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Jaswal K, Todd OA, Flores Audelo RC, Santus W, Paul S, Singh M, Miao J, Underhill DM, Peters BM, Behnsen J. Commensal Yeast Promotes Salmonella Typhimurium Virulence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.08.606421. [PMID: 39211098 PMCID: PMC11360897 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.08.606421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Enteric pathogens engage in complex interactions with the host and the resident microbiota to establish gut colonization. Although mechanistic interactions between enteric pathogens and bacterial commensals have been extensively studied, whether and how commensal fungi affect pathogenesis of enteric infections remains largely unknown. Here we show that colonization with the common human gut commensal fungus Candida albicans worsened infections with the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Presence of C. albicans in the mouse gut increased Salmonella cecum colonization and systemic dissemination. We investigated the underlying mechanism and found that Salmonella binds to C. albicans via Type 1 fimbriae and uses its Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) to deliver effector proteins into C. albicans . A specific effector, SopB, was sufficient to manipulate C. albicans metabolism, triggering increased arginine biosynthesis in C. albicans and the release of millimolar amounts of arginine into the extracellular environment. The released arginine, in turn, induced T3SS expression in Salmonella , increasing its invasion of epithelial cells. C. albicans deficient in arginine production was unable to increase Salmonella virulence in vitro or in vivo . In addition to modulating pathogen invasion, arginine also directly influenced the host response to infection. Arginine-producing C. albicans dampened the inflammatory response during Salmonella infection, whereas C. albicans deficient in arginine production did not. Arginine supplementation in the absence of C. albicans increased the systemic spread of Salmonella and decreased the inflammatory response, phenocopying the presence of C. albicans . In summary, we identified C. albicans colonization as a susceptibility factor for disseminated Salmonella infection, and arginine as a central metabolite in the cross-kingdom interaction between fungi, bacteria, and host.
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Lindemann-Perez E, Perez JC. Candida albicans natural diversity: a resource to dissect fungal commensalism and pathogenesis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 80:102493. [PMID: 38833793 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a ubiquitous fungus of humans. It is not only a component of the oral and intestinal microbiota of most healthy adults but also a major cause of mucosal disorders and life-threatening disseminated infections. Until recently, research on the biology and pathogenesis of the fungus was largely based on a single clinical isolate. We review investigations that have started to dissect a diverse set of C. albicans strains. Using different approaches to leverage the species' phenotypic and/or genetic diversity, these studies illuminate the wide range of interactions between fungus and host. While connecting genetic variants to phenotypes of interest remains challenging, research on C. albicans' natural diversity is central to understand fungal commensalism and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lindemann-Perez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - J Christian Perez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA.
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Spaggiari L, Ardizzoni A, Ricchi F, Pedretti N, Squartini Ramos CA, Squartini Ramos GB, Kenno S, De Seta F, Pericolini E. Fungal burden, dimorphic transition and candidalysin: Role in Candida albicans-induced vaginal cell damage and mitochondrial activation in vitro. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303449. [PMID: 38768097 PMCID: PMC11104617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) can behave as a commensal yeast colonizing the vaginal mucosa, and in this condition is tolerated by the epithelium. When the epithelial tolerance breaks down, due to C. albicans overgrowth and hyphae formation, the generated inflammatory response and cell damage lead to vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) symptoms. Here, we focused on the induction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in vaginal epithelial cells after C. albicans infection and the involvement of fungal burden, morphogenesis and candidalysin (CL) production in such induction. Bioluminescent (BLI) C. albicans, C. albicans PCA-2 and C. albicans 529L strains were employed in an in vitro infection model including reconstituted vaginal epithelium cells (RVE), produced starting from A-431 cell line. The production of mtROS was kinetically measured by using MitoSOX™ Red probe. The potency of C. albicans to induced cell damage to RVE and C. albicans proliferation have also been evaluated. C. albicans induces a rapid mtROS release from vaginal epithelial cells, in parallel with an increase of the fungal load and hyphal formation. Under the same experimental conditions, the 529L C. albicans strain, known to be defective in CL production, induced a minor mtROS release showing the key role of CL in causing epithelial mithocondrial activation. C. albicans PCA-2, unable to form hyphae, induced comparable but slower mtROS production as compared to BLI C. albicans yeasts. By reducing mtROS through a ROS scavenger, an increased fungal burden was observed during RVE infection but not in fungal cultures grown on abiotic surface. Collectively, we conclude that CL, more than fungal load and hyphae formation, seems to play a key role in the rapid activation of mtROS by epithelial cells and in the induction of cell-damage and that mtROS are key elements in the vaginal epithelial cells response to C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Spaggiari
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Ricchi
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Natalia Pedretti
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Caterina Alejandra Squartini Ramos
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bruno Squartini Ramos
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Samyr Kenno
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Francesco De Seta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eva Pericolini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Han G, Vaishnava S. Microbial underdogs: exploring the significance of low-abundance commensals in host-microbe interactions. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2498-2507. [PMID: 38036729 PMCID: PMC10767002 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of host-microbe interactions has broadened through numerous studies over the past decades. However, most investigations primarily focus on the dominant members within ecosystems while neglecting low-abundance microorganisms. Moreover, laboratory animals usually do not have microorganisms beyond bacteria. The phenotypes observed in laboratory animals, including the immune system, have displayed notable discrepancies when compared to real-world observations due to the diverse microbial community in natural environments. Interestingly, recent studies have unveiled the beneficial roles played by low-abundance microorganisms. Despite their rarity, these keystone taxa play a pivotal role in shaping the microbial composition and fulfilling specific functions in the host. Consequently, understanding low-abundance microorganisms has become imperative to unravel true commensalism. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of important findings on how low-abundance commensal microorganisms, including low-abundance bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protozoa, interact with the host and contribute to host phenotypes, with emphasis on the immune system. Indeed, low-abundance microorganisms play vital roles in the development of the host's immune system, influence disease status, and play a key role in shaping microbial communities in specific niches. Understanding the roles of low-abundance microbes is important and will lead to a better understanding of the true host-microbe relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geongoo Han
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Shipra Vaishnava
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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5
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Lilly EA, Bender BE, Noverr MC, Fidel PL. Protection against lethal sepsis following immunization with Candida species varies by isolate and inversely correlates with bone marrow tissue damage. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0025223. [PMID: 37702509 PMCID: PMC10580931 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00252-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protection against lethal Candida albicans (Ca)/Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) intra-abdominal infection (IAI)-mediated sepsis can be achieved by a novel form of trained innate immunity (TII) involving Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that are induced by inoculation (immunization) with low virulence Candida species [i.e., Candida dubliniensis (Cd)] that infiltrate the bone marrow (BM). In contrast, more virulent Candida species (i.e., C. albicans), even at sub-lethal inocula, fail to induce similar levels of protection. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the level of TII-mediated protection induced by Ca strains inversely correlates with damage in the BM as a reflection of virulence. Mice were immunized by intraperitoneal inoculation with several parental and mutant strains of C. albicans deficient in virulence factors (hyphal formation and candidalysin production), followed by an intraperitoneal Ca/Sa challenge 14 d later and monitored for sepsis and mortality. Whole femur bones were collected 24 h and 13 d after immunization and assessed for BM tissue/cellular damage via ferroptosis and histology. While immunization with standard but not sub-lethal inocula of most wild-type C. albicans strains resulted in considerable mortality, protection against lethal Ca/Sa IAI challenge varied by strain was usually less than that for C. dubliniensis, with no differences observed between parental and corresponding mutants. Finally, levels of protection afforded by the Ca strains were inversely correlated with BM tissue damage (R 2 = -0.773). TII-mediated protection against lethal Ca/Sa sepsis induced by Candida strain immunization inversely correlates with BM tissue/cellular damage as a reflection of localized virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Lilly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Breah E. Bender
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mairi C. Noverr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Paul L. Fidel
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Dentistry, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Yang L, Cheng T, Shao J. Perspective on receptor-associated immune response to Candida albicans single and mixed infections: Implications for therapeutics in oropharyngeal candidiasis. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad077. [PMID: 37533203 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), commonly known as 'thrush', is an oral infection that usually dismantles oral mucosal integrity and malfunctions local innate and adaptive immunities in compromised individuals. The major pathogen responsible for the occurrence and progression of OPC is the dimorphic opportunistic commensal Candida albicans. However, the incidence induced by non-albicans Candida species including C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei are increasing in company with several oral bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, S. gordonii, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. In this review, the microbiological and infection features of C. albicans and its co-contributors in the pathogenesis of OPC are outlined. Since the invasion and concomitant immune response lie firstly on the recognition of oral pathogens through diverse cellular surface receptors, we subsequently emphasize the roles of epidermal growth factor receptor, ephrin-type receptor 2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor located on oral epithelial cells to delineate the underlying mechanism by which host immune recognition to oral pathogens is mediated. Based on these observations, the therapeutic approaches to OPC comprising conventional and non-conventional antifungal agents, fungal vaccines, cytokine and antibody therapies, and antimicrobial peptide therapy are finally overviewed. In the face of newly emerging life-threatening microbes (C. auris and SARS-CoV-2), risks (biofilm formation and interconnected translocation among diverse organs), and complicated clinical settings (HIV and oropharyngeal cancer), the research on OPC is still a challenging task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
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Human Tooth as a Fungal Niche: Candida albicans Traits in Dental Plaque Isolates. mBio 2023; 14:e0276922. [PMID: 36602308 PMCID: PMC9973264 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02769-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, a fungus typically found in the mucosal niche, is frequently detected in biofilms formed on teeth (dental plaque) of toddlers with severe childhood caries, a global public health problem that causes rampant tooth decay. However, knowledge about fungal traits on the tooth surface remains limited. Here, we assess the phylogeny, phenotype, and interkingdom interactions of C. albicans isolated from plaque of diseased toddlers and compare their properties to reference strains, including 529L (mucosal isolate). C. albicans isolates exhibit broad phenotypic variations, but all display cariogenic traits, including high proteinase activity, acidogenicity, and acid tolerance. Unexpectedly, we find distinctive variations in filamentous growth, ranging from hyphal defective to hyperfilamentous. We then investigate the ability of tooth isolates to form interkingdom biofilms with Streptococcus mutans (cariogenic partner) and Streptococcus gordonii (mucosal partner). The hyphal-defective isolate lacks cobinding with S. gordonii, but all C. albicans isolates develop robust biofilms with S. mutans irrespective of their filamentation state. Moreover, either type of C. albicans (hyphae defective or hyperfilamentous) enhances sucrose metabolism and biofilm acidogenicity, creating highly acidic environmental pH (<5.5). Notably, C. albicans isolates show altered transcriptomes associated with pH, adhesion, and cell wall composition (versus reference strains), further supporting niche-associated traits. Our data reveal that C. albicans displays distinctive adaptive mechanisms on the tooth surface and develops interactions with pathogenic bacteria while creating an acidogenic state regardless of fungal morphology, contrasting with interkingdom partnerships in mucosal infections. Human tooth may provide new insights into fungal colonization/adaptation, interkingdom biofilms, and contributions to disease pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Severe early childhood caries is a widespread global public health problem causing extensive tooth decay and systemic complications. Candida albicans, a fungus typically found in mucosal surfaces, is frequently detected in dental plaque formed on teeth of diseased toddlers. However, the clinical traits of C. albicans isolated from tooth remain underexplored. Here, we find that C. albicans tooth isolates exhibit unique biological and transcriptomic traits. Notably, interkingdom biofilms with S. mutans can be formed irrespective of their filamentation state. Furthermore, tooth isolates commonly share dental caries-promoting functions, including acidogenesis, proteolytic activity, and enhanced sugar metabolism, while displaying increased expression of pH-responsive and adhesion genes. Our findings reveal that C. albicans colonizing human teeth displays distinctive adaptive mechanisms to mediate interkingdom interactions associated with a disease-causing state on a mineralized surface, providing new insights into Candida pathobiology and its role in a costly pediatric disease.
