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da Silva JR, Silva JFM, Pereira MF, Torres AR, Gonçalves MS, de Azevedo Prata MC, Vasconcelos Paiva E Brito MA, da Costa GM, Ribeiro JB. Is Galleria mellonella model a good alternative to study virulence in Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis? Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:889-900. [PMID: 38049660 PMCID: PMC10920502 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the agents of bovine mastitis of hardest control due to a complex pathogenesis comprising a variety of virulence factors, which ensures its persistence in the mammary gland, causing significant health and economic losses. Therefore, understanding the pathogenesis of this agent is imperative. Galleria mellonella has stood out as an invertebrate animal model for the study of infectious diseases that affect several hosts. This work aimed to evaluate G. mellonella larvae as an experimental model for the study of virulence phenotypes in an S. aureus population isolated from bovine mastitis. Thirty genetically divergent S. aureus strains were chosen based on PFGE analysis. After experimental infection, larvae survival rates, bacterial growth in hemolymph, melanization intensity of the dorsal vessel, and histological characteristics of the infected tissues were evaluated. The G. mellonella model showed a clear diversity in the S. aureus pathogenicity pattern, allowing the differentiation of strains with virulence phenotypes ranging from high to low degrees. Histological analysis confirmed that the strains tested were capable of inducing the formation of nodules and melanization spots in the dorsal vessels of the larvae in different magnitudes. The strains 16S-717, 19C-828, and 31S-1443 presented the highest virulence intensity among the bacteria tested and will be used further for the generation of S. aureus mutant populations to prospect genetic targets aimed to develop control strategies of bovine mastitis. Altogether, our results suggest that G. mellonella is an attractive and low-cost animal model for characterizing virulence phenotypes of large S. aureus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rosa da Silva
- Department of Veterinay Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | - Monalessa Fábia Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Minas Gerais, Carangola, MG, 36800-000, Brazil
| | | | - Maysa Serpa Gonçalves
- Department of Veterinay Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Geraldo Márcio da Costa
- Department of Veterinay Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - João Batista Ribeiro
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36038-330, Brazil.
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Crippa BL, de Matos LG, Souza FN, Silva NCC. Non- aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci (NASM): their role in bovine mastitis and One Health. J DAIRY RES 2024; 91:44-56. [PMID: 38584301 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029924000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are gaining importance in mastitis and public health, and some NAS have been reclassified as mammaliicocci (NASM). Bovine milk production has a major influence on the world economy, being an essential source of income for small, medium and large producers, and bovine mastitis caused by NASM can cause an economic impact. Mastitis generates financial losses due to reduced revenue, increased veterinary costs and expenses associated with animal slaughter. However, it is also a public health issue involving animal health and welfare, human health and the ecosystem. Furthermore, it is an increasingly common infection caused by NASM, including antimicrobial-resistant strains. Despite all these adverse effects that NASM can cause, some studies also point to its protective role against mastitis. Therefore, this review article addresses the negative and positive aspects that NASM can cause in bovine mastitis, the virulence of the disease and resistance factors that make it difficult to treat and, through the One Health approach, presents a holistic view of how mastitis caused by NASM can affect both animal and human health at one and the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Lourenço Crippa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Matos
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
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Rodríguez MF, Gomez AP, Parra-Giraldo CM, Ceballos-Garzon A. Proteomics and Genetic Approaches Elucidate the Circulation of Low Variability Staphylococcus aureus Strains on Colombian Dairy Farms. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:2320-2329. [PMID: 37222805 PMCID: PMC10640432 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent pathogens causing bovine mastitis in the world, in part because of its ease of adaptation to various hosts and the environment. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in Colombian dairy farms and its relationship with the causal network of subclinical mastitis. From thirteen dairy farms enrolled, 1288 quarter milk samples (QMS) and 330 teat samples were taken from cows with positive (70.1%) and negative California Mastitis Test (CMT). In addition, 126 samples from the milking parlor environment and 40 from workers (nasal) were collected. On each dairy farm, a survey was conducted, and the milking process was monitored on the day of sampling. S. aureus was identified in 176 samples, i.e., 138 QMS, 20 from teats, 8 from the milking parlor environment, and 10 from workers' nasal swabs. Isolates identified as S. aureus underwent proteomics (clustering of mass spectrum) and molecular (tuf, coa, spa Ig, clfA, and eno genes) analysis. Regarding proteomics results, isolates were distributed into three clusters, each with members from all sources and all farms. Concerning molecular analysis, the virulence-related genes clfA and eno were identified in 41.3% and 37.8% of S. aureus isolates, respectively. We provide evidence on the circulation of S. aureus strains with limited variability among animals, humans, and the environment. The parameters with the lowest compliance in the farms which may be implicated in the transmission of S. aureus are the lack of handwashing and abnormal milk handling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arlen Patricia Gomez
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Marcela Parra-Giraldo
- Proteomics and Human Mycosis Unit, Infectious Diseases Group, Microbiology Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andres Ceballos-Garzon
