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Gonzalez JJI, Hossain MF, Neef J, Zwack EE, Tsai CM, Raafat D, Fechtner K, Herzog L, Kohler TP, Schlüter R, Reder A, Holtfreter S, Liu GY, Hammerschmidt S, Völker U, Torres VJ, van Dijl JM, Lillig CH, Bröker BM, Darisipudi MN. TLR4 sensing of IsdB of Staphylococcus aureus induces a proinflammatory cytokine response via the NLRP3-caspase-1 inflammasome cascade. mBio 2024; 15:e0022523. [PMID: 38112465 PMCID: PMC10790753 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00225-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is of global concern, and vaccines are urgently needed. The iron-regulated surface determinant protein B (IsdB) of S. aureus was investigated as a vaccine candidate because of its essential role in bacterial iron acquisition but failed in clinical trials despite strong immunogenicity. Here, we reveal an unexpected second function for IsdB in pathogen-host interaction: the bacterial fitness factor IsdB triggers a strong inflammatory response in innate immune cells via Toll-like receptor 4 and the inflammasome, thus acting as a novel pathogen-associated molecular pattern of S. aureus. Our discovery contributes to a better understanding of how S. aureus modulates the immune response, which is necessary for vaccine development against the sophisticated pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Faruq Hossain
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jolanda Neef
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erin E. Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dina Raafat
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kevin Fechtner
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Luise Herzog
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas P. Kohler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rabea Schlüter
- Imaging Center of the Department of Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Reder
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - George Y. Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher H. Lillig
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Murty N. Darisipudi
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Alby-Laurent F, Belaïdouni N, Blanchet B, Rousseau C, Llitjos JF, Sanquer S, Mira JP, Pène F, Toubiana J, Chiche JD. Low-dose mycophenolate mofetil improves survival in a murine model of Staphylococcus aureus sepsis by increasing bacterial clearance and phagocyte function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:939213. [PMID: 35936013 PMCID: PMC9351454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.939213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulators of TLRs signaling pathways play an important role in the control of the pro-inflammatory response that contributes to sepsis-induced tissue injury. Mycophenolate mofetil, an immunosuppressive drug inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation, has been reported to be a regulator of TLRs signaling pathways. Whether MMF used at infra-immunosuppressive doses has an impact on survival and on innate immune response in sepsis is unknown.C57BL/6J mice were infected intraperitoneally with 108 CFU Staphylococcus aureus, and treated or not with low-dose of MMF (20mg/kg/day during 4 days). Survival rate and bacterial clearance were compared. Cytokine levels, quantitative and qualitative cellular responses were assessed. S. aureus – infected mice treated with MMF exhibited improved survival compared to non-treated ones (48% vs 10%, p<0.001). With the dose used for all experiments, MMF did not show any effect on lymphocyte proliferation. MMF treatment also improved local and systemic bacterial clearance, improved phagocytosis activity of peritoneal macrophages resulting in decreased inflammatory cytokines secretion. MMF-treated mice showed enhanced activation of NF-κB seemed with a suspected TLR4-dependent mechanism. These results suggest that infra-immunosuppressive doses of MMF improve host defense during S. aureus sepsis and protects infected mice from fatal outcome by regulating innate immune responses. The signaling pathways involved could be TLR4-dependent. This work brings new perspectives in pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches of severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Alby-Laurent
- Cochin Institute, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Inserm U1016, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University UMR-S1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Belaïdouni
- Cochin Institute, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Inserm U1016, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University UMR-S1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Blanchet
- Department of Pharmocology and Toxicology, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique des hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Rousseau
- Cochin Institute, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Inserm U1016, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University UMR-S1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Llitjos
- Cochin Institute, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Inserm U1016, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University UMR-S1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sylvia Sanquer
- Metabolic and Proteomic Biochemistry Department, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Mira
- Cochin Institute, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Inserm U1016, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University UMR-S1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Pène
