilA and FliC. These results suggest that OxyR plays a major role in the regulating of a variety of virulence traits, and provide a foundation for future research on the global effects of OxyR in A. citrulli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Wang
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Minghui Sun
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guixu Yu
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqin Fan
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanli Tian
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanli Tian,
| | - Baishi Hu
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Baishi Hu,
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7
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Ji L, Yang X, Qi F. Distinct Responses to Pathogenic and Symbionic Microorganisms: The Role of Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810427. [PMID: 36142339 PMCID: PMC9499406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants must balance both beneficial (symbiotic) and pathogenic challenges from microorganisms, the former benefitting the plant and agriculture and the latter causing disease and economic harm. Plant innate immunity describes a highly conserved set of defense mechanisms that play pivotal roles in sensing immunogenic signals associated with both symbiotic and pathogenic microbes and subsequent downstream activation of signaling effector networks that protect the plant. An intriguing question is how the innate immune system distinguishes “friends” from “foes”. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role and spectrum of innate immunity in recognizing and responding to different microbes. In addition, we also review some of the strategies used by microbes to manipulate plant signaling pathways and thus evade immunity, with emphasis on the use of effector proteins and micro-RNAs (miRNAs). Furthermore, we discuss potential questions that need addressing to advance the field of plant–microbe interactions.
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8
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Kashihara S, Nishimura T, Noutoshi Y, Yamamoto M, Toyoda K, Ichinose Y, Matsui H. HopAZ1, a type III effector of Pseudomonas amygdali pv. tabaci, induces a hypersensitive response in tobacco wildfire-resistant Nicotiana tabacum 'N509'. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:885-894. [PMID: 35233886 PMCID: PMC9104263 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas amygdali pv. tabaci (formerly Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci; Pta) is a gram-negative bacterium that causes bacterial wildfire disease in Nicotiana tabacum. The pathogen establishes infections by using a type III secretion system to inject type III effector proteins (T3Es) into cells, thereby interfering with the host__s immune system. To counteract the effectors, plants have evolved disease-resistance genes and mechanisms to induce strong resistance on effector recognition. By screening a series of Pta T3E-deficient mutants, we have identified HopAZ1 as the T3E that induces disease resistance in N. tabacum 'N509'. Inoculation with the Pta ∆hopAZ1 mutant did not induce resistance to Pta in N509. We also found that the Pta ∆hopAZ1 mutant did not induce a hypersensitive response and promoted severe disease symptoms in N509. Furthermore, a C-terminal truncated HopAZ1 abolished HopAZ1-dependent cell death in N509. These results indicate that HopAZ1 is the avirulence factor that induces resistance to Pta by N509.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Kashihara
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Takafumi Nishimura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Mikihiro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Toyoda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Yuki Ichinose
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Hidenori Matsui
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
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Silver Nanoparticles Affect Arabidopsis thaliana Leaf Tissue Integrity and Suppress Pseudomonas syringae Infection Symptoms in a Dose-Dependent Manner. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-00957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Eastman S, Smith T, Zaydman MA, Kim P, Martinez S, Damaraju N, DiAntonio A, Milbrandt J, Clemente TE, Alfano JR, Guo M. A phytobacterial TIR domain effector manipulates NAD + to promote virulence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:890-904. [PMID: 34657283 PMCID: PMC9298051 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 type III effector HopAM1 suppresses plant immunity and contains a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain homologous to immunity-related TIR domains of plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors that hydrolyze nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) and activate immunity. In vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to determine if HopAM1 hydrolyzes NAD+ and if the activity is essential for HopAM1's suppression of plant immunity and contribution to virulence. HPLC and LC-MS were utilized to analyze metabolites produced from NAD+ by HopAM1 in vitro and in both yeast and plants. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression and in planta inoculation assays were performed to determine HopAM1's intrinsic enzymatic activity and virulence contribution. HopAM1 is catalytically active and hydrolyzes NAD+ to produce nicotinamide and a novel cADPR variant (v2-cADPR). Expression of HopAM1 triggers cell death in yeast and plants dependent on the putative catalytic residue glutamic acid 191 (E191) within the TIR domain. Furthermore, HopAM1's E191 residue is required to suppress both pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity and promote P. syringae virulence. HopAM1 manipulates endogenous NAD+ to produce v2-cADPR and promote pathogenesis. This work suggests that HopAM1's TIR domain possesses different catalytic specificity than other TIR domain-containing NAD+ hydrolases and that pathogens exploit this activity to sabotage NAD+ metabolism for immune suppression and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Eastman
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68583USA
| | - Thomas Smith
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68583USA
| | - Mark A. Zaydman
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMO63110USA
| | - Panya Kim
- The Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68588USA
| | - Samuel Martinez
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68583USA
| | - Neha Damaraju
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMO63130USA
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMO63110USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of GeneticsWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMO63110USA
| | - Thomas E. Clemente
- Department of Agriculture and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68583USA
| | - James R. Alfano
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68583USA
- The Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68588USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Agriculture and HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68583USA
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Sophiarani Y, Chakraborty S. Prediction of microRNAs in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and their potential target prediction in Solanum lycopersicum. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Kanapin A, Bankin M, Rozhmina T, Samsonova A, Samsonova M. Genomic Regions Associated with Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Flax. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12383. [PMID: 34830265 PMCID: PMC8623186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern flax cultivars are susceptible to many diseases; arguably, the most economically damaging of these is the Fusarium wilt fungal disease. Over the past decades international flax breeding initiatives resulted in the development of resistant cultivars. However, much remains to be learned about the mechanisms of resistance to Fusarium infection in flax. As a first step to uncover the genetic factors associated with resistance to Fusarium wilt disease, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 297 accessions from the collection of the Federal Research Centre of the Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok, Russia. These genotypes were infected with a highly pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini MI39 strain; the wilt symptoms were documented in the course of three successive years. Six different single-locus models implemented in GAPIT3 R package were applied to a selected subset of 72,526 SNPs. A total of 15 QTNs (Quantitative Trait Nucleotides) were detected during at least two years of observation, while eight QTNs were found during all three years of the experiment. Of these, ten QTNs occupied a region of 640 Kb at the start of chromosome 1, while the remaining QTNs mapped to chromosomes 8, 11 and 13. All stable QTNs demonstrate a statistically significant allelic effect across 3 years of the experiment. Importantly, several QTNs spanned regions that harbored genes involved in the pathogen recognition and plant immunity response, including the KIP1-like protein (Lus10025717) and NBS-LRR protein (Lus10025852). Our results provide novel insights into the genetic architecture of flax resistance to Fusarium wilt and pinpoint potential candidate genes for further in-depth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kanapin
- Centre for Computational Biology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Mikhail Bankin
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Tatyana Rozhmina
- Laboratory of Breeding Technologies, Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, 172002 Torzhok, Russia;
| | - Anastasia Samsonova
- Centre for Computational Biology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Maria Samsonova
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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13