- Proteomics and Human Mycosis Unit, Infectious Diseases Group, Microbiology Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Singh I, Roshan M, Vats A, Behera M, Gautam D, Rajput S, Rana C, De S. Evaluation of Virulence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Forming Potential of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates from Bovine Suspected with Mastitis. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:198. [PMID: 37120455 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogen that poses a significant threat in cases of chronic mastitis in dairy animals. The ability of MRSA to persist in the host is attributed to various virulence factors, genes encoding surface adhesins, and determinants of antibiotic resistance, which provide it a survival advantage. This investigation focused to determine the virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile and biofilm production potential of 46 MRSA isolates from 300 bovine mastitis milk samples. The AMR profile revealed a high level of resistance, with 46 and 42 isolates resistant to cefoxitin and oxacillin, respectively, followed by 24 and 12 isolates resistant to lomefloxacin and erythromycin, respectively. Only 2 isolates resistant to tetracycline and none were resistant to chloramphenicol. The study also evaluated various virulence factors such as coa (n = 46), nuc (n = 35) hlg (n = 36), pvl (n = 14), tsst-1(n = 28) spa (n = 39) and enterotoxin genes sea (n = 12) and seg (n = 28) and identified antibiotic resistance determinants mecA and blaZ in 46 and 27 isolates, respectively. Intercellular adhesion genes icaA and icaD were present in 40 and 43 isolates, respectively and surface adhesion genes ebps, fnbpA, eno, sasG, cna, and bap were found in 43, 40, 38, 26, 21 and 1 isolates, respectively. Microtiter plate (MTP) assay revealed that 29 MRSA isolates were capable of producing biofilms, whereas 17 were not. Biofilms producing MRSA isolates possessed adhesion genes, virulence factors, toxin genes and AMR genes that may act synergistically towards a chronic disease progression, illness and severe damage to the udder, which generally last for several months and very challenging to cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Singh
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Mayank Roshan
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Ashutosh Vats
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Manisha Behera
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Devika Gautam
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Shiveeli Rajput
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Chanchal Rana
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Sachinandan De
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.
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Pizauro LJL, de Almeida CC, Silva SR, MacInnes JI, Kropinski AM, Zafalon LF, de Avila FA, de Mello Varani A. Genomic comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of mastitis-related staphylococci with a focus on adhesion, biofilm, and related regulatory genes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17392. [PMID: 34462461 PMCID: PMC8405628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a common and costly disease on dairy farms, commonly caused by Staphylococcus spp. though the various species are associated with different clinical outcomes. In the current study, we performed genomic analyses to determine the prevalence of adhesion, biofilm, and related regulatory genes in 478 staphylococcal species isolated from clinical and subclinical mastitis cases deposited in public databases. The most prevalent adhesin genes (ebpS, atl, pls, sasH and sasF) were found in both clinical and subclinical isolates. However, the ebpS gene was absent in subclinical isolates of Staphylococcus arlettae, S. succinus, S. sciuri, S. equorun, S. galinarum, and S. saprophyticus. In contrast, the coa, eap, emp, efb, and vWbp genes were present more frequently in clinical (vs. subclincal) mastitis isolates and were highly correlated with the presence of the biofim operon (icaABCD) and its transcriptional regulator, icaR. Co-phylogenetic analyses suggested that many of these adhesins, biofilm, and associated regulatory genes could have been horizontally disseminated between clinical and subclinical isolates. Our results further suggest that several adhesins, biofilm, and related regulatory genes, which have been overlooked in previous studies, may be of use for virulence profiling of mastitis-related Staphylococcus strains or as potential targets for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas José Luduverio Pizauro
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Technology, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Camila Chioda de Almeida
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Microbiology, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Saura Rodrigues Silva
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Technology, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Janet I. MacInnes
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Andrew M. Kropinski
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Luiz Francisco Zafalon
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XBrazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernando Antônio de Avila
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Microbiology, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Mello Varani
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Technology, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo Brazil
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Virulence Factors in Staphylococcus Associated with Small Ruminant Mastitis: Biofilm Production and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060633. [PMID: 34070557 PMCID: PMC8228312 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant mastitis is a serious problem, mainly caused by Staphylococcus spp. Different virulence factors affect mastitis pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate virulence factors genes for biofilm production and antimicrobial resistance to β-lactams and tetracyclines in 137 staphylococcal isolates from goats (86) and sheep (51). The presence of coa, nuc, bap, icaA, icaD, blaZ, mecA, mecC, tetK, and tetM genes was investigated. The nuc gene was detected in all S. aureus isolates and in some coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). None of the S. aureus isolates carried the bap gene, while 8 out of 18 CNS harbored this gene. The icaA gene was detected in S. aureus and S. warneri, while icaD only in S. aureus. None of the isolates carrying the bap gene harbored the ica genes. None of the biofilm-associated genes were detected in 14 isolates (six S. aureus and eight CNS). An association was found between Staphylococcus species and resistance to some antibiotics and between antimicrobial resistance and animal species. Nine penicillin-susceptible isolates exhibited the blaZ gene, questioning the reliability of susceptibility testing. Most S. aureus isolates were susceptible to tetracycline, and no cefazolin or gentamycin resistance was detected. These should replace other currently used antimicrobials.
