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Zhong Z, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhou C, Zhu S, Wu J. Butyrate induces higher host transcriptional changes to inhibit porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain CV777 infection in porcine intestine epithelial cells. Virol J 2024; 21:157. [PMID: 38992629 PMCID: PMC11241890 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Newborn piglets' health is seriously threatened by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which also has a significant effect on the pig industry. The gut microbiota produces butyrate, an abundant metabolite that modulates intestinal function through many methods to improve immunological and intestinal barrier function. The objective of this investigation was to ascertain how elevated butyrate concentrations impacted the host transcriptional profile of PEDV CV777 strain infection. Our findings showed that higher concentrations of butyrate have a stronger inhibitory effect on PEDV CV777 strain infection. According to RNA-seq data, higher concentrations of butyrate induced more significant transcriptional changes in IPEC-J2 cells, and signaling pathways such as PI3K-AKT may play a role in the inhibition of PEDV CV777 strain by high concentrations of butyrate. Ultimately, we offer a theoretical and experimental framework for future research and development of novel approaches to harness butyrate's antiviral infection properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhong
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 22530, China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 22530, China
| | - Xuting Zhao
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 22530, China
| | - Chunbao Zhou
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 22530, China
| | - Shubin Zhu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 22530, China
| | - Jiayun Wu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 22530, China.
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Li X, Wu Y, Yan Z, Li G, Luo J, Huang S, Guo X. A Comprehensive View on the Protein Functions of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:165. [PMID: 38397155 PMCID: PMC10887554 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus (PEDV) is one of the main pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets and fattening pigs. The clinical signs of PED are vomiting, acute diarrhea, dehydration, and mortality resulting in significant economic losses and becoming a major challenge in the pig industry. PEDV possesses various crucial structural and functional proteins, which play important roles in viral structure, infection, replication, assembly, and release, as well as in escaping host innate immunity. Over the past few years, there has been progress in the study of PEDV pathogenesis, revealing the crucial role of the interaction between PEDV viral proteins and host cytokines in PEDV infection. At present, the main control measure against PEDV is vaccine immunization of sows, but the protective effect for emerging virus strains is still insufficient, and there is no ideal safe and efficient vaccine. Although scientists have persistently delved their research into the intricate structure and functionalities of the PEDV genome and viral proteins for years, the pathogenic mechanism of PEDV remains incompletely elucidated. Here, we focus on reviewing the research progress of PEDV structural and nonstructural proteins to facilitate the understanding of biological processes such as PEDV infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Yiwan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Zhibin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Gen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
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3
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Li X, Yan Z, Ma J, Li G, Liu X, Peng Z, Zhang Y, Huang S, Luo J, Guo X. TRIM28 promotes porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by mitophagy-mediated inhibition of the JAK-STAT1 pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127722. [PMID: 37907173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes immunosuppression and clinical symptoms such as vomiting, watery diarrhea, dehydration, and even death in piglets. TRIM28, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is involved in the regulation of autophagy. However, the role of TRIM28 in PEDV infection is unknown. This study aimed to determine whether TRIM28 acts as a host factor for PEDV immune escape. We found that depletion of TRIM28 inhibited PEDV replication, whereas overexpression of TRIM28 promoted the viral replication in host cells. Furthermore, knockdown of TRIM28 reversed PEDV-induced downregulation of the JAK/STAT1 pathway. Treatment with the mitophagic activator carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) attenuated the activating effect of TRIM28 depletion on the expression of the STAT1 pathway-related proteins. Treatment with CCCP also reduced the nuclear translocation of pSTAT1. Moreover, TRIM28, via its RING domain, interacted with PEDV N. Overexpression of TRIM28 induced mitophagy, which could be enhanced by co-expression with PEDV N. The results indicate that PEDV infection upregulates the expression of TRIM28, which induces mitophagy, leading to inhibition of the JAK-STAT1 pathway. This research unveils a new mechanism by which PEDV can hijack host cellular TRIM28 to promote its own replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Zhibin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Jiaojie Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Gen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhuoen Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China.