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Dangol S, Nguyen NK, Singh R, Chen Y, Wang J, Lee HG, Hwang BK, Jwa NS. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 Signaling Is Required for Ferroptotic Cell Death in Rice- Magnaporthe oryzae Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:710794. [PMID: 34408766 PMCID: PMC8365360 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.710794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is required for plant cell death responses to invading microbial pathogens. Iron- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent ferroptotic cell death occurs in rice (Oryza sativa) during an incompatible rice-Magnaporthe oryzae interaction. Here, we show that rice MAP kinase (OsMEK2 and OsMPK1) signaling cascades are involved in iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death responses of rice to M. oryzae infection using OsMEK2 knock-out mutant and OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 overexpression rice plants. The OsMPK1:GFP and OsWRKY90:GFP transcription factor were localized to the nuclei, suggesting that OsMPK1 in the cytoplasm moves into the nuclei to interact with the WRKY90. M. oryzae infection in ΔOsmek2 knock-out plants did not trigger iron and ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation, and also downregulated OsMPK1, OsWRKY90, OsRbohB, and OsPR-1b expression. However, 35S:OsMEK2 overexpression induced ROS- and iron-dependent cell death in rice. The downstream MAP kinase (OsMPK1) overexpression induced ROS- and iron-dependent ferroptotic cell death response to virulent M. oryzae infection. The small-molecule ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 suppressed iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death in 35S:OsMPK1 overexpression plants. However, the small-molecule inducer erastin triggered iron- and lipid ROS-dependent, but OsMEK2-independent, ferroptotic cell death during M. oryzae infection. Disease (susceptibility)-related cell death was lipid ROS-dependent, but iron-independent in the ΔOsmek2 knock-out mutant during the late M. oryzae infection stage. These combined results suggest that OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 expression positively regulates iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death, and blast disease (susceptibility)-related cell death was ROS-dependent but iron-independent in rice-M. oryzae interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmina Dangol
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nam Khoa Nguyen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Raksha Singh
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yafei Chen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juan Wang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gu Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung KooK Hwang
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Jwa
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Cavaco AR, Matos AR, Figueiredo A. Speaking the language of lipids: the cross-talk between plants and pathogens in defence and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4399-4415. [PMID: 33638652 PMCID: PMC11073031 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipids and fatty acids play crucial roles in plant immunity, which have been highlighted over the past few decades. An increasing number of studies have shown that these molecules are pivotal in the interactions between plants and their diverse pathogens. The roles played by plant lipids fit in a wide spectrum ranging from the first physical barrier encountered by the pathogens, the cuticle, to the signalling pathways that trigger different immune responses and expression of defence-related genes, mediated by several lipid molecules. Moreover, lipids have been arising as candidate biomarkers of resistance or susceptibility to different pathogens. Studies on the apoplast and extracellular vesicles have been highlighting the possible role of lipids in the intercellular communication and the establishment of systemic acquired resistance during plant-pathogen interactions. From the pathogen perspective, lipid metabolism and specific lipid molecules play pivotal roles in the pathogen's life cycle completion, being crucial during recognition by the plant and evasion from the host immune system, therefore potentiating infection. Studies conducted in the last years have contributed to a better understanding of the language of lipids during the cross-talk between plants and pathogens. However, it is essential to continue exploring the knowledge brought up to light by transcriptomics and proteomics studies towards the elucidation of lipid signalling processes during defence and disease. In this review, we present an updated overview on lipids associated to plant-pathogen interactions, exploiting their roles from the two sides of this battle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Cavaco
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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15
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Nguyen QM, Iswanto ABB, Son GH, Kim SH. Recent Advances in Effector-Triggered Immunity in Plants: New Pieces in the Puzzle Create a Different Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4709. [PMID: 33946790 PMCID: PMC8124997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants rely on multiple immune systems to protect themselves from pathogens. When pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-the first layer of the immune response-is no longer effective as a result of pathogenic effectors, effector-triggered immunity (ETI) often provides resistance. In ETI, host plants directly or indirectly perceive pathogen effectors via resistance proteins and launch a more robust and rapid defense response. Resistance proteins are typically found in the form of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich-repeat-containing receptors (NLRs). Upon effector recognition, an NLR undergoes structural change and associates with other NLRs. The dimerization or oligomerization of NLRs signals to downstream components, activates "helper" NLRs, and culminates in the ETI response. Originally, PTI was thought to contribute little to ETI. However, most recent studies revealed crosstalk and cooperation between ETI and PTI. Here, we summarize recent advancements in our understanding of the ETI response and its components, as well as how these components cooperate in the innate immune signaling pathways. Based on up-to-date accumulated knowledge, this review provides our current perspective of potential engineering strategies for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Minh Nguyen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (Q.-M.N.); (A.B.B.I.); (G.H.S.)
| | - Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (Q.-M.N.); (A.B.B.I.); (G.H.S.)
| | - Geon Hui Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (Q.-M.N.); (A.B.B.I.); (G.H.S.)
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea; (Q.-M.N.); (A.B.B.I.); (G.H.S.)
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea
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Su J, Nguyen QM, Kimble A, Pike SM, Kim SH, Gassmann W. The Conserved Arginine Required for AvrRps4 Processing Is Also Required for Recognition of Its N-Terminal Fragment in Lettuce. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:270-278. [PMID: 33147120 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0285-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens utilize a repertoire of effectors to facilitate pathogenesis, but when the host recognizes one of them, it causes effector-triggered immunity. The Pseudomonas type III effector AvrRps4 is a bipartite effector that is processed in planta into a functional 133-amino acid N-terminus (AvrRps4-N) and 88-amino acid C-terminus (AvrRps4-C). Previous studies found AvrRps4-C to be sufficient to trigger the hypersensitive response (HR) in turnip. In contrast, our recent work found that AvrRps4-N but not AvrRps4-C triggered HR in lettuce, whereas both were required for resistance induction in Arabidopsis. Here, we initially compared AvrRps4 recognition by turnip and lettuce using transient expression. By serial truncation, we identified the central conserved region consisting of 37 amino acids as essential for AvrRps4-N recognition, whereas the putative type III secretion signal peptide or the C-terminal 13 amino acids were dispensable. Surprisingly, the conserved arginine at position 112 (R112) that is required for full-length AvrRps4 processing is also required for the recognition of AvrRps4-N by lettuce. Mutating R112 to hydrophobic leucine or negatively charged glutamate abolished the HR-inducing capacity of AvrRps4-N, while a positively charged lysine at this position resulted in a slow and weak HR. Together, our results suggest an AvrRps4-N recognition-specific role of R112 in lettuce.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Su
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 66211, U.S.A
| | - Quang-Minh Nguyen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Ashten Kimble
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 66211, U.S.A
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Sharon M Pike
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 66211, U.S.A
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 66211, U.S.A
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17
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Cambiagno DA, Torres JR, Alvarez ME. Convergent Epigenetic Mechanisms Avoid Constitutive Expression of Immune Receptor Gene Subsets. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:703667. [PMID: 34557212 PMCID: PMC8452986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.703667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The gene pool encoding PRR and NLR immune receptors determines the ability of a plant to resist microbial infections. Basal expression of these genes is prevented by diverse mechanisms since their hyperactivity can be harmful. To approach the study of epigenetic control of PRR/NLR genes we here analyzed their expression in mutants carrying abnormal repressive 5-methyl cytosine (5-mC) and histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) marks, due to lack of MET1, CMT3, MOM1, SUVH4/5/6, or DDM1. At optimal growth conditions, none of the mutants showed basal expression of the defense gene marker PR1, but all of them had greater resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato than wild type plants, suggesting they are primed to stimulate immune cascades. Consistently, analysis of available transcriptomes indicated that all mutants showed activation of particular PRR/NLR genes under some growth conditions. Under low defense activation, 37 PRR/NLR genes were expressed in these plants, but 29 of them were exclusively activated in specific mutants, indicating that MET1, CMT3, MOM1, SUVH4/5/6, and DDM1 mediate basal repression of different subsets of genes. Some epigenetic marks present at promoters, but not gene bodies, could explain the activation of these genes in the mutants. As expected, suvh4/5/6 and ddm1 activated genes carrying 5-mC and H3K9me2 marks in wild type plants. Surprisingly, all mutants expressed genes harboring promoter H2A.Z/H3K27me3 marks likely affected by the chromatin remodeler PIE1 and the histone demethylase REF6, respectively. Therefore, MET1, CMT3, MOM1, SUVH4/5/6, and DDM1, together with REF6, seemingly contribute to the establishment of chromatin states that prevent constitutive PRR/NLR gene activation, but facilitate their priming by modulating epigenetic marks at their promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Alejandro Cambiagno
- Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA), INTA-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Damián Alejandro Cambiagno,
| | - José Roberto Torres
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Elena Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- María Elena Alvarez,
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18
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhao M, Yang L, Jiang J, Walcott R, Yang S, Zhao T. Acidovorax citrulli Type III Effector AopP Suppresses Plant Immunity by Targeting the Watermelon Transcription Factor WRKY6. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:579218. [PMID: 33329640 PMCID: PMC7718035 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.579218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acidovorax citrulli (Ac) is the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), and BFB poses a threat to global watermelon production. Despite its economic importance, the molecular mechanisms underlying Ac pathogenicity and virulence are not well understood, particularly with regard to its type III secreted effectors. We identify a new effector, AopP, in Ac and confirm its secretion and translocation. AopP suppresses reactive oxygen species burst and salicylic acid (SA) content and significantly contributes to virulence. Interestingly, AopP interacts with a watermelon transcription factor, ClWRKY6, in vivo and in vitro. ClWRKY6 shows typical nuclear localization, and AopP and ClWRKY6 co-localize in the nucleus. Ac infection, SA, and the pathogen-associated molecular pattern flg22 Ac promote ClWRKY6 production, suggesting that ClWRKY6 is involved in plant immunity and SA signaling. Furthermore, ClWRKY6 positively regulates PTI and SA production when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Importantly, AopP reduces ClWRKY6 mRNA and ClWRKY6 protein levels, suggesting that AopP suppresses plant immunity by targeting ClWRKY6. In summary, we identify a novel effector associated with the virulence mechanism of Ac, which interacts with the transcription factor of the natural host, watermelon. The findings of this study provide insights into the mechanisms of watermelon immune responses and may facilitate molecular breeding for bacterial fruit blotch resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Linlin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ron Walcott
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingchang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Zboralski A, Filion M. Genetic factors involved in rhizosphere colonization by phytobeneficial Pseudomonas spp. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3539-3554. [PMID: 33304453 PMCID: PMC7711191 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) actively colonize the soil portion under the influence of plant roots, called the rhizosphere. Many plant-beneficial Pseudomonas spp. have been characterized as PGPR. They are ubiquitous rod-shaped motile Gram-negative bacteria displaying a high metabolic versatility. Their capacity to protect plants from pathogens and improve plant growth closely depends on their rhizosphere colonization abilities. Various molecular and cellular mechanisms are involved in this complex process, such as chemotaxis, biofilm formation, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, metabolic versatility, and evasion of plant immunity. The burst in Pseudomonas spp. genome sequencing in recent years has been crucial to better understand how they colonize the rhizosphere. In this review, we discuss the recent advances regarding these mechanisms and the underlying bacterial genetic factors required for successful rhizosphere colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Zboralski
- Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Martin Filion
- Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada
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20
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Abstract
Plants utilize a two-tiered immune system consisting of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) to defend themselves against pathogenic microbes. The receptor protein kinase BAK1 plays a central role in multiple PTI signaling pathways in Arabidopsis However, double mutants made by BAK1 and its closest paralog BKK1 exhibit autoimmune phenotypes, including cell death resembling a typical nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein (NLR)-mediated ETI response. The molecular mechanisms of the cell death caused by the depletion of BAK1 and BKK1 are poorly understood. Here, we show that the cell-death phenotype of bak1 bkk1 is suppressed when a group of NLRs, ADR1s, are mutated, indicating the cell-death of bak1 bkk1 is the consequence of NLR activation. Furthermore, introduction of a Pseudomonas syringae effector HopB1, which proteolytically cleaves activated BAK1 and its paralogs via either gene transformation or bacterium-delivery, results in a cell-death phenotype in an ADR1s-dependent manner. Our study thus pinpoints that BAK1 and its paralogs are likely guarded by NLRs.
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21
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Hydrogen peroxide generated by over-expression of cytosolic superoxide dismutase in transgenic plums enhances bacterial canker resistance and modulates plant defence responses. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5889-5901. [PMID: 32661871 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
H2O2 generated during the oxidative burst, plays important roles in plant defenses responses against pathogens. In this study we examined the role of H2O2 on bacterial canker resistance in transgenic plums over-expressing cytosolic superoxide dismutase. Three transgenic lines (C64, C66 and F12) with elevated levels of H2O2 accumulation showed enhanced resistance against bacterial canker disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, when compared to the non-transformed control. Analysis of the expression of several genes involved in the plant-pathogen interaction showed that the expression of those involved in SA pathway (pr1 and npr1) and JA (lox3) were activated earlier and transiently in transgenic lines C66 and F12 when compared to the wild type. However, the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis (chi, chs, f3h, dfr, atcs, myb10) and ethylene (acs) was induced at very low levels whereas it was activated by the pathogen at exaggerated levels in the non-transformed line. These results suggest that resistance observed in transgenic lines over-producing H2O2 is correlated with an early and transient induction of defense genes associated with the SA and JA pathways and inhibition of gene expression associated with ethylene and anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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22
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Pelgrom AJE, Meisrimler CN, Elberse J, Koorman T, Boxem M, Van den Ackerveken G. Host interactors of effector proteins of the lettuce downy mildew Bremia lactucae obtained by yeast two-hybrid screening. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226540. [PMID: 32396563 PMCID: PMC7217486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi and oomycetes secrete effector proteins to manipulate host cell processes to establish a successful infection. Over the last decade the genomes and transcriptomes of many agriculturally important plant pathogens have been sequenced and vast candidate effector repertoires were identified using bioinformatic analyses. Elucidating the contribution of individual effectors to pathogenicity is the next major hurdle. To advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying lettuce susceptibility to the downy mildew Bremia lactucae, we mapped physical interactions between B. lactucae effectors and lettuce candidate target proteins. Using a lettuce cDNA library-based yeast-two-hybrid system, 61 protein-protein interactions were identified, involving 21 B. lactucae effectors and 46 unique lettuce proteins. The top ten interactors based on the number of independent colonies identified in the Y2H and two interactors that belong to gene families involved in plant immunity, were further characterized. We determined the subcellular localization of the fluorescently tagged lettuce proteins and their interacting effectors. Importantly, relocalization of effectors or their interactors to the nucleus was observed for four protein-pairs upon their co-expression, supporting their interaction in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. E. Pelgrom
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joyce Elberse
- Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Koorman
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Boxem
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Isolation, Characterisation and Experimental Evolution of Phage that Infect the Horse Chestnut Tree Pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1438-1447. [PMID: 32193605 PMCID: PMC7334240 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01952-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bleeding canker of horse chestnut trees is a bacterial disease, caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi, estimated to be present in ~ 50% of UK horse chestnut trees. Currently, the disease has no cure and tree removal can be a common method of reducing inoculum and preventing spread. One potential method of control could be achieved using naturally occurring bacteriophages infective to the causative bacterium. Bacteriophages were isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic horse chestnut trees in three locations in the South East of England. The phages were found to be belonging to both the Myoviridae and Podoviridae families by RAPD PCR and transmission electron microscopy. Experimental coevolution was carried out to understand the dynamics of bacterial resistance and phage infection and to determine whether new infective phage genotypes would emerge. The phages exhibited different coevolution patterns with their bacterial hosts across time. This approach could be used to generate novel phages for use in biocontrol cocktails in an effort to reduce the potential emergence of bacterial resistance.