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Vestby LK, Grønseth T, Simm R, Nesse LL. Bacterial Biofilm and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E59. [PMID: 32028684 PMCID: PMC7167820 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of the fact that bacterial biofilm may play a role in the pathogenesis of disease has led to an increased focus on identifying diseases that may be biofilm-related. Biofilm infections are typically chronic in nature, as biofilm-residing bacteria can be resilient to both the immune system, antibiotics, and other treatments. This is a comprehensive review describing biofilm diseases in the auditory, the cardiovascular, the digestive, the integumentary, the reproductive, the respiratory, and the urinary system. In most cases reviewed, the biofilms were identified through various imaging technics, in addition to other study approaches. The current knowledge on how biofilm may contribute to the pathogenesis of disease indicates a number of different mechanisms. This spans from biofilm being a mere reservoir of pathogenic bacteria, to playing a more active role, e.g., by contributing to inflammation. Observations also indicate that biofilm does not exclusively occur extracellularly, but may also be formed inside living cells. Furthermore, the presence of biofilm may contribute to development of cancer. In conclusion, this review shows that biofilm is part of many, probably most chronic infections. This is important knowledge for development of effective treatment strategies for such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene K. Vestby
- Department of Immunology and Virology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Torstein Grønseth
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Oslo University Hospital HF, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Roger Simm
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1052, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Live L. Nesse
- Department of Food Safety and Animal Health Research, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
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Pizauro LJL, de Almeida CC, Soltes GA, Slavic D, de Ávila FA, Zafalon LF, MacInnes JI. Short communication: Detection of antibiotic resistance, mecA, and virulence genes in coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. from buffalo milk and the milking environment. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11459-11464. [PMID: 31587907 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determinate whether coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) from buffalo milk or the milking environment possess virulence factors that are associated with intramammary infections or antimicrobial resistance. Milk samples (n = 320) from 80 lactating buffalo were evaluated for clinical and subclinical mastitis by physical examination, the strip cup test, California Mastitis Test (CMT), and somatic cell count (SCC) over a 4-mo period. In addition, swabs were obtained from the hands of consenting milkers (16), liners (64), and from the mouths (15) and nostrils (15) of buffalo calves. No clinical cases of mastitis were observed; however, CMT together with SCC results indicated that 8 animals had subclinical mastitis. Eighty-four CNS isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and cydB real-time PCR (qPCR) and then evaluated by qPCR for presence of the eta, etb, sea, sec, cna, seb, sei, seq, sem, seg, see, and tst toxin genes, adhesion- and biofilm-associated genes (eno, ebps, fib, fnbA, coa), and the methicillin resistance gene (mecA). Resistance to antibiotics commonly used for mastitis treatment in Brazil was determined using the Kirby-Bauer test. Two strains were positive for the see and eta toxin genes; and mecA (1), eno (27), ebps (10), fnbA (10), and coa (5) genes were also detected. A notable number of isolates were resistant to erythromycin (30), penicillin (26), and cotrimoxazole (18); importantly, 10 vancomycin-resistant isolates were also detected. A smaller number of isolates were resistant to rifampicin (8), oxacillin (7), clindamycin (5), cefepime (4), tetracycline (3), ciprofloxacin (2), and chloramphenicol (1), and none were resistant to gentamicin or ciprofloxacin. Isolates with resistance to 2 (13 isolates), 3 (3), 4 (3), 5 (1), and 6 (1) antibiotics were detected. Taken together, our findings suggest that CNS isolates may not be a significant cause of clinical or even subclinical mastitis in buffaloes, but they may be a reservoir of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J L Pizauro
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil 14884-900
| | - Camila C de Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil 14884-900
| | - Glenn A Soltes
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1H 6R8
| | - Fernando A de Ávila
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil 14884-900
| | - Luiz F Zafalon
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Sao Carlos, Sao Paolo 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Janet I MacInnes
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Torres G, Vargas K, Sánchez-Jiménez M, Reyes-Velez J, Olivera-Angel M. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of biofilm production by Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine intramammary infections in Colombian dairy farms. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02535. [PMID: 31667388 PMCID: PMC6812232 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to form biofilms is an important virulence factor because this has been associated with persistent bovine intramammary infections. Different mechanisms of biofilm formation have been described in S. aureus; however, the process has been found to be mainly driven by the ica and bap genes. The presence of the ica and bap genes, as well as the biofilm formation in vitro were evaluated in 229 S. aureus strains isolated from bovine milk collected from different regions of Department of Antioquia, Colombia. Three different genotypes grouped into three separate clusters were identified from in vitro assays. Genotype 1 (ica positive and bap negative) was the most prevalent (78.17%), followed by genotype 2 (ica and bap positive) (12.66%) and genotype 0 (ica and bap negative) (9.17%). Biofilm formation was observed in 81.26% of the strains from which 100% of genotype 2 isolates showed biofilm formation. The biofilms formed by genotype 2 isolates were also found to have the highest optical density (>2.4). These results showed that most of the S. aureus strains were capable of biofilm formation, suggesting the virulence potential particularly in bap-positive strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Torres
