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Ohradanova-Repic A, Praženicová R, Gebetsberger L, Moskalets T, Skrabana R, Cehlar O, Tajti G, Stockinger H, Leksa V. Time to Kill and Time to Heal: The Multifaceted Role of Lactoferrin and Lactoferricin in Host Defense. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1056. [PMID: 37111542 PMCID: PMC10146187 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein present in most human exocrine fluids, particularly breast milk. Lactoferrin is also released from neutrophil granules, and its concentration increases rapidly at the site of inflammation. Immune cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune system express receptors for lactoferrin to modulate their functions in response to it. On the basis of these interactions, lactoferrin plays many roles in host defense, ranging from augmenting or calming inflammatory pathways to direct killing of pathogens. Complex biological activities of lactoferrin are determined by its ability to sequester iron and by its highly basic N-terminus, via which lactoferrin binds to a plethora of negatively charged surfaces of microorganisms and viruses, as well as to mammalian cells, both normal and cancerous. Proteolytic cleavage of lactoferrin in the digestive tract generates smaller peptides, such as N-terminally derived lactoferricin. Lactoferricin shares some of the properties of lactoferrin, but also exhibits unique characteristics and functions. In this review, we discuss the structure, functions, and potential therapeutic uses of lactoferrin, lactoferricin, and other lactoferrin-derived bioactive peptides in treating various infections and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, we summarize clinical trials examining the effect of lactoferrin supplementation in disease treatment, with a special focus on its potential use in treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Praženicová
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Laura Gebetsberger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tetiana Moskalets
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rostislav Skrabana
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ondrej Cehlar
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabor Tajti
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Aksoyalp ZŞ, Temel A, Erdogan BR. Iron in infectious diseases friend or foe?: The role of gut microbiota. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 75:127093. [PMID: 36240616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a trace element involved in metabolic functions for all organisms, from microorganisms to mammalians. Iron deficiency is a prevalent health problem that affects billions of people worldwide, and iron overload could have some hazardous effect. The complex microbial community in the human body, also called microbiota, influences the host immune defence against infections. An imbalance in gut microbiota, dysbiosis, changes the host's susceptibility to infections by regulating the immune system. In recent years, the number of studies on the relationship between infectious diseases and microbiota has increased. Gut microbiota is affected by different parameters, including mode of delivery, hygiene habits, diet, drugs, and plasma iron levels during the lifetime. Gut microbiota may influence iron levels in the body, and iron overload and deficiency can also affect gut microbiota composition. Novel researches on microbiota shed light on the fact that the bidirectional interactions between gut microbiota and iron play a role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, especially infections. A better understanding of these interactions may help us to comprehend the pathogenesis of many infectious and metabolic diseases affecting people worldwide and following the development of more effective preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. In this review, we aimed to present the iron-mediated host-gut microbiota interactions, susceptibility to bacterial infections, and iron-targeted therapy approaches for infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinnet Şevval Aksoyalp
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Aybala Temel
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Betul Rabia Erdogan
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Izmir, Turkey.
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3
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Huang L, Lu W, Ning Y, Liu J. Reverse effects of Streptococcus mutans physiological states on neutrophil extracellular traps formation as a strategy to escape neutrophil killing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1023457. [PMID: 36439223 PMCID: PMC9687095 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1023457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in nature are present in different lifestyles with distinct characteristics. Streptococcus mutans is the etiologic pathogen of dental caries and could easily gain access into the bloodstream after oral surgery and adopt a biofilm lifestyle, resulting in infective endocarditis. A growing amount of evidence have revealed that the large web-like structure composed of extracellular DNA and antimicrobial proteins released by neutrophils, named Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), play an active role in the defense against bacterial invasion. The present study demonstrated that NETs formation was discriminatively affected by S. mutans biofilm and its planktonic counterpart. The free-floating planktonic S. mutans exhibited an active NETs response, whereas the biofilm community exhibited a reverse negative NETs response. Besides, impaired biofilm killing correlated with the decrease in NETs production. Unlike planktonic cells, biofilm avoided the burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when co-culture with neutrophils, and the NADPH-oxidase pathway was partially involved. A mice infection model also supported the distinguishing response of neutrophils challenged by different lifestyles of S. mutans. In conclusion, different bacterial physiological states can affect the distinct response of the host-microbe interaction, thus contributing to the anti-pathogen immune response activation and immune surveillance survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Ning