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24
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Poon JSY, Le Fevre RE, Carr JP, Hanke DE, Murphy AM. Inositol hexakisphosphate biosynthesis underpins PAMP-triggered immunity to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in Arabidopsis thaliana but is dispensable for establishment of systemic acquired resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:376-387. [PMID: 31876373 PMCID: PMC7036367 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytic acid (inositol hexakisphosphate, InsP6 ) is an important phosphate store and signal molecule necessary for maintenance of basal resistance to plant pathogens. Arabidopsis thaliana ('arabidopsis') has three genes encoding myo-inositol phosphate synthases (IPS1-3), the enzymes that catalyse conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to InsP, the first step in InsP6 biosynthesis. There is one gene for inositol-(1,3,4,5,6)-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase (IPK1), which catalyses the final step. Previously, we showed that mutation of IPS2 and IPK1 but not IPS1 increased susceptibility to pathogens. Our aim was to better understand the InsP6 biosynthesis pathway in plant defence. Here we found that the susceptibility of arabidopsis (Col-0) to virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato was also increased in ips3 and ips2/3 double mutants. Also, ipk1 plants had compromised expression of local acquired resistance induced by treatment with the pathogen-derived molecular pattern (PAMP) molecule flg22, but were unaffected in other responses to flg22, including Ca2+ influx and the oxidative burst, seedling root growth inhibition, and transcriptional up-regulation of the PAMP-triggered genes MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MPK) 3, MPK11, CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 5, and FLG22-INDUCED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1. IPK1 mutation did not prevent the induction of systemic acquired resistance by avirulent P. syringae. Also, ips2 and ips2/3 double mutant plants, like ipk1, were hypersusceptible to P. syringae but were not compromised in flg22-induced local acquired resistance. The results support the role of InsP6 biosynthesis enzymes in effective basal resistance and indicate that there is more than one basal resistance mechanism dependent upon InsP6 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth E. Le Fevre
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - David E. Hanke
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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25
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Collmer A. James Robert Alfano, A Giant in Phytopathogenic Bacteria Effector Biology. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:377-381. [PMID: 31990622 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-19-0354-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide molecular plant-microbe interactions research community was significantly diminished in November 2019 by the death of James "Jim" Robert Alfano at age 56. Jim was a giant in our field, who gained key insights into plant pathogenesis using the model bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. As a mentor, collaborator, and, above all, a friend, I know Jim's many dimensions and accomplishments and, sadly, the depth of loss being felt by the many people around the world who were touched by him. In tracing the path of Jim's career, I will emphasize the historical context and impact of his advances and, finally, the essence of the person we will so miss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Collmer
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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Chen Y, Bendix C, Lewis JD. Comparative Genomics Screen Identifies Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns from ' Candidatus Liberibacter' spp. That Elicit Immune Responses in Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:539-552. [PMID: 31790346 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-19-0309-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), caused by phloem-limited 'Candidatus Liberibacter' bacteria, is a destructive disease threatening the worldwide citrus industry. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are poorly understood and no efficient strategy is available to control HLB. Here, we used a comparative genomics screen to identify candidate microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from 'Ca. Liberibacter' spp. We identified the core genome from multiple 'Ca. Liberibacter' pathogens, and searched for core genes with signatures of positive selection. We hypothesized that genes encoding putative MAMPs would evolve to reduce recognition by the plant immune system, while retaining their essential functions. To efficiently screen candidate MAMP peptides, we established a high-throughput microtiter plate-based screening assay, particularly for citrus, that measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which is a common immune response in plants. We found that two peptides could elicit ROS production in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana. One of these peptides elicited ROS production and defense gene expression in HLB-tolerant citrus genotypes, and induced MAMP-triggered immunity against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Our findings identify MAMPs that boost immunity in citrus and could help prevent or reduce HLB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, U.S.A
| | - Claire Bendix
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer D Lewis
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, U.S.A
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Lomovatskaya LA, Romanenko AS. Secretion Systems of Bacterial Phytopathogens and Mutualists (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Han B, Jiang Y, Cui G, Mi J, Roelfsema MRG, Mouille G, Sechet J, Al-Babili S, Aranda M, Hirt H. CATION-CHLORIDE CO-TRANSPORTER 1 (CCC1) Mediates Plant Resistance against Pseudomonas syringae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1052-1065. [PMID: 31806735 PMCID: PMC6997689 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane (PM) depolarization functions as an initial step in plant defense signaling pathways. However, only a few ion channels/transporters have been characterized in the context of plant immunity. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Na+:K+:2Cl- (NKCC) cotransporter CCC1 has a dual function in plant immunity. CCC1 functions independently of PM depolarization and negatively regulates pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity. However, CCC1 positively regulates plant basal and effector-triggered resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. In line with the compromised immunity to Pst DC3000, ccc1 mutants show reduced expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of antimicrobial peptides, camalexin, and 4-OH-ICN, as well as pathogenesis-related proteins. Moreover, genes involved in cell wall and cuticle biosynthesis are constitutively down-regulated in ccc1 mutants, and the cell walls of these mutants exhibit major changes in monosaccharide composition. The role of CCC1 ion transporter activity in the regulation of plant immunity is corroborated by experiments using the specific NKCC inhibitor bumetanide. These results reveal a function for ion transporters in immunity-related cell wall fortification and antimicrobial biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoda Han
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yunhe Jiang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guoxin Cui
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Julien Sechet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manuel Aranda
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heribert Hirt
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France
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Götze S, Stallforth P. Structure, properties, and biological functions of nonribosomal lipopeptides from pseudomonads. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:29-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria of the genusPseudomonasdisplay a fascinating metabolic diversity. In this review, we focus our attention on the natural product class of nonribosomal lipopeptides, which help pseudomonads to colonize a wide range of ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Götze
- Faculty 7: Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Institute for Environmental Sciences
- University Koblenz Landau
- 76829 Landau
- Germany
| | - Pierre Stallforth
- Junior Research Group Chemistry of Microbial Communication
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans Knöll Institute (HKI)
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
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Ren Y, Armstrong M, Qi Y, McLellan H, Zhong C, Du B, Birch PRJ, Tian Z. Phytophthora infestans RXLR Effectors Target Parallel Steps in an Immune Signal Transduction Pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:2227-2239. [PMID: 31217198 PMCID: PMC6670088 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans delivers Arg-X-Leu-Arg (RXLR) effector proteins into host cells to subvert plant immune responses and promote colonization. We show that transient expression and stable transgenic expression of the RXLR effector Pi22926 in Nicotiana benthamiana promotes leaf colonization by P. infestans. Pi22926 suppresses cell death triggered by coexpression of the Cladosporium fulvum avirulence protein Avr4 and the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resistance protein Cf4. Pi22926 interacts with a potato mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, StMAP3Kβ2, in the nucleoplasm. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the ortholog NbMAP3Kβ2 in N. benthamiana enhances P. infestans colonization and attenuates Cf4/Avr4-induced cell death, indicating that this host protein is a positive regulator of immunity. Cell death induced by Cf4/Avr4 is dependent on NbMAP3Kε and NbMAP3Kβ2, indicating that these MAP3Ks function in the same signaling pathway. VIGS of NbMAP3Kβ2 does not compromise cell death triggered by overexpression of MAP3Kε. Similarly, VIGS of NbMAP3Kε does not attenuate cell death triggered by MAP3Kβ2, demonstrating that these MAP3K proteins function in parallel. In agreement, Pi22926 or another RXLR effector, PexRD2, only suppresses cell death triggered by expression of StMAP3Kβ2 or StMAP3Kε, respectively. Our data reveal that two P. infestans effectors, PexRD2 and Pi22926, promote P. infestans colonization by targeting MAP3K proteins that act in parallel in the same signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Miles Armstrong
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Cheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Du
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Athinuwat D, Brooks S. The OmpA Gene of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines is Involved in Pathogenesis of Pustule Disease on Soybean. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:879-887. [PMID: 31089795 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to elucidate the role of the outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines in bacterial pustule pathogenesis of soybean. An ompA mutant of X. axonopodis pv. glycines KU-P-SW005 was shown to significantly decrease cellulase, pectate lyase, and polysaccharide production. The production of these proteins in the ompA mutant was approximately five times lower than that of the wildtype. The ompA mutant also exhibited modified biofilm development. More importantly, the mutant reduced disease severity to the soybean. Ten days after inoculation, the virulence rating of the susceptible soybean cv. SJ4 inoculated with the ompA mutant was 11.23%, compared with 87.98% for the complemented ompA mutant. Production of cellulase, pectate lyase, polysaccharide was restored, biofilm, and pustule numbers were restored in the complemented ompA mutant that did not differ from the wild type. Taken together, these data suggest that OmpA-mediated invasion plays an important role in protein secretion during pathogenesis to soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusit Athinuwat
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.