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Li H, Zhou C, Zhang M, Yuan N, Huang X, Xiang J, Wang L, Shi L. Transcriptomics yields valuable information regarding the response mechanisms of Chinese Min pigs infected with PEDV. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1295723. [PMID: 38192721 PMCID: PMC10773921 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1295723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), a highly infectious disease, which has resulted in huge economic losses for the pig industry. To date, the pathogenic and immune response mechanism was not particularly clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pathogenic and immune responses of pigs infected with PEDV.In this study, 12 Min pigs were randomly selected without taking colostrum. At 3 days old, eight piglets were infected with 1 mL of PEDV solution (10 TCID50/ml), and the remaining four piglets were handled by 1 mL of 0.9% normal saline. Within the age of 7 days old, four piglets died and were considered as the death group. Correspondingly, four alive individuals were classified into the resistance group. Tissues of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, cecum, and rectum of piglets in the three groups were collected to measure the PEDV content. Additionally, the jejunum was used for the measurements and analyses of Hematoxylin-eosinstaining (HE), immunohistochemical sections, and transcriptomics. The phenotypes of Min piglets infected with PEDV showed that the viral copy numbers and jejunal damage had significant differences between the death and resistance groups. We also observed the transcriptome of the jejunum, and the differentially expressed (DE) analysis observed 6,585 DE protein-coding genes (PCGs), 3,188 DE long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and 350 DE microRNAs (miRNAs), which were mainly involved in immune response and metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the specific expressed molecules for each group were identified, and 97 PCGs,108 lncRNAs, and 51 miRNAs were included in the ceRNA-regulated networks. By weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and transcription factor (TF) prediction, 27 significant modules and 32 significant motifs (E-value < 0.05) annotated with 519 TFs were detected. Of these TFs, 53 were DE PCGs. In summary, the promising key PCGs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs related to the pathogenic and immunological response of pigs infected with PEDV were detected and provided new insights into the pathogenesis of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhou
- Huanghe Science and Technology University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meimei Zhang
- Beijing Vica Biotechnology Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Na Yuan
- Beijing Vica Biotechnology Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lixian Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang C, Yang S, Huang X, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Li M, Zhao J, Li S, Savelkoul H, Jansen C, Liu G. TGF-β1 reduces the differentiation of porcine IgA-producing plasma cells by inducing IgM + B cells apoptosis via Bax/Bcl2-Caspase3 pathway. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23180. [PMID: 37738038 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300824rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) performs a critical role in maintaining homeostasis of intestinal mucosa regulation and controls the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of many immune cells. In this study, we discovered that the infection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a coronavirus, upregulated TGF-β1 expression via activating Tregs. Besides, recombinant porcine TGF-β1 decreased the percentage of CD21+ B cells within the lymphocyte population in vitro. We further found that TGF-β1 reduced the IgA-secreting B cell numbers and also inhibited plasma cell differentiation. Additional investigations revealed that TGF-β1 induced the apoptosis of IgM+ B cells in both peyer's patches (PPs) and peripheral blood (PB) through the activation of the Bax/Bcl2-Caspase3 pathway. Conversely, the application of the TGF-β1 signaling inhibitor SB431542 significantly antagonized the TGF-β1-induced reduction of IgA secretion and B cell apoptosis and restored plasma cell differentiation. Collectively, TGF-β1 plays an important role in regulating the survival and differentiation of porcine IgA-secreting B cells through the classical mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. These findings will facilitate future mucosal vaccine designs that target the regulation of TGF-β1 for the control of enteric pathogens in the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yabin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Maolin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Huub Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
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Zhang K, Zhang J, Wang L, Liang Q, Niu Y, Gu L, Wei Y, Li J. Integrative Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analysis Reveals Immune Response Process in Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-1-Infected Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Vet Sci 2023; 10:596. [PMID: 37888548 PMCID: PMC10611041 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease, inflicting substantial economic losses upon the global cattle industry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are the central hub for immune responses during host-virus infection and have been recognized as crucial targets for BVDV infection. In order to elucidate the dynamics of host-BVDV-1 interaction, this study harnessed RNA-seq and iTRAQ methods to acquire an extensive dataset of transcriptomics and proteomics data from samples of BVDV-1-infected PBMCs at the 12-h post-infection mark. When compared to mock-infected PBMCs, we identified 344 differentially expressed genes (DEGs: a total of 234 genes with downregulated expression and 110 genes with upregulated expression) and 446 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs: a total of 224 proteins with downregulated expression and 222 proteins with upregulated expression). Selected DEGs and DEPs were validated through quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and parallel reaction monitoring. Gene ontology annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis underscored the significant enrichment of DEGs and DEPs in various immunity-related signaling pathways, including antigen processing and presentation, complement and coagulation cascades, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, among others. Further analysis unveiled that those DEGs and DEPs with downregulated expression were predominantly associated with pathways such as complement and coagulation cascades, the interleukin-17 signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, and the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. Conversely, upregulated DEGs and DEPs were chiefly linked to metabolic pathways, oxidative phosphorylation, complement and coagulation cascades, and the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway. These altered genes and proteins shed light on the intense host-virus conflict within the immune realm. Our transcriptomics and proteomics data constitute a significant foundation for delving further into the interaction mechanism between BVDV and its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Qiang Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Yuhui Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.Z.); (L.W.)