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Li X, Xu Y, Ouyang D, Ye K, Chen Y, Li Q, Xia Q, Wu X, Yang Y. Copper- and Iodine-Doped Nanozymes with Simulated Enzyme Activity and Efficient Antifungal Activity against Candida albicans. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Efficacy of Cochleated Amphotericin B in Mouse and Human Mucocutaneous Candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0030822. [PMID: 35699443 PMCID: PMC9295580 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00308-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans causes debilitating, often azole-resistant, infections in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). Amphotericin B (AMB) resistance is rare, but AMB use is limited by parenteral administration and nephrotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated cochleated AMB (CAMB), a new oral AMB formulation, in mouse models of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and in patients with azole-resistant CMC. OPC and VVC were modeled in Act1-/- mice, and mucosal tissue fungal burden was assessed after once-daily treatment with CAMB, vehicle, or AMB-deoxycholate (AMB-d). Four patients with azole-resistant CMC enrolled in a phase 2 CAMB dose-escalation study. The primary endpoint was clinical improvement at 2 weeks followed by optional extension for long-term CMC suppression to assess safety and efficacy. CAMB-treated mice had significantly reduced tongue and vaginal fungal burdens compared to vehicle-treated mice and exhibited comparable fungal burden reduction relative to AMB-d-treated mice. All CAMB-treated patients reached clinical efficacy by 2 weeks, three at 400 mg twice daily and one at 200 mg twice-daily dosing. All patients continued to the extension phase, with three having sustained clinical improvement of OPC and esophageal candidiasis (EC) for up to 60 months. One patient had a relapse of esophageal symptoms at week 24 and was withdrawn from further study. Clinical responses were not seen for onychomycosis or VVC. CAMB was safe and well-tolerated, without any evidence of nephrotoxicity. In summary, oral CAMB reduced tongue and vaginal fungal burdens during murine candidiasis. A proof-of-concept clinical trial in human CMC showed efficacy with good tolerability and safety. This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02629419.
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Lemberg C, Martinez de San Vicente K, Fróis-Martins R, Altmeier S, Tran VDT, Mertens S, Amorim-Vaz S, Rai LS, d’Enfert C, Pagni M, Sanglard D, LeibundGut-Landmann S. Candida albicans commensalism in the oral mucosa is favoured by limited virulence and metabolic adaptation. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010012. [PMID: 35404986 PMCID: PMC9041809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the human microbiota, the fungus Candida albicans colonizes the oral cavity and other mucosal surfaces of the human body. Commensalism is tightly controlled by complex interactions of the fungus and the host to preclude fungal elimination but also fungal overgrowth and invasion, which can result in disease. As such, defects in antifungal T cell immunity render individuals susceptible to oral thrush due to interrupted immunosurveillance of the oral mucosa. The factors that promote commensalism and ensure persistence of C. albicans in a fully immunocompetent host remain less clear. Using an experimental model of C. albicans oral colonization in mice we explored fungal determinants of commensalism in the oral cavity. Transcript profiling of the oral isolate 101 in the murine tongue tissue revealed a characteristic metabolic profile tailored to the nutrient poor conditions in the stratum corneum of the epithelium where the fungus resides. Metabolic adaptation of isolate 101 was also reflected in enhanced nutrient acquisition when grown on oral mucosa substrates. Persistent colonization of the oral mucosa by C. albicans also correlated inversely with the capacity of the fungus to induce epithelial cell damage and to elicit an inflammatory response. Here we show that these immune evasive properties of isolate 101 are explained by a strong attenuation of a number of virulence genes, including those linked to filamentation. De-repression of the hyphal program by deletion or conditional repression of NRG1 abolished the commensal behaviour of isolate 101, thereby establishing a central role of this factor in the commensal lifestyle of C. albicans in the oral niche of the host. The oral microbiota represents an important part of the human microbiota and includes several hundreds to several thousands of bacterial and fungal species. One of the most prominent fungus colonizing the oral cavity is the yeast Candida albicans. While the presence of C. albicans usually remains unnoticed, the fungus can under certain circumstances cause lesions on the lining of the mouth referred to as oral thrush or contribute to other common oral diseases such as caries. Maintaining C. albicans commensalism in the oral mucosa is therefore of utmost importance for oral health and overall wellbeing. While overt fungal growth and disease is limited by immunosurveillance mechanisms during homeostasis, C. albicans strives to survive and evades elimination from the host. Here, we show that while commensalism in the oral cavity is characterized by a restricted fungal virulence and hyphal program, enforcing filamentation in a commensal isolate is sufficient for driving pathogenicity and fungus-induced inflammation in the oral mucosa thwarting persistent colonization. Our results further support a critical role for specialized nutrient acquisition allowing the fungus to thrive in the nutrient poor environment of the squamous epithelium. Together, this work revealed key determinants of C. albicans commensalism in the oral niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lemberg
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kontxi Martinez de San Vicente
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Fróis-Martins
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Altmeier
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Van Du T. Tran
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Mertens
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Amorim-Vaz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laxmi Shanker Rai
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INRAE, USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - Christophe d’Enfert
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INRAE, USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - Marco Pagni
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann
- Section of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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11
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Richardson JP, Brown R, Kichik N, Lee S, Priest E, Mogavero S, Maufrais C, Wickramasinghe DN, Tsavou A, Kotowicz NK, Hepworth OW, Gallego-Cortés A, Ponde NO, Ho J, Moyes DL, Wilson D, D’Enfert C, Hube B, Naglik JR. Candidalysins Are a New Family of Cytolytic Fungal Peptide Toxins. mBio 2022; 13:e0351021. [PMID: 35073742 PMCID: PMC8787473 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03510-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidalysin is the first cytolytic peptide toxin identified in any human fungal pathogen. Candidalysin is secreted by Candida albicans and is critical for driving infection and host immune responses in several model systems. However, Candida infections are also caused by non-C. albicans species. Here, we identify and characterize orthologs of C. albicans candidalysin in C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis. The candidalysins have different amino acid sequences, are amphipathic, and adopt a predominantly α-helical secondary structure in solution. Comparative functional analysis demonstrates that each candidalysin causes epithelial damage and calcium influx and activates intracellular signaling pathways and cytokine secretion. Importantly, C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis candidalysins have higher damaging and activation potential than C. albicans candidalysin and exhibit more rapid membrane binding and disruption, although both fungal species cause less damage to epithelial cells than C. albicans. This study identifies the first family of peptide cytolysins in human-pathogenic fungi. IMPORTANCE Pathogenic fungi kill an estimated 1.5 million people every year. Recently, we discovered that the fungal pathogen Candida albicans secretes a peptide toxin called candidalysin during mucosal infection. Candidalysin causes damage to host cells, a process that supports disease progression. However, fungal infections are also caused by Candida species other than C. albicans. In this work, we identify and characterize two additional candidalysin toxins present in the related fungal pathogens C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis. While the three candidalysins have different amino acid sequences, all three toxins are α-helical and amphipathic. Notably, the candidalysins from C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis are more potent at inducing cell damage, calcium influx, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and cytokine responses than C. albicans candidalysin, with the C. dubliniensis candidalysin having the most rapid membrane binding kinetics. These observations identify the candidalysins as the first family of peptide toxins in human-pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys Brown
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nessim Kichik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sejeong Lee
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Priest
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Selene Mogavero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Corinne Maufrais
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INRAE, USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - Don N. Wickramasinghe
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antzela Tsavou
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia K. Kotowicz
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia W. Hepworth
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Gallego-Cortés
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole O. Ponde
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima Ho
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe D’Enfert
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INRAE, USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Julian R. Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Westman J, Plumb J, Licht A, Yang M, Allert S, Naglik JR, Hube B, Grinstein S, Maxson ME. Calcium-dependent ESCRT recruitment and lysosome exocytosis maintain epithelial integrity during Candida albicans invasion. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110187. [PMID: 34986345 PMCID: PMC8755444 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is both a commensal and an opportunistic fungal pathogen. Invading hyphae of C. albicans secrete candidalysin, a pore-forming peptide toxin. To prevent cell death, epithelial cells must protect themselves from direct damage induced by candidalysin and by the mechanical forces exerted by expanding hyphae. We identify two key Ca2+-dependent repair mechanisms employed by epithelial cells to withstand candidalysin-producing hyphae. Using camelid nanobodies, we demonstrate candidalysin secretion directly into the invasion pockets induced by elongating C. albicans hyphae. The toxin induces oscillatory increases in cytosolic [Ca2+], which cause hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and loss of cortical actin. Epithelial cells dispose of damaged membrane regions containing candidalysin by an Alg-2/Alix/ESCRT-III-dependent blebbing process. At later stages, plasmalemmal tears induced mechanically by invading hyphae are repaired by exocytic insertion of lysosomal membranes. These two repair mechanisms maintain epithelial integrity and prevent mucosal damage during both commensal growth and infection by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Westman
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jonathan Plumb
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Anna Licht
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Mabel Yang
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Stefanie Allert
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 1N8, Canada.