- Cochin Institute, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Inserm U1016, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University UMR-S1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julie Toubiana
- Cochin Institute, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Inserm U1016, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University UMR-S1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Department of General Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Chiche
- Cochin Institute, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Inserm U1016, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University UMR-S1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Jean-Daniel Chiche,
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Laborde RJ, Ishimura ME, Abreu-Butin L, Nogueira CV, Grubaugh D, Cruz-Leal Y, Luzardo MC, Fernández A, Mesa C, Pazos F, Álvarez C, Alonso ME, Starnbach MN, Higgins DE, Fernández LE, Longo-Maugéri IM, Lanio ME. Sticholysins, pore-forming proteins from a marine anemone can induce maturation of dendritic cells through a TLR4 dependent-pathway. Mol Immunol 2021; 131:144-154. [PMID: 33422341 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sticholysins (Sts) I and II (StI and StII) are pore-forming proteins (PFPs), purified from the Caribbean Sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. StII encapsulated into liposomes induces a robust antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) response and in its free form the maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs). It is probable that the latter is partially supporting in part the immunomodulatory effect on the CTL response induced by StII-containing liposomes. In the present work, we demonstrate that the StII's ability of inducing maturation of BM-DCs is also shared by StI, an isoform of StII. Using heat-denatured Sts we observed a significant reduction in the up-regulation of maturation markers indicating that both PFP's ability to promote maturation of BM-DCs is dependent on their conformational characteristics. StII-mediated DC maturation was abrogated in BM-DCs from toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-knockout mice but not in cells from TLR2-knockout mice. Furthermore, the antigen-specific CTL response induced by StII-containing liposomes was reduced in TLR4-knockout mice. These results indicate that StII, and probably by extension StI, has the ability to induce maturation of DCs through a TLR4/MyD88-dependent pathway, and that this activation contributes to the CTL response generated by StII-containing liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rady J Laborde
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - Mayari E Ishimura
- Discipline of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lianne Abreu-Butin
- Discipline of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catarina V Nogueira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel Grubaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA, USA.
| | - Yoelys Cruz-Leal
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - María C Luzardo
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - Audry Fernández
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana, 11600, Cuba.
| | - Circe Mesa
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana, 11600, Cuba.
| | - Fabiola Pazos
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - Carlos Álvarez
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
| | - María E Alonso
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba
| | - Michael N Starnbach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA, USA.
| | - Darren E Higgins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology of Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, MA, USA.
| | - Luis E Fernández
- Immunobiology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana, 11600, Cuba.
| | - Ieda M Longo-Maugéri
- Discipline of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - María E Lanio
- Laboratory of Toxins and Liposomes, Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, University of Havana (UH), Lab UH-CIM, Havana, 10400, Cuba.
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Nowicka D, Grywalska E. Staphylococcus aureus and Host Immunity in Recurrent Furunculosis. Dermatology 2019; 235:295-305. [DOI: 10.1159/000499184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the severest and most persistent bacterial pathogens. The most frequent S. aureus infections include impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, furunculosis, abscesses, hidradenitis suppurativa, and mastitis. S. aureus produces a great variety of cellular and extracellular factors responsible for its invasiveness and ability to cause pathological lesions. Their expression depends on the growth phase, environmental factors, and location of the infection. Susceptibility to staphylococcal infections is rooted in multiple mechanisms of host immune responses and reactions to bacterial colonization. Immunological and inflammatory processes of chronic furunculosis are based on the pathogenicity of S. aureus as well as innate and acquired immunity. In-depth knowledge about them may help to discover the whole pathomechanism of the disease and to develop effective therapeutic options. In this review, we focus on the S. aureus-host immune interactions in the pathogenesis of recurrent furunculosis according to the most recent experimental and clinical findings.