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Linlin Gu
- Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518100, China;
| | - Yanming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.Z.); (L.W.)
| | - Jianxi Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
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Chen YM, Burrough E. The Effects of Swine Coronaviruses on ER Stress, Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Alterations in Cell Morphology. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080940. [PMID: 36015060 PMCID: PMC9416022 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine coronaviruses include the following six members, namely porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). Clinically, PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV cause enteritis, whereas PHEV induces encephalomyelitis, and PRCV causes respiratory disease. Years of studies reveal that swine coronaviruses replicate in the cellular cytoplasm exerting a wide variety of effects on cells. Some of these effects are particularly pertinent to cell pathology, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unfolded protein response (UPR), autophagy, and apoptosis. In addition, swine coronaviruses are able to induce cellular changes, such as cytoskeletal rearrangement, alterations of junctional complexes, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), that render enterocytes unable to absorb nutrients normally, resulting in the loss of water, ions, and protein into the intestinal lumen. This review aims to describe the cellular changes in swine coronavirus-infected cells and to aid in understanding the pathogenesis of swine coronavirus infections. This review also explores how the virus exerted subcellular and molecular changes culminating in the clinical and pathological findings observed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Mei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912301, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Eric Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Yu J, Feng R, Chen Z, Zhang X, Ren Y, Yang G, Huang X, Li G. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus epidemic and classical strains in IPEC-J2 cells. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109540. [PMID: 35987184 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has become widespread and caused huge economic losses for the global pig industry. There is growing evidence that frequent outbreaks of diarrhea are caused by the variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) with high pathogenicity. Herein, an epidemic strain of PEDV HLJ strain was isolated and characterized from Heilongjiang Province of China, and the whole genomic expression profile of intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) infected with HLJ strain was investigated in comparison with classical CV777 strain. A total of 26,851 genes were identified, of these, 25,880 were known genes and 971 were novel genes. There were 258 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified between PEDV HLJ-infected and uninfected cells at 24 h post infection (hpi), and 201 DEGs between PEDV HLJ and CV777 infection. A comparative analysis revealed that 258 DEGs were enriched in 468 gene ontology (GO) terms and mapped to 179 KEGG pathways, and 201 DEGs in 1120 GO terms and mapped to 115 KEGG pathways for HLJ-infected cells in contrast to the uninfected and CV777-infected cells, respectively. Specifically, PEDV HLJ strain could activate anti-viral innate immune response and inflammation more intensively than CV777, in which mRNA levels of interferon (IFN-β), chemokines (CCL5 and CXCL10) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF-α) were induced earlier and more strongly. Subsequently, 20 DEGs and 5 proteins were selected and validated by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot, and the results were consistent with the transcriptomic analysis. Overall, this study may be helpful for understanding the pathogenesis mechanism of PEDV variants, and contribute to the effective prevention and control of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Huijie Chen
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yudong Ren
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Electrical and Information Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guijun Yang
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guangxing Li
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
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9
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Transcriptome Analysis Revealed Inhibition of Lipid Metabolism in 2-D Porcine Enteroids by Infection with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Qu H, Zong Q, Wang H, Wu S, Cai D, Bao W. C/EBPα Epigenetically Modulates TFF1 Expression via mC-6 Methylation in the Jejunum Inflammation Induced by a Porcine Coronavirus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881289. [PMID: 35693767 PMCID: PMC9174463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an emerging coronavirus which causes acute diarrhea and destroys gastrointestinal barrier function in neonatal pigs. Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) is a protective peptide for maintaining the integrity of gastrointestinal mucosa and reducing intestinal inflammation. However, its role in protecting intestinal epithelium against PEDV infection is still unclear. In this study, we discovered that TFF1 expression was activated in the jejunum of pigs with PEDV infection and TFF1 is required for the growth of porcine intestinal epithelial cells. For instance, inhibited cell proliferation and cell arrest were observed when TFF1 is genetically knocked-out using CRISPR-Cas9. Additionally, TFF1 depletion increased viral copy number and PEDV titer, along with the elevated genes involved in antiviral and inflammatory cytokines. The decreased TFF1 mRNA expression is in line with hypermethylation on the gene promoter. Notably, the strong interactions of protein-DNA complexes containing CCAAT motif significantly increased C/EBPα accessibility, whereas hypermethylation of mC-6 loci decreased C/EBPα binding occupancies in TFF1 promoter. Overall, our findings show that PEDV triggers the C/EBPα-mediated epigenetic regulation of TFF1 in intestine epithelium and facilitates host resistance to PEDV and other Coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiufang Zong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haifei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Demin Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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11