| | - Siraprapa Brooks
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chaing Rai, 57100, Thailand
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Zhao XY, Qi CH, Jiang H, Zheng PF, Zhong MS, Zhao Q, You CX, Li YY, Hao YJ. Functional identification of apple on MdHIR4 in biotic stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:396-406. [PMID: 31128710 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In plants, hypersensitive-induced reaction (HIR) proteins are involved in stress responses, especially biotic stress. However, the potential molecular mechanisms of HIR-mediated biotic resistance in plants are rarely reported. We found that apple (Malus domestica) MdHIR4 was localized in the cell nucleus and membrane similar to AtHIR1 in Arabidopsis. Moreover, salicylic acid and the bacterial flagellin flg22 (a conserved, 22-amino acid motif), which are relevant to biotic stress, could induce MdHIR4 expression. Additionally, the transcription level of MdHIR4 was increased by Methyl jasmonate treatment. Ectopic expression of MdHIR4 in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana reduced sensitivity to Methyl jasmonate and enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pst DC3000 (Pseudomonas syringae tomato DC3000). The interaction between MdHIR4 and AtJAZs proteins (AtJAZ3, AtJAZ4, and AtJAZ9) implied that MdHIR4 participated in the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. We found the expression of JA-related genes and PRs to change in transgenic plants, further demonstrating that MdHIR4 mediated biotic stress through the JA signaling pathway. Repressing the expression of MdHIR4 in apple leaves and calli increased resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea by influencing the transcription of resistance-related genes. Our findings reveal the resistant function to biotic stress of MdHIR4 in transgenic plants, including Arabidopsis, tobacco, and apple, and identify the regulating mechanism of MdHIR4-related biotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chen-Hui Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Han Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ming-Shuang Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China.
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Gutiérrez-Barranquero JA, Cazorla FM, de Vicente A. Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Associated With Mango Trees, a Particular Pathogen Within the "Hodgepodge" of the Pseudomonas syringae Complex. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:570. [PMID: 31139201 PMCID: PMC6518948 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Pseudomonas syringae complex comprises different genetic groups that include strains from both agricultural and environmental habitats. This complex group has been used for decades as a "hodgepodge," including many taxonomically related species. More than 60 pathovars of P. syringae have been described based on distinct host ranges and disease symptoms they cause. These pathovars cause disease relying on an array of virulence mechanisms. However, P. syringae pv. syringae (Pss) is the most polyphagous bacterium in the P. syringae complex, based on its wide host range, that primarily affects woody and herbaceous host plants. In early 1990s, bacterial apical necrosis (BAN) of mango trees, a critical disease elicited by Pss in Southern Spain was described for the first time. Pss exhibits important epiphytic traits and virulence factors, which may promote its survival and pathogenicity in mango trees and in other plant hosts. Over more than two decades, Pss strains isolated from mango trees have been comprehensively investigated to elucidate the mechanisms that governs their epiphytic and pathogenic lifestyles. In particular, the vast majority of Pss strains isolated from mango trees produce an antimetabolite toxin, called mangotoxin, whose leading role in virulence has been clearly demonstrated. Moreover, phenotypic, genetic and phylogenetic approaches support that Pss strains producers of BAN symptoms on mango trees all belong to a single phylotype within phylogroup 2, are adapted to the mango host, and produce mangotoxin. Remarkably, a genome sequencing project of the Pss model strain UMAF0158 revealed the presence of other factors that may play major roles in its different lifestyles, such as the presence of two different type III secretion systems, two type VI secretion systems and an operon for cellulose biosynthesis. The role of cellulose in increasing mango leaf colonization and biofilm formation, and impairing virulence of Pss, suggests that cellulose may play a pivotal role with regards to the balance of its different lifestyles. In addition, 62-kb plasmids belonging to the pPT23A-family of plasmids (PFPs) have been strongly associated with Pss strains that inhabit mango trees. Further, complete sequence and comparative genomic analyses revealed major roles of PFPs in detoxification of copper compounds and ultraviolet radiation resistance, both improving the epiphytic lifestyle of Pss on mango surfaces. Hence, in this review we summarize the research that has been conducted on Pss by our research group to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underpin the epiphytic and pathogenic lifestyle on mango trees. Finally, future directions in this particular plant-pathogen story are discussed.
