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Li L, Honda-Okubo Y, Huang Y, Jang H, Carlock MA, Baldwin J, Piplani S, Bebin-Blackwell AG, Forgacs D, Sakamoto K, Stella A, Turville S, Chataway T, Colella A, Triccas J, Ross TM, Petrovsky N. Immunisation of ferrets and mice with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein formulated with Advax-SM adjuvant protects against COVID-19 infection. Vaccine 2021; 39:5940-5953. [PMID: 34420786 PMCID: PMC8328570 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of a safe and effective vaccine is a key requirement to overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic. Recombinant proteins represent the most reliable and safe vaccine approach but generally require a suitable adjuvant for robust and durable immunity. We used the SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequence and in silico structural modelling to design a recombinant spike protein vaccine (Covax-19™). A synthetic gene encoding the spike extracellular domain (ECD) was inserted into a baculovirus backbone to express the protein in insect cell cultures. The spike ECD was formulated with Advax-SM adjuvant and first tested for immunogenicity in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Covax-19 vaccine induced high spike protein binding antibody levels that neutralised the original lineage B.1.319 virus from which the vaccine spike protein was derived, as well as the variant B.1.1.7 lineage virus. Covax-19 vaccine also induced a high frequency of spike-specific CD4 + and CD8 + memory T-cells with a dominant Th1 phenotype associated with the ability to kill spike-labelled target cells in vivo. Ferrets immunised with Covax-19 vaccine intramuscularly twice 2 weeks apart made spike receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG and were protected against an intranasal challenge with SARS-CoV-2 virus given two weeks after the last immunisation. Notably, ferrets that received the two higher doses of Covax-19 vaccine had no detectable virus in their lungs or in nasal washes at day 3 post-challenge, suggesting that in addition to lung protection, Covax-19 vaccine may have the potential to reduce virus transmission. This data supports advancement of Covax-19 vaccine into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Ying Huang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael A Carlock
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy Baldwin
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | | | - David Forgacs
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alberto Stella
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim Chataway
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Alex Colella
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Jamie Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences and Marie Bashir Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia.
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2
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Lutrick K, Ellingson KD, Baccam Z, Rivers P, Beitel S, Parker J, Hollister J, Sun X, Gerald JK, Komatsu K, Kim E, LaFleur B, Grant L, Yoo YM, Kumar A, Mayo Lamberte J, Cowling BJ, Cobey S, Thornburg NJ, Meece JK, Kutty P, Nikolich-Zugich J, Thompson MG, Burgess JL. COVID-19 Infection, Reinfection, and Vaccine Effectiveness in a Prospective Cohort of Arizona Frontline/Essential Workers: The AZ HEROES Research Protocol. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e28925. [PMID: 34057904 PMCID: PMC8386365 DOI: 10.2196/28925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Arizona Healthcare, Emergency Response, and Other Essential workers Study (AZ HEROES) aims to examine the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 illness among adults with high occupational exposure risk. OBJECTIVE Study objectives include estimating incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in essential workers by symptom presentation and demographic factors, determining independent effects of occupational and community exposures on incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, establishing molecular and immunologic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in essential workers, describing the duration and patterns of rRT-PCR-positivity, and examining post-vaccine immunologic response. METHODS Eligible participants include Arizona residents aged 18-85 years who work at least 20 hours per week in an occupation involving regular direct contact (within three feet) with others. Recruitment goals are stratified by demographic characteristics (50% aged 40 or older, 50% women, and 50% Hispanic or American Indian), by occupation (40% healthcare personnel, 30% first responders, and 30% other essential workers), and by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (with up to 50% seropositive at baseline). Information on sociodemographics, health and medical history, vaccination status, exposures to individuals with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, use of personal protective equipment, and perceived risks are collected at enrollment and updated through quarterly surveys. Every week, participants complete active surveillance for COVID-19-like illness (CLI) and self-collect nasal swabs. Additional self-collected nasal swab and saliva specimens are collected in the event of CLI onset. Respiratory specimens are sent to Marshfield Laboratories and tested for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay. CLI symptoms and impact on work and productivity are followed through illness resolution. Serum specimens are collected every 3 months and additional sera are collected following incident rRT-PCR positivity and after each COVID-19 vaccine dose. Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections will be calculated by person-weeks at risk and compared by occupation and demographic characteristics and by seropositivity status and infection and vaccination history. RESULTS The AZ HEROES study was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Enrollment began July 27, 2020 and as of May 1, 2021 a total of 3,165 participants have been enrolled in the study. CONCLUSIONS AZ HEROES is unique in aiming to recruit a diverse sample of essential workers and prospectively following strata of SARS-CoV-2 seronegative and seropositive adults. Survey results combined with active surveillance data on exposure, CLI, weekly molecular diagnostic testing, and periodic serology will be used to estimate the incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, assess the intensity and durability of immune responses to natural infection and COVID-19 vaccination, and contribute to the evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. CLINICALTRIAL INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT DERR1-10.2196/28925.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Lutrick