- Tropical Medicine Colombian Institute, CES University, Cra. 43A No. 52 sur-99 Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
- Biogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Cra 75 No. 65-87, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - K. Vargas
- Biogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Cra 75 No. 65-87, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - M. Sánchez-Jiménez
- Tropical Medicine Colombian Institute, CES University, Cra. 43A No. 52 sur-99 Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - J. Reyes-Velez
- Biogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Cra 75 No. 65-87, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - M. Olivera-Angel
- Biogenesis Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Cra 75 No. 65-87, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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Zaatout N, Ayachi A, Kecha M. Epidemiological investigation of subclinical bovine mastitis in Algeria and molecular characterization of biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:283-292. [PMID: 31338728 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thirty dairy farms were selected for this study; the first objective of our study was to investigate the prevalence of subclinical bovine mastitis (SCM) in Eastern Algeria, from 600 lactating cows, and to identify potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of bovine mastitis and bacteria isolation using logistic regression. The second objective was to evaluate biofilm formation capacity and detect biofilm-associated genes of S. aureus, isolated from SCM cases. Molecular typing was investigated by spa typing. The prevalence of mastitis at cow and quarter level was 37.66% (226/600) and 27.17% (555/2042), respectively. Stage of lactation, cow breed, milk production, and the study area were factors associated with SCM. In addition, the most frequent pathogens isolated from mastitic milk were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), E. coli, and S. aureus. The study area was highly associated with SCM caused by S. aureus; cows from Setif province were 18 times more affected with SCM caused by S. aureus compared to cows from Batna province (OR = 18.6, 95%CI 2.038-171.2), but were less affected with SCM caused by CNS isolates (OR = 0.17, 95%CI 0.033-0.868). Moreover, cows with milk production less than 10 L per day increased (p < 0.05) the prevalence of mastitis caused by E. coli. All the S. aureus isolates had biofilm-forming ability, and 41.66% of isolates were positive for adhesion genes (icaA, icaD, fbnA, and clfA). This study, therefore, warrants the need for improving sanitary measures and strict hygienic measures, and presents the first insight into biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus strains causing mastitis in dairy herds in Algeria, which will help in tracking the evolution of epidemic strains responsible for causing bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawel Zaatout
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Ammar Ayachi
- Institute of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria
| | - Mouloud Kecha
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria.
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Azmi K, Qrei W, Abdeen Z. Screening of genes encoding adhesion factors and biofilm production in methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Palestinian patients. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:578. [PMID: 31299899 PMCID: PMC6624993 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercellular adhesion and biofilm production by Staphylococcus aureus makes these bacteria resistant to antimicrobial therapy. Here, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were characterized and the prevalence of genes encoding adhesion factors and biofilm formation was determined. RESULTS All 248 MRSA isolates identified by cefoxitin disc diffusion were positive for the mecA gene. SCCmec-IV was the most frequently detected genotype (92.7%) and SCCmec-IVa was also very prevalent (84.3%). The quantitative microtiter plate assay showed that all the isolates were able to produce biofilm with levels ranging from high (21%) to moderate (46.4%) to low (32.7%). All the strains possessed the icaD/icaA genes and produced biofilm (P < 0.05). None of the isolates possessed the bap gene. Furthermore, 94.8% of the isolates were positive for eno, 80.2% for clfA and for clfB, 78.2% for fnbA, 76.2% for ebps, 62.2% for fib, 39.9% for cna and 29.0% for fnbB. Also, nearly 69.8% of the isolates were positive for the gene sarA. All four agr groups were present: agr group 1 was predominant with 39.5%; agr group 3. agr group 2 and 3 strains carried more toxin-producing genes, and frequently produced more toxin. Sixty-six (26.6%) of the strains were multidrug resistant. All were vancomycin sensitive. Agr group I is more resistant to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin while agr group III is more resistant to erythromycin. Maximum sensitivity was to gentamicin and SXT, and they could be considered drugs of choice for controlling MRSA mediated infections in this region. CONCLUSIONS Biofilm development in MRSA might be an ica dependent and one needs to investigate the involvement of other global regulators, agr and sarA, and their contribution to the biofilm phenotype, as the high rate of biofilm production among the studied strains of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifaya Azmi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu Deis, The West Bank, Palestine. .,Al-Quds Public Health Society, Jerusalem, Palestine. .,Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Al-Quds University, Abu-Deis, P.O. Box 20760, The West Bank, Palestine.