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Cruz-Pulido D, Ouma WZ, Kenney SP. Differing coronavirus genres alter shared host signaling pathways upon viral infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9744. [PMID: 35697915 PMCID: PMC9189807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are important viral pathogens across a range of animal species including humans. They have a high potential for cross-species transmission as evidenced by the emergence of COVID-19 and may be the origin of future pandemics. There is therefore an urgent need to study coronaviruses in depth and to identify new therapeutic targets. This study shows that distant coronaviruses such as Alpha-, Beta-, and Deltacoronaviruses can share common host immune associated pathways and genes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the transcription profile of epithelial cell lines infected with swine acute diarrhea syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or porcine deltacoronavirus, showed that DEGs within 10 common immune associated pathways were upregulated upon infection. Twenty Three pathways and 21 DEGs across 10 immune response associated pathways were shared by these viruses. These 21 DEGs can serve as focused targets for therapeutics against newly emerging coronaviruses. We were able to show that even though there is a positive correlation between PDCoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections, these viruses could be using different strategies for efficient replication in their cells from their natural hosts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of comparative host transcriptome analysis across distant coronavirus genres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cruz-Pulido
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | | | - Scott P Kenney
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
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12
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Ma Y, Wang L, Jiang X, Yao X, Huang X, Zhou K, Yang Y, Wang Y, Sun X, Guan X, Xu Y. Integrative Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analysis Provide a Deep Insight Into Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-Host Interactions During BVDV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862828. [PMID: 35371109 PMCID: PMC8966686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD), an important viral disease in cattle that is responsible for extensive economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. Currently, several underlying mechanisms involved in viral replication, pathogenesis, and evading host innate immunity of BVDV remain to be elucidated, particularly during the early stage of virus infection. To further explore the mechanisms of BVDV-host interactions, the transcriptomics and proteomics profiles of BVDV-infected MDBK cells were sequenced using RNA-seq and iTRAQ techniques, respectively, and followed by an integrative analysis. Compared with mock-infected MDBK cells, a total of 665 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (391 down-regulated, 274 up-regulated) and 725 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) (461 down-regulated, 264 up-regulated) were identified. Among these, several DEGs and DEPs were further verified using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot. Following gene ontology (GO) annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis, we determined that these DEGs and DEPs were significantly enriched in multiple important cellular signaling pathways including NOD-like receptor, Toll-like receptor, TNF, NF-κB, MAPK, cAMP, lysosome, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, lipid metabolism, and apoptosis signaling pathways. Significantly, the down-regulated DEGs and DEPs were predominantly associated with apoptosis-regulated elements, inflammatory factors, and antiviral elements that were involved in innate immunity, thus, indicating that BVDV could inhibit apoptosis and the expression of host antiviral genes to facilitate viral replication. Meanwhile, up-regulated DEGs and DEPs were primarily involved in metabolism and autophagy signaling pathways, indicating that BVDV could utilize the host metabolic resources and cell autophagy to promote replication. However, the potential mechanisms BVDV-host interactions required further experimental validation. Our data provide an overview of changes in transcriptomics and proteomics profiles of BVDV-infected MDBK cells, thus, providing an important basis for further exploring the mechanisms of BVDV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinning Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics and Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Yin L, Liu X, Hu D, Luo Y, Zhang G, Liu P. Swine Enteric Coronaviruses (PEDV, TGEV, and PDCoV) Induce Divergent Interferon-Stimulated Gene Responses and Antigen Presentation in Porcine Intestinal Enteroids. Front Immunol 2022; 12:826882. [PMID: 35126380 PMCID: PMC8810500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.826882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine enteric coronaviruses (SECoVs) including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), account for the majority of lethal watery diarrhea in neonatal pigs and pose significant economic and public health burdens in the world. While the three