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Chantratita N, Tandhavanant S, Seal S, Wikraiphat C, Wongsuvan G, Ariyaprasert P, Suntornsut P, Teerawattanasook N, Jutrakul Y, Srisurat N, Chaimanee P, Mahavanakul W, Srisamang P, Phiphitaporn S, Mokchai M, Anukunananchai J, Wongratanacheewin S, Chetchotisakd P, Emond MJ, Peacock SJ, West TE. TLR4 genetic variation is associated with inflammatory responses in Gram-positive sepsis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:47.e1-47.e10. [PMID: 27615723 PMCID: PMC5218870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify important pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) pathways regulating innate immune responses and outcome in Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. METHODS We analysed whether candidate PRR pathway genetic variants were associated with killed S. aureus-induced cytokine responses ex vivo and performed follow-up in vitro studies. We tested the association of our top-ranked variant with cytokine responses and clinical outcomes in a prospective multicentre cohort of patients with staphylococcal sepsis. RESULTS An intronic TLR4 polymorphism and expression quantitative trait locus, rs1927907, was highly associated with cytokine release induced by stimulation of blood from healthy Thai subjects with S. aureus ex vivo. S. aureus did not induce TLR4-dependent NF-κB activation in transfected HEK293 cells. In monocytes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α release induced by S. aureus was not blunted by a TLR4/MD-2 neutralizing antibody, but in a monocyte cell line, TNF-α was reduced by knockdown of TLR4. In Thai patients with staphylococcal sepsis, rs1927907 was associated with higher interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels as well as with respiratory failure. S. aureus-induced responses in blood were most highly correlated with responses to Gram-negative stimulants whole blood. CONCLUSIONS A genetic variant in TLR4 is associated with cytokine responses to S. aureus ex vivo and plasma cytokine levels and respiratory failure in staphylococcal sepsis. While S. aureus does not express lipopolysaccharide or activate TLR4 directly, the innate immune response to S. aureus does appear to be modulated by TLR4 and shares significant commonality with that induced by Gram-negative pathogens and lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - S Tandhavanant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Seal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Wikraiphat
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - G Wongsuvan
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Ariyaprasert
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Suntornsut
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - N Teerawattanasook
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Sunpasitthiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Y Jutrakul
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Udon Thani Hospital, Udon Thani, Thailand
| | - N Srisurat
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Khon Kaen Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - P Chaimanee
- Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - W Mahavanakul
- Department of Medicine, Sunpasitthiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - P Srisamang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sunpasitthiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - S Phiphitaporn
- Department of Medicine, Udon Thani Hospital, Udon Thani, Thailand
| | - M Mokchai
- Department of Medicine, Khon Kaen Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - S Wongratanacheewin
- Department of Microbiology and Melioidosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - P Chetchotisakd
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - M J Emond
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S J Peacock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - T E West
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; International Respiratory and Severe Illness Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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6
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Kong C, Neoh HM, Nathan S. Targeting Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: A Potential form of Anti-Virulence Therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030072. [PMID: 26999200 PMCID: PMC4810217 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen and the leading cause of a wide range of severe clinical infections. The range of diseases reflects the diversity of virulence factors produced by this pathogen. To establish an infection in the host, S. aureus expresses an inclusive set of virulence factors such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and other surface proteins that allow the pathogen to survive under extreme conditions and are essential for the bacteria’s ability to spread through tissues. Expression and secretion of this array of toxins and enzymes are tightly controlled by a number of regulatory systems. S. aureus is also notorious for its ability to resist the arsenal of currently available antibiotics and dissemination of various multidrug-resistant S. aureus clones limits therapeutic options for a S. aureus infection. Recently, the development of anti-virulence therapeutics that neutralize S. aureus toxins or block the pathways that regulate toxin production has shown potential in thwarting the bacteria’s acquisition of antibiotic resistance. In this review, we provide insights into the regulation of S. aureus toxin production and potential anti-virulence strategies that target S. aureus toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cin Kong
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Hui-min Neoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sheila Nathan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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7
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The bicomponent pore-forming leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:199-230. [PMID: 24847020 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00055-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to produce water-soluble proteins with the capacity to oligomerize and form pores within cellular lipid bilayers is a trait conserved among nearly all forms of life, including humans, single-celled eukaryotes, and numerous bacterial species. In bacteria, some of the most notable pore-forming molecules are protein toxins that interact with mammalian cell membranes to promote lysis, deliver effectors, and modulate cellular homeostasis. Of the bacterial species capable of producing pore-forming toxic molecules, the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most notorious. S. aureus can produce seven different pore-forming protein toxins, all of which are believed to play a unique role in promoting the ability of the organism to cause disease in humans and other mammals. The most diverse of these pore-forming toxins, in terms of both functional activity and global representation within S. aureus clinical isolates, are the bicomponent leucocidins. From the first description of their activity on host immune cells over 100 years ago to the detailed investigations of their biochemical function today, the leucocidins remain at the forefront of S. aureus pathogenesis research initiatives. Study of their mode of action is of immediate interest in the realm of therapeutic agent design as well as for studies of bacterial pathogenesis. This review provides an updated perspective on our understanding of the S. aureus leucocidins and their function, specificity, and potential as therapeutic targets.