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Dillon MM, Almeida RN, Laflamme B, Martel A, Weir BS, Desveaux D, Guttman DS. Molecular Evolution of Pseudomonas syringae Type III Secreted Effector Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:418. [PMID: 31024592 PMCID: PMC6460904 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Diverse Gram-negative pathogens like Pseudomonas syringae employ type III secreted effector (T3SE) proteins as primary virulence factors that combat host immunity and promote disease. T3SEs can also be recognized by plant hosts and activate an effector triggered immune (ETI) response that shifts the interaction back toward plant immunity. Consequently, T3SEs are pivotal in determining the virulence potential of individual P. syringae strains, and ultimately help to restrict P. syringae pathogens to a subset of potential hosts that are unable to recognize their repertoires of T3SEs. While a number of effector families are known to be present in the P. syringae species complex, one of the most persistent challenges has been documenting the complex variation in T3SE contents across a diverse collection of strains. Using the entire pan-genome of 494 P. syringae strains isolated from more than 100 hosts, we conducted a global analysis of all known and putative T3SEs. We identified a total of 14,613 putative T3SEs, 4,636 of which were unique at the amino acid level, and show that T3SE repertoires of different P. syringae strains vary dramatically, even among strains isolated from the same hosts. We also find substantial diversification within many T3SE families, and in many cases find strong signatures of positive selection. Furthermore, we identify multiple gene gain and loss events for several families, demonstrating an important role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the evolution of P. syringae T3SEs. These analyses provide insight into the evolutionary history of P. syringae T3SEs as they co-evolve with the host immune system, and dramatically expand the database of P. syringae T3SEs alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M. Dillon
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Renan N.D. Almeida
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bradley Laflamme
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandre Martel
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David S. Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Zheng X, Li X, Wang B, Cheng D, Li Y, Li W, Huang M, Tan X, Zhao G, Song B, Macho AP, Chen H, Xie C. A systematic screen of conserved Ralstonia solanacearum effectors reveals the role of RipAB, a nuclear-localized effector that suppresses immune responses in potato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:547-561. [PMID: 30499228 PMCID: PMC6637881 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Both Solanum tuberosum and Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype IIB originated in South America and share a long-term co-evolutionary history. However, our knowledge of potato bacterial wilt pathogenesis is scarce as a result of the technical difficulties of potato plant manipulation. Thus, we established a multiple screening system (virulence screen of effector mutants in potato, growth inhibition of yeast and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana) of core type III effectors (T3Es) of a major potato pathovar of phylotype IIB, to provide more research perspectives and biological tools. Using this system, we identified four effectors contributing to virulence during potato infection, with two exhibiting multiple phenotypes in two other systems, including RipAB. Further study showed that RipAB is an unknown protein with a nuclear localization signal (NLS). Furthermore, we generated a ripAB complementation strain and transgenic ripAB-expressing potato plants, and subsequent virulence assays confirmed that R. solanacearum requires RipAB for full virulence. Compared with wild-type potato, transcriptomic analysis of transgenic ripAB-expressing potato plants showed a significant down-regulation of Ca2+ signalling-related genes in the enriched Plant-Pathogen Interaction (PPI) gene ontology (GO) term. We further verified that, during infection, RipAB is required for the down-regulation of four Ca2+ sensors, Stcml5, Stcml23, Stcml-cast and Stcdpk2, and a Ca2+ transporter, Stcngc1. Further evidence showed that the immune-associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst is attenuated in ripAB transgenic potato plants. In conclusion, a systematic screen of conserved R. solanacearum effectors revealed an important role for RipAB, which interferes with Ca2+ -dependent gene expression to promote disease development in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China
| | - Bingsen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Yanping Li
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Mengshu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Xiaodan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Guozhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Alberto P. Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201602China
| | - Huilan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
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36
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Ruinelli M, Blom J, Smits THM, Pothier JF. Comparative genomics and pathogenicity potential of members of the Pseudomonas syringae species complex on Prunus spp. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:172. [PMID: 30836956 PMCID: PMC6402114 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diseases on Prunus spp. have been associated with a large number of phylogenetically different pathovars and species within the P. syringae species complex. Despite their economic significance, there is a severe lack of genomic information of these pathogens. The high phylogenetic diversity observed within strains causing disease on Prunus spp. in nature, raised the question whether other strains or species within the P. syringae species complex were potentially pathogenic on Prunus spp. Results To gain insight into the genomic potential of adaptation and virulence in Prunus spp., a total of twelve de novo whole genome sequences of P. syringae pathovars and species found in association with diseases on cherry (sweet, sour and ornamental-cherry) and peach were sequenced. Strains sequenced in this study covered three phylogroups and four clades. These strains were screened in vitro for pathogenicity on Prunus spp. together with additional genome sequenced strains thus covering nine out of thirteen of the currently defined P. syringae phylogroups. Pathogenicity tests revealed that most of the strains caused symptoms in vitro and no obvious link was found between presence of known virulence factors and the observed pathogenicity pattern based on comparative genomics. Non-pathogenic strains were displaying a two to three times higher generation time when grown in rich medium. Conclusion In this study, the first set of complete genomes of cherry associated P. syringae strains as well as the draft genome of the quarantine peach pathogen P. syringae pv. persicae were generated. The obtained genomic data were matched with phenotypic data in order to determine factors related to pathogenicity to Prunus spp. Results of this study suggest that the inability to cause disease on Prunus spp. in vitro is not the result of host specialization but rather linked to metabolic impairments of individual strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5555-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Ruinelli
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute for Natural Resources Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Theo H M Smits
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute for Natural Resources Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Joël F Pothier
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute for Natural Resources Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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37
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Figaj D, Ambroziak P, Przepiora T, Skorko-Glonek J. The Role of Proteases in the Virulence of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030672. [PMID: 30720762 PMCID: PMC6386880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A pathogenic lifestyle is inextricably linked with the constant necessity of facing various challenges exerted by the external environment (both within and outside the host). To successfully colonize the host and establish infection, pathogens have evolved sophisticated systems to combat the host defense mechanisms and also to be able to withstand adverse environmental conditions. Proteases, as crucial components of these systems, are involved in a variety of processes associated with infection. In phytopathogenic bacteria, they play important regulatory roles and modulate the expression and functioning of various virulence factors. Secretory proteases directly help avoid recognition by the plant immune systems, and contribute to the deactivation of the defense response pathways. Finally, proteases are important components of protein quality control systems, and thus enable maintaining homeostasis in stressed bacterial cells. In this review, we discuss the known protease functions and protease-regulated signaling processes associated with virulence of plant pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Figaj
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Ambroziak
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Przepiora
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
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38
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Drenichev MS, Bennett M, Novikov RA, Mansfield J, Smirnoff N, Grant M, Mikhailov SN. A role for 3'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyladenosine in altering plant immunity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 157:128-134. [PMID: 30399495 PMCID: PMC6290457 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of how, and the extent to which, phytopathogens reconfigure host metabolic pathways to enhance virulence is remarkably limited. Here we investigate the dynamics of the natural disaccharide nucleoside, 3'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyladenosine, in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana infected with virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000. 3'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyladenosine is a plant derived molecule that rapidly accumulates following delivery of P. syringae type III effectors to represent a major component of the infected leaf metabolome. We report the first synthesis of 3'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyladenosine using a method involving the condensation of a small excess of 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-three-O-benzoyl-β-ribofuranose activated with tin tetrachloride with 2',5'-di-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyladenosine in 1,2-dichloroethane with further removal of silyl and benzoyl protecting groups. Interestingly, application of synthetic 3'-O-β-D-ribofuranosyladenosine did not affect either bacterial multiplication or infection dynamics suggesting a major reconfiguration of metabolism during pathogenesis and a heavy metabolic burden on the infected plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Mark Bennett
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Roman A Novikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - John Mansfield
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Smirnoff
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Sergey N Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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39
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Different Pathogen Defense Strategies in Arabidopsis: More than Pathogen Recognition. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120252. [PMID: 30544557 PMCID: PMC6315839 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants constantly suffer from simultaneous infection by multiple pathogens, which can be divided into biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic pathogens, according to their lifestyles. Many studies have contributed to improving our knowledge of how plants can defend against pathogens, involving different layers of defense mechanisms. In this sense, the review discusses: (1) the functions of PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), (2) evidence highlighting the functions of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET)-mediated signaling pathways downstream of PTI and ETI, and (3) other defense aspects, including many novel small molecules that are involved in defense and phenomena, including systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and priming. In particular, we mainly focus on SA and (JA)/ET-mediated signaling pathways. Interactions among them, including synergistic effects and antagonistic effects, are intensively explored. This might be critical to understanding dynamic disease regulation.