| | - Michelle E Maxson
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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13
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Saul-McBeth J, Conti HR. Understanding the Protective Role of IL-17 During Oropharyngeal Candidiasis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2542:361-373. [PMID: 36008677 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2549-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis is an opportunistic mucosal infection caused predominantly by Candida albicans. While healthy individuals are protected, susceptibility is associated with immunodeficiency. In particular, patients with defects related to T helper-17 (Th17) cells and interleukin (IL)-17 signaling are highly susceptible to mucocutaneous forms of candidiasis. Since mice are naïve to Candida albicans, induction of oropharyngeal candidiasis enables a thorough understanding of IL-17 and its related immune components during acute infection. Here we describe a murine model of oropharyngeal candidiasis. This protocol allows for translatable and reproducible infection with results that can be obtained between 2 and 5 days following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Saul-McBeth
- The University of Toledo, Department of Biological Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Heather R Conti
- The University of Toledo, Department of Biological Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
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14
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McDonough LD, Mishra AA, Tosini N, Kakade P, Penumutchu S, Liang SH, Maufrais C, Zhai B, Taur Y, Belenky P, Bennett RJ, Hohl TM, Koh AY, Ene IV. Candida albicans Isolates 529L and CHN1 Exhibit Stable Colonization of the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract. mBio 2021; 12:e0287821. [PMID: 34724818 PMCID: PMC8561340 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02878-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a pathobiont that colonizes multiple niches in the body including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract but is also responsible for both mucosal and systemic infections. Despite its prevalence as a human commensal, the murine GI tract is generally refractory to colonization with the C. albicans reference isolate SC5314. Here, we identify two C. albicans isolates, 529L and CHN1, that stably colonize the murine GI tract in three different animal facilities under conditions where SC5314 is lost from this niche. Analysis of the bacterial microbiota did not show notable differences among mice colonized with the three C. albicans strains. We compared the genotypes and phenotypes of these three strains and identified thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and multiple phenotypic differences, including their ability to grow and filament in response to nutritional cues. Despite striking filamentation differences under laboratory conditions, however, analysis of cell morphology in the GI tract revealed that the three isolates exhibited similar filamentation properties in this in vivo niche. Notably, we found that SC5314 is more sensitive to the antimicrobial peptide CRAMP, and the use of CRAMP-deficient mice modestly increased the ability of SC5314 to colonize the GI tract relative to CHN1 and 529L. These studies provide new insights into how strain-specific differences impact C. albicans traits in the host and advance CHN1 and 529L as relevant strains to study C. albicans pathobiology in its natural host niche. IMPORTANCE Understanding how fungi colonize the GI tract is increasingly recognized as highly relevant to human health. The animal models used to study Candida albicans commensalism commonly rely on altering the host microbiome (via antibiotic treatment or defined diets) to establish successful GI colonization by the C. albicans reference isolate SC5314. Here, we characterize two C. albicans isolates that can colonize the murine GI tract without antibiotic treatment and can therefore be used as tools for studying fungal commensalism. Importantly, experiments were replicated in three different animal facilities and utilized three different mouse strains. Differential colonization between fungal isolates was not associated with alterations in the bacterial microbiome but rather with distinct responses to CRAMP, a host antimicrobial peptide. This work emphasizes the importance of C. albicans intraspecies variation as well as host antimicrobial defense mechanisms in defining the outcome of commensal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D. McDonough
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Animesh A. Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas Tosini
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pallavi Kakade
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Swathi Penumutchu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Shen-Huan Liang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Bing Zhai
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ying Taur
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Richard J. Bennett
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tobias M. Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Y. Koh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Iuliana V. Ene
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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15
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Zimmermann ES, Ferreira LM, Denardi LB, Sari MHM, Cervi VF, Nogueira CW, Alves SH, Cruz L. Mucoadhesive gellan gum hydrogel containing diphenyl diselenide-loaded nanocapsules presents improved anti-candida action in a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 167:106011. [PMID: 34537375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal action of a diphenyl diselenide-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules suspension (NC-1) and incorporate it into a gellan gum hydrogel formulation in order to assess its in vivo efficacy in an animal model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Nanocapsules suspensions containing the compound (NC-1 ∼ 5 mg/mL) or not (NC-B) were prepared by the interfacial deposition of preformed polymer method. To estimate in vitro antifungal effect, the broth microdilution test was applied. The results showed that NC-1 had equal or lower MIC values when compared to free compound against fifteen Candida strains. Following, the hydrogel was prepared by direct thickening of the nanocapsules suspension by gellan gum addition. The animal model of vulvovaginal candidiasis was induced by infecting female Swiss mice with Candida albicans strains. The animals were topically treated with 20 µL of hydrogels (NC-1 and free compound - 0.1 mg of diphenyl diselenide/once a day for seven days) and then the total fungal burden was assessed after the euthanasia. The results showed that the hydrogels presented pH in the acidic range, compound content close to theoretical value, homogeneous particle distribution with nanometric size, high physicochemical and microbiological stability as well as great bioadhesive property. The nano-based presented superior pharmacological action in comparison to the hydrogel containing non-encapsulated diphenyl diselenide. The results demonstrated that the nanoencapsulation maintained the effective antifungal action of diphenyl diselenide. The nano-based hydrogel formulation may be considered a promising approach against vulvovaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estevan Sonego Zimmermann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Luana Mota Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Laura Bedin Denardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Marcel Henrique Marcondes Sari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Verônica Ferrari Cervi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brasil
| | - Sydney Hartz Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Letícia Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
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16
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Ibe C, Oladele RO, Alamir O. Our pursuit for effective antifungal agents targeting fungal cell wall components, where are we? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 59:106477. [PMID: 34798234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Invasive mycotic infections account for an unacceptably high mortality rates in humans. These infections are initiated by the fungal cell wall which mediates host-fungi interactions. The cell wall is fused to the physiology of fungi, and it is involved in essential functions in the entire cell functionality. Components of the cell wall are synthesised and modified in the cell wall space by the activities of cell wall proteins through a range of signalling pathways that have only been described in many fungi, therefore making them suitable drug targets. The echinocandins class of cell wall-active drugs block cell wall β-1,3-glucan biosynthesis through inhibiting the catalytic subunit of the synthetic protein complex. Resistance to echinocandins can be through the acquisition of single nucleotide polymorphisms and/or through activation of cell wall signalling pathways resulting in altered cell wall proteome and elevated chitin content in the cell wall. Countering the cell wall remodelling process will enhance the effectiveness of β-1,3-glucan-active antifungal agents. Cell surface proteins are also important antifungal targets which can be used to develop rapid and robust diagnostics and more effective therapeutics. The cell wall remains a crucial target in fungi that needs to be harnessed to combat mycotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuike Ibe
- Department of Microbiology, Abia State University, PMB 2000 Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria.
| | - Rita O Oladele
- Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Omran Alamir
- Natural Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Al Asimah, Kuwait
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17
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The Role of B-Cells and Antibodies against Candida Vaccine Antigens in Invasive Candidiasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101159. [PMID: 34696267 PMCID: PMC8540628 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic candidiasis is an invasive fungal infection caused by members of the genus Candida. The recent emergence of antifungal drug resistance and increased incidences of infections caused by non-albicans Candida species merit the need for developing immune therapies against Candida infections. Although the role of cellular immune responses in anti-Candida immunity is well established, less is known about the role of humoral immunity against systemic candidiasis. This review summarizes currently available information on humoral immune responses induced by several promising Candida vaccine candidates, which have been identified in the past few decades. The protective antibody and B-cell responses generated by polysaccharide antigens such as mannan, β-glucan, and laminarin, as well as protein antigens like agglutinin-like sequence gene (Als3), secreted aspartyl proteinase (Sap2), heat shock protein (Hsp90), hyphally-regulated protein (Hyr1), hyphal wall protein (Hwp1), enolase (Eno), phospholipase (PLB), pyruvate kinase (Pk), fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba1), superoxide dismutase gene (Sod5) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh1), are outlined. As per studies reviewed, antibodies induced in response to leading Candida vaccine candidates contribute to protection against systemic candidiasis by utilizing a variety of mechanisms such as opsonization, complement fixation, neutralization, biofilm inhibition, direct candidacidal activity, etc. The contributions of B-cells in controlling fungal infections are also discussed. Promising results using anti-Candida monoclonal antibodies for passive antibody therapy reinforces the need for developing antibody-based therapeutics including anti-idiotypic antibodies, single-chain variable fragments, peptide mimotopes, and antibody-derived peptides. Future research involving combinatorial immunotherapies using humanized monoclonal antibodies along with antifungal drugs/cytokines may prove beneficial for treating invasive fungal infections.