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8
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Wu X, Xu F. Dendritic cells during Staphylococcus aureus infection: subsets and roles. J Transl Med 2014; 12:358. [PMID: 25519813 PMCID: PMC4279898 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. DCs orient the immune responses by modulating the balance between protective immunity to pathogens and tolerance to self-antigens. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common member of human skin microbiota and can cause severe infections with significant morbidity and mortality. Protective immunity to pathogens by DCs is required for clearance of S. aureus. DCs sense the presence of the staphylococcal components using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and then orchestrate immune systems to resolve infections. This review summarizes the possible roles of DCs, in particular their Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involved in S. aureus infection and strategies by which the pathogen affects activation and function of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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9
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces IL-1β production depending on TLR4/MyD88 pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome in primary porcine alveolar macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:403515. [PMID: 24966466 PMCID: PMC4055429 DOI: 10.1155/2014/403515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an Arterivirus that has been devastating the swine industry worldwide since the late 1980s. Previous studies have reported that PRRSV infection induced the production of IL-1β. However, the cellular sensors and signaling pathways involved in this process have not been elucidated yet. Here, we studied the mechanisms responsible for the production of IL-1β in response to highly pathogenic PRRSV. Upon PRRSV infection of primary porcine alveolar macrophages, both mRNA expression and secretion of IL-1β were significantly increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We also investigated the role of several pattern-recognition receptors and adaptor molecules in this response and showed that the TLR4/MyD88 pathway and its downstream signaling molecules, NF-κB, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPKs, were involved in IL-1β production during PRRSV infection. Treatment with specific inhibitors or siRNA knockdown assays demonstrated that components of the NLRP3 inflammasome were crucial for IL-1β secretion but not for IL-1β mRNA expression. Furthermore, TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway was involved in PRRSV-induced expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components. Together, our results deciphered the pathways leading from recognition of PRRSV to the production and release of IL-1β, providing a deeper knowledge of the mechanisms of PRRSV-induced inflammation responses.
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10
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Yanai M, Rocha MA, Matolek AZ, Chintalacharuvu A, Taira Y, Chintalacharuvu K, Beenhouwer DO. Separately or combined, LukG/LukH is functionally unique compared to other staphylococcal bicomponent leukotoxins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89308. [PMID: 24586678 PMCID: PMC3930693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that elaborates several exotoxins. Among these are the bicomponent leukotoxins (BCLs), which include γ-hemolysin, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and LukDE. The toxin components are classified as either F or S proteins, which are secreted individually and assemble on cell surfaces to form hetero-oligomeric pores resulting in lysis of PMNs and/or erythrocytes. F and S proteins of γ-hemolysin, PVL and LukDE have ∼ 70% sequence homology within the same class and several heterologous combinations of F and S members from these three bicomponent toxin groups are functional. Recently, an additional BCL pair, LukGH (also called LukAB) that has only 30% homology to γ-hemolysin, PVL and LukDE, has been characterized from S. aureus. Our results showed that LukGH was more cytotoxic to human PMNs than PVL. However, LukGH-induced calcium ion influx in PMNs was markedly attenuated and slower than that induced by PVL and other staphylococcal BCLs. In contrast to other heterologous BCL combinations, LukG in combination with heterologous S components, and LukH in combination with heterologous F components did not induce calcium ion entry or cell lysis in human PMNs or rabbit erythrocytes. Like PVL, LukGH induced IL-8 production by PMNs. While individual components LukG and LukH had no cytolytic or calcium influx activity, they each induced high levels of IL-8 transcription and secretion. IL-8 production induced by LukG or LukH was dependent on NF-κB. Therefore, our results indicate LukGH differs functionally from other staphylococcal BCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machi Yanai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Emergency and Critical Care, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miguel A. Rocha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony Z. Matolek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Archana Chintalacharuvu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiko Taira