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Periodontology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
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Ahmed Abdelmaksoud A, Nafady A, Ezzeldin Sayed Bazeed S, Khalefa M, Elsamman MK, Abdelrhman Sayed MA, Qubaisy HM, Ghweil AA, Aref ZF. Lactoferrin versus Long-Acting Penicillin in Reducing Elevated Anti-Streptolysin O Titer in Cases of Tonsillopharyngitis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:5257-5263. [PMID: 36097531 PMCID: PMC9464002 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s376401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beta-Hemolytic streptococci are the most frequent bacteria causing tonsillitis. Lactoferrin may play a role in the treatment of chronic tonsillitis due to its direct antimicrobial activity. Objective To assess the possible role of lactoferrin in reduction of raised serum Anti-Streptolysin O Titer (ASOT) in cases of chronic tonsillopharyngitis in comparison to long acting penicillin. Methods This study included 117 children with tonsillopharyngitis with high ASOT randomly divided into three groups; group 1 treated with lactoferrin, group 2 treated with long acting penicillin and group 3 treated with both drugs. For all patients ASOT was measured after three and six months of starting treatment. Results This study included 60 males and 57 females with the mean age (8.5 ± 2.4). There is statistically significant reduction in ASOT in all groups after three months of treatment. ASOT after 3 months was significantly lower in group1 (370±440) and group 3 (350±450) in comparison to group 2 (420±560) with p value 0.02, 0.004, respectively, with no significant difference in comparing group 1 to group 3 p value 0.4. Also, ASO titre after 6 months was significantly lower in group1 (350±420) and group 3 (340±440) in comparison to group 2 (420±550) with p value 0.02, 0.007, respectively, with no significant difference in comparing group 1 to group 3 p value 0.5. In comparing ASOT at three months and six months of treatment in the three studied groups; it decreased by 2% in group 1, and 1.6% in group 3 and no change in group 2. Conclusion Lactoferrin alone or in combination with long acting penicillin is safe and more effective than long acting penicillin alone in reducing ASOT. Treatment for six months with lactoferrin alone or in combination with long acting penicillin could offer a better response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asmaa Nafady
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ali A Ghweil
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Zaki F Aref
- ENT, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.,Department and Institution, ENT Department, Clinical and Chemical Chemistry Department Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Lactoferrin and Metoprolol Supplementation Increase Mouse Survival in an Experimental LPS-Induced Sepsis Model. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Habibi P, Tabatabaei Yazdi F, Mortazavi SA, Farajollahi MM. Effects of free and nano encapsulated bovine lactoferrin on the viability and acid production by Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:689-698. [PMID: 35908230 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tooth decay is one of the most common diseases that humans face during their lifetime. Streptococcus mutans is one of the most critical factors of early tooth decay. These bacteria may produce biofilms in the mouth, which are more resistant to antimicrobial agents. S. mutans may also demineralize tooth enamel by producing lactic acid. In this study, the effect of nanoliposomes containing lactoferrin at three different concentrations (1.5, 3, and 6 mg ml-1 l) on the biofilm formed by S. mutans was investigated. Nanoliposomes were prepared using the thin-layer hydration method. An active attachment model (AAA) was used to evaluate biofilm and lactic acid production. The results showed that nano encapsulated lactoferrin could reduce CFU of biofilm more effectively than free lactoferrin. Lactoferrin-containing nanoliposomes also significantly reduced lactic acid production by S. mutans. Therefore, nano encapsulated lactoferrin may be used along with other dental caries control methods to increase anti caries efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Habibi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farideh Tabatabaei Yazdi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Morad Farajollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Pawar S, Markowitz K, Velliyagounder K. Effect of human lactoferrin on Candida albicans infection and host response interactions in experimental oral candidiasis in mice. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 137:105399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Lu J, Francis JD, Guevara MA, Moore RE, Chambers SA, Doster RS, Eastman AJ, Rogers LM, Noble KN, Manning SD, Damo SM, Aronoff DM, Townsend SD, Gaddy JA. Antibacterial and Anti-biofilm Activity of the Human Breast Milk Glycoprotein Lactoferrin against Group B Streptococcus. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2124-2133. [PMID: 33755306 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an encapsulated Gram-positive human pathogen that causes invasive infections in pregnant hosts and neonates, as well as immunocompromised individuals. Colonization of the human host requires the ability to adhere to mucosal surfaces and circumnavigate the nutritional challenges and antimicrobial defenses associated with the innate immune response. Biofilm formation is a critical process to facilitate GBS survival and establishment of a replicative niche in the vertebrate host. Previous work has shown that the host responds to GBS infection by producing the innate antimicrobial glycoprotein lactoferrin, which has been implicated in repressing bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Additionally, lactoferrin is highly abundant in human breast milk and could serve a protective role against invasive microbial pathogens. This study demonstrates that human breast milk lactoferrin has antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity against GBS and inhibits its adherence to human gestational membranes. Together, these results indicate that human milk lactoferrin could be used as a prebiotic chemotherapeutic strategy to limit the impact of bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on GBS-associated disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Lu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center A2200 Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jamisha D Francis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center A2200 Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Miriam A Guevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center A2200 Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca E Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Camille Dreyfus Teacher Scholar and a Fellow of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Schuyler A Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Camille Dreyfus Teacher Scholar and a Fellow of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Ryan S Doster
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alison J Eastman
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lisa M Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristen N Noble
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Steven M Damo
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, Fisk University, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, TN 37232, USA
| | - David M Aronoff
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center A2200 Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Steven D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Camille Dreyfus Teacher Scholar and a Fellow of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jennifer A Gaddy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center A2200 Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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9
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Krupińska AM, Bogucki Z. Clinical aspects of the use of lactoferrin in dentistry. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:129-133. [PMID: 33662566 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactoferrin (Lf) is a natural iron-binding protein involved in coordinating specific and non-specific immune responses in humans. It exhibits broad spectrum antimicrobial properties against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Owing to its high affinity for ferric (Fe+++) ions, Lf is responsible for controlling the oxidative stress in the body, and thus protects cells from oxygen injury. In addition, Lf is a natural immunomodulatory molecule that regulates the activity of the immune system. HIGHLIGHT Lactoferrin present in saliva plays an important role in maintaining oral hygiene. It exhibits protective function on mucosal surfaces, which constitute a barrier between the host and the external environment. Thus, Lf may be considered as the first line of defense protein that is associated with oral mucosal immunity. CONCLUSION Many studies indicate that lactoferrin supplementation is safe and beneficial for human health. The aim of this review is to discuss the effects of Lf on oral microflora, highlighting the potential significance of this protein in dental therapy and prevention of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Krupińska
- Department and Division of Dental Prosthetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wyb. Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Zdzisław Bogucki
- Department and Division of Dental Prosthetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wyb. Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
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10
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Velliyagounder K, Rozario SD, Fine DH. The effects of human lactoferrin in experimentally induced systemic candidiasis. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1802-1812. [PMID: 31702539 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Candida albicans is responsible for several types of oral and systemic infections. In light of emerging resistance to antifungals, studies have demonstrated the antifungal effect of lactoferrin (LF), which is part of the innate immune system, has anticandidal activities.Methodology. C. albicans (2×106 c.f.u. ml-1) were incubated either with PBS or human LF (hLF) (100 µg ml-1) at 37 °C for 24 h and then RNA was isolated and virulence factors analysed. C. albicans (1×105 c.f.u.) was injected into the tail vein of immunocompromised wild-type and Ltf -/-. Then, 24 h later, the Ltf -/-I mice received hLF intravenously (100 µg g-1 body weight), while the control group received PBS. Then, 48 h later, the organs were collected, homogenized and C. albicans c.f.u.s were counted. In addition, the inflammatory mediators of kidneys and the virulence factors of C. albicans were analysed.Results. hLF-treated Ltf -/-I mice showed significant clearance of C. albicans in different organ tissues when compared to untreated Ltf -/-I mice. The inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6 , TNF-α and MPO and iNOS were downregulated in hLF-treated Ltf -/-I mice when compared to untreated Ltf -/-I mice. Whereas, IL-10 and IL-17A were upregulated at 72 h post infection when compared to Ltf -/-C mice. Histological analysis also revealed a significant decrease in the size and number of infectious foci in the hLF-treated groups. hLF treatment significantly downregulated several virulence factors of C. albicans both in vitro and in vivo.Conclusion. We concluded that hLF-treated Ltf -/- mice can reduce the severity of C. albicans-induced systemic infection.