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18
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Liu J, Willems HME, Sansevere EA, Allert S, Barker KS, Lowes DJ, Dixson AC, Xu Z, Miao J, DeJarnette C, Tournu H, Palmer GE, Richardson JP, Barrera FN, Hube B, Naglik JR, Peters BM. A variant ECE1 allele contributes to reduced pathogenicity of Candida albicans during vulvovaginal candidiasis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009884. [PMID: 34506615 PMCID: PMC8432879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), caused primarily by the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, results in significant quality-of-life issues for women worldwide. Candidalysin, a toxin derived from a polypeptide (Ece1p) encoded by the ECE1 gene, plays a crucial role in driving immunopathology at the vaginal mucosa. This study aimed to determine if expression and/or processing of Ece1p differs across C. albicans isolates and whether this partly underlies differential pathogenicity observed clinically. Using a targeted sequencing approach, we determined that isolate 529L harbors a similarly expressed, yet distinct Ece1p isoform variant that encodes for a predicted functional candidalysin; this isoform was conserved amongst a collection of clinical isolates. Expression of the ECE1 open reading frame (ORF) from 529L in an SC5314-derived ece1Δ/Δ strain resulted in significantly reduced vaginopathogenicity as compared to an isogenic control expressing a wild-type (WT) ECE1 allele. However, in vitro challenge of vaginal epithelial cells with synthetic candidalysin demonstrated similar toxigenic activity amongst SC5314 and 529L isoforms. Creation of an isogenic panel of chimeric strains harboring swapped Ece1p peptides or HiBiT tags revealed reduced secretion with the ORF from 529L that was associated with reduced virulence. A genetic survey of 78 clinical isolates demonstrated a conserved pattern between Ece1p P2 and P3 sequences, suggesting that substrate specificity around Kex2p-mediated KR cleavage sites involved in protein processing may contribute to differential pathogenicity amongst clinical isolates. Therefore, we present a new mechanism for attenuation of C. albicans virulence at the ECE1 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Hubertine M. E. Willems
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Emily A. Sansevere
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stefanie Allert
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Katherine S. Barker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David J. Lowes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Dixson
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jian Miao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christian DeJarnette
- Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Helene Tournu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Glen E. Palmer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco N. Barrera
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knöll Institute, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Julian R. Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian M. Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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19
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Ferreira PS, Victorelli FD, Rodero CF, Fortunato GC, Araújo VHS, Fonseca-Santos B, Bauab TM, Van Dijck P, Chorilli M. p-Coumaric acid loaded into liquid crystalline systems as a novel strategy to the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120658. [PMID: 33964336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an extremely common type of vaginal infection, which is mainly caused by Candida albicans. However, non-albicans Candida species are frequently more resistant to conventional antifungal agents and can represent up to 30% of cases. Due to side effects and increasing antifungal resistance presented by standard therapies, phenolic compounds, such as p-coumaric acid (p-CA), have been studied as molecules from natural sources with potential antifungal activity. p-CA is a poorly water-soluble compound, thus loading it into liquid crystals (LCs) may increase its solubility and effectiveness on the vaginal mucosa. Thereby, here we propose the development of mucoadhesive liquid crystalline systems with controlled release of p-CA, for the local treatment of VVC. Developed LCs consisted of fixed oily and aqueous phases (oleic acid and cholesterol (5:1) and poloxamer dispersion 16%, respectively), changing only the surfactant phase components (triethanolamine oleate (TEA-Oleate) or triethanolamine (TEA), the latter producing TEA-Oleate molecules when mixed with oleic acid). Systems were also diluted in artificial vaginal mucus (1:1 ratio) to mimic the vaginal environment and verify possible structural changes on formulations upon exposure to the mucosa. From the characterization assays, p-CA loaded TEA-Oleate systems presented mucoadhesive profile, liquid crystalline mesophases, well-organized structures and pseudoplastic behaviour, which are desirable parameters for topical formulations. Moreover, they were able to control the release of p-CA throughout the 12 h assay, as well as decrease its permeation into the vaginal mucosa. p-CA showed antifungal activity in vitro against reference strains of C. albicans (SC5314), C. glabrata (ATCC 2001) and C. krusei (ATCC 6258), and exhibited higher eradication of mature biofilms than amphotericin B and fluconazole. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the formulations reduced the presence of filamentous forms in the vaginal lavages and provided an improvement in swelling and redness present in the mice vaginal regions. Altogether, here we demonstrated the potential and feasibility of using p-CA loaded liquid crystalline systems as a mucoadhesive drug delivery system for topical treatment of VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Ferreira
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - F D Victorelli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C F Rodero
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G C Fortunato
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V H S Araújo
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B Fonseca-Santos
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T M Bauab
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium; VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders, Belgium
| | - M Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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d'Enfert C, Kaune AK, Alaban LR, Chakraborty S, Cole N, Delavy M, Kosmala D, Marsaux B, Fróis-Martins R, Morelli M, Rosati D, Valentine M, Xie Z, Emritloll Y, Warn PA, Bequet F, Bougnoux ME, Bornes S, Gresnigt MS, Hube B, Jacobsen ID, Legrand M, Leibundgut-Landmann S, Manichanh C, Munro CA, Netea MG, Queiroz K, Roget K, Thomas V, Thoral C, Van den Abbeele P, Walker AW, Brown AJP. The impact of the Fungus-Host-Microbiota interplay upon Candida albicans infections: current knowledge and new perspectives. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa060. [PMID: 33232448 PMCID: PMC8100220 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans. It exists as a commensal in the oral cavity, gut or genital tract of most individuals, constrained by the local microbiota, epithelial barriers and immune defences. Their perturbation can lead to fungal outgrowth and the development of mucosal infections such as oropharyngeal or vulvovaginal candidiasis, and patients with compromised immunity are susceptible to life-threatening systemic infections. The importance of the interplay between fungus, host and microbiota in driving the transition from C. albicans commensalism to pathogenicity is widely appreciated. However, the complexity of these interactions, and the significant impact of fungal, host and microbiota variability upon disease severity and outcome, are less well understood. Therefore, we summarise the features of the fungus that promote infection, and how genetic variation between clinical isolates influences pathogenicity. We discuss antifungal immunity, how this differs between mucosae, and how individual variation influences a person's susceptibility to infection. Also, we describe factors that influence the composition of gut, oral and vaginal microbiotas, and how these affect fungal colonisation and antifungal immunity. We argue that a detailed understanding of these variables, which underlie fungal-host-microbiota interactions, will present opportunities for directed antifungal therapies that benefit vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe d'Enfert
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ann-Kristin Kaune
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Leovigildo-Rey Alaban
- BIOASTER Microbiology Technology Institute, 40 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sayoni Chakraborty
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Cole
- Gut Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Margot Delavy
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Daria Kosmala
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Benoît Marsaux
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 94, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Fróis-Martins
- Immunology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Moran Morelli
- Mimetas, Biopartner Building 2, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diletta Rosati
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marisa Valentine
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Zixuan Xie
- Gut Microbiome Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119–129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yoan Emritloll
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Peter A Warn
- Magic Bullet Consulting, Biddlecombe House, Ugbrook, Chudleigh Devon, TQ130AD, UK
| | - Frédéric Bequet
- BIOASTER Microbiology Technology Institute, 40 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Bornes
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF0545, 20 Côte de Reyne, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Microbial Immunology Research Group, Emmy Noether Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, and the Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mélanie Legrand
- Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, USC 2019 INRA, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Salomé Leibundgut-Landmann
- Immunology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Chaysavanh Manichanh
- Gut Microbiome Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119–129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carol A Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karla Queiroz
- Mimetas, Biopartner Building 2, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karine Roget
- NEXBIOME Therapeutics, 22 allée Alan Turing, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Thomas
- BIOASTER Microbiology Technology Institute, 40 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Claudia Thoral
- NEXBIOME Therapeutics, 22 allée Alan Turing, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Alan W Walker
- Gut Microbiology Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Ashgrove Road West, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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21
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Exogenous Reproductive Hormones nor Candida albicans Colonization Alter the Near Neutral Mouse Vaginal pH. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00550-20. [PMID: 33106292 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00550-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While human vaginal pH in childbearing-age women is conclusively acidic, the mouse vaginal pH is reported as being near neutral. However, this information appears to be somewhat anecdotal with respect to vulvovaginal candidiasis, as such claims in the literature frequently lack citations of studies that specifically address this physiological factor. Given the disparate pH between mice and humans, the role of exogenous hormones and colonization by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans in shaping vaginal pH was assessed. Use of a convenient modified vaginal lavage technique with the pH indicator dye phenol red demonstrated that indeed vaginal pH was near neutral (7.2 ± 0.24) and was not altered by delivery of progesterone or estrogen in C57BL/6 mice. These trends were conserved in DBA/2 and CD-1 mouse backgrounds, commonly used in the mouse model of vaginitis. It was also determined that vaginal colonization with C. albicans did not alter the globally neutral vaginal pH over the course of one week. Construction and validation of a C. albicans reporter strain expressing GFPy, driven by the pH-responsive PHR1 promoter, confirmed the murine vaginal pH to be at least ≥6.0. Collectively, our data convincingly demonstrate a stable and conserved near neutrality of the mouse vaginal pH during vulvovaginal candidiasis and should serve as a definitive source for future reference. Implications and rationale for disparate pH in this model system are also discussed.