- Emergency and Critical Care, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koteswara Chintalacharuvu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David O. Beenhouwer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Zecconi A, Scali F. Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors in evasion from innate immune defenses in human and animal diseases. Immunol Lett 2013; 150:12-22. [PMID: 23376548 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, Staphylococcus aureus acquired a dramatic relevance in human and veterinary medicine for different reasons, one of them represented by the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains. However, antibiotic resistance is not the only weapon in the arsenal of S. aureus. Indeed, these bacteria have plenty of virulence factors, including a vast ability to evade host immune defenses. The innate immune system represents the first line of defense against invading pathogens. This system consists of three major effector mechanisms: antimicrobial peptides and enzymes, the complement system and phagocytes. In this review, we focused on S. aureus virulence factors involved in the immune evasion in the first phases of infection: TLR recognition avoidance, adhesins affecting immune response and resistance to host defenses peptides and polypeptides. Studies of innate immune defenses and their role against S. aureus are important in human and veterinary medicine given the problems related to S. aureus antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, due to the pathogen ability to manipulate the immune response, these data are needed to develop efficacious vaccines or molecules against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Zecconi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dip. Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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12
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Differences in cytokine stimulation between methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an experimental endocarditis model. J Infect Chemother 2013; 19:272-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10156-012-0497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Nishiyama A, Isobe H, Iwao Y, Takano T, Hung WC, Taneike I, Nakagawa S, Dohmae S, Iwakura N, Yamamoto T. Accumulation of staphylococcal Panton-Valentine leukocidin in the detergent-resistant membrane microdomains on the target cells is essential for its cytotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:343-52. [PMID: 22924956 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms for the cytotoxicity of staphylococcal Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a pore-forming toxin consisting of LukS-PV and LukF-PV, in human immune cells are still unclear. Because LukS-PV binds to ganglioside GM1, a constituent of detergent-resistant membrane microdomains (DRMs) of the plasma membrane, the role of DRMs in PVL cytotoxicity was examined in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), monocytes, HL-60 cells, and THP-1 cells. PVL binding capacities in HL-60 and THP-1 cells were higher than those in PMNs and monocytes; however, the PVL concentration to obtain more than 80% cell lysis in HL-60 cells was 10 times higher than that in PMNs and PVL even at such concentration induced < 10% cell lysis in THP-1 cells. After incubation of PMNs with LukS-PV, more than 90% of LukS-PV bound to the detergent-soluble membranes. Subsequent incubation with LukF-PV at 4 °C induced the accumulation of more than 70% of PVL components and 170- to 220-kDa complex formation in DRMs in an actin-independent manner. However, only 30% of PVL was found, and complex formation was under detectable level in DRMs in HL-60 cells. PVL did not accumulate in DRMs in THP-1 cells. Our observations strongly indicate that PVL accumulation in DRMs is essential for PVL cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Nishiyama
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Disease Control and International Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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14
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Vandenesch F, Lina G, Henry T. Staphylococcus aureus hemolysins, bi-component leukocidins, and cytolytic peptides: a redundant arsenal of membrane-damaging virulence factors? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:12. [PMID: 22919604 PMCID: PMC3417661 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One key aspect of the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus lies in its ability to target the host cell membrane with a large number of membrane-damaging toxins and peptides. In this review, we describe the hemolysins, the bi-component leukocidins (which include the Panton Valentine leukocidin, LukAB/GH, and LukED), and the cytolytic peptides (phenol soluble modulins). While at first glance, all of these factors might appear redundant, it is now clear that some of these factors play specific roles in certain S. aureus life stages and diseases or target specific cell types or species. In this review, we present an update of the literature on toxin receptors and their cell type and species specificities. Furthermore, we review epidemiological studies and animal models illustrating the role of these membrane-damaging factors in various diseases. Finally, we emphasize the interplay of these factors with the host immune system and highlight all their non-lytic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Vandenesch
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Innate Immunity Laboratory, INSERM U851 "Immunity, Infection and Vaccination," Lyon, France
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15