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11
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SNP Analysis of Caries and Initial Caries in Finnish Adolescents. Int J Dent 2018; 2018:1586762. [PMID: 29849633 PMCID: PMC5937374 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1586762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dental caries is the most common infection in the world and is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors are largely known, but the role of genetic factors is quite unknown. The aim was to investigate the genetic background of caries in Finnish adolescents. Materials and Methods This study was carried out at the Kotka Health Center in Eastern Finland. 94 participants aged 15–17 years gave approval for the saliva and DNA analyses. However, one was excluded in DNA analysis; thus, the overall number of participants in analysis was 93. Caries status was recorded clinically and from bite-wing X-rays to all 94 participants. Genomic DNA was extracted by genomic QIAamp® DNA Blood Mini Kit and genotyped for polymorphisms. The results were analyzed using additive and logistic regression models. Results No significant associations between caries and the genes studied were found. However, SNPs in DDX39B and MPO showed association tendencies but were not statistically significant after false discovery rate (FDR) analysis. SNPs in VDR, LTA, and MMP3 were not statistically significant with initial caries lesions after FDR analysis. Conclusion The present study could not demonstrate statistically significant associations between caries and the genes studied. Further studies with larger populations are needed.
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Combined analysis of the salivary microbiome and host defence peptides predicts dental disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1484. [PMID: 29367728 PMCID: PMC5784018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the triad of host response, microbiome and disease status is potentially informative for disease prediction, prevention, early intervention and treatment. Using longitudinal assessment of saliva and disease status, we demonstrated that partial least squares modelling of microbial, immunological and clinical measures, grouped children according to future dental disease status. Saliva was collected and dental health assessed in 33 children aged 4 years, and again 1-year later. The composition of the salivary microbiome was assessed and host defence peptides in saliva were quantified. Principal component analysis of the salivary microbiome indicated that children clustered by age and not disease status. Similarly, changes in salivary host defence peptides occurred with age and not in response to, or preceding dental caries. Partial least squares modelling of microbial, immunological and clinical baseline measures clustered children according to future dental disease status. These data demonstrate that isolated evaluation of the salivary microbiome or host response failed to predict dental disease. In contrast, combined assessment of both host response together with the microbiome revealed clusters of health and disease. This type of approach is potentially relevant to myriad diseases that are modified by host–microbiome interactions.
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MacManus CF, Collins CB, Nguyen TT, Alfano RW, Jedlicka P, de Zoeten EF. VEN-120, a Recombinant Human Lactoferrin, Promotes a Regulatory T Cell [Treg] Phenotype and Drives Resolution of Inflammation in Distinct Murine Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:1101-1112. [PMID: 28472424 PMCID: PMC5881664 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is characterised by a disruption of immune homeostasis, which is tightly regulated to protect against harmful pathogens yet not react to commensal antigens. Animal studies indicate that regulatory T cells [Treg] modulate the immune response to prevent IBD development. Lactoferrin [LF] is an endogenous anti-inflammatory pleiotropic protein secreted at high concentrations in colostrum and at mucosal sites. However, the effect of LF on specific T lymphocyte populations has not been studied. Here, we identify a novel mechanism by which a recombinant human LF, VEN-120, regulates T cell populations in health and disease. METHODS Two murine models of intestinal inflammation, the dextran sodium sulphate colitis model and the TNFΔARE/+ model of ileitis, were used to study the anti-inflammatory and T cell modulating ability of VEN-120. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate T cell populations within the lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes, and to evaluate the effect of VEN-120 on CD4+ T cells in vitro. RESULTS VEN-120 reduced inflammation in both models of IBD, accompanied by increased Tregs in the intestinal lamina propria. Treatment of CD4+ T cells in vitro resulted in an upregulation of Treg genes and skewing towards a Treg population. This in vitro T cell skewing translated to an increase of Treg homing to the intestinal lamina propria and associated lymph tissue in healthy mice. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a novel immunological mechanism by which VEN-120 modulates T cells to restrict inflammatory T cell-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F MacManus
- Ventria Biosciences, Fort Collins, CO, USA,Corresponding author: Christopher MacManus, Ventria Bioscience, 320 E. Vine Dr., Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA. Tel.: 970-407-1239;
| | - Colm B Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tom T Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Paul Jedlicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Edwin F de Zoeten