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine - Tucson, 655 N Alvernon WaySuite 228, Tucson, US
| | | | - Zoe Baccam
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, US
| | - Patrick Rivers
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine - Tucson, 655 N Alvernon WaySuite 228, Tucson, US
| | - Shawn Beitel
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, US
| | - Joel Parker
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, US
| | - James Hollister
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, US
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, US
| | - Joe K Gerald
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, US
| | | | | | | | - Lauren Grant
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, US
| | - Young M Yoo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, US
| | - Archana Kumar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, US
| | | | | | - Sarah Cobey
- University of Chicago, Ecology and Evolution, Chicago, US
| | | | | | - Preeta Kutty
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, US
| | - Janko Nikolich-Zugich
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine - Tucson, 655 N Alvernon WaySuite 228, Tucson, US
| | | | - Jefferey L Burgess
- University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, US
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3
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Hisham Y, Ashhab Y, Hwang SH, Kim DE. Identification of Highly Conserved SARS-CoV-2 Antigenic Epitopes with Wide Coverage Using Reverse Vaccinology Approach. Viruses 2021; 13:787. [PMID: 33925069 PMCID: PMC8145845 DOI: 10.3390/v13050787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most effective strategies for eliminating new and emerging infectious diseases is effective immunization. The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) warrants the need for a maximum coverage vaccine. Moreover, mutations that arise within the virus have a significant impact on the vaccination strategy. Here, we built a comprehensive in silico workflow pipeline to identify B-cell- and T-cell-stimulating antigens of SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins. Our in silico reverse vaccinology (RV) approach consisted of two parts: (1) analysis of the selected viral proteins based on annotated cellular location, antigenicity, allele coverage, epitope density, and mutation density and (2) analysis of the various aspects of the epitopes, including antigenicity, allele coverage, IFN-γ induction, toxicity, host homology, and site mutational density. After performing a mutation analysis based on the contemporary mutational amino acid substitutions observed in the viral variants, 13 potential epitopes were selected as subunit vaccine candidates. Despite mutational amino acid substitutions, most epitope sequences were predicted to retain immunogenicity without toxicity and host homology. Our RV approach using an in silico pipeline may potentially reduce the time required for effective vaccine development and can be applicable for vaccine development for other pathogenic diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Hisham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yaqoub Ashhab
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron 90100, Palestine
| | - Sang-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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4
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Vanhove B, Duvaux O, Rousse J, Royer PJ, Evanno G, Ciron C, Lheriteau E, Vacher L, Gervois N, Oger R, Jacques Y, Conchon S, Salama A, Duchi R, Lagutina I, Perota A, Delahaut P, Ledure M, Paulus M, So RT, Mok CKP, Bruzzone R, Bouillet M, Brouard S, Cozzi E, Galli C, Blanchard D, Bach JM, Soulillou JP. High neutralizing potency of swine glyco-humanized polyclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1412-1422. [PMID: 33576494 PMCID: PMC8014652 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous polyclonal antibodies might represent an alternative to the use of convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) by targeting multiple antigen epitopes. However, heterologous antibodies trigger human natural xenogeneic antibody responses particularly directed against animal‐type carbohydrates, mainly the N‐glycolyl form of the neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and the α1,3‐galactose, potentially leading to serum sickness or allergy. Here, we immunized cytidine monophosphate‐N‐acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase and α1,3‐galactosyl‐transferase (GGTA1) double KO pigs with the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spike receptor binding domain to produce glyco‐humanized polyclonal neutralizing antibodies lacking Neu5Gc and α1,3‐galactose epitopes. Animals rapidly developed a hyperimmune response with anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 end‐titers binding dilutions over one to a million and end‐titers neutralizing dilutions of 1:10 000. The IgG fraction purified and formulated following clinical Good Manufacturing Practices, named XAV‐19, neutralized spike/angiotensin converting enzyme‐2 interaction at a concentration <1 μg/mL, and inhibited infection of human cells by SARS‐CoV‐2 in cytopathic assays. We also found that pig GH‐pAb Fc domains fail to interact with human Fc receptors, thereby avoiding macrophage‐dependent exacerbated inflammatory responses and a possible antibody‐dependent enhancement. These data and the accumulating safety advantages of using GH‐pAbs in humans warrant clinical assessment of XAV‐19 against COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Romain Oger
- Inserm, CRCINA, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sophie Conchon
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes, France
| | | | - Roberto Duchi
- Avantea, Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, Cremona, Italy
| | - Irina Lagutina
- Avantea, Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, Cremona, Italy
| | - Andrea Perota
- Avantea, Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, Cremona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ray T So
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Chris Ka-Pun Mok