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40
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Lu Y, Yao J. Chloroplasts at the Crossroad of Photosynthesis, Pathogen Infection and Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3900. [PMID: 30563149 PMCID: PMC6321325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis, pathogen infection, and plant defense are three important biological processes that have been investigated separately for decades. Photosynthesis generates ATP, NADPH, and carbohydrates. These resources are utilized for the synthesis of many important compounds, such as primary metabolites, defense-related hormones abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, and antimicrobial compounds. In plants and algae, photosynthesis and key steps in the synthesis of defense-related hormones occur in chloroplasts. In addition, chloroplasts are major generators of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and a site for calcium signaling. These signaling molecules are essential to plant defense as well. All plants grown naturally are attacked by pathogens. Bacterial pathogens enter host tissues through natural openings or wounds. Upon invasion, bacterial pathogens utilize a combination of different virulence factors to suppress host defense and promote pathogenicity. On the other hand, plants have developed elaborate defense mechanisms to protect themselves from pathogen infections. This review summarizes recent discoveries on defensive roles of signaling molecules made by plants (primarily in their chloroplasts), counteracting roles of chloroplast-targeted effectors and phytotoxins elicited by bacterial pathogens, and how all these molecules crosstalk and regulate photosynthesis, pathogen infection, and plant defense, using chloroplasts as a major battlefield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
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41
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An Y, Wang J, Li C, Leier A, Marquez-Lago T, Wilksch J, Zhang Y, Webb GI, Song J, Lithgow T. Comprehensive assessment and performance improvement of effector protein predictors for bacterial secretion systems III, IV and VI. Brief Bioinform 2018; 19:148-161. [PMID: 27777222 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial effector proteins secreted by various protein secretion systems play crucial roles in host-pathogen interactions. In this context, computational tools capable of accurately predicting effector proteins of the various types of bacterial secretion systems are highly desirable. Existing computational approaches use different machine learning (ML) techniques and heterogeneous features derived from protein sequences and/or structural information. These predictors differ not only in terms of the used ML methods but also with respect to the used curated data sets, the features selection and their prediction performance. Here, we provide a comprehensive survey and benchmarking of currently available tools for the prediction of effector proteins of bacterial types III, IV and VI secretion systems (T3SS, T4SS and T6SS, respectively). We review core algorithms, feature selection techniques, tool availability and applicability and evaluate the prediction performance based on carefully curated independent test data sets. In an effort to improve predictive performance, we constructed three ensemble models based on ML algorithms by integrating the output of all individual predictors reviewed. Our benchmarks demonstrate that these ensemble models outperform all the reviewed tools for the prediction of effector proteins of T3SS and T4SS. The webserver of the proposed ensemble methods for T3SS and T4SS effector protein prediction is freely available at http://tbooster.erc.monash.edu/index.jsp. We anticipate that this survey will serve as a useful guide for interested users and that the new ensemble predictors will stimulate research into host-pathogen relationships and inspiration for the development of new bioinformatics tools for predicting effector proteins of T3SS, T4SS and T6SS.
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42
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Li L, Yuan L, Shi Y, Xie X, Chai A, Wang Q, Li B. Comparative genomic analysis of Pseudomonas amygdali pv. lachrymans NM002: Insights into its potential virulence genes and putative invasion determinants. Genomics 2018; 111:1493-1503. [PMID: 30336277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas amygdali pv. lachrymans is currently of important plant pathogenic bacteria that causes cucumber angular leaf spot worldwide. The pathogen has been studied for its roles in pathogenicity and plant inheritance resistance. To further delineate traits critical to virulence, invasion and survival in the phyllosphere, we reported the first complete genome of P. amygdali pv. lachrymans NM002. Analysis of the whole genome in comparison with three closely-related representative pathovars of P. syringae identified the conservation of virulence genes, including flagella and chemotaxis, quorum-sensing systems, two-component systems, and lipopolysaccharide and antiphagocytosis. It also revealed differences of invasion determinants, such as type III effectors, phytotoxin (coronatine, syringomycin and phaseolotoxin) and cell wall-degrading enzyme, which may contribute to infectivity. The aim of this study was to derive genomic information that would reveal the probable molecular mechanisms underlying the virulence, infectivity and provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the P. syringae pathovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lifang Yuan
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanxia Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuewen Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ali Chai
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoju Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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43
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Zheng X, Wagener N, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Hua C, Birch PRJ, Brunner F. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector SFI5 requires association with calmodulin for PTI/MTI suppressing activity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1433-1446. [PMID: 29932222 PMCID: PMC6099356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effector proteins to interfere with plant innate immunity, in which Ca2+ /calmodulin (CaM) signalling plays key roles. Thus far, few effectors have been identified that directly interact with CaM for defence suppression. Here, we report that SFI5, an RXLR effector from Phytophthora infestans, suppresses microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI) by interacting with host CaMs. We predicted the CaM-binding site in SFI5 using in silico analysis. The interaction between SFI5 and CaM was tested by both in vitro and in vivo assays. MTI suppression by SFI5 and truncated variants were performed in a tomato protoplast system. We found that both the predicted CaM-binding site and the full-length SFI5 protein interact with CaM in the presence of Ca2+ . MTI responses, such as FRK1 upregulation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation were suppressed by truncated SFI5 proteins containing the C-terminal CaM-binding site but not by those without it. The plasma membrane localization of SFI5 and its ability to enhance infection were also perturbed by loss of the CaM-binding site. We conclude that CaM-binding is required for localization and activity of SFI5. We propose that SFI5 suppresses plant immunity by interfering with immune signalling components after activation by CaMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzi Zheng
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou350002China
| | - Nadine Wagener
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute)Errol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute)Errol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Frédéric Brunner
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls UniversityAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
- PlantResponse Biotech, S.L.Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP)Campus de Montegancedo28223Pozuelo de Alarcón, MadridSpain
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44
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Santamaría-Hernando S, Rodríguez-Herva JJ, Martínez-García PM, Río-Álvarez I, González-Melendi P, Zamorano J, Tapia C, Rodríguez-Palenzuela P, López-Solanilla E. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato exploits light signals to optimize virulence and colonization of leaves. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4261-4280. [PMID: 30058114 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Light is pervasive in the leaf environment, creating opportunities for both plants and pathogens to cue into light as a signal to regulate plant-microbe interactions. Light enhances plant defences and regulates opening of stomata, an entry point for foliar bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PsPto). The effect of light perception on gene expression and virulence was investigated in PsPto. Light induced genetic reprogramming in PsPto that entailed significant changes in stress tolerance and virulence. Blue light-mediated up-regulation of type three secretion system genes and red light-mediated down-regulation of coronatine biosynthesis genes. Cells exposed to white light, blue light or darkness before inoculation were more virulent when inoculated at dawn than dusk probably due to an enhanced entry through open stomata. Exposure to red light repressed coronatine biosynthesis genes which could lead to a reduced stomatal re-opening and PsPto entry. Photoreceptor were required for the greater virulence of light-treated and dark-treated PsPto inoculated at dawn as compared to dusk, indicating that these proteins sense the absence of light and contribute to priming of virulence in the dark. These results support a model in which PsPto exploits light changes to maximize survival, entry and virulence on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Santamaría-Hernando
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - José J Rodríguez-Herva
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro M Martínez-García
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Río-Álvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo González-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Zamorano
- Departamento de Astrofísica y CC. de la Atmósfera, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Tapia
- Departamento de Astrofísica y CC. de la Atmósfera, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-Palenzuela
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia López-Solanilla
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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45
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Khan M, Youn JY, Gingras AC, Subramaniam R, Desveaux D. In planta proximity dependent biotin identification (BioID). Sci Rep 2018; 8:9212. [PMID: 29907827 PMCID: PMC6004002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximity dependent biotin identification (BioID) has emerged as a powerful tool for studies of proteome architecture, including insoluble or membrane-associated proteins. The technique has been well established in mammalian cells but has yet to be applied to whole plant systems. Here we demonstrate the application of BioID on leaf tissues of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, thereby expanding the versatility of this important technique and providing a powerful proteomics tool for plant biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Khan
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.,Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Ji-Young Youn
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada. .,Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.