SECoVs primarily infect intestinal epithelia in vivo and cause similar clinical signs, there are evident discrepancies in their cellular tropism and pathogenicity. However, the underlying mechanisms to cause the differences remain unclear. Herein, we employed porcine enteroids that are a physiologically relevant model of the intestine to assess the host epithelial responses following infection with the three SECoVs (PEDV, TGEV, and PDCoV). Although SECoVs replicated similarly in jejunal enteroids, a parallel comparison of transcriptomics datasets uncovered that PEDV and TGEV infection induced similar transcriptional profiles and exhibited a more pronounced response with more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in jejunal enteroids compared with PDCoV infection. Notably, TGEV and PDCoV induced high levels of type I and III IFNs and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) responses, while PEDV displayed a delayed peak and elicited a much lesser extent of IFN responses. Furthermore, TGEV and PDCoV instead of PEDV elicited a substantial upregulation of antigen-presentation genes and T cell-recruiting chemokines in enteroids. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that IFNs treatment markedly elevated the expression of NOD-like receptor (NLR) family NLRC5 and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. Together, our results indicate unique and common viral strategies for manipulating the global IFN responses and antigen presentation utilized by SECoVs, which help us a better understanding of host-SECoVs interactions.
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14
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Peng O, Wei X, Ashraf U, Hu F, Xia Y, Xu Q, Hu G, Xue C, Cao Y, Zhang H. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus virulent or avirulent strain-infected porcine small intestinal epithelial cells. Virol Sin 2022; 37:70-81. [PMID: 35234615 PMCID: PMC8922430 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the main cause of diarrhea, vomiting, and mortality in pigs, which results in devastating economic loss to the pig industry around the globe. In recent years, the advent of RNA-sequencing technologies has led to delineate host responses at late stages of PEDV infection; however, the comparative analysis of host responses to early-stage infection of virulent and avirulent PEDV strains is currently unknown. Here, using the BGI DNBSEQ RNA-sequencing, we performed global gene expression profiles of pig intestinal epithelial cells infected with virulent (GDS01) or avirulent (HX) PEDV strains for 3, 6, and 12 h. It was observed that over half of all significantly dysregulated genes in both infection groups exhibited a down-regulated expression pattern. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the GDS01 group were predominantly related to autophagy and apoptosis, whereas the genes showing the differential expression in the HX group were strongly enriched in immune responses/inflammation. Among the DEGs, the functional association of TLR3 and IFIT2 genes with the HX and GDS01 strains replication was experimentally validated by TLR3 inhibition and IFIT2 overexpression systems in cultured cells. TLR3 expression was found to inhibit HX strain, but not GDS01 strain, replication by enhancing the IFIT2 expression in infected cells. In conclusion, our study highlights similarities and differences in gene expression patterns and cellular processes/pathways altered at the early-stage infection of PEDV virulent and avirulent strains. These findings may provide a foundation for establishing novel therapies to control PEDV infection. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the GDS01 group were predominantly related to autophagy and apoptosis. DEGs in the HX group were strongly enriched in immune responses/inflammation. TLR3 inhibits HX strain replication, but not GDS01 strain, by enhancing the IFIT2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouyang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaona Wei
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Usama Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fangyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongbo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Guangli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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15
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Profiling of alternative polyadenylation and gene expression in PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. Virus Genes 2021; 57:181-193. [PMID: 33620696 PMCID: PMC7900649 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since 2010, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has received global attention with the emergence of variant strains characterized with high pathogenicity. The pathogen-host interaction after PEDV infection is still unclear. To investigate this issue, high-throughput-based sequencing technology is one of the optimal choices. In this study, we used in vitro transcription sequencing alternative polyadenylation sites (IVT-SAPAS) method, which allowed accurate profiling of gene expression and alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites to profile APA switching genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in IPEC-J2 cells during PEDV variant strain infection. We found 804 APA switching genes, including switching in tandem 3' UTRs and switching between coding region and 3' UTR, and 1,677 DEGs in host after PEDV challenge. These genes participated in variety of biological processes such as cellular process, metabolism and immunity reactions. Moreover, 413 genes, most of which are the "focus" genes in interaction networks, were found to be involved in both APA switching genes and DEGs, suggesting these genes were synchronously regulated by different mechanisms. In summary, our results gave a relatively comprehensive insight into dynamic host-pathogen interactions in the regulation of host gene transcripts during PEDV infection.