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Roberto Bruzzone
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China.,Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Sophie Brouard
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes, France
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Transplantation Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Cesare Galli
- Avantea, Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, Cremona, Italy
| | | | - Jean-Marie Bach
- IECM, Immuno-endocrinology, USC1383, Oniris, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes, France
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5
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Tawar S, Chandola P, Ray S. Is antibody-dependent enhancement a cause for COVID Vaccine hesitancy. JOURNAL OF MARINE MEDICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jmms.jmms_93_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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6
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Xu L, Ma Z, Li Y, Pang Z, Xiao S. Antibody dependent enhancement: Unavoidable problems in vaccine development. Adv Immunol 2021; 151:99-133. [PMID: 34656289 PMCID: PMC8438590 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In some cases, antibodies can enhance virus entry and replication in cells. This phenomenon is called antibody-dependent infection enhancement (ADE). ADE not only promotes the virus to be recognized by the target cell and enters the target cell, but also affects the signal transmission in the target cell. Early formalin-inactivated virus vaccines such as aluminum adjuvants (RSV and measles) have been shown to induce ADE. Although there is no direct evidence that there is ADE in COVID-19, this potential risk is a huge challenge for prevention and vaccine development. This article focuses on the virus-induced ADE phenomenon and its molecular mechanism. It also summarizes various attempts in vaccine research and development to eliminate the ADE phenomenon, and proposes to avoid ADE in vaccine development from the perspective of antigens and adjuvants.
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7
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Grant JM, Schwartz IS, Laupland KB. Stockholm Syndrome: How to come to peace with our captor. JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE CANADA = JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE L'ASSOCIATION POUR LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE ET L'INFECTIOLOGIE CANADA 2020; 5:209-213. [PMID: 36340055 PMCID: PMC9602877 DOI: 10.3138/jammi-2020-10-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Grant
- Divisions of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ilan S Schwartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin B Laupland
- Intensive Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Sen MK, Gupta N, Yadav SR, Kumar R, Singh B, Ish P. Contentious Issue in Recurrent COVID-19 Infection: Reactivation or Reinfection. Turk Thorac J 2020; 21:463-466. [PMID: 33352106 DOI: 10.5152/turkthoracj.2020.20164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kamal Sen
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitesh Gupta
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Siddharth Raj Yadav
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Balvinder Singh
- Department of Microbiology, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pranav Ish
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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9
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Vanhove B, Duvaux O, Rousse J, Royer PJ, Evanno G, Ciron C, Lheriteau E, Vacher L, Gervois N, Oger R, Jacques Y, Conchon S, Salama A, Duchi R, Lagutina I, Perota A, Delahaut P, Ledure M, Paulus M, So RT, Mok CKP, Bruzzone R, Bouillet M, Brouard S, Cozzi E, Galli C, Blanchard D, Bach JM, Soulillou JP. High neutralizing potency of swine glyco-humanized polyclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 34013271 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.25.217158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Perfusion of convalescent plasma (CP) has demonstrated a potential to improve the pneumonia induced by SARS-CoV-2, but procurement and standardization of CP are barriers to its wide usage. Many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed but appear insufficient to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 unless two or three of them are being combined. Therefore, heterologous polyclonal antibodies of animal origin, that have been used for decades to fight against infectious agents might represent a highly efficient alternative to the use of CP or mAbs in COVID-19 by targeting multiple antigen epitopes. However, conventional heterologous polyclonal antibodies trigger human natural xenogeneic antibody responses particularly directed against animal-type carbohydrate epitopes, mainly the N-glycolyl form of the neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and the Gal α1,3-galactose (αGal), ultimately forming immune complexes and potentially leading to serum sickness or allergy. To circumvent these drawbacks, we engineered animals lacking the genes coding for the cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) and α1,3-galactosyl-transferase (GGTA1) enzymes to produce glyco-humanized polyclonal antibodies (GH-pAb) lacking Neu5Gc and α-Gal epitopes. We found that pig IgG Fc domains fail to interact with human Fc receptors and thereby should confer the safety advantage to avoiding macrophage dependent exacerbated inflammatory responses, a drawback possibly associated with antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 or to avoiding a possible antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Therefore, we immunized CMAH/GGTA1 double knockout (DKO) pigs with the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Animals rapidly developed a hyperimmune response with anti-SARS-CoV-2 end-titers binding dilutions over one to a million and end-titers neutralizing dilutions of 1:10,000. The IgG fraction purified and formulated following clinical Good Manufacturing Practices, named XAV-19, neutralized Spike/angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) interaction at a concentration < 1μg/mL and inhibited infection of human cells by SARS-CoV-2 in cytopathic assays. These data and the accumulating safety advantages of using glyco-humanized swine antibodies in humans warranted clinical assessment of XAV-19 to fight against COVID-19.