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Endogenous antimicrobial factors in the treatment of infectious diseases. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 41:419-425. [PMID: 28450805 PMCID: PMC5382887 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.65141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, a number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains is increasing. It is a serious clinical problem and poses a threat to the effectiveness of conventional antibiotic therapy. Thus, scientists are constantly seeking new alternatives for treatment of infectious diseases. There are some natural endogenous factors, which possess antimicrobial activities against a large number of microorganisms, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses and fungi. These factors are present in all eukaryotic organisms and constitute an essential element of their immune system. A large number of in vitro and in vivo models have been used to show the activity of antimicrobial factors, and only few studies have been conducted on people. Results indicate that administration of these molecules is therapeutically beneficial. This review summarizes knowledge of selected endogenous antimicrobial agents, such as cathelicidins, defensins, histatins, lysozyme and lactoferrin. We also discuss potential uses of these factors in the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Velusamy SK, Markowitz K, Fine DH, Velliyagounder K. Human lactoferrin protects againstStreptococcus mutans-induced caries in mice. Oral Dis 2016; 22:148-54. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SK Velusamy
- RUTGERS School of Dental Medicine; Newark NJ USA
| | - K Markowitz
- RUTGERS School of Dental Medicine; Newark NJ USA
| | - DH Fine
- RUTGERS School of Dental Medicine; Newark NJ USA
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Alabdulmohsen W, Rozario SD, Markowitz K, Fine DH, Velliyagounder K. Diabetic Lactoferrin Deficient Mice Demonstrates Greater Susceptibility to Experimental Periodontal Disease. JOURNAL OF ORAL BIOLOGY (NORTHBOROUGH, MASS.) 2015; 2:6. [PMID: 26855973 PMCID: PMC4743892 DOI: 10.13188/2377-987x.1000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to detrmine whether alloxan-induced diabetic Lactoferrin knockout (LFKO-/-) mice are more susceptible to periodontal disease caused by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans compared to the diabetic wild-type (WT) mice. Diabetes was induced in mice by a single dose of alloxan (60 mg/kg) injected intravenously. Mice were categorized as diabetic when blood glucose levels >250 mg/dL were measured on the 7th day after the injection. Periodontal disease was experimentally induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans infection in alloxan induced diabetic WT and LFKO-/- mice. Fasting blood glucose levels and body weight were monitored throughout the study. At the end of the 12th week of infection, mice were sacrificed and bone loss among the groups was estimated by measuring the distance between cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest (ABC) at 12 sites on the molars. A. actinomycetemcomitans infected mice groups developed more alveolar bone loss than sham-infected animals. Diabetic LFKO-/- infected mice exhibited significant bone loss (P<0.01) and a higher mean fasting blood glucose level (P<0.05) when compared to diabetic WT infected mice. No statistically significant difference in fasting blood glucose level was found between the infected and sham-infected groups. Peripheral blood analysis at the end of the 12th week revealed a significant reduction in the platelet counts in LFKO-/- mice when compared to WT mice. Furthermore, diabetic LFKO-/- presented with lower counts than non-diabetic LFKO-/- mice (P<0.01). In conclusion, diabetic lactoferrin deficient mice are at a higher risk of developing periodontal infection induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans when compared to diabetic WTI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kabilan Velliyagounder
- Address for Correspondence: Kabilan Velliyagounder, Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, New Jersey, 07103, USA, Tel: 932-972-5051; Fax: 973-972-0045;
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Velliyagounder K, Alsaedi W, Alabdulmohsen W, Markowitz K, Fine DH. Oral lactoferrin protects against experimental candidiasis in mice. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:212-21. [PMID: 25319508 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the role of human lactoferrin (hLF) in protecting the oral cavities of mice against Candida albicans infection in lactoferrin knockout (LFKO(-/-)) mice was compared to wild-type (WT) mice. We also aim to determine the protective role of hLF in LFKO(-/-) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Antibiotic-treated immunosuppressed mice were inoculated with C. albicans (or sham infection) by oral swab and evaluated for the severity of infection after 7 days of infection. To determine the protective role of hLF, we added 0·3% solution of hLF to the drinking water given to some of the mice. CFU count, scoring of lesions and microscopic observations were carried out to determine the severity of infection. LFKO(-/-) I mice showed a 2 log (P = 0·001) higher CFUs of C. albicans in the oral cavity compared to the WT mice infected with C. albicans (WTI). LFKO(-/-) I mice given hLF had a 3 log (P = 0·001) reduction in CFUs in the oral cavity compared to untreated LFKO(-/-) I mice. The severity of infection, observed by light microscopy, revealed that the tongue of the LFKO(-/-) I mice showed more white patches compared to WTI and LFKO(-/-) I + hLF mice. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed that more filiform papillae were destroyed in LFKO(-/-) I mice when compared to WTI or LFKO(-/-) I + hLF mice. CONCLUSIONS Human LF is important in protecting mice from oral C. albicans infection. Administered hLF may be used to prevent C. albicans infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Human LF, a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein can be used as a therapeutic active ingredient in oral healthcare products against C. albicans.
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