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Sweeney TE, Suliman HB, Hollingsworth JW, Welty-Wolf KE, Piantadosi CA. A toll-like receptor 2 pathway regulates the Ppargc1a/b metabolic co-activators in mice with Staphylococcal aureus sepsis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25249. [PMID: 21966468 PMCID: PMC3180377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the host antibacterial defenses by the toll-like receptors (TLR) also selectively activates energy-sensing and metabolic pathways, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. This includes the metabolic and mitochondrial biogenesis master co-activators, Ppargc1a (PGC-1α) and Ppargc1b (PGC-1β) in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) sepsis. The expression of these genes in the liver is markedly attenuated inTLR2−/− mice and markedly accentuated in TLR4−/− mice compared with wild type (WT) mice. We sought to explain this difference by using specific TLR-pathway knockout mice to test the hypothesis that these co-activator genes are directly regulated through TLR2 signaling. By comparing their responses to S. aureus with WT mice, we found that MyD88-deficient and MAL-deficient mice expressed hepatic Ppargc1a and Ppargc1b normally, but that neither gene was activated in TRAM-deficient mice. Ppargc1a/b activation did not require NF-kβ, but did require an interferon response factor (IRF), because neither gene was activated in IRF-3/7 double-knockout mice in sepsis, but both were activated normally in Unc93b1-deficient (3d) mice. Nuclear IRF-7 levels in TLR2−/− and TLR4−/− mice decreased and increased respectively post-inoculation and IRF-7 DNA-binding at the Ppargc1a promoter was demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Also, a TLR2-TLR4-TRAM native hepatic protein complex was detected by immunoprecipitation within 6 h of S. aureus inoculation that could support MyD88-independent signaling to Ppargc1a/b. Overall, these findings disclose a novel MyD88-independent pathway in S. aureus sepsis that links TLR2 and TLR4 signaling in innate immunity to Ppargc1a/b gene regulation in a critical metabolic organ, the liver, by means of TRAM, TRIF, and IRF-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Sweeney
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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16
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Fromageau A, Cunha P, Gilbert FB, Rainard P. Purified Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxin LukM/F' does not trigger inflammation in the bovine mammary gland. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:396-401. [PMID: 21951578 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An early recruitment of neutrophils in mammary tissue and milk is considered an important component of the defense of the mammary gland against Staphylococcus aureus. We investigated whether the leukotoxin LukM/F', which is produced by a proportion of mastitis-causing strains of S. aureus, would be able to trigger inflammation in the udder. Infusion of purified LukM/F' toxin in lactating mammary glands did not cause neutrophil influx in milk, showing that the toxin was not able to cause mastitis on its own. Purified LukM/F' did not kill or stimulate mammary epithelial cells in culture. As expected, LukM bound to mammary macrophages and the complete LukM/F' toxin killed these cells, but subcytotoxic LukM/F' concentrations did not induce secretion of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β or IL-6 by macrophages. On the contrary, the production of these pro-inflammatory mediators by adhesion-stimulated macrophages was reduced. Overall, these results indicate that purified leukotoxin LukM/F' is not likely to contribute to the initiation of the inflammatory response and could even play an anti-inflammatory role in the mammary gland by inactivating macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélina Fromageau
- INRA, UR 1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, IASP Bat. 311, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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17
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Bien J, Sokolova O, Bozko P. Characterization of Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus aureus: Novel Function of Known Virulence Factors That Are Implicated in Activation of Airway Epithelial Proinflammatory Response. J Pathog 2011; 2011:601905. [PMID: 22567334 PMCID: PMC3335658 DOI: 10.4061/2011/601905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells play a major role in initiating inflammation in response to bacterial pathogens. S. aureus is an important pathogen associated with activation of diverse types of infection characterized by inflammation dominated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. This bacterium frequently causes lung infection, which is attributed to virulence factors. Many of virulence determinants associated with S. aureus-mediated lung infection have been known for several years. In this paper, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of known virulence factors implicated in pneumonia. We anticipate that better understanding of novel functions of known virulence factors could open the way to regulate inflammatory reactions of the epithelium and to develop effective strategies to treat S. aureus-induced airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Bien