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Caution regarding interpretations of intrauterine γ/δ T cells in protection against experimental vaginal candidiasis. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:774-775. [PMID: 33731827 PMCID: PMC8075974 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Millet N, Solis NV, Swidergall M. Mucosal IgA Prevents Commensal Candida albicans Dysbiosis in the Oral Cavity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:555363. [PMID: 33193324 PMCID: PMC7642201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.555363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Candida albicans colonizes the oral mucosal surface of 30–70% of healthy individuals. Due to local or systemic immunosuppression, this commensal fungus is able to proliferate resulting in oral disease, called oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). However, in healthy individuals C. albicans causes no harm. Unlike humans mice do not host C. albicans in their mycobiome. Thus, oral fungal challenge generates an acute immune response in a naive host. Therefore, we utilized C. albicans clinical isolates which are able to persist in the oral cavity without causing disease to analyze adaptive responses to oral fungal commensalism. We performed RNA sequencing to determine the transcriptional host response landscape during C. albicans colonization. Pathway analysis revealed an upregulation of adaptive host responses due to C. albicans oral persistence, including the upregulation of the immune network for IgA production. Fungal colonization increased cross-specific IgA levels in the saliva and the tongue, and IgA+ cells migrated to foci of fungal colonization. Binding of IgA prevented fungal epithelial adhesion and invasion resulting in a dampened proinflammatory epithelial response. Besides CD19+ CD138− B cells, plasmablasts, and plasma cells were enriched in the tongue of mice colonized with C. albicans suggesting a potential role of B lymphocytes during oral fungal colonization. B cell deficiency increased the oral fungal load without causing severe OPC. Thus, in the oral cavity B lymphocytes contribute to control commensal C. albicans carriage by secreting IgA at foci of colonization thereby preventing fungal dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Millet
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Norma V Solis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Marc Swidergall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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24
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Dunn MJ, Fillinger RJ, Anderson LM, Anderson MZ. Automated quantification of Candida albicans biofilm-related phenotypes reveals additive contributions to biofilm production. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2020; 6:36. [PMID: 33037223 PMCID: PMC7547077 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-00149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are organized communities of microbial cells that promote persistence among bacterial and fungal species. Biofilm formation by host-associated Candida species of fungi occurs on both tissue surfaces and implanted devices, contributing to host colonization and disease. In C. albicans, biofilms are built sequentially by adherence of yeast to a surface, invasion into the substrate, the formation of aerial hyphal projections, and the secretion of extracellular matrix. Measurement of these biofilm-related phenotypes remains highly qualitative and often subjective. Here, we designed an informatics pipeline for quantifying filamentation, adhesion, and invasion of Candida species on solid agar media and utilized this approach to determine the importance of these component phenotypes to C. albicans biofilm production. Characterization of 23 C. albicans clinical isolates across three media and two temperatures revealed a wide range of phenotypic responses among isolates in any single condition. Media profoundly altered all biofilm-related phenotypes among these isolates, whereas temperature minimally impacted these traits. Importantly, the extent of biofilm formation correlated significantly with the additive score for its component phenotypes under some conditions, experimentally linking the strength of each component to biofilm mass. In addition, the response of the genome reference strain, SC5314, across these conditions was an extreme outlier compared to all other strains, suggesting it may not be representative of the species. Taken together, development of a high-throughput, unbiased approach to quantifying Candida biofilm-related phenotypes linked variability in these phenotypes to biofilm production and can facilitate genetic dissection of these critical processes to pathogenesis in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Dunn
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Robert J Fillinger
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Leah M Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matthew Z Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Vaccination with Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase 2 Protein from Candida parapsilosis Can Enhance Survival of Mice during C. tropicalis-Mediated Systemic Candidiasis. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00312-20. [PMID: 32661125 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00312-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising incidence of non-albicans Candida species globally, along with the emergence of drug resistance, is a cause for concern. This study investigated the protective efficacy of secreted aspartyl proteinase 2 (Sap2) in systemic C. tropicalis infection. Vaccination with recombinant Sap2 (rSap2) protein from C. parapsilosis enhanced survival of mice compared to rSap2 vaccinations from C. albicans (P = 0.02), C. tropicalis (P = 0.06), and sham immunization (P = 0.04). Compared to sham-immunized mice, the fungal CFU number was significantly reduced in organs of Sap2-parapsilosis-immunized mice. Histopathologically, increased neutrophilic recruitment was observed in Sap2-parapsilosis- and Sap2-tropicalis-immunized mice. Among different rSap2 proteins, Sap2-parapsilosis vaccination induced increased titers of Sap2-specific Ig, IgG, and IgM antibodies, which could bind whole fungus. Between different groups, sera from Sap2-parapsilosis-vaccinated mice exhibited increased C. tropicalis biofilm inhibition ability in vitro and enhanced neutrophil-mediated fungal killing. Passive transfer of anti-Sap2-parapsilosis immune serum in naive mice significantly reduced fungal burdens compared to those in mice receiving anti-sham immune serum. Higher numbers of plasma cells and Candida-binding B cells in Sap2-vaccinated mice suggest a role of B cells during early stages of Sap2-mediated immune response. Additionally, increased levels of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines observed in Sap2-parapsilosis-vaccinated mice indicate immunomodulatory properties of Sap2. Epitope analysis performed using identified B-cell epitopes provides a basis to understand differences in immunogenicity observed among Sap2-antigens and can aid the development of a multivalent or multiepitope anti-Candida vaccine(s). In summary, our results suggest that Sap2-parapsilosis vaccination can improve mouse survival during C. tropicalis infection by inducing both humoral and cellular immunity, and higher titers of Sap2-induced antibodies are beneficial during systemic candidiasis.
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Sadeghi G, Mousavi SF, Ebrahimi-Rad M, Mirabzadeh-Ardekani E, Eslamifar A, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Jahanshiri Z, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. In vivo and in vitro Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors of Candida albicans Strains Isolated from Cutaneous Candidiasis. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2020; 24:324-32. [PMID: 32429646 PMCID: PMC7392142 DOI: 10.29252/ibj.24.5.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The Candida albicans is one of the most important global opportunistic pathogens, and the incidence of candidiasis has increased over the past few decades. Despite the established role of skin in defense against fungal invasion, little has been documented about the pathogenesis of Candida species when changing from normal flora to pathogens of vaginal and gastrointestinal epithelia. This study was carried out to determine the in vivo and in vitro pathogenesis of clinical C. albicans strains isolated from skin lesions. Methods In this study, association of in vivo and in vitro pathogenesis of C. albicans isolates with different evolutionary origins was investigated. Oral and systemic experimental candidiasis was established in BALB/C mice. The expression levels of secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAP1-3 genes), morphological transformation, and biofilm-forming ability of C. albicans were evaluated. Results All the strains showed in vitro and in vivo pathogenicity by various extents. The SAP1, SAP2, and SAP3 genes were expressed in 50%, 100%, and 75% of the strains, respectively. The biofilm formation ability was negative in 12% of the strains, while it was considerable in 38% of the strains. Fifty percent of the strains had no phospholipase activity, and no one demonstrated high level of this pathogenesis factor. Relatively all the strains had very low potency to form pseudohyphae. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that Candida albicans strains isolated from cutaneous candidiasis were able to cause oral and systemic infections in mice, so they could be considered as the potential agents of life-threatening nosocomial candidiasis in susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnar Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | | | - Mina Ebrahimi-Rad
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | | | - Ali Eslamifar
- Department of Clinical Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-331, Iran
| | - Zahra Jahanshiri
- Department of Medical Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
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Abstract
The diploid heterozygous yeast Candida albicans is the most common cause of fungal infection. Here, we report the genome sequence assembly of the clinical oral isolate 529L. As this isolate grows as a commensal, this genome will serve as a reference for experimental and genetic studies of mucosal colonization. The diploid heterozygous yeast Candida albicans is the most common cause of fungal infection. Here, we report the genome sequence assembly of the clinical oral isolate 529L. As this isolate grows as a commensal, this genome will serve as a reference for experimental and genetic studies of mucosal colonization.