| | - Walaa Qrei
- Al-Quds Public Health Society, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Al-Quds Public Health Society, Jerusalem, Palestine.,Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Al-Quds University, Abu-Deis, P.O. Box 20760, The West Bank, Palestine
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12
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Cruzado-Bravo MLM, Silva NCC, Rodrigues MX, Silva GOE, Porto E, Sturion GL. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from mastitis milk and cheese processing: Study of adherence and biofilm formation. Food Res Int 2019; 122:450-460. [PMID: 31229099 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from mastitis milk and cheese processing plant.To evaluate the biofilm production of wild-type strains on contact surfaces by testing different factors through adhered cells and biofilm quantifications, finally, these biofilms were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Congo red agar (CRA) plate method was used to identify slime production by strains. Screening of genes encoding adhesion factors and biofilm formation was carried out using PCR. After strains selection, adhesion and biofilm assays were designed testing different times (12, 48, 96 h), strains (n = 13), contact surfaces (stainless steel and polypropylene), and temperatures (5 °C and 25 °C); and then, bacterial count and crystal violet staining were conducted. Relative frequencies of positive on CRA and genes presence were determined, and Friedman test was applied for bacterial counts and OD values. Additionally, significant factors (P ≤ .05) were subjected to multiple comparisons using the Nemenyi test. The slime production in CRA was observed by visual inspection in 38.7% of strains. A large distribution of genes was described among strains, implying a high variability of genotypic profiles. Moreover, relative frequencies of CRA positive and gene presence were described. The developed assay showed that the strain, temperature, contact surface, were significant for both variables. The SEM corroborated the findings, showing greater biofilm formation on stainless steel at 25 °C. Thus, it is essential to highlight the importance of temperature control and material with low superficial energy to avoid biofilm formation by staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L M Cruzado-Bravo
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, 13418-260 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marjory Xavier Rodrigues
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853 Ithaca, New York, United States
| | - Gabriela Oliveira E Silva
- Technology and Inspection of Products of Animal, Origin Department, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ernani Porto
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, 13418-260 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilma Lucazechi Sturion
- Department of Agroindustry, Food and Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, 13418-260 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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13
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Sheep mastitis Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm effects on cell adhesion and inflammatory changes. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Shukla SK, Rao TS. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm removal by targeting biofilm-associated extracellular proteins. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:S1-S8. [PMID: 29205189 PMCID: PMC5735565 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_410_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Among cell surface proteins, biofilm-associated protein (Bap) promotes biofilm development in Staphylococcus aureus strains. The aim of this study was to investigate proteinase-mediated biofilm dispersion in different isolates of S. aureus. Methods: Biofilm assay was done in 96-well microtitre plate to evaluate the effect of proteinase K on biofilms of bovine mastitis S. Aureus isolates. Extracellular polymeric substances were extracted and evaluated for their composition (protein, polysaccharides and extracellular DNA), before and after the proteinase K treatment. Results: Biofilm assay showed that 2 µg/ml proteinase K significantly inhibited biofilm development in bap-positive S. aureus V329 as well as other S. aureus isolates (SA7, SA10, SA33, SA352), but not in bap-mutant M556 and SA392 (a weak biofilm-producing strain). Proteinase K treatment on S. aureus planktonic cells showed that there was no inhibition of planktonic growth up to 32 µg/ml of proteinase K. Proteinase K treatment on 24 h old preformed biofilms showed an enhanced dispersion of bap-positive V329 and SA7, SA10, SA33 and SA352 biofilms; however, proteinase K did not affect the bap-mutant S. aureus M556 and SA392 biofilms. Biofilm compositions study before and after proteinase K treatment indicated that Bap might also be involved in eDNA retention in the biofilm matrix that aids in biofilm stability. When proteinase K was used in combination with antibiotics, a synergistic effect in antibiotic efficacy was observed against all biofilm-forming S. aureus isolates. Interpretation & conclusions: Proteinase K inhibited biofilms growth in S. aureus bovine mastitis isolates but did not affect their planktonic growth. An enhanced dispersion of preformed S. aureus biofilms was observed on proteinase K treatment. Proteinase K treatment with antibiotics showed a synergistic effect against S. aureus biofilms. The study suggests that dispersing S. aureus by protease can be of use while devising strategies against S. aureus biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir K Shukla
- Water & Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - T Subba Rao
- Water & Steam Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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15