- Witold Stefanski Institute of Parasitology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda Street 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Szczęsny G, Olszewski WL, Zagozda M, Rutkowska J, Czapnik Ż, Swoboda-Kopeć E, Górecki A. Genetic factors responsible for long bone fractures non-union. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2011; 131:275-81. [PMID: 20730440 PMCID: PMC3034037 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-010-1171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 10-15% of all fractures of long bones heal with delay, prolonged immobilization and repetitive operative interventions. Despite intense investigations, the pathomechanism of impaired healing of skeletal tissue remains unclear. An important role in the pathomechanism of mal-union of close fractures plays subclinically proceeding infections. AIM The question arises whether colonization and proliferation of bacteria in the fracture gap could be related to the mutation of genes for factors regulating local antimicrobial response, such as pathogen recognizing receptors (PRR), cytokines and chemokines. METHODS We carried out studies in patients with delayed long bone fractures estimating the frequency of mutation of genes crucial for pathogen recognition (TLR2, TLR4 and CD14), and elimination (CRP, IL-6, IL-1ra), as well as wound healing (TGF-β). The molecular milieu regulating healing process (IGF-1, COLL1a, TGF-β, BMP-2, and PDGF) was validated by Western blot analysis of the gap tissue. RESULTS Microbiological investigations showed the presence of viable bacterial strains in 34 out of 108 gaps in patients with non-healing fractures (31.5%) and in 20 out of 122 patients with uneventful healing (16.4%) (P < 0.05). The occurrence of mutated TLR4 1/W but not 2/W gene was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the non-healing infected than sterile group. In the non-healing infected group 1/W mutated gene frequency was also higher than in healing infected. In the TGF-β codon 10 a significantly higher frequency of mutated homozygote T and heterozygote C/T in the non-healing infected versus non-healing sterile subgroup was observed (P < 0.05). Similar difference was observed in the non-healing infected versus healing infected subgroup (P < 0.05). The CRP (G1059C), IL1ra (genotype 2/2), IL-6 (G176C), CD14 (G-159T), TLR2 (G2259A) and TLR4/2 (Thr399Ile) polymorphisms did not play evident role in the delay of fracture healing. CONCLUSIONS Individuals bearing the mutant TLR 4 gene 1/W (Asp299Gly) and TGF-β gene codon 10 mutant T and T/C allele may predispose to impaired pathogen recognition and elimination, leading to prolonged pathogen existence in the fracture gaps and healing delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczęsny
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland ,Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waldemar L. Olszewski
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zagozda
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Rutkowska
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland
| | - Żanetta Czapnik
- Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Górecki
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
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Zivkovic A, Sharif O, Stich K, Doninger B, Biaggio M, Colinge J, Bilban M, Mesteri I, Hazemi P, Lemmens-Gruber R, Knapp S. TLR 2 and CD14 Mediate Innate Immunity and Lung Inflammation to Staphylococcal Panton–Valentine Leukocidin In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1608-17. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Schmaler M, Jann NJ, Ferracin F, Landmann R. T and B Cells Are Not Required for Clearing Staphylococcus aureus in Systemic Infection Despite a Strong TLR2–MyD88-Dependent T Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:443-52. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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21
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Sever-Chroneos Z, Krupa A, Davis J, Hasan M, Yang CH, Szeliga J, Herrmann M, Hussain M, Geisbrecht BV, Kobzik L, Chroneos ZC. Surfactant protein A (SP-A)-mediated clearance of Staphylococcus aureus involves binding of SP-A to the staphylococcal adhesin eap and the macrophage receptors SP-A receptor 210 and scavenger receptor class A. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:4854-70. [PMID: 21123169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.125567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes life-threatening pneumonia in hospitals and deadly superinfection during viral influenza. The current study investigated the role of surfactant protein A (SP-A) in opsonization and clearance of S. aureus. Previous studies showed that SP-A mediates phagocytosis via the SP-A receptor 210 (SP-R210). Here, we show that SP-R210 mediates binding and control of SP-A-opsonized S. aureus by macrophages. We determined that SP-A binds S. aureus through the extracellular adhesin Eap. Consequently, SP-A enhanced macrophage uptake of Eap-expressing (Eap(+)) but not Eap-deficient (Eap(-)) S. aureus. In a reciprocal fashion, SP-A failed to enhance uptake of Eap(+) S. aureus in peritoneal Raw264.7 macrophages with a dominant negative mutation (SP-R210(DN)) blocking surface expression of SP-R210. Accordingly, WT mice cleared infection with Eap(+) but succumbed to sublethal infection with Eap- S. aureus. However, SP-R210(DN) cells compensated by increasing non-opsonic phagocytosis of Eap(+) S. aureus via the scavenger receptor scavenger receptor class A (SR-A), while non-opsonic uptake of Eap(-) S. aureus was impaired. Macrophages express two isoforms: SP-R210(L) and SP-R210(S). The results show that WT alveolar macrophages are distinguished by expression of SP-R210(L), whereas SR-A(-/-) alveolar macrophages are deficient in SP-R210(L) expressing only SP-R210(S). Accordingly, SR-A(-/-) mice were highly susceptible to both Eap(+) and Eap(-) S. aureus. The lungs of susceptible mice generated abnormal inflammatory responses that were associated with impaired killing and persistence of S. aureus infection in the lung. In conclusion, alveolar macrophage SP-R210(L) mediates recognition and killing of SP-A-opsonized S. aureus in vivo, coordinating inflammatory responses and resolution of S. aureus pneumonia through interaction with SR-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvjezdana Sever-Chroneos
- Center of Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas 75708-3154, USA.