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16
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Hu Z, Li Y, Du H, Ren J, Zheng X, Wei K, Liu J. Transcriptome analysis reveals modulation of the STAT family in PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:891. [PMID: 33317444 PMCID: PMC7734901 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a causative agent of serious viral enteric disease in suckling pigs. Such diseases cause considerable economic losses in the global swine industry. Enhancing our knowledge of PEDV-induced transcriptomic responses in host cells is imperative to understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the immune response. Here, we analyzed the transcriptomic profile of intestinal porcine epithelial cell line J2 (IPEC-J2) after infection with a classical strain of PEDV to explore the host response. RESULTS In total, 854 genes were significantly differentially expressed after PEDV infection, including 716 upregulated and 138 downregulated genes. Functional annotation analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the influenza A, TNF signaling, inflammatory response, cytokine receptor interaction, and other immune-related pathways. Next, the putative promoter regions of the 854 differentially expressed genes were examined for the presence of transcription factor binding sites using the MEME tool. As a result, 504 sequences (59.02%) were identified as possessing at least one binding site of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), and five STAT transcription factors were significantly induced by PEDV infection. Furthermore, we revealed the regulatory network induced by STAT members in the process of PEDV infection. CONCLUSION Our transcriptomic analysis described the host genetic response to PEDV infection in detail in IPEC-J2 cells, and suggested that STAT transcription factors may serve as key regulators in the response to PEDV infection. These results further our understanding of the pathogenesis of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzheng Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junxiao Ren
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianrui Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kejian Wei
- Shenzhen Kingsino Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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17
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Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection blocks cell cycle and induces apoptosis in pig intestinal epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104378. [PMID: 32653434 PMCID: PMC7347497 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is responsible for the acute infectious swine disease porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). PED causes damage to the intestine, including villus atrophy and shedding, leading to serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. We carried out an in vitro study to investigate cell apoptosis and the cell cycle in a PEDV-infected host using transcriptomic shotgun sequencing (RNA-Seq) to study gene responses to PEDV infection. Results revealed that the PEDV infection reduced proliferation activity, blocked the cell cycle at S-phase and induced apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells. The expression of gene levels related to ribosome proteins and oxidative phosphorylation were significantly up-regulated post-PEDV infection. Although the significantly down-regulated on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway post-PEDV infection, the regulator-related genes of mTOR signaling pathway exerted significantly up-regulated or down-regulated in IPEC-J2 cells. These results indicated that ribosome proteins and oxidative phosphorylation process were widely involved in the pathological changes and regulation of host cells caused by PEDV infection, and PI3K/AKT and mTOR signaling pathways played a vital role in antiviral regulation in IPEC-J2 cells. These data might provide new insights into the specific pathogenesis of PEDV infection and pave the way for the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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18
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Microarray analysis reveals the inhibition of intestinal expression of nutrient transporters in piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19798. [PMID: 31875021 PMCID: PMC6930262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection can induce intestinal dysfunction, resulting in severe diarrhea and even death, but the mode of action underlying these viral effects remains unclear. This study determined the effects of PEDV infection on intestinal absorption and the expression of genes for nutrient transporters via biochemical tests and microarray analysis. Sixteen 7-day-old healthy piglets fed a milk replacer were randomly allocated to one of two groups. After 5-day adaption, piglets (n = 8/group) were orally administrated with either sterile saline or PEDV (the strain from Yunnan province) at 104.5 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) per pig. All pigs were orally infused D-xylose (0.1 g/kg BW) on day 5 post PEDV or saline administration. One hour later, jugular vein blood samples as well as intestinal samples were collected for further analysis. In comparison with the control group, PEDV infection increased diarrhea incidence, blood diamine oxidase activity, and iFABP level, while reducing growth and plasma D-xylose concentration in piglets. Moreover, PEDV infection altered plasma and jejunal amino acid profiles, and decreased the expression of aquaporins and amino acid transporters (L-type amino acid transporter 1, sodium-independent amino acid transporter, B(°,+)-type amino acid transport protein, sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter 1, sodium-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter 3, and peptide transporter (1), lipid transport and metabolism-related genes (lipoprotein lipase, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein A4, apolipoprotein C2, solute carrier family 27 member 2, solute carrier family 27 member 4, fatty acid synthase, and long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (3), and glucose transport genes (glucose transporter-2 and insulin receptor) in the jejunum. However, PEDV administration increased mRNA levels for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, argininosuccinate synthase 1, sodium/glucose co-transporter-1, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in the jejunum. Collectively, these comprehensive results indicate that PEDV infection induces intestinal injury and inhibits the expression of genes encoding for nutrient transporters.