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Magana M, Sereti C, Ioannidis A, Mitchell CA, Ball AR, Magiorkinis E, Chatzipanagiotou S, Hamblin MR, Hadjifrangiskou M, Tegos GP. Options and Limitations in Clinical Investigation of Bacterial Biofilms. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00084-16. [PMID: 29618576 PMCID: PMC6056845 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00084-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can form single- and multispecies biofilms exhibiting diverse features based upon the microbial composition of their community and microenvironment. The study of bacterial biofilm development has received great interest in the past 20 years and is motivated by the elegant complexity characteristic of these multicellular communities and their role in infectious diseases. Biofilms can thrive on virtually any surface and can be beneficial or detrimental based upon the community's interplay and the surface. Advances in the understanding of structural and functional variations and the roles that biofilms play in disease and host-pathogen interactions have been addressed through comprehensive literature searches. In this review article, a synopsis of the methodological landscape of biofilm analysis is provided, including an evaluation of the current trends in methodological research. We deem this worthwhile because a keyword-oriented bibliographical search reveals that less than 5% of the biofilm literature is devoted to methodology. In this report, we (i) summarize current methodologies for biofilm characterization, monitoring, and quantification; (ii) discuss advances in the discovery of effective imaging and sensing tools and modalities; (iii) provide an overview of tailored animal models that assess features of biofilm infections; and (iv) make recommendations defining the most appropriate methodological tools for clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Sereti
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, Thriassio General Hospital, Attiki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Courtney A Mitchell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anthony R Ball
- Gliese 623b, Mendon, Massachusetts, USA
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Pepperell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emmanouil Magiorkinis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens-Goudi, Greece
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - George P Tegos
- Gliese 623b, Mendon, Massachusetts, USA
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Pepperell, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Åvall-Jääskeläinen S, Taponen S, Kant R, Paulin L, Blom J, Palva A, Koort J. Comparative genome analysis of 24 bovine-associated Staphylococcus isolates with special focus on the putative virulence genes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4560. [PMID: 29610707 PMCID: PMC5880176 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are most commonly isolated from subclinical mastitis. Different NAS species may, however, have diverse effects on the inflammatory response in the udder. We determined the genome sequences of 20 staphylococcal isolates from clinical or subclinical bovine mastitis, belonging to the NAS species Staphylococcus agnetis, S. chromogenes, and S. simulans, and focused on the putative virulence factor genes present in the genomes. For comparison we used our previously published genome sequences of four S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis. The pan-genome and core genomes of the non-aureus isolates were characterized. After that, putative virulence factor orthologues were searched in silico. We compared the presence of putative virulence factors in the NAS species and S. aureus and evaluated the potential association between bacterial genotype and type of mastitis (clinical vs. subclinical). The NAS isolates had much less virulence gene orthologues than the S. aureus isolates. One third of the virulence genes were detected only in S. aureus. About 100 virulence genes were present in all S. aureus isolates, compared to about 40 to 50 in each NAS isolate. S. simulans differed the most. Several of the virulence genes detected among NAS were harbored only by S. simulans, but it also lacked a number of genes present both in S. agnetis and S. chromogenes. The type of mastitis was not associated with any specific virulence gene profile. It seems that the virulence gene profiles or cumulative number of different virulence genes are not directly associated with the type of mastitis (clinical or subclinical), indicating that host derived factors such as the immune status play a pivotal role in the manifestation of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Åvall-Jääskeläinen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Taponen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanna Koort
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Sharma V, Sharma S, Dahiya DK, Khan A, Mathur M, Sharma A. Coagulase gene polymorphism, enterotoxigenecity, biofilm production, and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine raw milk in North West India. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:65. [PMID: 28931414 PMCID: PMC5607506 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant bacterium responsible for various diseases in animals and humans. Preventive strategies could be better implemented by understanding the prevalence, genetic patterns, and the presence of enterotoxin and biofilm-producing genes along with the antibiotic susceptibility of this organism. This study was conducted in Rajasthan, the northwestern state of India, holding the largest population of cattle that makes it the second largest milk producer in India and no such prior information is available on these aspects. Methods A total of 368 individual quarter bovine raw milk samples were collected from 13 districts of Rajasthan, and screened for the presence of S. aureus. Microbiological and molecular approaches were followed for bacterial identification. Genetic diversity was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) of coagulase gene (coa), whereas enterotoxin and biofilm-producing genes were studied by PCR analysis. Antibiotic strips were employed to study the antibiotic resistance among strains. Results In all, 73 S. aureus strains were obtained from 368 bovine raw milk samples out of that only 30 showed the presence of coa. Nine types of coa patterns ranging from 730 to 1130 bp were observed among these isolates. PCR–RFLP of coa distinguished the isolates into 15 genotypic patterns, of which patterns I, IV, V, and VI were predominant. Of the isolates, 30% were positive for sec, 10% for sea, and 3.3% for seb; these genes are responsible for enterotoxin production, whereas all isolates were found positive for icaAD and eno. The prevalence rates of other biofilm-producing genes fnbA, clfB, ebpS, sasG, fnbB, sasC, cna, bap, fib and, bbp were 97, 93, 90, 80, 80, 77, 53, 27, 10, and 6.6%, respectively. Twenty-seven (90%) strains were multidrug resistant, of which 15 were methicillin resistant. Maximum sensitivity was reported for kanamycin and it could be considered as a drug of choice for controlling S. aureus mediated cattle infections in the studied regions. Conclusions Overall, these strains could cause several diseases to humans, insisting the need for developing a stricter hygiene program for improving milking practices and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Sharma