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Bertolini M, Ranjan A, Thompson A, Diaz PI, Sobue T, Maas K, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Candida albicans induces mucosal bacterial dysbiosis that promotes invasive infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007717. [PMID: 31009520 PMCID: PMC6497318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious complications are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy due to increased risk of oral and gastrointestinal candidiasis, candidemia and septicemia. Interactions between C. albicans and endogenous mucosal bacteria are important in understanding the mechanisms of invasive infection. We published a mouse intravenous chemotherapy model that recapitulates oral and intestinal mucositis, and myelosuppression in patients receiving 5-fluorouracil. We used this model to study the influence of C. albicans on the mucosal bacterial microbiome and compared global community changes in the oral and intestinal mucosa of the same mice. We validated 16S rRNA gene sequencing data by qPCR, in situ hybridization and culture approaches. Mice receiving both 5Fu and C. albicans had an endogenous bacterial overgrowth on the oral but not the small intestinal mucosa. C. albicans infection was associated with loss of mucosal bacterial diversity in both sites with indigenous Stenotrophomonas, Alphaproteobacteria and Enterococcus species dominating the small intestinal, and Enterococcus species dominating the oral mucosa. Both immunosuppression and Candida infection contributed to changes in the oral microbiota. Enterococci isolated from mice with oropharyngeal candidiasis were implicated in degrading the epithelial junction protein E-cadherin and increasing the permeability of the oral epithelial barrier in vitro. Importantly, depletion of these organisms with antibiotics in vivo attenuated oral mucosal E-cadherin degradation and C. albicans invasion without affecting fungal burdens, indicating that bacterial community changes represent overt dysbiosis. Our studies demonstrate a complex interaction between C. albicans, the resident mucosal bacterial microbiota and the host environment in pathogenesis. We shed significant new light on the role of C. albicans in shaping resident bacterial communities and driving mucosal dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martinna Bertolini
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amit Ranjan
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Angela Thompson
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Patricia I. Diaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Takanori Sobue
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kendra Maas
- Microbial Analysis, Resources, and Services Core, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
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Iron Restriction to Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans by the Novel Chelator DIBI Inhibits Growth and Increases Sensitivity to Azoles In Vitro and In Vivo in a Murine Model of Experimental Vaginitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02576-17. [PMID: 29844048 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02576-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an important opportunistic pathogen causing various human infections that are often treated with azole antifungals. The U.S. CDC now regards developing candidal antifungal resistance as a threat, creating a need for new and more effective antifungal treatments. Iron is an essential nutrient for all living cells, and there is growing evidence that interference with iron homeostasis of C. albicans can improve its response to antifungals. This study was aimed at establishing whether withholding iron by currently used medical iron chelators and the novel chelator DIBI could restrict growth and also enhance the activity of azoles against clinical isolates of C. albicans DIBI, but not deferoxamine or deferiprone, inhibited the growth of C. albicans at relatively low concentrations in vitro, and this inhibition was reversed by iron addition. DIBI in combination with various azoles demonstrated stronger growth inhibition than the azoles alone and greatly prolonged the inhibition of cell multiplication. In addition, the administration of DIBI along with fluconazole (FLC) to mice inoculated with an FLC-sensitive isolate in a model of experimental C. albicans vaginitis showed a markedly improved clearance of infection. These results suggest that iron chelation by DIBI has the potential to enhance azole efficacy for the treatment of candidiasis.
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30
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Dantur KI, Chalfoun NR, Claps MP, Tórtora ML, Silva C, Jure Á, Porcel N, Bianco MI, Vojnov A, Castagnaro AP, Welin B. The Endophytic Strain Klebsiella michiganensis Kd70 Lacks Pathogenic Island-Like Regions in Its Genome and Is Incapable of Infecting the Urinary Tract in Mice. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1548. [PMID: 30061870 PMCID: PMC6054940 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella spp. have been isolated from many different environmental habitats but have mainly been associated with nosocomial acquired diseases in humans. Although there are many recently published sequenced genomes of members of this genus, there are very few studies on whole genome comparisons between clinical and non-clinical isolates, and it is therefore still an open question if a strain found in nature is capable of infecting humans/animals. Klebsiella michiganensis Kd70 was isolated from the intestine of larvae of Diatraea saccharalis but genome analysis revealed multiple genes associated with colonization and growth promotion in plants suggesting an endophytic lifestyle. Kd70 cells labeled with gfp confirmed capability of root colonization and soil application of Kd70 promoted growth in greenhouse grown sugarcane. Further genomic analysis showed that the Kd70 genome harbored fewer mammalian virulence factors and no pathogen island-like regions when compared to clinical isolates of this species, suggesting attenuated animal/human pathogenicity. This postulation was corroborated by in vivo experiments in which it was demonstrated that Kd70 was unable to infect the mouse urinary tract. This is to the best of our knowledge the first experimental example of a member of a pathogenic Klebsiella spp. unable to infect a mammalian organism. A proteomic comparison deduced from the genomic sequence between Kd70 and several other K. michiganensis strains showed a high similarity with isolates from many different environments including clinical strains, and demonstrated the existence of conserved genetic lineages within this species harboring members from different ecological niches and geographical locations. Furthermore, most genetic differences were found to be associated with genomic islands of clinical isolates, suggesting that evolutionary adaptation of animal pathogenicity to a large extent has depended on horizontal gene transfer. In conclusion our results demonstrate the importance of conducting thorough in vivo pathogenicity studies before presupposing animal/human virulence of non-clinical bacterial isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina I. Dantur
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino, Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - Nadia R. Chalfoun
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino, Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - Maria P. Claps
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino, Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - Maria L. Tórtora
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino, Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - Clara Silva
- Instituto de Microbiología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Ángela Jure
- Instituto de Microbiología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Norma Porcel
- Instituto de Microbiología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Maria I. Bianco
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Atilio P. Castagnaro
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino, Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Las Talitas, Argentina
| | - Björn Welin
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino, Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Las Talitas, Argentina
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The intraspecies diversity of C. albicans triggers qualitatively and temporally distinct host responses that determine the balance between commensalism and pathogenicity. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1335-1350. [PMID: 28176789 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The host immune status is critical for preventing opportunistic infections with Candida albicans. Whether the natural fungal diversity that exists between C. albicans isolates also influences disease development remains unclear. Here, we used an experimental model of oral infection to probe the host response to diverse C. albicans isolates in vivo and found dramatic differences in their ability to persist in the oral mucosa, which inversely correlated with the degree and kinetics of immune activation in the host. Strikingly, the requirement of interleukin (IL)-17 signaling for fungal control was conserved between isolates, including isolates with delayed induction of IL-17. This underscores the relevance of IL-17 immunity in mucosal defense against C. albicans. In contrast, the accumulation of neutrophils and induction of inflammation in the infected tissue was strictly strain dependent. The dichotomy of the inflammatory neutrophil response was linked to the capacity of fungal strains to cause cellular damage and release of alarmins from the epithelium. The epithelium thus translates differences in the fungus into qualitatively distinct host responses. Altogether, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the antifungal response in the oral mucosa and demonstrates the relevance of evaluating intraspecies differences for the outcome of fungal-host interactions in vivo.
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Break TJ, Hoffman KW, Swamydas M, Lee CCR, Lim JK, Lionakis MS. Batf3-dependent CD103(+) dendritic cell accumulation is dispensable for mucosal and systemic antifungal host defense. Virulence 2016; 7:826-35. [PMID: 27191829 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1186324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for defense against a variety of pathogens and the formation of adaptive immune responses. The transcription factor Batf3 is critical for the development of CD103(+)CD11b(-) DCs, which promote IL-12-dependent protective immunity during viral and parasitic infections, dampen Th2 immunity during helminthic infection, and exert detrimental effects during bacterial infection. Whether CD103(+) DCs modulate immunity during systemic or mucosal fungal disease remains unknown. Herein, we report that Batf3 is critical for accumulation of CD103(+) DCs in the kidney and tongue at steady state, for their expansion during systemic and oropharyngeal candidiasis, and for tissue-specific production of IL-12 in kidney but not tongue during systemic and oropharyngeal candidiasis, respectively. Importantly, deficiency of CD103(+) DCs does not impair survival or fungal clearance during systemic or oropharyngeal candidiasis, indicating that Batf3-dependent CD103(+) DC accumulation mediates pathogen- and tissue-specific immune effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Break
- a Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Kevin W Hoffman
- b Department of Microbiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Muthulekha Swamydas
- a Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Chyi-Chia Richard Lee
- c Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- b Department of Microbiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- a Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Tsata V, Velegraki A, Ioannidis A, Poulopoulou C, Bagos P, Magana M, Chatzipanagiotou S. Effects of Yeast and Bacterial Commensals and Pathogens of the Female Genital Tract on the Transepithelial Electrical Resistance of HeLa Cells. Open Microbiol J 2016; 10:90-6. [PMID: 27335621 PMCID: PMC4899535 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801610010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensals of the human body can shift to a pathogenic phase when the host
immune system is impaired. This study aims to investigate the effect of seven
yeast and two bacterial commensals and opportunistic pathogens isolated from
blood and the female genital tract on the transepithelial electrical resistance
(TER) of human cervical epithelial cell cultures (HeLa). The pathogens
Candida tropicalis, C. parapsilosis,C. glabrata, C. krusei, C.
albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, caused a significant decrease
in TER as compared to the controls; Lactobacillus spp caused a
significant increase in TER versus the controls and Escherichia coli
had no effect on the TER of the cell monolayers. The above data show that
Candida spp., S. cerevisiae and Lactobacillus spp. have a
non-selective effect on the TER of HeLa cell monolayers. These results are
consistent with the in vivo non-selective action of these microorganisms
on the various human mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Tsata
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Aristea Velegraki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Mycology Research Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Cornelia Poulopoulou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Pantelis Bagos
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Maria Magana
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos Chatzipanagiotou
- Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Huai Y, Dong S, Zhu Y, Li X, Cao B, Gao X, Yang M, Wang L, Mao C. Genetically Engineered Virus Nanofibers as an Efficient Vaccine for Preventing Fungal Infection. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:786-94. [PMID: 26890982 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans (CA) is a kind of fungus that can cause high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. However, preventing CA infection in these patients is still a daunting challenge. Herein, inspired from the fact that immunization with secreted aspartyl proteinases 2 (Sap2) can prevent the infection, it is proposed to use filamentous phage, a human-safe virus nanofiber specifically infecting bacteria (≈900 nm long and 7 nm wide), to display an epitope peptide of Sap2 (EPS, with a sequence of Val-Lys-Tyr-Thr-Ser) on its side wall and thus serve as a vaccine for preventing CA infection. The engineered virus nanofibers and recombinant Sap2 (rSap2) are then separately used to immunize mice. The humoral and cellular immune responses in the immunized mice are evaluated. Surprisingly, the virus nanofibers significantly induce mice to produce strong immune response as rSap2 and generate antibodies that can bind Sap2 and CA to inhibit the CA infection. Consequently, immunization with the virus nanofibers in mice dramatically increases the survival rate of CA-infected mice. All these results, along with the fact that the virus nanofibers can be mass-produced by infecting bacteria cost-effectively, suggest that virus nanofibers displaying EPS can be a vaccine candidate against fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Huai
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics School of Life Sciences Northeast Normal University 5268 Renmin Street Changchun City Jilin Province 130024 China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center University of Oklahoma 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman OK 73019‐5300 USA
| | - Shuai Dong
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics School of Life Sciences Northeast Normal University 5268 Renmin Street Changchun City Jilin Province 130024 China
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center University of Oklahoma 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman OK 73019‐5300 USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center University of Oklahoma 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman OK 73019‐5300 USA
| | - Binrui Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center University of Oklahoma 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman OK 73019‐5300 USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics School of Life Sciences Northeast Normal University 5268 Renmin Street Changchun City Jilin Province 130024 China
| | - Mingying Yang
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research College of Animal Science Zhejiang University Yuhangtang Road 866 Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics School of Life Sciences Northeast Normal University 5268 Renmin Street Changchun City Jilin Province 130024 China
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center University of Oklahoma 101 Stephenson Parkway Norman OK 73019‐5300 USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
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Tang SX, Moyes DL, Richardson JP, Blagojevic M, Naglik JR. Epithelial discrimination of commensal and pathogenic Candida albicans. Oral Dis 2016; 22 Suppl 1:114-9. [PMID: 26843519 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells and are colonised by opportunistic microbes. In health, these opportunistic microbes remain commensal and are tolerated by the immune system. However, when the correct environmental conditions arise, these microbes can become pathogenic and need to be controlled or cleared by the immune system to prevent disease. The mechanisms that enable epithelial cells to initiate the 'danger' signals activated specifically by pathogenic microbes are critical to mucosal defence and homeostasis but are not well understood. Deciphering these mechanisms will provide essential understanding to how mucosal tissues maintain health and activate immunity, as well as how pathogens promote disease. This review focuses on the interaction of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans with epithelial cells and the epithelial mechanisms that enable mucosal tissues to discriminate between the commensal and pathogenic state of this medically important fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S X Tang
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D L Moyes
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J P Richardson
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Blagojevic
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J R Naglik
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
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36
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Wang L, Wang C, Mei H, Shen Y, Lv G, Zeng R, Zhan P, Li D, Liu W. Combination of Estrogen and Immunosuppressive Agents to Establish a Mouse Model of Candidiasis with Concurrent Oral and Vaginal Mucosal Infection. Mycopathologia 2015; 181:29-39. [PMID: 26404163 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mouse model is an appropriate tool for pathogenic determination and study of host defenses during the fungal infection. Here, we established a mouse model of candidiasis with concurrent oral and vaginal mucosal infection. Two C. albicans strains sourced from clinical candidemia (SC5314) and mucosal infection (ATCC62342) were tested in ICR mice. The different combinational panels covering estrogen and immunosuppressive agents, cortisone, prednisolone and cyclophosphamide were used for concurrent oral and vaginal candidiasis establishment. Prednisolone in combination with estrogen proved an optimal mode for concurrent mucosal infection establishment. The model maintained for 1 week with fungal burden reached at least 10(5) cfu/g of tissue. This mouse model was evaluated by in vivo pharmacodynamics of fluconazole and host mucosal immunity of IL-17 and IL-23. Mice infected by SC5314 were cured by fluconazole. An increase in IL-23 in both oral and vaginal homogenates was observed after infection, while IL-17 only had a prominent elevation in oral tissue. This model could properly mimic complicated clinical conditions and provides a valuable means for antifungal assay in vivo and may also provide a useful method for the evaluation of host-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Mei
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongnian Shen
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixia Lv
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE 305 Med-Dent Building, 3900 Reservoir Rd., NW., Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, No. 12. Jiang Wangmiao St., Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Freire F, de Barros PP, da Silva Ávila D, Brito GNB, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC. Evaluation of gene expression SAP5, LIP9, and PLB2 of Candida albicans biofilms after photodynamic inactivation. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30:1511-8. [PMID: 25917514 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing number of strains of Candida ssp. resistant to antifungal agents, the accomplishment of researches that evaluate the effects of new therapeutic methods, like photodynamic inactivation (PDI), becomes important and necessary. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the effects of the PDI on Candida albicans biofilms, evaluating their effects on the expression of the gene hydrolytic enzymes aspartyl proteinase (SAP5), lipase (LIP9), and phospholipase (PLB2). Clinical strains of C. albicans (n = 9) isolated from patient bearers of the virus HIV and a pattern strain ATCC 18804 were used. The quantification of gene expression was related to the production of hydrolytic enzymes using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. For PDI, we used laser-aluminum-gallium arsenide low power (red visible, 660 nm) as a light source and the methylene blue at 300 μM as a photosensitizer. We assessed two experimental groups for each strain: (a) PDI: sensitization with methylene blue and laser irradiation and (b) control: without sensitization with methylene blue and light absence. The PDI decreased gene expression in 60 % of samples for gene SAP5 and 50 % of the samples decreased expression of LIP9 and PLB2. When we compared the expression profile for of each gene between the treated and control group, a decrease in all gene expression was observed, however no statistically significant difference (Tukey's test/p = 0.12). It could be concluded that PDI (photosensitization with methylene blue followed by low-level laser irradiation) showed a slight reduction on the expression of hydrolytic enzymes of C. albicans, without statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Freire
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245-000, Brazil,
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38
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Break TJ, Jaeger M, Solis NV, Filler SG, Rodriguez CA, Lim JK, Lee CCR, Sobel JD, Netea MG, Lionakis MS. CX3CR1 is dispensable for control of mucosal Candida albicans infections in mice and humans. Infect Immun 2015; 83:958-65. [PMID: 25547797 PMCID: PMC4333470 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02604-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is part of the normal commensal microbiota of mucosal surfaces in a large percentage of the human population. However, perturbations of the host's immune response or bacterial microbiota have been shown to predispose individuals to the development of opportunistic Candida infections. It was recently discovered that a defect in the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 increases susceptibility of mice and humans to systemic candidiasis. However, whether CX3CR1 confers protection against mucosal C. albicans infection has not been investigated. Using two different mouse models, we found that Cx3cr1 is dispensable for the induction of interleukin 17A (IL-17A), IL-22, and IL-23 in the tongue after infection, as well as for the clearance of mucosal candidiasis from the tongue or lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract colonization. Furthermore, the dysfunctional human CX3CR1 allele CX3CR1-M280 was not associated with development of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) in women. Taken together, these data indicate that CX3CR1 is not essential for protection of the host against mucosal candidiasis, underscoring the dependence on different mammalian immune factors for control of mucosal versus systemic Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Break
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Norma V Solis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Scott G Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carlos A Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chyi-Chia Richard Lee
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack D Sobel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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40
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Abstract
The human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans is the predominant cause of both superficial and invasive forms of candidiasis. C. albicans primarily infects immunocompromised individuals as a result of either immunodeficiency or intervention therapy, which highlights the importance of host immune defences in preventing fungal infections. The host defence system utilises a vast communication network of cells, proteins, and chemical signals distributed in blood and tissues, which constitute innate and adaptive immunity. Over the last decade the identity of many key molecules mediating host defence against C. albicans has been identified. This review will discuss how the host recognises this fungus, the events induced by fungal cells, and the host innate and adaptive immune defences that ultimately resolve C. albicans infections during health.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R. Naglik
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan P. Richardson
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Moyes