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22
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Lay MK, Atmar RL, Guix S, Bharadwaj U, He H, Neill FH, Sastry JK, Yao Q, Estes MK. Norwalk virus does not replicate in human macrophages or dendritic cells derived from the peripheral blood of susceptible humans. Virology 2010; 406:1-11. [PMID: 20667573 PMCID: PMC2933743 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are difficult to study due to the lack of an efficient in vitro cell culture system or small animal model. Murine norovirus replicates in murine macrophages (MPhi) and dendritic cells (DCs), raising the possibility that human NoVs might replicate in such human cell types. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated DCs and MPhi derived from monocyte subsets and CD11c(+) DCs isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of individuals susceptible to Norwalk virus (NV) infection. These cells were exposed to NV and replication was evaluated by immunofluorescence and by quantitative RT-PCR. A few PBMC-derived DCs expressed NV proteins. However, NV RNA did not increase in any of the cells tested. These results demonstrate that NV does not replicate in human CD11c(+) DCs, monocyte-derived DCs and MPhi, but abortive infection may occur in a few DCs. These results suggest that NV tropism is distinct from that of murine noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita K. Lay
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Susana Guix
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Uddalak Bharadwaj
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hong He
- Department of Immunology, the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frederick H. Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jagannadha K. Sastry
- Department of Immunology, the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qizhi Yao
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Callegan MC. Checks and balances: the ocular response to infection. Virulence 2010; 1:222. [PMID: 21178447 DOI: 10.4161/viru.1.4.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial corneal infections threaten vision. With the widespread use of contact lenses and the increasing number of vision-correction (refractive) surgeries, the number of bacterial corneal infection (keratitis) cases has dramatically increased over the past decade. These infections are often blinding, as bacteria multiply in the corneal epithelium and stroma, provoking inflammatory cell migration into the cornea, and ultimately damage or destruction of corneal tissue.
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Heimer SR, Yamada A, Russell H, Gilmore M. Response of corneal epithelial cells to Staphylococcus aureus. Virulence 2010; 1:223-35. [PMID: 21178448 PMCID: PMC3073293 DOI: 10.4161/viru.1.4.11466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of invasive infection. It also infects wet mucosal tissues including the cornea and conjunctiva. Conflicting evidence exists on the expression of Toll-like receptors by human corneal epithelial cells. It was therefore of interest to determine how epithelial cells from this immune privileged tissue respond to S. aureus. Further, it was of interest to determine whether cytolytic toxins, with the potential to cause ion flux or potentially permit effector molecule movement across the target cell membrane, alter the response. Microarrays were used to globally assess the response of human corneal epithelial cells to S. aureus. A large increase in abundance of transcripts encoding the antimicrobial dendritic cell chemokine, CCL20, was observed. CCL20 release into the medium was detected, and this response was found to be largely TLR2 and NOD2 independent. Corneal epithelial cells also respond to S. aureus by increasing the intracellular abundance of mRNA for inflammatory mediators, transcription factors, and genes related to MAP kinase pathways, in ways similar to other cell types. The corneal epithelial cell response was surprisingly unaffected by toxin exposure. Toxin exposure did, however, induce a stress response. Although model toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of S. aureus were employed in the present study, the results obtained were strikingly similar to those reported for stimulation of vaginal epithelial cells by clinical toxic shock toxin expressing isolates, demonstrating that the initial epithelial cellular responses to S. aureus are largely independent of strain as well as epithelial cell tissue source.
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