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19
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Li Y, Wu Q, Jin Y, Yang Q. Antiviral activity of interleukin-11 as a response to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Vet Res 2019; 50:111. [PMID: 31864417 PMCID: PMC6925494 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-11 (IL-11), a well-known anti-inflammatory factor, provides protection from intestinal epithelium damage caused by physical or chemical factors. However, little is known of the role of IL-11 during viral infections. In this study, IL-11 expression at mRNA and protein levels were found to be high in Vero cells and the jejunum of piglets during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection, while IL-11 expression was found to be positively correlated with the level of viral infection. Pretreatment with recombinant porcine IL-11 (pIL-11) was found to suppress PEDV replication in Vero E6 cells, while IL-11 knockdown promoted viral infection. Furthermore, pIL-11 was found to inhibit viral infection by preventing PEDV-mediated apoptosis of cells by activating the IL-11/STAT3 signaling pathway. Conversely, application of a STAT3 phosphorylation inhibitor significantly antagonized the anti-apoptosis function of pIL-11 and counteracted its inhibition of PEDV. Our data suggest that IL-11 is a newfound PEDV-inducible cytokine, and its production enhances the anti-apoptosis ability of epithelial cells against PEDV infection. The potential of IL-11 to be used as a novel therapeutic against devastating viral diarrhea in piglets deserves more attention and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingxin Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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20
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Transcriptome analysis of PK-15 cells in innate immune response to porcine deltacoronavirus infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223177. [PMID: 31574122 PMCID: PMC6773216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerged swine enteropathogenic coronavirus affecting pigs of all ages and causing diarrhea problems. Research findings indicate that PDCoV has evolved strategies to escape innate immune response in host cells, but mechanism of PDCoV in innate immune modulation is not well understood. In this study, we report our findings on identifying the alterations of host cell innate immune response affected by PDCoV infection and exploring the gene expression profiles of PK-15 cells at 0, 24, and 36 h PDCoV post infection by RNA sequencing. A total of 3,762 and 560 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by comparison of uninfected PK-15 cells and infected PK-15 cells at 24 h post infection (hpi) (INF_24h versus NC), and also comparison of infected PK-15 cells between 24 and 36 hpi (INF_36h versus INF_24h), which included 156 and 23 porcine innate immune-related genes in the DEGs of INF_24h versus NC and INF_36h versus INF_24h, respectively. Gene Ontology function classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathway enrichment analysis were performed based on the DEGs that exhibited the same expression tendencies with most of the innate immune-associated genes among these PK-15 cell samples described above. The enrichment results indicated that extensive gene functions and signaling pathways including innate immune-associated functions and pathways were affected by PDCoV infection. Particularly, 4 of 5 innate immune signaling pathways, which were primarily affected by PDCoV, played important roles in I-IFN’s antiviral function in innate immune response. Additionally, 16 of the host cell endogenous miRNAs were predicted as potential contributors to the modulation of innate immune response affected by PDCoV. Our research findings indicated that the innate immune-associated genes and signaling pathways in PK-15 cells could be modified by the infection of PDCoV, which provides a fundamental foundation for further studies to better understand the mechanism of PDCoV infections, so as to effectively control and prevent PDCoV-induced swine diarrheal disease outbreaks.