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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42
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Moragues MD, Rementeria A, Sevilla MJ, Eraso E, Quindos G. Candidaantigens and immune responses: implications for a vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1001-12. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.932253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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43
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Machado-de-Sena RM, Corrêa L, Kato IT, Prates RA, Senna AM, Santos CC, Picanço DA, Ribeiro MS. Photodynamic therapy has antifungal effect and reduces inflammatory signals in Candida albicans-induced murine vaginitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:275-82. [PMID: 24792453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaginal candidiasis (VC) is a disease that affects thousands of women of childbearing age, mainly caused by Candida albicans fungus. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses photosensitizing substances that are nontoxic in the dark, but able to produce reactive oxygen species when they are subjected to a light source. In this work our purpose was to investigate PDT effects on fungal burden and inflammatory cells in a murine model of C. albicans-induced vaginal candidiasis. METHODS Female BALB/c mice 6-10 weeks were estrogenized and maintained in this state during all experiment. After 72h, mices were inoculated intravaginally (IV) with 20μL of 2×10(5)C. albicans cells suspension. Mice were separated into 5 groups after five days: H (healthy), PBS (control), laser, MB (methylene blue) and PDT. PDT and MB groups received IV 20μL solution with 1mM of MB, others received PBS. PDT and laser groups were irradiated with a red laser (100mW, 660nm) in one (36J, 6min) or two sessions (18J, 3min). After the end of treatment, mice were submitted to microbiological and histomorphometric analysis with ImageJ software. Data were plotted by mean values and standard deviations of CFU/mL and percentage of inflammatory cells area. ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test were used and data were considered significant when p<0.05. RESULTS PDT significantly reduced C. albicans after the two tested protocols, however, percentage area of inflammatory cells was significantly reduced just with two sessions of PDT. CONCLUSIONS PDT with MB and red laser is a promising therapy for VC. It is able to reduce fungal infection in biofilm and inflammatory signals associated with VC in a murine model of vaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Machado-de-Sena
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Lineu Prestes, 2242, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, IFTO, Av. Amazonas, Qd 56 - Lt 01, 77826-170 Araguaina, TO, Brazil
| | - L Corrêa
- Department of Stomatology, Dentistry School, University of São Paulo, FOUSP, Av. Lineu Prestes, 2227, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - I T Kato
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Lineu Prestes, 2242, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R A Prates
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, UNINOVE, Rua Vergueiro, 235, 01504-001 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A M Senna
- Department of Oral Surgery, Palmas General Hospital, Av. 201 SUL NS1, Conj. 02 - Lt 01, 77015-202 Palmas, TO, Brazil; Department of Lasers and Photomedicine, Tocantinense Institute President Antônio Carlos, Rua 02 Qd 07 s/n, 77500-000 Porto Nacional, TO, Brazil
| | - C C Santos
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Lineu Prestes, 2242, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - D A Picanço
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Lineu Prestes, 2242, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M S Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN/SP, Av. Lineu Prestes, 2242, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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44
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De Gregorio PR, Tomás MSJ, Terraf MCL, Nader-Macías MEF. In vitro and in vivo effects of beneficial vaginal lactobacilli on pathogens responsible for urogenital tract infections. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:685-696. [PMID: 24523160 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.069401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of beneficial human vaginal lactobacilli (Lb) on urogenital pathogens through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Co-aggregative and antimicrobial properties between five vaginal Lb strains and urogenital pathogens or potential pathogens (Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans strains) were assayed. Also, associative cultures of Lb strains and S. agalactiae were performed and bacterial growth, pH, lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were determined at different times. Based on the results obtained, the in vivo studies were assayed in mice with Lactobacillus gasseri CRL 1509 or Lactobacillus salivarius CRL 1328 inoculated intravaginally (i.v.) and then challenged i.v. with S. agalactiae. Results were analysed by ANOVA (repeated measures and general linear models). Most of the Lb strains increased the percentage of aggregation of S. agalactiae strains. Only one strain (Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1324) positively affected the aggregation of S. aureus and none increased the aggregation of C. albicans. The inhibition of the growth of S. agalactiae strains by production of organic acids by lactobacilli was evidenced. The Lb-S. agalactiae co-cultures showed a significant inhibition of the pathogen after 4 h and 8 h of incubation. Parallel increases in lactic acid and H2O2 levels were observed. However, in the experimental murine model, no significant differences were obtained in the number of streptococci recovered from the vaginal tract of control mice and those inoculated with Lb. In conclusion, vaginal Lb exhibited in vitro co-aggregative and antimicrobial effects on S. agalactiae strains, suggesting that they could be promising candidates for protection against S. agalactiae challenge. However, as these effects were not evidenced in the murine model used, further animal studies under different experimental conditions should be conducted to evaluate the preventive effect of Lb against challenge with S. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Romina De Gregorio
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Silvina Juárez Tomás
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Leccese Terraf
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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de Freitas Araújo MG, Pacífico M, Vilegas W, Dos Santos LC, Icely PA, Miró MS, Scarpa MVC, Bauab TM, Sotomayor CE. Evaluation ofSyngonanthus nitens(Bong.) Ruhl. extract as antifungal and in treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Med Mycol 2013; 51:673-82. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.795294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ibrahim AS, Luo G, Gebremariam T, Lee H, Schmidt CS, Hennessey JP, French SW, Yeaman MR, Filler SG, Edwards JE. NDV-3 protects mice from vulvovaginal candidiasis through T- and B-cell immune response. Vaccine 2013; 31:5549-56. [PMID: 24063977 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that vaccination with rAls3p-N protein of Candida albicans, formulated with alum adjuvant (also designated as NDV-3) protects immunocompetent mice from, lethal disseminated candidiasis and mucosal oropharyngeal candidiasis. NDV-3 vaccine was recently, tested in a Phase 1 clinical trial and found to be safe, well-tolerated, and induced robust humoral and, cellular immune responses with increased interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-17 secretion. In preparation for a Phase 2 clinical trial against vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), we evaluated NDV-3, efficacy in a murine VVC model. Here, NDV-3 induced a strong immune response characterized by high, anti-rAls3p-N serum IgG and vaginal IgA titers. Furthermore, moderate doses of the vaccine (a range of 1-30μg given subcutaneously [SQ] or 0.3-10μg given intramuscularly [IM]) elicited a 10-1000 fold, decrease in vaginal fungal burden vs. control (mice injected with alum adjuvant alone) in both inbred, and outbred mice infected with different clinical C. albicans isolates. Additionally, NDV-3 required both, T and B lymphocytes for efficacy in reducing C. albicans tissue burden, which is followed by a reduction, in neutrophil influx to the affected site. Finally, anti-rAls3p-N antibodies enhanced the ex vivo killing, of C. albicans by neutrophils primed with IFN-gamma. These data indicate that NDV-3 protects mice, from VVC by a mechanism that involves the concerted priming of both humoral and adaptive immune, responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf S Ibrahim
- The Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center and the St. John's Cardiovascular Research Center, Torrance, CA, United States; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Murine models of Candida gastrointestinal colonization and dissemination. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:1416-22. [PMID: 24036344 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00196-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ninety-five percent of infectious agents enter through exposed mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. The human GI tract is colonized with trillions of commensal microbes, including numerous Candida spp. Some commensal microbes in the GI tract can cause serious human infections under specific circumstances, typically involving changes in the gut environment and/or host immune conditions. Therefore, utilizing animal models of fungal GI colonization and dissemination can lead to significant insights into the complex pathophysiology of transformation from a commensal organism to a pathogen and host-pathogen interactions. This paper will review the methodologic approaches used for modeling GI colonization versus dissemination, the insights learned from these models, and finally, possible future directions using these animal modeling systems.
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Identification of the cell targets important for propolis-induced cell death in Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 60:74-86. [PMID: 23856128 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans, forming both commensal and opportunistic pathogenic interactions, causing a variety of skin and soft tissue infections in healthy people. In immunocompromised patients C. albicans can result in invasive, systemic infections that are associated with a high incidence of mortality. Propolis is a complex mixture of several resinous substances which are collected from plants by bees. Here, we demonstrated the fungicidal activity of propolis against all three morphogenetic types of C. albicans and that propolis-induced cell death was mediated via metacaspase and Ras signaling. To identify genes that were involved in propolis tolerance, we screened ~800 C. albicans homozygous deletion mutants for decreased tolerance to propolis. Fifty-one mutant strains were identified as being hypersensitive to propolis including seventeen genes involved in cell adhesion, biofilm formation, filamentous growth, phenotypic switching and pathogenesis (HST7, GIN4, VPS34, HOG1, ISW2, SUV3, MDS3, HDA2, KAR3, YHB1, NUP85, CDC10, MNN9, ACE2, FKH2, and SNF5). We validated these results by showing that propolis inhibited the transition from yeast-like to hyphal growth. Propolis was shown to contain compounds that conferred fluorescent properties to C. albicans cells. Moreover, we have shown that a topical pharmaceutical preparation, based upon propolis, was able to control C. albicans infections in a mouse model for vulvovaginal candidiasis. Our results strongly indicate that propolis could be used as a strategy for controlling candidiasis.
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Costa ACBP, Pereira CA, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC. Recent mouse and rat methods for the study of experimental oral candidiasis. Virulence 2013; 4:391-9. [PMID: 23715031 PMCID: PMC3714131 DOI: 10.4161/viru.25199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Candida genus expresses virulence factors that, when combined with immunosuppression and other risk factors, can cause different manifestations of oral candidiasis. The treatment of mucosal infections caused by Candida and the elucidation of the disease process have proven challenging. Therefore, the study of experimentally induced oral candidiasis in rats and mice is useful to clarify the etiopathology of this condition, improve diagnosis, and search for new therapeutic options because the disease process in these animals is similar to that of human candidiasis lesions. Here, we describe and discuss new studies involving rat and mouse models of oral candidiasis with respect to methods for inducing experimental infection, methods for evaluating the development of experimental candidiasis, and new treatment strategies for oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C B P Costa
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms; Hans-Knoell-Institute; Jena, Germany
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