- Advanced Milk Testing Research Laboratory, Postgraduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Bikaner, B-2 Bypass, Shiprapath, Mansarovar, Jaipur, 302020, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjita Sharma
- Advanced Milk Testing Research Laboratory, Postgraduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Bikaner, B-2 Bypass, Shiprapath, Mansarovar, Jaipur, 302020, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Dahiya
- Advanced Milk Testing Research Laboratory, Postgraduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Bikaner, B-2 Bypass, Shiprapath, Mansarovar, Jaipur, 302020, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aarif Khan
- Advanced Milk Testing Research Laboratory, Postgraduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Bikaner, B-2 Bypass, Shiprapath, Mansarovar, Jaipur, 302020, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manisha Mathur
- Advanced Milk Testing Research Laboratory, Postgraduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences at Bikaner, B-2 Bypass, Shiprapath, Mansarovar, Jaipur, 302020, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aayushi Sharma
- Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, 302004, Rajasthan, India
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18
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Castilho IG, Dantas STA, Langoni H, Araújo JP, Fernandes A, Alvarenga FCL, Maia L, Cagnini DQ, Rall VLM. Host-pathogen interactions in bovine mammary epithelial cells and HeLa cells by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6414-6421. [PMID: 28571985 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen that causes subclinical bovine mastitis due to several virulence factors. In this study, we analyzed S. aureus isolates collected from the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis that had 8 possible combinations of bap, icaA, and icaD genes, to determine their capacity to produce biofilm on biotic (bovine primary mammary epithelial cells and HeLa cells) and abiotic (polystyrene microplates) surfaces, and their ability to adhere to and invade these cells. We also characterized isolates for microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMM) and agr genes, and for their susceptibility to cefquinome sulfate in the presence of biofilm. All isolates adhered to and invaded both cell types, but invasion indexes were higher in bovine primary mammary epithelial cells. Using tryptic soy broth + 1% glucose on abiotic surfaces, 5 out of 8 isolates were biofilm producers, but only the bap+icaA+icaD+ isolate was positive in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium. The production of biofilm on biotic surfaces occurred only with this isolate and only on HeLa cells, because the invasion index for bovine primary mammary epithelial cells was too high, making it impossible to use these cells in this assay. Of the 5 biofilm producers in tryptic soy broth + 1% glucose, 4 presented with the bap/fnbA/clfA/clfB/eno/fib/ebpS combination, and all were protected from cefquinome sulfate. We found no predominance of any agr group. The high invasive potential of S. aureus made it impossible to observe biofilm in bovine primary mammary epithelial cells, and we concluded that cells with lower invasion rates, such as HeLa cells, were more appropriate for this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana G Castilho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, Botucatu-SP, 18.618-689, Brazil
| | - Stéfani Thais Alves Dantas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, Botucatu-SP, 18.618-689, Brazil
| | - Hélio Langoni
- Department of Hygiene Veterinary and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Botucatu-SP, 18.618-689, Brazil
| | - João P Araújo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, Botucatu-SP, 18.618-689, Brazil
| | - Ary Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, Botucatu-SP, 18.618-689, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C L Alvarenga
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Botucatu-SP, 18.618-689, Brazil
| | - Leandro Maia
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Botucatu-SP, 18.618-689, Brazil
| | - Didier Q Cagnini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, Botucatu-SP, 18.618-689, Brazil
| | - Vera L M Rall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, Botucatu-SP, 18.618-689, Brazil.
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19
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Martins KB, Faccioli PY, Bonesso MF, Fernandes S, Oliveira AA, Dantas A, Zafalon LF, Cunha MDLRS. Characteristics of resistance and virulence factors in different species of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from milk of healthy sheep and animals with subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:2184-2195. [PMID: 28109594 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are among the main responsible agents for mastitis in sheep. Cure rates can be reduced due to several causes, such as those related to virulence factors presented by microorganisms. This study aims at characterizing the virulence and resistance factors to antimicrobial agents in different CNS species isolated from sheep milk. After collecting milk samples, the samples were analyzed and the CNS species were identified. After identification, the susceptibility-sensitivity profile was examined using the disk diffusion technique for 10 antimicrobial agents. The DNA was extracted to detect the presence of the mecA gene, biofilm (icaADBC, bap, and bhp) and toxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, tst, and luk-PV) by PCR. Samples carrying toxin genes had their expression assessed using the reverse-transcription PCR technique. The biofilm production was assessed using the adherence method on a polystyrene plate. One hundred twelve CNS samples were isolated, 53 (47.3%) from animals with subclinical mastitis and 59 (52.7%) from healthy animals. Drugs tested have shown to be efficient for most CNS samples. The largest resistance percentage of CNS was found for the penicillin (17.0%) and tetracycline (10.7%) and 4 samples carried the mecA gene. As for the biofilm genes, the icaADBC operon was found in 10 (8.9%) samples, the bap gene was found in 16 (14.3%), and the bhp gene was found in 3 (2.7%). In addition, 69 (61.6%) samples produced biofilm. The survey of toxin genes has shown that 70 (62.5%) samples showed some toxin-encoding gene. However, none of the samples has expressed any of the genes from those toxins studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katheryne B Martins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu/SP, Brazil 510.