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21
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Characterization of porcine tripartite motif genes as host restriction factors against PRRSV and PEDV infection. Virus Res 2019; 270:197647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Sun P, Fahd Q, Li Y, Sun Y, Li J, Qaria MA, He ZS, Fan Y, Zhang Q, Xu Q, Yin Z, Xu X, Li Y. Transcriptomic analysis of small intestinal mucosa from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infected piglets. Microb Pathog 2019; 132:73-79. [PMID: 31026494 PMCID: PMC7125762 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an acute infectious disease which causes damage to the intestine including intestinal villus atrophy and shedding, leading to serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. In order to obtain detailed information about the pathogenesis and host immune response in a PEDV-infected host for first In vivo study we used high-throughput sequencing to analyze the gene expression differences of the small intestinal mucosa after infection with PEDV. Transcripts obtained were over 65,525,000 clean reads after reassembly were 22,605 genes detected, of which 22,248 were known genes and 371 new genes were predicted. Moreover, 3168 genes expression was up-regulated and 3876 genes down-regulated. (Gene Ontology) GO annotation and functional enrichment analysis indicated that all of the DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were annotated into biological process, cellular component and molecular function. Most of these unigenes are annotated in cellular processes, the cell and binding. KEGG analysis of the DEGs showed that a total of 7044 DEGs unigenes were annotated into 323 pathways classified into 6 main categories. Most of these unigenes are annotated were related to immune system response to the infectious diseases pathways. In addition, 20 DEGs were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. As the first, in vivo, RNAseq analysis of piglets and PEDV infection, our study provides knowledge about the transcriptomics of intestinal mucosa in PEDV-infected piglets, from which a complex molecular pathways and pathogenesis-related biological processes are involved in PEDV interaction with piglet intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Qarih Fahd
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Yezhen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Yao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Jie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Majjid A Qaria
- Pathogens Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Zhan Song He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Yuzhen Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Qianming Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Zongjun Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University. Yangling, Shanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, PR China.
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23
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Zhu T, Du S, Cao D, Pei Z, Guo Y, Shao H, Wang H, Wang K, Hu G. Isolation and identification of a variant subtype G 2b porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and S gene sequence characteristic. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 71:82-90. [PMID: 30905773 PMCID: PMC7106306 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) which is caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), is an intestinal communicable disease. In recent years, though pigs have been immunized with the vaccines in pig farms, PED still broke out and caused severe economic losses to the swine industry in the northeast China. In this study, the sample was positive for PEDV variant strains via the nano-nest PCR. The strain was successfully isolated from positive samples and was serially passaged in Vero-E6 cells. In addition, the strain was identified via electron microscopy observation, indirect immunofluorescence assay and infection experiment in newborn piglets and named PEDV CH/JLDH/2016 strain (Accession No. MF346935). Phylogenetic analysis of the S gene showed that the CH/JLDH/2016 strain was clustered into G2b subgroup. Comparing with the CV777 vaccine strain, amino acid sequence analysis of CH/JLDH/2016 strain showed that 15 nucleotides were inserted and 9 were absent in S gene, whose amino acid sequence it educed insertions of 5 amino acids(58NQGX61 and 145N) and absences of 3 amino acids(164RD165 and 1204Y). Our strain, in the SS2 epitope have no amino acid, variant while in SS6 epitope, Y changed into S in 776th amino acid. The results indicated that PEDV G2b variant strains have been emerged in Jilin province. The identification of new types of PEDV variant strains would stimulate the development of effective vaccines for the prevention and control of PED. The novel vaccines that based on these newly identified PEDV variant strains may contribute to the control of PED outbreaks in China. The isolated variant PEDV from Dehui, China, was distributed into the G2b subgroup. The differences of strains help to explain why PEDV vaccines have no protection in most piglets in China. Our variant PEDV with the absence of Y in the 776th aa was from G2b subgroup while others were from G1a subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjia Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China
| | - Shuaishuai Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China
| | - Dongmei Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China
| | - Zhihua Pei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yanbing Guo
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute of Jilin Province, Xian Street No. 4510, Changchun, PR China
| | - Hongze Shao
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute of Jilin Province, Xian Street No. 4510, Changchun, PR China
| | - Haijun Wang
- Wildlife Ambulance Breeding Center of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Guixue Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, PR China.
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24
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Porcine endemic diarrhea virus infection regulates long noncoding RNA expression. Virology 2018; 527:89-97. [PMID: 30471453 PMCID: PMC7112091 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in various life processes. However, the lncRNA expression and potential functions in porcine endemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection and host defense are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the lncRNA expression profiles during PEDV infection in intestinal porcine epithelial cell-jejunum 2 (IPEC-J2) cell lines by next-generation sequencing and identified 6188 novel lncRNAs. The functional annotation analysis revealed that these lncRNAs might be associated with many immunity-related genes. We next selected candidate lncRNAs related to immune response pathways and further identified their differential expression in PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells and newborn piglets. Our results demonstrated that PEDV infection regulated lncRNA expression patterns in both the IPEC-J2 cell line and piglet ileum. These findings provide the first large-scale survey of lncRNAs associated with PEDV infection, specifically the lncRNAs responsible for the activation of the immune system within the ileum.
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