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10
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Abstract
Herd immunity is a form of indirect protection that is offered to the community when a large proportion of individuals contained in the community are immune to a certain infection. This immunity can be due to vaccination or to the recovery post-disease. Effective herd immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infection has several hurdles upon achievement. Herd immunity cannot be obtained concomitantly in many geographical areas because the areas have different population density and the societal measures to contain the spreading are different. A proportion of 50-66% of the population needs to be immunized naturally or artificially in this SARS-Cov2 pandemic and this percentage is not easily achievable. The duration of herd immunity is another issue while information on the long-term immune response against SARS-CoV2 is yet scarce. Epitope stability, another issue to be solved when achieving herd immunity, is important. Mutation in the viral structure will call upon other sets of neutralizing antibodies and hence for other herd immunity type installment. The societal tactics to achieve the much-needed herd immunity should be developed keeping in mind the welfare of the population. Without being exhaustive, throughout our paper we will elaborate on each of the hurdles encountered in developing herd immunity to SARS-Cov2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Neagu
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology , Bucharest, Romania.,Pathology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital , Bucharest, Romania
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11
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Gniadek TJ, Thiede JM, Matchett WE, Gress AR, Pape KA, Fiege JK, Jenkins MK, Menachery VD, Langlois RA, Bold TD. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and serology testing of COVID-19 convalescent plasma from donors with nonsevere disease. Transfusion 2020; 61:17-23. [PMID: 32935872 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transfer of passive immunity with convalescent plasma is a promising strategy for treatment and prevention of COVID-19, but donors with a history of nonsevere disease are serologically heterogenous. The relationship between SARS-Cov-2 antigen-binding activity and neutralization activity in this population of donors has not been defined. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Convalescent plasma units from 47 individuals with a history of nonsevere COVID-19 were assessed for antigen-binding activity of using three clinical diagnostic serology assays (Beckman, DiaSorin, and Roche) with different SARS-CoV-2 targets. These results were compared with functional neutralization activity using a fluorescent reporter strain of SARS-CoV-2 in a microwell assay. RESULTS Positive correlations of varying strength (Spearman r = 0.37-0.52) between antigen binding and viral neutralization were identified. Donors age 48 to 75 years had the highest neutralization activity. Units in the highest tertile of binding activity for each assay were enriched (75%-82%) for those with the highest levels of neutralization. CONCLUSION The strength of the relationship between antigen-binding activity and neutralization varies depending on the clinical assay used. Units in the highest tertile of binding activity for each assay are predominantly comprised of those with the greatest neutralization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Joshua M Thiede
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - William E Matchett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Abigail R Gress
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kathryn A Pape
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jessica K Fiege
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tyler D Bold
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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13
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Gniadek TJ, Thiede JM, Matchett WE, Gress AR, Pape KA, Jenkins MK, Menachery VD, Langlois RA, Bold TD. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and serology testing of COVID-19 convalescent plasma from donors with non-severe disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.08.07.242271. [PMID: 32817936 PMCID: PMC7430566 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.07.242271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We determined the antigen binding activity of convalescent plasma units from 47 individuals with a history of non-severe COVID-19 using three clinical diagnostic serology assays (Beckman, DiaSorin, and Roche) with different SARS-CoV-2 targets. We compared these results with functional neutralization activity using a fluorescent reporter strain of SARS-CoV-2 in a microwell assay. This revealed positive correlations of varying strength (Spearman r = 0.37-0.52) between binding and neutralization. Donors age 48-75 had the highest neutralization activity. Units in the highest tertile of binding activity for each assay were enriched (75-82%) for those with the highest levels of neutralization.
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