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46
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Silva MS, Arraes FBM, Campos MDA, Grossi-de-Sa M, Fernandez D, Cândido EDS, Cardoso MH, Franco OL, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Review: Potential biotechnological assets related to plant immunity modulation applicable in engineering disease-resistant crops. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:72-84. [PMID: 29576088 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the biotechnological potential of molecules implicated in the different layers of plant immunity, including, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS), and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that can be applied in the development of disease-resistant genetically modified (GM) plants. These biomolecules are produced by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes) or plants during their mutual interactions. Biomolecules involved in the first layers of plant immunity, PTI and ETS, include inhibitors of pathogen cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and susceptibility (S) proteins, while the ETI-related biomolecules include plant resistance (R) proteins. The biomolecules involved in plant defense PTI/ETI responses described herein also include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and ribosome-inhibiting proteins (RIPs), as well as enzymes involved in plant defensive secondary metabolite biosynthesis (phytoanticipins and phytoalexins). Moreover, the regulation of immunity by RNA interference (RNAi) in GM disease-resistant plants is also considered. Therefore, the present review does not cover all the classes of biomolecules involved in plant innate immunity that may be applied in the development of disease-resistant GM crops but instead highlights the most common strategies in the literature, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Santos Silva
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Embrapa Cenargen), Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Barbosa Monteiro Arraes
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Embrapa Cenargen), Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Post-Graduation Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Elizabete de Souza Cândido
- Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique Cardoso
- Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Fátima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Embrapa Cenargen), Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Post-Graduation Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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Ma L, Djavaheri M, Wang H, Larkan NJ, Haddadi P, Beynon E, Gropp G, Borhan MH. Leptosphaeria maculans Effector Protein AvrLm1 Modulates Plant Immunity by Enhancing MAP Kinase 9 Phosphorylation. iScience 2018; 3:177-191. [PMID: 30428318 PMCID: PMC6137710 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of blackleg disease in canola (Brassica napus), secretes an array of effectors into the host to overcome host defense. Here we present evidence that the L. maculans effector protein AvrLm1 functions as a virulence factor by interacting with the B. napus mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase 9 (BnMPK9), resulting in increased accumulation and enhanced phosphorylation of the host protein. Transient expression of BnMPK9 in Nicotiana benthamiana induces cell death, and this phenotype is enhanced in the presence of AvrLm1, suggesting that induction of cell death due to enhanced accumulation and phosphorylation of BnMPK9 by AvrLm1 supports the initiation of necrotrophic phase of L. maculans infection. Stable expression of BnMPK9 in B. napus perturbs hormone signaling, notably salicylic acid response genes, to facilitate L. maculans infection. Our findings provide evidence that a MAP kinase is directly targeted by a fungal effector to modulate plant immunity. Leptosphaeria maculans effector AvrLm1 interacts with the Brassica napus MPK9 (BnMPK9) AvrLm1 increases the accumulation and enhances the phosphorylation of BnMPK9 AvrLm1 enhances BnMPK9-dependent cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana Stable expression of BnMPK9 in B. napus facilitates L. maculans infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisong Ma
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Mohammad Djavaheri
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Center of Plant Disease and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Nicholas J Larkan
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada; Armatus Genetics Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7J 4M2, Canada
| | - Parham Haddadi
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Elena Beynon
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Gordon Gropp
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - M Hossein Borhan
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada.
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48
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An Increase of Abundance and Transcriptional Activity for Acinetobacter junii Post Wastewater Treatment. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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49
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Rikkerink EHA. Pathogens and Disease Play Havoc on the Host Epiproteome-The "First Line of Response" Role for Proteomic Changes Influenced by Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29518008 PMCID: PMC5877633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms face stress from multiple sources simultaneously and require mechanisms to respond to these scenarios if they are to survive in the long term. This overview focuses on a series of key points that illustrate how disorder and post-translational changes can combine to play a critical role in orchestrating the response of organisms to the stress of a changing environment. Increasingly, protein complexes are thought of as dynamic multi-component molecular machines able to adapt through compositional, conformational and/or post-translational modifications to control their largely metabolic outputs. These metabolites then feed into cellular physiological homeostasis or the production of secondary metabolites with novel anti-microbial properties. The control of adaptations to stress operates at multiple levels including the proteome and the dynamic nature of proteomic changes suggests a parallel with the equally dynamic epigenetic changes at the level of nucleic acids. Given their properties, I propose that some disordered protein platforms specifically enable organisms to sense and react rapidly as the first line of response to change. Using examples from the highly dynamic host-pathogen and host-stress response, I illustrate by example how disordered proteins are key to fulfilling the need for multiple levels of integration of response at different time scales to create robust control points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H A Rikkerink
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd., 120 Mt. Albert Rd., Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1025, New Zealand.
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50
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Jacob F, Kracher B, Mine A, Seyfferth C, Blanvillain‐Baufumé S, Parker JE, Tsuda K, Schulze‐Lefert P, Maekawa T. A dominant-interfering camta3 mutation compromises primary transcriptional outputs mediated by both cell surface and intracellular immune receptors in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1667-1680. [PMID: 29226970 PMCID: PMC5873390 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing proteins (NLRs) initiate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), respectively, each associated with the activation of an overlapping set of defence genes. The regulatory mechanism behind this convergence of PTI- and ETI-mediated defence gene induction remains elusive. We generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants that enable conditional NLR activation without pathogen infection to dissect NLR- and PRR-mediated transcriptional signals. A comparative analysis of over 40 transcriptome datasets linked calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) to the activation of overlapping defence genes in PTI and ETI. We used a dominant camta3 mutant (camta3-D) to assess CAMTA functions in the corresponding transcriptional regulation. Transcriptional regulation by NLRs, although highly similar to PTI responses, can be established independently of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) perception, defence phytohormones and host cell death. Conditional expression of the N-terminal coiled-coil domain of the barley MLA (Mildew resistance locus A) NLR is sufficient to trigger similar transcriptional reprogramming as full-length NLRs. CAMTA-binding motifs are overrepresented in the 5' regulatory regions of the identified primary immune response genes, consistent with their altered expression and disease resistance responses in camta3-D plants. We propose that CAMTA-mediated transcriptional regulation defines an early convergence point in NLR- and PRR-mediated signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Jacob
- Department of Plant–Microbe InteractionsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐SaclayCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueUniversité Paris‐SudUniversité d'EvryUniversité Paris‐DiderotSorbonne Paris‐CitéUniversité Paris‐Saclay91405OrsayFrance
| | - Barbara Kracher
- Department of Plant–Microbe InteractionsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
| | - Akira Mine
- Department of Plant–Microbe InteractionsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
| | - Carolin Seyfferth
- Department of Plant–Microbe InteractionsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
| | | | - Jane E. Parker
- Department of Plant–Microbe InteractionsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant–Microbe InteractionsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
| | - Paul Schulze‐Lefert
- Department of Plant–Microbe InteractionsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
| | - Takaki Maekawa
- Department of Plant–Microbe InteractionsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829CologneGermany
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