| | - Patricia Y Faccioli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu/SP, Brazil 510
| | - Mariana F Bonesso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu/SP, Brazil 510
| | - Simone Fernandes
- Department of Livestock, Lageado Farm, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu/SP, Brazil 237
| | - Aline A Oliveira
- Department of Livestock, Lageado Farm, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu/SP, Brazil 237
| | - Ariane Dantas
- Department of Livestock, Lageado Farm, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu/SP, Brazil 237
| | | | - Maria de Lourdes R S Cunha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu/SP, Brazil 510
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Aslantaş Ö, Demir C. Investigation of the antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming ability of Staphylococcus aureus from subclinical bovine mastitis cases. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8607-8613. [PMID: 27592437 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A total of 112 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from subclinical bovine mastitis cases were examined for antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm-forming ability as well as genes responsible for antibiotic resistance, biofilm-forming ability, and adhesin. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were determined by disk diffusion method. Biofilm forming ability of the isolates were investigated by Congo red agar method, standard tube method, and microplate method. The genes responsible for antibiotic resistance, biofilm-forming ability, and adhesion were examined by PCR. Five isolates (4.5%) were identified as methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus by antibiotic susceptibility testing and confirmed by mecA detection. The resistance rates to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, enrofloxacin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were 45.5, 39.3, 33, 26.8, 5.4, 0.9, and 0.9%, respectively. All isolates were susceptible against vancomycin and gentamicin. The blaZ (100%), tetK (67.6%), and ermA (70%) genes were the most common antibiotic-resistance genes. Using Congo red agar, microplate, and standard tube methods, 70.5, 67, and 62.5% of the isolates were found to be biofilm producers, respectively. The percentage rate of icaA, icaD, and bap genes in Staph. aureus isolates were 86.6, 86.6, and 13.4%, respectively. The adhesion molecules fnbA, can, and clfA were detected in 87 (77.7%), 98 (87.5%), and 75 (70%) isolates, respectively. The results indicated that Staph. aureus from sublinical bovine mastitis cases were mainly resistant to β-lactams and, to a lesser extent, to tetracycline and erythromycin. Also, biofilm- and adhesion-related genes, which are increasingly accepted as an important virulence factor in the pathogenesis of Staph. aureus infections, were detected at a high rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özkan Aslantaş
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, 31030 Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Cemil Demir
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of the Medical Documentation and Secretarial, Mardin Artuklu University, 47500 Mardin, Turkey
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Salimena APS, Lange CC, Camussone C, Signorini M, Calvinho LF, Brito MAVP, Borges CAV, Guimarães AS, Ribeiro JB, Mendonça LC, Piccoli RH. Genotypic and phenotypic detection of capsular polysaccharide and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk collected from Brazilian dairy farms. Vet Res Commun 2016; 40:97-106. [PMID: 27255108 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-016-9658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that frequently causes mastitis in bovine herds worldwide. This pathogen produces several virulence factors, including cell-associated adhesins, toxic and cytolytic exoproteins, and capsular polysaccharides. The aim of the present study was to test for the presence of genes involved in capsular polysaccharide production and biofilm formation in S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis samples collected from 119 dairy herds located in three different Brazilian regions, as well as to assay the production of capsular polysaccharides and biofilm, in vitro. The detection of the cap, icaAD, and bap genes was performed using PCR. The detection and quantification of capsular polysaccharide production was performed using ELISA assays. The ability of the isolates to form a biofilm was examined using the polystyrene surface of microtiter plates. All 159 S. aureus isolates investigated harboured the cap gene: 80 % carried the cap5 gene and 20 % carried the cap8 gene. Sixty-nine percent of the isolates expressed capsular polysaccharide (CP) in vitro, 58 % expressed CP5 and 11 % expressed CP8. All of the isolates harboured the icaA and icaD genes, and 95.6 % of the isolates carried the bap gene. Of the 159 isolates analysed, 97.5 % were biofilm producers. A significant association between the capsular genotype and phenotype and the amount of biofilm formation was detected: cap5/CP5 isolates tended to form more biofilm and to produce a thinner CP layer than cap8/CP8 isolates. The results indicate a high potential for pathogenicity among S. aureus isolated from bovine milk collected from three different regions in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra P S Salimena
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Food Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, PO Box 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carla C Lange
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Cecilia Camussone
- Rafaela Agricultural Experimental Station, INTA, Ruta 34, Km 227, (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- Rafaela Agricultural Experimental Station, INTA, Ruta 34, Km 227, (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luis F Calvinho
- Rafaela Agricultural Experimental Station, INTA, Ruta 34, Km 227, (2300) Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria A V P Brito
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cristiano A V Borges
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S Guimarães
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João B Ribeiro
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Letícia C Mendonça
- Embrapa Dairy Cattle Research Center, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento 610, 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberta H Piccoli
- Food Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, PO Box 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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